RU2236941C2 - Extruder - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: animal farming, in particular, processing of agricultural product for obtaining from cereal grains of high-caloricity and readily assimilated feeds.

SUBSTANCE: extruder has base, electric engine mounted on base, carcass, composite shaft mounted in double-sided bearing supports and equipped with pulley coupled through V-belt transmission to electric engine pulley. Cylindrical sleeves are rigidly mounted at opposite end of shaft extending beyond carcass. Cylindrical sleeves are provided with single-thread screw protrusions on their outer diameter and with steam cutting-off washers between said protrusions. Cylindrical sleeves are secured by conical nut at shaft end to define single screw. Composite casing arranged around screw and fixed on carcass is provided with longitudinal slots formed on its inner diameter. Discharge head with discharge opening of adjustable section is fixed at opposite end of casing. Mounted on carcass are hopper equipped with shutter positioned in hopper lower part and device for dosed feeding of basic product to leading part of screw. Extruder is further provided with additional conical sleeve, cutting knives fixed on sleeve for displacement along its axis, adjusting bolt with lock nut equipped with thread of opposite direction, and spherical stop positioned in end of screw shaft. Conical sleeve is positioned at threaded end of screw shaft in opening of discharge head in opposed relation to screw nut cone. Spherical stop is axially arranged in cone sleeve. Casing of screw part of extruder is equipped with semi-circular inserts having longitudinal slots on their inner surface. Device for dosed feeding of basic product is made in the form of blade-shaped sleeve arranged above shutter and driven for rotation by taking-off power from screw shaft. Extruder is designed for production of readily assimilated feeds in foamed state, into which food additives may be introduced, and may be employed in agricultural enterprises, combined feed plants and specialized feed producing houses.

EFFECT: increased efficiency in producing of high-quality feeds, increased service life and enhanced reliability in operation.

2 cl, 8 dwg

Description

The present invention relates to the field of processing agricultural products - obtaining from cereal grains (wheat, rye, barley, corn, etc.) high-calorie and easily digestible foamed forages for livestock, including the addition of various food additives (depending on type animals), and can be used in agricultural enterprises, as well as in feed mills and specialized workshops for the production of feed.

An analogue to the proposed extruder is a device for extruding grain components of compound feeds (see USSR AS No. 1136786, A 23 N 17/00), comprising a prefabricated cylindrical housing with an extrusion chamber, inside of which on a drive shaft mounted in double-sided bearings, two groups of screws with integrated rotation and steam lock washers placed between them are fixed, while the extrusion chamber is detachable, located between groups of screws and equipped with a cone disk located on the wire shaft shaped, and cutting knives mounted on the camera body in the grooves for the output of the product.

The disadvantages of this device are

design complexity, large overall dimensions, difficulties in operation and repair (it is difficult to ensure the same batching of grain feed into two screw groups at the same time, and repair requires disassembling of the entire device), narrow functionality (the device is designed to process only one type of grain, because There are no exhaust clearance adjustments.

The closest analogue (prototype) to the proposed extruder is an extruder (see AS USSR No. 1568965, IPC 5 A 23 N 17/00, manufactured at ZAO "Aerodrome Equipment Plant" in Samara (extruder KMZ-2U), E- mail oaostart @ camapa.ru), containing a base with an electric motor and a frame mounted on it, in which a double-shaft bearing with a pulley is located in the double-sided bearing supports, connected by a V-belt drive with an electric motor pulley, and on the opposite end of the shaft, which cantilever protrudes beyond the frame, rigidly mounted qilin Drum sleeves with one-way screw protrusions on the outer diameter and steam lock washers between them, fastened with a conical nut at the end of the shaft into a single screw, around which a composite housing is mounted, mounted on a frame and having longitudinal grooves on the inner diameter, at the opposite end of which an outlet head with outlet openings evenly spaced along its end, and a hopper with a shutter in the lower part and a metering device for supplying the original product in the initial portion of the screw, made in the form of a separate drive with a screw feed the processed product in the initial portion of the screw.

The disadvantages of the prototype are low productivity, low reliability and durability, low quality of the resulting finished product and the complexity of the design.

