RU2226326C2 - Soil tillage method and machine - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: agriculture. SUBSTANCE: method involves tilling soil in wet state at any season of the year by means of working tools mounted for vibration and rotation; changing width of working tools by turning of working tool advancement line. Machine has multiple-mode working tools for executing various operations. Working tools are made in the form of bulldozer blades, plowing working tools, flat hoes, disk-shaped hoes of rhombic hoes with cutting edges at all sides. Flat hoes have quick-change moldboard surfaces for soil tillage with or without turning of soil layer. EFFECT: reduced power consumption, increased efficiency in soil tillage and improved moisture retention of any kind of soil. 7 cl, 47 dwg

Description

The invention relates to agricultural technologies and machines for their implementation, can be used as a breakthrough way to solve the problems of metal-energy-resource-technical-soil-moisture and time savings.

The level of land cultivation technologies and agricultural machinery is characterized by the fact that the productivity of machines depends on patency in the field and increases the drainage of the soil and an increase in the strength and speed of the mass and cost of machines. Plowing by laying dry soil on the bottom of the furrow and turning the wet lower layer in warm time drains the soil, increases the loss of energy, moisture, time.

A well-known machine with working bodies - sources of driving force (US Pat. No. 2073387, 6 A 01 B 9/00) and a drive for their reverse movement and the performance of various works at low wheel load. The machine combines soil cultivation by adding and fertilizing. The purpose of the invention is to increase the efficiency of technology and machinery. The essence and basis of the invention is that the soil is treated before drying with low hardness and stickiness or watered before treatment, the stickiness and hardness are reduced and the readiness for processing increases at low temperature, in autumn, winter and spring, depending on the conditions of the zone. The soil is treated with rotary working bodies, combining driving, braking and neutral modes of operation, reduce the traction power of the tractor or push it. The soil is treated in frost or heat-ripening state by rotary working bodies in an oscillatory mode with a low traction force. Soil cultivation is facilitated by the choice of readiness time in winter and the oscillation amplitude of the hydraulic drive, the chassis of the tractor is unloaded and loaded with working bodies, rollers and other implements.

The soil is treated with working bodies in a rotary-oscillatory mode. The width of the capture unit is changed by turning the working bodies. Traction forces in the traction mode and braking forces in the braking mode are distributed between the sides, taking into account the reactions of the soil and the trajectory. Traction forces are displaced forward, braking forces back from the center of gravity.

The machine contains multi-mode working bodies to perform various tasks before draining the soil and with a small load of the chassis. The working bodies contain self-rotating rollers for soil circulation. The working bodies are installed at the end of the rail associated with the sprocket of the power take-off shaft. The working bodies have blades on all sides for tillage when moving to the right and left relative to the energy source. The hydraulic drive turning the working bodies is made in the form of a vibrator for the angular oscillation of the working bodies. The machine has elastically damping limiters that allow the working bodies to deepen when overloaded. The machine has leading and braking working bodies for tillage in the cold state or after irrigation with a light load of the chassis. The hydraulic coupler has a mode of unloading the drive wheels and loading the disc working bodies. Working bodies for flat-cutting processing have quick removable dump surfaces with the possibility of cultivating the earth with and without turnover of the formation with low or zero traction power of the power tool and wide gripping unit. The rotation and oscillation of the working bodies is performed by one hydraulic cylinder.

Widespread economically and environmentally friendly tillage without draining the soil and loading the chassis makes it easier to solve many problems of developing technologies and equipment for cultivating the land: without expensive tractors, high speeds, productivity, throughput, stability, controllability and safety, independence of work from weather, humidity and temperature, season of the year and crop area.

The agricultural technology / method of cultivating the land / is implemented in that the physical ripeness of the soil / readiness for processing / is provided in wet, cool and cold times, when the permeability of the technique and the workability of the soil are achieved without draining the soil, hardness and stickiness are reduced, conditions for weed growth and moisture evaporation are reduced .

