RU2357399C1 - Method of simultaneous harvesting and tilling - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: agriculture.

SUBSTANCE: invention relates to agriculture and can be used in harvesting and tilling by soil loosening and mulching with covering up of the shredded stems into soil. Spike stripping is carried out by at least one trailing module consisting of at least two stripping cylinders rotating with different velocity. Stripping is followed by shredding of at least part of the high stems remained in the field along with leaving coulisses with the help of a shredding unit set behind the stripping cylinders. Spike thrashing is carried out by a thrashing unit consisting of two belt conveyors with lugs on their surface. The conveyors are mounted mainly perpendicular to the vehicle motion direction. A packing-mulching unit mounted behind the vehicle is used to loose soil and partially cover up the shredded stems into soil.

EFFECT: proposed method ensures low costs and high quality of cereal crop harvesting.

3 cl, 5 dwg

Description

The invention relates to the field of agriculture, in particular to the technology of harvesting and tillage by loosening and mulching with the incorporation of crushed stems into the soil.

A well-known technology carried out by a grain-cleaning machine (see RF application No. 2005131140), including brushing ears with a brushing chamber with a cantilever housing mount, containing a drum with brushing working bodies, a casing with a suction window, a receiver with an inclined chamber with a scraper conveyor and a fan with a deflector, while the chamber and the deflector are in communication with the trailer through the pneumatic line, and the suction window is located in front, the fan blades have the form of a comb of semicircular plates, combing p bochie bodies are formed as L-shaped blades radially installed on a drum, on which are movably mounted stripper plate with a comb and the teeth of the swept circular recesses therebetween.

The disadvantages of the known technology include the lack of efficiency and significant loss of grain when combing.

Known for a more advanced technology for harvesting using a combine harvester (prototype), including combing ears, separation, threshing ears, cleaning and packing grain into containers using the appropriate nodes and mechanisms. See TRIZ-PROFI Library “Effective Solutions in Agriculture”, Moscow, publisher: IE A. Kushnir, No. 2, 2007, p. 32, 33 fig. 12, 13.

The disadvantages of the known technology - the prototype include the insufficient efficiency of combing ears, increased trauma to the grains during threshing and high losses of grain and biological mass (valuable sex remains on the field). In addition, after harvesting, additional expensive agricultural units are required for cultivating the soil, chopping crop residues, sowing the wings, i.e. additional equipment and multiple field walks are required.

The technical task of the present invention is to eliminate the disadvantages of the prototype, in particular the creation of a combined technology of harvesting and tillage with low costs and high quality harvesting of grain crops.

The technical problem posed by the invention is achieved in that the method of simultaneous harvesting and cultivating the soil involves combing the ears, threshing them and moving the threshed grain into a container, and the ears are combed using at least one trailer module, one of which consists of two rotating with different speeds of stripping drums, threshing ears with a threshing device, consisting of two belt conveyors with protrusions made on their surface, predominantly perpendicular to the direction of movement of the unit, and after combing, they grind at least part of the high stems remaining on the field, leaving the wings using a grinding tool mounted, for example, behind the combing drums, and loosening the soil and partially seeding the chopped stems in the soil is carried out using a rolling mulching device mounted behind the vehicle.

The ratio of the rotation speed of the first and second stripping drums is from 1.0 to 0.3 to 1.0 to 1.0.

Grinding the stems remaining on the field is carried out from 0 to 1.0 from the width of the stripped strip.

The novelty of the proposed technology is combing ears with a trailed (semi-trailer) module, which consists of two brushing drums rotating at different speeds, followed by grinding of ears with a threshing device consisting of two belt conveyors, with protrusions made on their surface, mounted mainly perpendicularly the direction of movement of the unit, while after combing and threshing, part of the stems remaining in the field is crushed, leaving Ulis, using grinding means mounted as prikatyvayusche-mulching device performing partial loosening and sealing the crushed stalks into the soil after the stripper drums.

The combination of these features is new, the technical solution is not obvious, industrially feasible and is aimed at obtaining a positive result, which is the technical task of the invention.

