RU2345515C2 - Method of preplant treatment of seed potato tubers - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: agriculture.

SUBSTANCE: seed potato tubers are chitted in the light under the temperature of +18…+23°C for 24-27 days with the tubers being treated with the temperature of +5…+6°C every day for 2-3 hours during the last 4-6 days before planting.

EFFECT: increasing potato cold endurance by 3,4-4,4 times and resistance to potato cyst nematode, increasing productivity on the soils infected with PCN to 46-56%.

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Description

The invention relates to agriculture, and in particular to methods of pre-planting processing of potato tubers, and may find application in the technology of potato cultivation in the preparation of seed material for planting.

Currently, for the Northwestern region of the Russian Federation, in particular Karelia, when cultivating zoned potato varieties, the most common, dangerous, and highly harmful pest is the Globodera rostochiensis Woll potato cyst nematode (MCC), which is distributed mainly with contaminated soil and tubers and is preserved in the soil for 10-15 years. The infection of the soil with a potato cyst nematode (MCC) causes a yield reduction of 30-60%, depending on the degree of soil contamination. The low level of potato productivity in Karelia is also due to the insufficient cold resistance of potatoes during planting in May-June, when significant temperature drops are observed.

There is a method of pre-planting seed potato tubers by germinating in the light at a temperature of + 10 ... + 12 to + 15 ... + 17 ° C until sprouts form no more than 2 cm. Germination duration for early varieties is 20-30 days, medium late - 25 -35 days, relative humidity maintain 85%. Before germination, the tubers are treated with a 1-3% solution of mineral fertilizers containing nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, and a 0.01-0.05% solution of trace elements - copper, boron, manganese. The method improves the quality of preparation of tubers (RF Patent No. 2122305, IPC A01C 1/00, 1998).

The disadvantage of this method is that the temperature treatment of seed tubers does not provide increased cold resistance and resistance of potatoes to the MCC. In addition, the use of expensive fertilizers and microelements increases the cost of the pre-planting preparation of seed material.

The prototype is a method of pre-planting treatment of seed potato tubers, including the germination of tubers in the light for 40-45 days, of which the first 7 days they are kept at a temperature of + 20 ° C, and subsequently at + 8 ° C (Dutch method). Upon completion of germination, the layer of a solution of natural bischofite mineral with a density of 1.20-1.35 t / m ³ , which is preheated to a temperature of + 80 ... + 95 ° C and sprayed under a pressure of 0.08, is applied in a finely dispersed manner to the surface of the tubers ... 0.12 MPa. The size of the bischofite drops when sprayed with nozzles is 200-600 microns. In order to increase potato productivity, reduce the defeat of potato tubers by scab, late blight and in the fight against the Colorado potato beetle, additional vegetative treatment is carried out with a 20% bischofite solution at a flow rate of 300 l / ha. The method provides an increase in the yield of potato varieties, zoned in the Lower Volga region, by 8-17% and accelerates the maturation of commodity tubers by 5 ... 7 days (RF Patent No. 2236104, 2004).

The disadvantages of the method are the presence of laborious operations of applying bischofite (heating, creating pressure, finely dispersed solution) on the surface of potato tubers after germination, the need for additional vegetative treatments with bischofite and the use of an expensive natural mineral (according to ZAO Bishofit-Avangard cost 50 kg of bischofite amounts to 850 rubles), which complicates and increases the cost of pre-planting processing of seed material.

The disadvantage is that the well-known treatment of tubers with temporary and temperature regimes of germination of seed material in the light, the application of bischofite solution after germination of tubers, including additional vegetative treatment, do not increase the cold resistance and resistance of potatoes to infection with MCC. Therefore, the use of the known method of pre-planting processing of seed material when cultivating potato varieties cultivated in Karelia on infected soils is not effective.

The present invention is based on the task of developing an effective and economical method of pre-planting treatment of seed potato tubers, aimed at simultaneously increasing the cold resistance and resistance of potatoes to infection with MCC, providing increased yield of varieties zoned in Karelia on soils infected with nematode.

This is achieved by the fact that in the method of pre-planting treatment of tubers of seed potatoes, including germination of tubers in the light at a temperature of + 18 ... + 23 ° C, according to the invention, before planting, the germination of tubers is carried out for 24-27 days, of which the last 4-6 days of tubers every day for 2-3 hours it is treated with a temperature of + 5 ... + 6 ° C.

A search conducted by the sources of scientific, technical and patent information showed that the proposed method for pre-planting processing of seed potato tubers, which simultaneously improves the cold resistance and resistance of potatoes to MCC, was not known for the cultivation of tuberous crops, in particular potatoes.

The proposed method is effective and economical. Using it in practice, in comparison with the prototype, it makes it possible to increase the potato cold resistance by 3.4–4.0 times on infected soils, and at the same time reduce the level of invasion by 1.9–2.2 times, which indicates an increase in potato resistance to CCN. In addition, the proposed method, being environmentally friendly, allows to increase the yield of potatoes on soils infected with MCP by 46-56%.

The cost-effectiveness of the method is improved by reducing labor costs associated with preplant treatment of seed material and additional vegetative treatment, as well as eliminating the cost of buying expensive drugs.