The ripeness of the soil is determined by the state of moisture, degree of freezing, external temperature and depth of freezing, the removal or reduction of stickiness and eversion of blocks. Frozen soil can be considered finished if the blocks do not turn out or crumble very easily. The timing and method of combining known methods of plowing, peeling, harrowing, etc. determine, taking into account the zone, soil type, snow thickness, the possibility of plowing with an even layer of soil, economically and more effectively than drainage. The evaluation criteria are energy-moisture-soil-resource and time of savings, protection of man, equipment and the environment, productivity and environmental safety.

Due to the fact that the known ripeness by drainage loses moisture, sowing and planting require moistening and heating of the soil / biological ripeness /; ripening periods pass quickly / sometimes for hours /, humidity and drainage / two extremes / complicate the processing and post-treatment of blocks, it is difficult to combine humidity before heating in autumn and spring, combine physical ripeness with cold / frost maturity / without loss of moisture and traction by transferring workers organs from the braking mode to non-braking, prolonging the agro-technical terms. At the same time, weed seeds often lose their germination, the depth and lack of heat and air impede their growth, they appear later than the sowing crop. Free water in the form of snow and ice does not flow quickly down, melting lingers under the cover of the soil, delays the biological maturity of the lower soil layer. Cold prepares the soil for processing without dehumidification, moisture crystallizes, stickiness decreases, maneuverability increases, friction decreases, the phenomenon of friction and fluid lubrication appears in contact with working bodies.

In cooler times, the working conditions of a person, engine and working bodies improve: dustiness decreases, agricultural periods extend, solar energy is used for a longer time, the earth after cultivation in winter becomes blacker, more well-absorbed and absorbs more heat, increases the time of photosynthesis, eliminates the harvest under snow, makes it easier getting several crops a year. The stocking of water and fertilizers reduces the loss of moisture and fertilizers by rinsing them with water, facilitates arid farming, winter plowing becomes an alternative to flat cutting. In the warm zone, ripeness is regulated by irrigation from furrows - the basic lines of self-driving.

Reducing the load of the undercarriage and the dependence of the driving force on soil moisture facilitates the processing of the rice field, work in water, under water and on slopes.

The cold-ripened land cultivation method in the dry farming zone is a salvation from drought and moisture supply to plants. It facilitates the use of moisture and heat in the spring. Light load of the undercarriage reduces soil compaction, friction and adhesion between particles, stress and soil deformation. This is more consistent with the requirements of plants, eliminates the inconsistency of the requirements of plants and equipment to the soil (increased humidity does not affect the cross). This allows replacing the mode of loading the drive wheels with the mass of the agricultural machine by the mode of unloading the wheels before they take off the ground for favorable loading of the disk working bodies and increase their efficiency without ballast. Independence of patency from the load of the wheels eliminates the need for a large mass of tractor, many wheels and axles, transportation of ballast, installation of twin and built tires, filling them with water. This eliminates the dependence of the width of the capture unit for all work on the traction resistance of the working bodies and the number of these working bodies.