So, the presence of a trailed module that ensures the operation of combing and threshing, the presence of a grinding means that provides grinding of the stems with the formation of the wings, loosening and mulching of the soil, make it possible to carry out all these operations in a complex aimed at achieving the technical task set by the invention, to perform operations in one pass vehicle in the field and thereby maintain the structure of the soil for subsequent harvest. At the same time, the soil surface is leveled, rolled, large lumps are crushed, weeds are combed out onto the soil surface, and the soil is mulched.

Additional features, revealing the specific implementation of the main features, is the ratio of the rotation speed of the first and second stripping drums, ranging from 0.3 to 1.0 to 1.0 to 1.0, grinding the remaining high stems on the field or the entire width of the stripped strip, or in the embodiment from 0 to 100% of the width of the stripped strip. When grinding, for example, 80% of the width of the stripped strip, 20% of the width remains with high stems, which form the wings that contribute to the retention of snow in winter and the retention of moisture on the field in the autumn-spring periods. In the particular case, with 100% grinding of high stems, the wings are not formed on the treated strip. With 100% preservation of high stems over the entire width of the treated strip on the field, maximum accumulation of precipitation is ensured. When changing the rotation speed of the first stripping drum, it becomes possible to choose the speed of effective stripping of ears without pulling the stems out of the soil. The first drum, rotating, captures the ears and directs them to the combs of the second, stripping drum rotating at a higher speed. At the same time, the weight of the stem with the spike, the inertia of which, gained after the first drum, contributes to better combing with the second combing drum, also affects the quality of combing without pulling the stems out of the soil.

By loosening and mulching the soil, as well as changing the width of the chopped strips of high stems that form the wings, it is possible to create conditions that will further ensure the retention of moisture in the fields, which ultimately will allow a higher yield.

The technical essence of the proposed method is illustrated by drawings.

Figure 1 shows a schematic diagram of a combined unit for harvesting and tillage - a front view with which the proposed method is carried out.

Figure 2 shows a schematic diagram of a combined unit, a top view.

Figure 3 schematically shows a stripping mechanism and a threshing device mounted on the front trailer module, explaining the implementation of the operations of combing and threshing in the proposed method for simultaneous harvesting and tillage.

Figure 4 schematically shows the mechanism by which the operation of threshing ears is carried out.

Figure 5 schematically shows the mechanism for supplying threshed grain to the transport pipeline.

The proposed method is carried out using a combined unit for harvesting and cultivating the soil, which consists of a trailed module 1 for combing, threshing ears and feeding threshed grain to a towing cart 2. The cleaning mechanism consists of two stripping drums 3 and 4 with combs 5 and 6 , while the drum 3, so as not to damage the ears, in front and partially from below is closed by a casing 7.

Behind the stripping drum 4, a threshing device is installed, consisting of two belt conveyors 8 and 9 with projections 10. At the end of the conveyor 8 there is a mechanism 11 with blades 12 for supplying threshed grain to the transport pipeline 13 and further to the carriage 2. Behind the vehicle 14 in the direction of travel the grinding means remaining after combing the stems 15 was installed. The rolling mulching device 16, which partially covers the crushed stems in the soil, is also mounted, for example, behind the vehicle 14 after the grinding means 15. The tray 17, mounted under the conveyor 8, provides the supply of threshed grains to the blades 12 of the mechanism 11. The ears 18 after the carding operation are combed stems 19.

The proposed method using a combined unit for harvesting and tillage is as follows.

When the vehicle 14 moves through the field, the casing 7 of the combing drum 3 is the first to come into contact with the stalks of the ears 18. In this case, the stalks of the ears 18 are initially tilted by the casing 7 from the combing drums 3 and 4 in the direction of travel, and after the passage of the casing 7, the stalks of the ears 18 are made by the 6 drums 3 with force are fed to the second stripping drum 4, which combs the ears with combs 5 and feeds them in the air stream to the conveyor 8 of the threshing device. Thus, the operation of combing and separating grains from stems and ears is carried out. Under the influence of the protrusions 10 and the different speeds of the conveyors, threshing of ears is carried out, which were torn from the stems during combing. The grains that were extracted from the spike during brushing enter the conveyor 8, move along the conveyor under the light influence of the protrusions 10 of the second conveyor 9, located above the first with the subsequent transfer of grain by the conveyor 8 to the mechanism 11 with blades 12, which ensures the supply of threshed grain to the transport pipeline 13 and further to the trailer carriage 2. The floor carriage also enters the trailer carriage 2, which is separated by current from the grain and is a good multivitamin feed for animals.

