RU2112764C1 - Method of producing multitarget composts - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: organic fertilizers. SUBSTANCE: manure and moisture-absorbing material are laid together and agitated, while simultaneously mixture is displaced toward fermenter where aerobic composting is effected at 50-60% moisture under periodical venting for 3-4 days. Oxygen concentration in mixture is maintained within 5-12% range and, prior to be composted in fermenter, mixture is agitated with final compost at ratio 9:1. EFFECT: improved technological effectiveness and quality of product. 4 dwg

Description

 The invention relates to agriculture, in particular to methods for processing manure and other organic waste.

 A known method of preparing compost, in which organic waste (manure, sawdust, peat, etc.) is stacked in layers, mixed and composted [1].

 The disadvantage of this method is the low quality of composts due to the loss of nutrients, in particular nitrogen, high operating costs and environmental pollution.

 The closest technical solution, selected as a prototype, is a method of compost preparation, which includes layering manure and moisture-absorbing organic material, mixing the components while moving the mixture into the fermenter with its cover with a layer of finished compost and subsequent aerobic composting of the mixture [2].

 The disadvantage of this method is the length of the composting process, especially in winter conditions, due to the increased humidity of the mixture and the low fertilizer value of the resulting compost.

 The aim of the invention is to improve the manufacturability of the method and the quality of the finished product.

 This goal is achieved by the fact that in the known method of compost preparation, which includes layering manure and moisture-absorbing organic material, mixing the components while moving the mixture to the fermenter and subsequent aerobic composting of the mixture, composting is carried out at a mixture humidity of 50-60% and periodically ventilated for 3 -4 days, while the oxygen concentration in the mixture is maintained within 5-12%, and before composting, the mixture loaded into the fermenter is mixed with the ready compost in a mass ratio of 9: 1.

 A comparative analysis of the proposed solution with the prototype shows that the proposed method differs from the known one in that before composting, the mixture loaded into the fermenter is mixed with the finished compost in a mass ratio of 9: 1, and composting is carried out at a mixture humidity of 50-60% and periodic ventilation for 3 -4 days, maintaining the oxygen content in the mixture within 5-12%. Thus, the proposed method meets the criteria of the invention of "novelty."

 Signs that distinguish the proposed method from the prototype are not identified in other technical solutions, which allows us to conclude that its criterion of "significant differences".

 Figure 1 presents the time dependence of the temperature of the mixture of various humidity; figure 2 - dependence of the temperature of the mixture on the oxygen content; in FIG. 3 - temporal dependences of the temperature of the mixture in extremely cold conditions without and with the addition of multi-purpose compost in it at different humidity; figure 4 is a schematic diagram of composting.

 As a result of studies, it was found that the intensity of the biothermal process is highest when the humidity of the mixture is not lower than 50% and not higher than 60%. (Fig. 1, dependencies 1, 2 and 3). Insufficient or excessive humidity of the mixture (Fig. 1, dependencies 4, 5 and 6) prevent the creation of optimal living conditions for aerobic thermophilic microorganisms and, as a result, reduces the intensity of the biothermal process.

 In addition, to create optimal conditions for the biothermal process in most mixtures based on manure at 50-60% humidity, the oxygen level in the mixture should be maintained within 5-12% (figure 2).

 In turn, mixing the mixture before loading it into the fermenter with ready-made compost in a mass ratio of 9: 1 also sharply increases the intensity of the biothermal process in extremely cold conditions, as shown by dependencies 1 and 2 shown in Fig. 3. For comparison, dependences 3 and 4 are shown there for mixtures with the same moisture characteristics, but without adding and mixing with ready compost.

 It has been established that adding less than 10% of the finished compost to the mixture increases the intensity of the biothermal process insignificantly, and more than 10% does not give an additional effect and is not technologically rational.

 Thus, the obtained research results indicate the achievement of a positive effect and the correct selection of optimal technological parameters for the method of preparation of multi-purpose compost.