In the graphic part of FIG. 1 shows a diagram of the conversion of sprocket rotation to the movement of a rail with working bodies, FIG. 2 is a diagram of a drive of working bodies, a top view, in FIG. 3 is a diagram of the installation of guides with a certain offset, in FIG. 4 is a schematic diagram of a planetary gear drive; FIG. 5 is a schematic diagram of a rail, in FIG. 6 - rollers, in FIG. 7 is a diagram of the rotation of the rail for transportation, in FIG. 8 is a diagram of the installation of tracks, in FIG. 9 is a diagram of an anti-slip disk installation; FIG. 10 is a diagram of guide rails, in FIG. 11 is a guide bias circuit; FIG. 12 is a diagram of a support with a disk and a wheel, in FIG. 13 is a diagram of a sprocket transition and reversal of a rack stroke, in FIG. 14 is a diagram of a hydraulic actuator rail, in FIG. 15 is a diagram of a rail extension; FIG. 16 is a diagram of a rack rotation, in FIG. 17 is a diagram of a change in stroke and play, in FIG. 18 is a diagram of the installation of rail sections, in FIG. 19 is a diagram of a stroke change with a hydraulic actuator, in FIG. 20 is a diagram of a clutch and a reverse gear, in FIG. 21 is a diagram of a shoulder adjuster; FIG. 22 is a diagram of a change in the stroke of the hydraulic cylinder with stops for turning and oscillating the working bodies, in FIG. 23 is a diagram of a change in stroke and oscillation, in FIG. 24 is a diagram of a change in the shoulder of a hydraulic cylinder; FIG. 25 is a diagram of a reversible plow with a turning and oscillating hydraulic cylinder; FIG. 26 is a diagram of a plow for forming holes and oscillations of the working bodies, in FIG. 27 is a diagram of a hydraulic mechanical arm for moving working bodies, FIG. 28 is a side view of a mechanical arm from an elbow and a brush; FIG. 29 is a diagram of the operation of a double-lever mechanical arm, in FIG. 30 / a, b / is a diagram of a roller working body for plowing, in FIG. 31 is a diagram of a two-roller working member, in FIG. 32 is the same side view, in FIG. 33 is a diagram of a working body with a rotary wing, in FIG. 34 is a diagram of a working body, a top view, in FIG. 35 is a diagram of a plane cutter, in FIG. 36 is a diagram of a plane cutter with a roller; FIG. 37 is a schematic diagram of a blade cutter, in FIG. 38 is a diagram of the movement / operation / plane cutter, in FIG. 39 is a diagram of a working body, in FIG. 40 is a schematic side view of FIG. 41 is a diagram of the forces and reactions of multi-mode disks, where P is the force, R is the reaction, V is the speed of the working bodies, V is the forward speed, FIG. 42 is a diagram of the forces and reactions of the disk battery, FIG. 43 is a diagram of the movement of plane cutters in leading, neutral and braking modes (paws and knives for dry farming), in FIG. 44 is a diagram of the operation of the plow in the leading mode, in FIG. 45 is a diagram of the movement of the working bodies, in FIG. 46 is a diagram of the operation of a bulldozer shovel in modes of wide change in the load of the chassis, in FIG. 47 is a diagram of changes in speeds and forces depending on the stroke l of the working bodies in driving, braking and neutral modes.

The speed of the unit forward can be low and continuous / with creeper / and periodic / alternating transverse and longitudinal movements of the working bodies /.

Periodic feeding is carried out by interrupting the movement of the coupling, a volumetric coupling - a hydraulic power take-off pump, a planetary gear of a rotation mechanism or a planetary gear - a load sensor, a pusher in the form of a blade or disk according to the force of the end stop or its signal with an additional hydraulic cylinder, turning the lever and traction to pull the agricultural machine to tractor, etc. The forward feed is determined taking into account the necessary repetition of work can eliminate the need for a tractor. The drive can be from a car, an energy wheel, an electric motor, or by hand according to the pull-push principle.

Adaptive control of speeds and repetitions of work in one pass without and with additional working bodies, and the width of the grip in any case is many times greater than the width of the working bodies.

Repetition rate

l=Ш/П; S_p=V_pt; S₀₁=V·t,

l = W / P; S _p = V _p t; S ₀₁ = V

where V _p , W _p , V, W - speed and width of the working bodies and the unit;

W _p , S _p , W, S, - treatment area and paths of the working bodies and the unit.

In all embodiments, the speeds of large masses are lower, and small masses are higher.

Agrotechnology and work execution methods are implemented by the machine with low or zero pulling power of the power tool by the working bodies in winter, spring, summer and autumn without soil compaction.

The machine for processing soil and soil / earth / has a mechanical or hydraulic drive. The mechanical drive from the power take-off shaft includes a gearbox 1 / Fig. 1, 2 / with an asterisk 2, track 3, asterisks 4 of the rack drive 5 for moving the working bodies 6. The rollers 7, wheels 8, the hinge 9 with the lock 10 lock allow work in the field and compact addition in transport. Guides 11 rails can be rollers. The rollers and guides 7, 11 transfer part of the load to the sidewalls 12 of the rail and form the trajectory of the working bodies. The rollers 13 rails increase the life of the pinion gear. Machine / FIG. 8-13 / has a disc or discs 14 anti-slip. The rails 5 have an axis 14 between the sidewalls 15, the rail 16 is protected from bending and the wheels 8 and 17 serve as supports. The hydraulic actuator option has a control valve 18 and hydraulic cylinders 19, associated with the possibility of relay movement of the rack with the working bodies and reverse according to the signal of the final stop / Fig.14/.