The main reason for all these shortcomings is the fact that the screw shaft is located cantilever inside the prefabricated housing enclosing it. When grinding and compressing the initial product in the exhaust head of the extruder, huge axial forces arise between the conical nut and its body, which, due to the fact that the screw has only single-screw screw protrusions, gives a large radial component of these forces, as a result of which the screw shaft bends during operation, which predetermines

- rapid wear of bearing assemblies, which reduces reliability and service life;

- requires an increased radial clearance between the screw crests and the inner surface of its prefabricated housing with longitudinal grooves, which reduces the quality of the finished product (grains in the enlarged gap do not have time to grind) and extruder productivity (the ground grain transferred by the screw auger is partially squeezed back through the increased gap).

If the processed grain is overdried and its supply is overestimated, then the radial vibrations of the conical end of the screw lead to hardening of the processed product on the walls of the conical gap (up to the complete overlap of the outlet zone (the so-called "goat" forms), which leads to the extruder stopping (screw "welds" with the body) until the screw shaft breaks and the motor burns out (it happened in operating organizations). As a result of this, in these extruders, careful dosing of the grain feed into the screw is necessary, so that about complicates and increases the cost of the product, because it requires a special complex device with an electric drive and a control system. The problem solved by the invention is the creation of an effective extruder for producing foamed easily digestible feed in animal husbandry from cereal grains, which has increased productivity, reliability and service life, allowing to obtain high-quality feed, simplify the design.

The tasks are solved due to the fact that the proposed extruder containing a base with an electric motor and a frame mounted on it, in which a composite shaft with a pulley is located in the double-sided bearing supports, is connected by a V-belt transmission with an electric motor pulley, and on the opposite end of the shaft protruding outside the frame , cylindrical bushings with single-helical screw protrusions on the outer diameter and vapor lock washers between them, rigidly mounted with a conical nut at the shaft end in a din auger, around which a composite housing is mounted, mounted on the frame and having longitudinal grooves on the inner diameter, at the opposite end of which there is an outlet head with an outlet that is adjustable in cross section, and a hopper with a shutter in the lower part and a metering device for supplying the initial product is mounted on the frame in the initial part of the screw - it is supposed to eliminate lateral bending of the end of the screw, to reduce the axial forces perceived by the bearings, to reduce the radial clearance between the screw and the housing, as a result of which to increase productivity, reliability, service life, product quality, simplify the design - by introducing into the design an additional conical sleeve mounted on the threaded end of the screw shaft with an annular gap in the hole in the outlet of the exhaust head counter to the cone of the screw nut, cutting knives fixed on this sleeve with the possibility of movement along its axis, with an adjusting bolt with a lock nut with a thread of the opposite direction and a ball stop in the end of the screw shaft located coax flax a tapered sleeve, the body screw part is provided with semi-annular inserts with longitudinal grooves on the inner surface and the dosing device feeding the starting material is designed as a vane bushing positioned over the flap and driven in rotation by the power take off shaft of the screw.

The tasks are also solved due to the fact that the extruder is equipped with an additional bearing mounted on the conical sleeve, and its outer casing is placed in the housing of the exhaust head, equipped with additional radial holes for the exit of the finished product, and cutting knives are installed opposite these windows and equipped with blades, perpendicular to the cutting plane of the knife.

The proposed invention can be illustrated by the following examples:

Figure 1 shows the appearance of the extruder, figure 2 is a view along arrow A in figure 1, figure 3 is a section along BB (initial part) in figure 2; figure 4 is a section along BB (middle part) in figure 2; figure 5 is a section along BB (end part) in figure 2; in Fig.6 is a section along BB (end part) in Fig.2 (embodiment); Fig.7 is a section along bb in Fig.5; in Fig.8 is a section along G-D in Fig.5. FIG. 2 is an enlarged view of FIG. 1. Figure 3-8 are depicted on an enlarged scale with respect to figures 1 and 2.