Simultaneously with the operation of combing the ears, the operation of grinding the stems 19 remaining on the field is performed by the mechanism 15. The unmilled part of the remaining high stems forms the wings, which in the future provides better moisture accumulation. Changing the width of the wings created on the field is carried out by removing, mainly in the central part of the processed strip, from the grinding means of several cutting blades. The crushed fragments of the stems, as well as the remaining weed seeds, are embedded in the soil by a rolling-mulching device 16, for example, a needle harrow.

Due to the adjustments provided for in the design of the unit, it is possible to provide the degree of grinding of the stems and crumbling of the treated layer, alignment and mulching, and, if necessary, stubble storing on the surface that are optimal for a particular field. The unit steadily performs technological operations at high speeds (up to 15 km / h).

A specific example of the proposed method.

When the vehicle 14 was moving across the field, the casing 7 of the combing drum 3, which was set to a rotation speed of 350 rpm, was the first to contact the stalks of ears 17. In this case, the stalks of the ears 18 were initially moved away by the casing 7 and tilted away from the stripping drums 3 and 4 along the vehicle 14, and after passing through the casing 7, the stalks of the ears 18 were straightened and, together with their tilt, by the combs 6 of the drum 3, were forcefully fed to the second combing drum 4, rotating at a speed of 850 rpm, which, with combs 5, grabbed the stems, combed the ears and fed grain and ears separated from the stems to the conveyor 8 of the threshing device. The movement of grains and torn ears on the conveyor belt 8, moving at a speed of, for example, 12 m / s, was braked by the protrusions 10 of the belt conveyor 9, moving at a speed of 6 m / s, which was the operation of threshing (drying) the ears. Separated sex was used to prepare vitamin feed for the animals. Thus, operations of combing and separating grains from stems and ears were carried out. During the implementation of the method, part of the grains were separated from the ears, and part remained on the ear. Ears cut along with the grains, as well as the separated grains, were fed to the conveyor 8 of the threshing device. The grains, which were combed and entered the conveyor 8, moved along the conveyor under the light influence of the protrusions 10 of the second conveyor 9, located above the first, and subsequently transferred by the conveyor 8 to the mechanism 11 with blades 12, which provided the supply of threshed grain to the transport pipeline 13 and further to the towed cart 2. The separation of the ears from the stems depends on many factors, primarily from the ripeness of the grains in the ear, from the inclination of the ear relative to the stem, etc.

The surface of the field after the passage of the aggregate, which simultaneously carried out minimal tillage at the same time as the harvest, turned out to be loosened and mulched with chopped stems and stubbles, with 60 cm wide wings alternating at regular intervals, which increases the accumulation of rainfall, reduces moisture loss, stimulates the germination of weed seeds in autumn and in the spring, which then die after autumn-winter frosts or in the spring are destroyed by tillage units.

The proposed method for simultaneous harvesting and tillage, carried out using a combined unit for harvesting and tillage, allows you to simultaneously process the soil and harvest crops with low costs and high quality.

Currently, the proposed unit has developed working drawings and made a prototype, preliminary tests of which have shown good results.

After the positive results of complex tests, it will be decided to organize the production of combined units that implement the proposed method for simultaneous harvesting and tillage.

Claims (3)

1. The method of simultaneous harvesting and tillage, including combing the ears, threshing them and moving the threshed grain to a tank, characterized in that the ears are harvested using at least one trailed module, one of which consists of two rotating with different the speed of the stripping drums, then threshing of the ears is carried out using a threshing device consisting of two belt conveyors with protrusions made on their surface, mounted mainly on perpendicular to the direction of movement of the unit, while after combing, at least part of the high stems remaining on the field are crushed, leaving the wings using a grinding means mounted, for example, behind the combing drums, and loosening of the soil and partial incorporation of the crushed stems into the soil is carried out when the help of a rolling mulching device mounted behind the vehicle. 2. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that the ratio of the rotation speed of the first and second stripping drums is from 0.3: 1.0 to 1.0: 1.0. 3. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that the grinding of the stems remaining on the field is carried out from 0 to 1.0 of the width of the stripped strip.

Images