To change the working width / Fig. 15-24/, the machine may have additional sections or an axis of rotation 20, idle stops 21, attachment sections of the rack 5 / Fig. 18/, a hydraulic machine with a direction switch 23 according to the stop signal 23 / Fig. 19 /, or a clutch 24 for switching gears 25 and changing the direction of rotation of the gears 26, or the piston stroke regulator of the hydraulic cylinder 27, or the regulator 28 of the link arm of the lever with the rail / Fig. 21-24 /. Regulator 28 / Fig. 23 / may be in the form of an additional connection. Tractor 29 / Fig. 25-26 / can pull the working bodies of the reversible plow in the brake mode with the possibility of rotation and oscillation of the working bodies of the hydraulic cylinder. The stroke of the hydraulic cylinder / piston / is regulated by the end stops and determines the amount of rotation / adjustment / and oscillations with a small stroke. The vibrator with hydropower may be of another known design.

An alternative to the rack drive is a mechanical arm / FIG. 27-30 /, including anti-slip disk 32, hydraulic cylinders 33 of the elbow lever 34, several chain links 35, an asterisk 36 for turning the lever 37 to move the working bodies 38, the linkage mechanism 39.

Working bodies for plowing 40, 41 / Fig. 30 / with one or two surfaces. The working body 42 with rollers 43, 44 or wings 45, 46 for the right and left turns of the soil, a plane cutter 47 without a blade or with rollers 48, or dumps 49, 50. The working body on the rotary axis 51 with stops 52 has a diamond shape with blades with all 4 sides 53 / Fig. 39, 40 /, the dotted line shows the operating positions when moving to the right and left. Modes of operation of the working bodies indicating the vectors of speeds, forces and reactions / Fig. 41-47 / characterize the possibility of reducing traction and load of the chassis when performing various works by combining and combining modes.

The machine operates as follows. Reiki 5 or levers 34, 37 move the working bodies to the right and left relative to the energy. The self-rotation of the working bodies, self-installation at the end of the stroke and movement to the other end ensure that they perform their functions and repeat depending on the setting and speed of movement.

The reversible plow plows in two modes / left- and right-turning / settings or without dumps - plane cutters. The hydraulic cylinder creates vibrations and reduces the resistance of the plow. When installing the working bodies on a transverse line, the length decreases and the rotation of the working bodies gives a number of holes for retaining moisture and erosion.

The combination of brake and non-brake working bodies is possible to eliminate the excessive driving / pushing / force of the working bodies. The combination of a reversible plow with leading working bodies gives a furrow for copying in the next pass. When two hands or rails are installed, the unit is balanced without anti-slip discs and the working width is doubled. At the same time, the hands are located at some distance from the energy facility, on the pivoting levers / in FIG. not shown / with the possibility of stopping in the middle / compact / position.

When forming the trajectory and operating modes of the unit from the tractor / tractor / and the trailer in the form of a technological machine or vehicle, the energy between the wheels of the tractor in the traction and brake modes is distributed taking into account the reactions of the soil and the trajectory. A well-known assumption of differences in accelerations cannot be allowed, because violates the unity of the unit. In a single unit, the difference in accelerations, speeds and paths indicates the relative movement of the tractor and trailer / tractor and technological machine /. To eliminate the erroneous view / approach / it is necessary to proceed from the equality of accelerations or a signal about the relative displacement / difference between accelerations / enter as an error into the brake control mechanism in order to eliminate this error. If the tractor and trailer have the same acceleration, the hitch gives a zero signal. If the pushing force / the hitch is compressed / gives a signal to reduce the pushing force or increase the braking of the trailer. In any case, the control of the unit is facilitated by the following law: the energy between the sides and wheels must be straightened out taking into account their coupling capabilities and the trajectory of movement in the traction and braking modes. When controlling the brakes (with excessive driving force), the control energy must be distributed between the brakes of the wheels taking into account the reactions of the wheels and the course. For the unit to operate in half-robot mode, these control laws are implemented by setting limiters of the installation angles and forces of interaction between the tractor and the working bodies. This control of the elements of the unit in the traction and braking modes of the working bodies gives stability and confirms the usefulness of working in the neutral mode of moving the working bodies and wheel rolling without large deviations, which reserves all the traction and braking forces of the tractor, reserves patency and stability of movement. The presence of stops / reverse brakes / facilitates moving away from a place on the rise, eliminates rolling back when losing pushing force. Such controlled stops-motion semiconductors increase the reliability of operation in robot mode in relation to external conditions.