The extruder (see Fig. 2, 3, 4, 6) contains a base 1 with an electric motor 2 and a frame 3 mounted on it, in which a composite shaft consisting of a shaft 6 and a shaft 7, fastened to each other, is located in the double-sided bearing supports 4 and 5 with another pin 8. A pulley 9 is mounted on the shaft 6, connected by a V-belt drive 10 with an electric motor pulley II, and on the shaft 7 protruding outside the frame 3, cylindrical bushings 13 with screw protrusions on the outer diameter and forming together with conical separating them steam lock washers 14 and a flare nut 15 in the annular groove, at the end of which the pins 12 are centered, a single screw around which a composite housing is placed, consisting of a cup 16 fixed to the frame 3, fastened with it and consisting of two halves of the cup 17. On the inner the diameter of the cup 16 is made of longitudinal grooves 18 evenly spaced around the circumference, and on the inner diameter of the cup 17 there are semicircular inserts 19 with similar longitudinal grooves on the inner surface (see Fig.7). The outlet head 20 is fastened to the cup 17. A hopper 21 is installed on the frame 3 with a shutter 22 and a blade sleeve 23, driven into rotation by taking power from the shaft 6 using sprockets 24, 25 and a chain gear 26. An additional conical sleeve is installed on the threaded end of the shaft 7 27 with an annular gap in the opening of the housing of the outlet head 20 and the cone of this sleeve is located opposite the cone of the nut 15. On the sleeve 27 are installed: knives 28 with the ability to move along the axis of the sleeve due to the groove in the place of the mounting bolt, the adjusting bolt 29 with a counter the nut 30 and the ball stop 31 at the end of the shaft 7, located coaxially in this sleeve, while the threaded end of the shaft 7 is made with the left thread, and the bolt 29 with the right.

The ecotruder in the embodiment of FIGS. 1-5 further comprises a bearing 32 mounted on a conical sleeve 27, and its outer casing is located in the housing of the exhaust head 20, equipped with additional radial holes 33 for the output of the finished product, and cutting knives are installed opposite these windows and equipped with blades 34 located perpendicular to the cutting plane of the knife. Under the shutter 22 of the hopper 21 on the housing 16 of the screw part of the extruder, a receiving tray 35 is installed.

The extruder (see figure 2, 3, 4, 6) works as follows: after filling the hopper 21 with grain (possibly with food additives) and turning on the electric motor 2, the rotation from the pulley 11 is transmitted via a V-belt drive 10 to the pulley 9 and fastened together shafts 6 and 7, which rotate the bundle of screw bushings 13 connected therebetween.

At the same time, from the sprocket 24, the rotation through the chain drive 26 and the sprocket 25 is transmitted to the blade sleeve 23, which mixes the grain in the hopper (preventing the appearance of a sintered zone of grain) and when the shutter 22 is open at the required size in the lower part of this hopper, this grain through the receiving tray 35 fed to the initial section of the screw part in the housing 16, screw bushings (screws) 13 which move the grain to the outlet head 20, while the grain is mixed, crushed in the screw sections of the screws and longitudinal grooves 18 and 19 of the housing 16 and 17, respectively, as well as in the gaps between these housings and conical steam lock washers 14, is compressed in the conical annular gaps between the nut 15 and the head housing 20 and the conical portion of the sleeve 27 and the head housing 20 to 130 atmospheres and is heated to a temperature of 110- 130 ° C.

At the same time, the compressed sinter mass passing through a conical annular gap between the sleeve 27 and the head housing 20 self-centers this sleeve in the hole, compensating for the radial loads that occur in the single-feed screw during operation.

Having passed through these opposite conical annular gaps, the processed product leaves the outlet head and, as a result of a sharp drop in pressure (1 atmosphere), experiences a state of “explosion” and exits in the foamed state, where it freezes almost instantly.

Knives 28 mounted on a rotating conical sleeve 27 (see FIG. 6) grind the foamed mass, thereby ensuring the completion of the finished product.

Figure 6 shows the location of the sleeve 27 for the maximum annular conical gap between this sleeve and the housing of the exhaust head 20. To increase this gap (depending on the type of grain) and, therefore, increase the productivity of the extruder, it is necessary to loosen the lock nut 30 and the bolt 29 (ball 31 facilitates unscrewing the bolt), then by rotating the sleeve 27 on the thread of the shaft 7, set the necessary clearance in the conical annular clearance and lock this sleeve in the reverse order. Different in the direction of thread on the shaft 7 and bolt 29 provide reliable fixation of the sleeve 27 in the axial direction. As a result, the gap between the cutting edge of the knife 28 and the head housing 20 can be adjusted by loosening the bolt of fastening of each knife and moving the knife in the axial direction of the longitudinal groove in it, through which the bolt of its fastening passes.