 Composting is carried out in a brick or reinforced concrete fermenter 1 (Fig. 4) with dimensions 5 • 10 • 4.5 m with a gate 2 where mixture 3 is laid. The fermenter is equipped with pressure 4 and exhaust 5 fans, system 6 of pressure ducts, control panel 7 with a timer purges and openings 8 for measuring temperature and oxygen content in the mixture.

 The method of preparation of multi-purpose compost (KMN) in the proposed fermenter is implemented as follows.

Example. Raw materials are delivered to the concrete site in front of the fermenter: peat, sawdust, chopped straw, manure, prepared compost, etc. with simultaneous stacking in layers of the estimated thickness to an average humidity of 50-60%. Then the mass from the stack using a loader (for example, PF-0.75) is fed into a manure spreader (for example, PRT-7 or ROU-6), where it is mixed and simultaneously loaded into the fermenter until it is filled to a height of not more than 2 m. After loading the fermenter includes a pressure fan and through the pressure air duct system, air is supplied in the required quantities and at certain intervals using the purge timer of the control panel, maintaining the oxygen content in the mixture within 5-12%. The temperature and oxygen content of the mixture are periodically monitored using an electronic thermometer and an oxygen meter. Composting at a humidity of the mixture of 50-60% is carried out for 3-4 days, while the mixture is heated to 70 ^o C and above, which ensures disinfection of the mass from pathogens and the destruction of germination of weed seeds. The signal that the product is ready is a temperature drop to 30 ^o C in the mixture, recorded using an electronic thermometer. Unloading of the finished product from the fermenter is carried out by a typical front-end loader.

 The resulting product - multipurpose compost (KMN) is a homogeneous bulk mass, convenient for transportation, packaging and soil application, and can be used in several directions.

 In agriculture, compost is used as a high-quality environmentally friendly organic fertilizer that can practically replace mineral fertilizers, significantly increase soil fertility, and reduce the use of pesticides. The effectiveness of the crop on agricultural crops is 2-3 times higher compared to traditional manure and compost. The application rate is 5-10 t / ha.

 Depending on the starting components, 1 ton of KMN contains up to 50-65 kg of NRK, incl. nitrogen up to 25-30 kg; phosphorus up to 15-20 kg; potassium up to 10-15 kg and the whole complex of trace elements.

 The validity period of KMN is up to 3-5 lots, the shelf life is unlimited, the storage method is in stacks in open areas.

 2. Mulching antiseptic material in the cultivation of vegetable, berry and other crops.

 3. The substrate for the preparation of soils, the manufacture of nutritious pots and mixtures.

 4. Mulch - nutritious bedding for growing cucumbers and tomatoes in greenhouses.

 5. The substrate for growing mushrooms.

 In animal husbandry, compost is used as 1. Protein-vitamin feed additive for feeding animals and poultry, containing up to 20-25% of crude protein. Up to 20–40% can be introduced into the diet of ruminants, replacing grain and roughage, and up to 10–15% in the diet of birds.

 2. Antiseptic litter for livestock and poultry, helps to reduce the incidence of animals with mastitis, hoof rot, increases the safety of birds, improves the general background in livestock buildings.

 Using the proposed method for the preparation of multi-purpose compost allows, in comparison with the existing one, to increase manufacturability by reducing composting time, to carry out the process in winter conditions and to increase the fertilizer value of the finished product.

 Sources of information.

 1. Organic fertilizers. Directory, M., AT "Atropromizdat", 1988, p. 150-152.

 2. USSR patent 1813085, cl. C 05 F 3/00, 15/00, 1993 (prototype).

Claims (1)

 A method of preparing multi-purpose compost, including layering manure and moisture-absorbing organic material, mixing the components while moving the mixture into the fermenter and subsequent aerobic composting of the mixture, characterized in that, in order to improve the processability of the method and quality of the finished product, composting is carried out in the fermenter at humidity a mixture of 50-60% and periodically ventilated for 3-4 days, while the oxygen concentration in the mixture is maintained within 5 - 12%, and before composting, the mixture loaded into the fermenter is mixed with the finished compost in a mass ratio of 9: 1.

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