Multimode energy-, moisture- and time-saving, reversible self-rotating working bodies for performing various works and their repetition in a single pass in any agricultural zone and other industries greatly increase the efficiency of production of machinery and agricultural products. The multi-mode working bodies when moving them give the inferior P _P and F in the transverse and longitudinal planes. Symmetric loading of the disks, their batteries / tillers /, plane cutters, knives, plowshares, dumps, paws and other working bodies (Fig. 41-47) balances the transverse components, and the unit moves stably. Longitudinal forces and speeds are directed towards movement in the driving mode and backward in the braking mode. With the equality of these forces or their absence, a neutral mode occurs. The combination of the leading and braking modes in the transverse course gives a longitudinal difference, directed towards greater force. The excess and lack of driving forces can be adjusted by adjusting the limiters of the angle of rotation. With a soil reaction of 3-5 kN, installation angles and friction of 50-70 degrees, the reaction of the cosine of the angles causes a pushing force of 1.5-3 kN to be almost half the resistance.

The transverse force of the levers is easily converted into a driving force and the feed of the working bodies forward and without the traction force of the tractor.

The ratio of the speeds of movement of the working bodies is easily adjustable and provides the multiplicity of tillage without additional working bodies in one pass of the unit across the field. This is the possibility of loading the disk working bodies with the mass of the tractor even with elastic traction or installing disks in front of the drive axle with the possibility of pushing it to the ground with a pushing force, unloading the drive wheels similar to the front-mounted machine and compensating for the excess driving force when performing energy-intensive work of cultivating the earth. The oscillations of the working bodies according to the signals of the end switches of the piston stroke reduce energy consumption in any mode, and all the signs together form a breakthrough path in the development of technologies and equipment.

Such a path opens up new possibilities for choosing the ripening dates at any time of the year in the warm zone and cold ripeness in the fall and spring in the north, since it excludes the ejection of lumps after drying or deep freezing under a cover of snow of large thickness and the presence of a reserve of time in other periods.

The technical and economic efficiency of the skillful application of new signs of choosing the timing of ripeness and technology is to improve agricultural technologies and performance of the equipment; patency, compatibility of operations, repetition of work without additional working bodies and passages in the field; moisture, time and energy saving, versatility, taking into account the shift of working bodies; adaptability to humidity, aggregation and linearity of the arrangement of the working bodies, productivity, self-cleaning, adjustable width of the grip and speed; mobility, controllability, stability, smoothness, human security, technology and the environment.

Claims (7)

1. The method of cultivating the land, including cultivating it with working bodies installed with the possibility of rotation, characterized in that the processing of the earth is carried out in a wet state at any time of the year with working bodies installed and with the possibility of oscillations, while the working bodies are made in the form of a bulldozer shovel, or working bodies for plowing, or plane cutters, or paws, or disks, or diamond-shaped working bodies with blades on all sides. 2. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that the tillage is carried out by the working bodies in driving, neutral and braking modes to reduce traction or push energy. 3. The method according to any one of claims 1 and 2, characterized in that the capture width during processing is changed by turning the line of movement of the working bodies. 4. A machine for cultivating the earth, containing energy, working bodies and a drive for moving them, characterized in that the machine has a hydraulic actuator in the form of a vibrator for turning and vibrating the working bodies, the latter being made in the form of a bulldozer shovel or working bodies for plowing or plane cutters, or paws, or disks, or working bodies of a rhomboid shape with blades on all sides. 5. The machine according to claim 4, characterized in that it has an elastic damping limiter for deepening the working bodies during overload. 6. The machine according to claim 4, characterized in that the plane cutters have quick-release dump surfaces for tillage with and without formation rotation. 7. The machine according to claim 4, characterized in that it has revolving working bodies, and the hydraulic drive for turning and oscillating the working bodies has a hydraulic cylinder.

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