The method was tested for 3 years (2004-2006) on the Globodera rostochiensis Woll susceptible to the potato cyst nematode. a Nevsky potato variety in the field in experimental plots of the Agrobiological Station of the Institute of Biology of the Karelian Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences

The method was carried out as follows.

In late April - early May, tubers (elite) of the Nevsky variety were germinated in the light at a temperature of + 18 ... + 23 ° C for 24-27 days, of which the last 4-6 days, the tubers were treated daily with a temperature of +5 for 2-3 hours ... + 6 ° C (table 1, experiment options 4-6). As a control according to the treatment regimes, the standard conditions for the germination of tubers in the light without daily low-temperature processing were selected (table 1, experiment option 1). Then tubers of all experimental variants were planted in the soil of a healthy (infection-free) field and in soil with an initial level of nematode invasion of 15 cysts / 100 g of soil. Soil samples were taken in May before planting potatoes. The viability of eggs and larvae was 78%. Potato cultivation (tillage, fertilizing, planting system, care methods) was carried out according to existing technology. Potato cold resistance was determined in late July using the LT ₅₀ method (Drozdov S.N., Kurets V.K., Budykina N.P. and Balagurova N.I. Determination of plant resistance to frost // Methods for assessing plant resistance to adverse environmental conditions Leningrad: 1976, p. 222-228). In late August, potato resistance to MCC infection was assessed by the final level of invasion, i.e., the number of cysts that developed on plant roots.

Table 1 (test options 4-6) presents data on the effect of treatment regimes on seed potatoes of the Nevsky variety by the proposed method on the increase in cold resistance of potatoes in a healthy and infected field, as well as on the final level of invasion in an infected field.

Table 2 (test options 4-6) presents data on the influence of the processing regimes of tubers of seed potatoes of the Nevsky variety according to the proposed method on the yield of potatoes in an infected field.

As a reference standard, control is used (standard conditions for the germination of potato tubers in the light without daily low-temperature processing - tables 1 and 2, option 1) and a prototype (Dutch method for germinating potato tubers in the light + treatment of tubers with a 20% bischofite solution - table 1 and 2, option 2).

To prove that the proposed treatment regimes for seed-grown tubers germinated in the light are the best for achieving the most pronounced effects of increasing cold resistance, resistance to infection with MCC and potato productivity, tables 1 and 2 show the experimental options (3 and 7) with prohibitive values of preplant treatment seed material.

Each experiment was performed in 10 replicates. The tables show statistically processed data.

From table 1 it follows that the proposed modes of pre-planting processing can increase the increase in cold resistance of potatoes. On a healthy field, in the control and prototype variants, there was no increase in cold resistance, and in variants with temperature treatments (options 4-6), the increase in cold resistance was high - 2.8-3.0 ° C. On the infected field, the increase in cold tolerance of potatoes increases 2.7-3.2 times compared with the control and 3.4-4.0 times compared with the prototype. At the same time, the level of invasion on the infected field decreases by 1.8-2.0 times compared with the control and 1.9-2.2 times compared with the prototype, which indicates an increase in the resistance of potatoes to infection with MCC.

From table 2 it is seen that the proposed pre-planting treatment regimes can increase the yield of potatoes in the infected field by 33-42% compared with the control and 46-56% compared with the prototype.

Thus, the proposed method allows to obtain cold-resistant, resistant to infection with MCC, highly productive, environmentally friendly potato plants. The proposed method is simple, affordable and environmentally friendly for use in agricultural practice.

Table 1 No. Experience option Germination in the light Daily Processing Modes Indicators Temperature
(° C) Qty
days Qty
days Time
processing
(h) Processing Temperature (° C) XY increase (° С) in a healthy field The increase in XU (° C) in the infected * field The final level of invasion of cysts / 100 g of soil in the infected * field one. The control +23 27 - - - 0 1,0 53 2. Prototype +20 7 33 24 +8 0 0.8 57 3. Proposed
the way +18 27 3 one +4 1,1 1,2 43 four. +18 27 four 2 +5 2,8 2.7 thirty 5. +23 24 6 2 +5 3.0 3.2 26 6. +23 24 6 3 +6 3.0 3,1 28 7. +23 24 7 four +7 3.0 3,1 28 * Note: baseline field invasion levels: 15 cysts / 100 g soil

table 2 No. Experience option Germination in the light Daily Processing Modes Tuber yield (t / ha) in the infected field * Temperature (° C) Qty
days Qty
days Time
processing (h) Temperature
processing (° C) one. The control +23 27 - - - 8.8 2. Prototype +20 7 33 24 +8 8.0 3. Proposed
the way +18 27 3 one +4 9.0 four. +18 27 four 2 +5 11.7 5. +23 24 6 2 +5 12.5 6. +23 24 6 3 +6 12,4 7. +23 24 7 four +7 12.4 * Note: baseline field invasion rate: 15 cysts / 100 g soil

Claims (1)

A method for pre-planting treatment of seed potato tubers, including germination of tubers in the light at a temperature of + 18 ... + 23 ° C, characterized in that before planting the tuber germination is carried out for 24-27 days, of which the last 4-6 days of tubers daily -3 h is treated with a temperature of + 5 ... + 6 ° C.