The extruder in the embodiment shown in Figs. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 8 works in a similar way, the annular conical clearance and the position of the knives are also adjusted on it, but thanks to the additional bearing 32, the screw shaft of the extruder obtains guaranteed its centering relative to the housing 16 and 17 and the uniformity of the conical annular gaps in the exhaust head 20. The output of the finished product occurs by throwing it after cutting by the blades 34 through the window 33.

As a result of the comparison of the known and proposed extruders, it is obvious that the proposed extruder in both of the presented embodiments has significant advantages compared to a known similar product: in the embodiment of the extruder with an exhaust head shown in Fig. 6, it is reduced, and in the embodiment with an additional bearing ( see Fig. 5) the radial runout of the end of the screw shaft (in its main working area near the outlet head) is completely excluded, which improves its working conditions: the processed product is tested uniform processing, leaves the outlet slot uniformly flowing around the entire perimeter of this annular gap, undergoing (in comparison with analogues) additional processing in the second annular gap from the rotating sleeve 27, which, together with its more thorough grinding in the screw part (by reducing radial clearance between the screw and the casing) provides a higher quality of the finished product. In addition, reducing the radial clearance between the screw and the housing and the use of an annular outlet increases the productivity of the extruder, as counterflow of the processed product in the zones of its processing decreases.

The exclusion of radial runout of the final section of the screw eliminates hardening on the walls and sintering of the processed product in the outlet head, i.e. eliminates the emergence of an emergency (eliminates the likelihood of a "goat" in the extruder), therefore, there is no need to use a complex and expensive dosing system and feed the feed to the screw part in the extruder - fairly direct flow of grain directly from the hopper through an adjustable shutter, which greatly simplifies the design of the extruder .

The location of the two conical annular gaps in the exhaust head towards each other reduces the axial load on the thrust bearing, because the axial force vectors in these zones are directed oppositely to each other, which, combined with the double-sided placement of the screw in the bearing bearings, increases the reliability and durability of the product as a whole.

The introduction of the design of the extruder semi-ring inserts 19 helps to increase the service life of the product, because during operation, it is not the extruder body that wears out, but its inserts, which can easily be replaced from a set of spare parts.

An embodiment of an extruder with an outlet head shown in FIG. 6 is most effective for processing corn kernels and other oil-containing crops. Its use for processing other crops (rye, wheat, barley, peas) is most effective with the supply of superheated steam to the screw part.

An embodiment of an extruder with an outlet head shown in FIG. 5 is effective for all types of cereal crops.

The proposed extruder is structurally simple, high-performance, reliable in operation, has a long service life and provides a finished product of high quality.

Claims (2)

1. An extruder containing a base with an electric motor and a cage mounted on it, in which a double-shaft bearing with a pulley is located in the double-sided bearings, connected by a V-belt drive with an electric motor pulley, and cylindrical bushings with one-way are rigidly mounted on the opposite end of the shaft protruding outside the frame screw protrusions on the outer diameter and steam lock washers between them, fastened with a conical nut at the end of the shaft into a single screw, around which the composite housing is located, closed heat-insulated on the frame and having longitudinal grooves on the inner diameter, at the opposite end of which is mounted an outlet head with an adjustable outlet cross-section, and on the frame there is a hopper with a shutter in the lower part and a metering device for supplying the initial product to the initial part of the screw, characterized in that it is equipped with an additional conical sleeve mounted on the threaded end of the screw shaft with an annular gap in the hole of the outlet head housing opposite the screw nut cone, cutting knives, fixed on this sleeve with the possibility of movement along its axis, an adjusting bolt with a lock nut with opposite thread and a ball stop in the end of the screw shaft, located coaxially in the conical sleeve, the screw part housing is equipped with half-ring inserts with longitudinal grooves on the inner surface, and the feed metering device the initial product is made in the form of a blade sleeve located above the shutter and driven into rotation by taking power from the screw shaft. 2. The extruder according to claim 1, characterized in that it is equipped with an additional bearing mounted on the conical sleeve, and its outer casing is placed in the housing of the exhaust head, equipped with additional radial holes for the exit of the finished product, and cutting knives are installed opposite these windows and equipped blades located perpendicular to the cutting plane of the knife.

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