RU2160994C1 - Young chicken feeding method - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: poultry farming. SUBSTANCE: method involves using plant protein-vitamin additives with reduced content of cellular tissue; introducing products of hydrolysis of vitamin-grass flour of amaranth to one-day chickens in liquid or wet state. Hydrolysis products are obtained by treating dry raw plant substance (vitamin-grass flour of amaranth) by prolonged (2-3 days) wetting in water or whey or by chemical treatment with succession of hydrolyzing solutions (whey and/or acidified water with pH value of 4.5-5.5, aqueous solution of alkali and/or sodium with pH value of 8.5-10.5, aqueous solution of cellulosic complex preparations) in rotor-type pulsed apparatus. Obtained wet protein-vitamin additives are given to chickens in ratio, wt.% per day: hydrolysates, 1-30; extracts, 1-6; pulp, 2-20. Extracts are given to chickens in liquid state for first 3-9 days of life. EFFECT: increased efficiency, improved assimilation of nutrient substances, improved chicken keeping, and increased live weight. 8 cl, 19 tbl, 9 ex

Description

 The invention relates to the feeding of poultry, in particular, to the use of vegetable protein-vitamin supplements for growing young chickens.

 Currently, feed additives from plant materials are used in poultry farming that improve the production performance of farm poultry. It is known that the use of vitamin-grass meal (VTM) from various fodder crops plays an important role in ensuring high productivity and preservation of the bird, in obtaining high-quality hatching eggs and in growing full-fledged young animals (Industrial poultry farming / Alekseev F.F., Asriyan M.A. ., Belchenko, N.B. et al .; comp.Fisinin V.I., Tardatyan G.A. - M.: Agropromizdat, 1991.- 544 p.). It is known that alfalfa, clover and other plants, as well as mixtures of various herbs, such as peas or vetch with oats, are used as raw materials for the manufacture of TMVs (Denisov N.I. Compound feed in animal husbandry. - M.: Kolos, 1973. - P. 133- 134). The main disadvantage of using TMV from the listed plants in feeding poultry is the high fiber content. Therefore, the inclusion of TMV in the composition of feed at a dosage above 3-5% leads to a decrease in the eatability and digestibility of the feed and to a deterioration in the production indices of the bird (Scheglov V.V., Boyarsky L.G. Feed: Preparation, storage, use: Reference book. - M .: Agropromizdat, 1990 .-- S. 193).

 It is known that condensed plant extract from alfalfa ("Herakond") when broilers are added to the feed increases their average daily weight gain and reduces livestock waste (Sokolov V.D., Andreeva N.L., Lavin P.I., Slobodenyuk V. K., Kvashnina G.A. A method of stimulating the growth of broiler chickens (Pat. A 61 K 35/78, A 23 K 1/00 N 2035911, 1995). However, the production technology of Erakonda involves the thermochemical treatment of alfalfa hay and subsequent evaporation of the extract under conditions of high temperature and high pressure, which significantly increases both energy consumption and the cost of the additive itself (Dietary supplement Erakond TU 494K-AO42-006-97) .

 The closest technical solution adopted for the prototype is a method of feeding chickens using vitamin-grass flour from amaranth (AVTM) at a dosage of 3-18% (Kheeroug SS, Vyshtakaliuk AB, Tchernov IA Nutritious as a vegetable protein-vitamin supplement) value of amaranth vitaminous-herbaceous meal in a composition of formula feed for laying hens / Conference on Plant Proteins from European Crops: Food and Non-Food Applications. Posters. - Nantes (France), 1996. - P.89-91). With this feeding method, it was found that in dosages of up to 11% of the normative feed weight, AVTM has a positive effect on the functional state of laying hens, and at a dosage of 3% it significantly increases their egg productivity, and in dosages of 7 and 11% it replaces high-protein components of the feed, without reducing production indicators. Increasing the dosage of AVTM to 14% and higher has a negative effect on the productivity of chickens. The disadvantage of this method is the use of vegetable BVD with a fairly significant level of fiber and a relatively low digestibility of nutrients, which limits its use in feeding young birds.

 The purpose of the invention is the development of a method of feeding young chickens using vegetable protein and vitamin supplements with reduced fiber and increased digestibility of nutrients, which allows to increase the weight gain and the safety of the livestock when raising chickens. To achieve this goal, starting from the age of one day, it is proposed to include in the diet of chickens hydrolysis products of vitamin-grass meal from amaranth by evaporation or wet feeding.

To obtain hydrolysis products, the processing of dry plant materials (AVTM in bulk or in granules) was carried out using one of the two methods described below. The first (simplified) method was that the raw material was hydrolyzed during prolonged (for 2-3 days) soaking in water or in whey with a water ratio of 1: 8 - 1:12. The second (hardware) method included several successive stages of processing plant materials. First, dry herbal flour was macerated by soaking for 2-4 hours in water or whey. Then, the pre-macerated raw material was brought to a hydromodule 1: 5 - 1:15 and its hydrolysis was carried out in one or several stages when processed in rotary-pulsation-type apparatuses ("S-Emulsifier" or vibro-cavitation mill) under conditions of complex mechanoacoustic action in the rotation speed mode rotor from 3000 to 4500 rpm at a temperature of 25-45 ^o C. As hydrolyzing agents used water, an aqueous solution of oxalic acid (pH 4.5-5.5), whey (pH 3.5-4.0) , aqueous solutions of alkali or soda (pH 8.5-10.5) and aqueous solutions of fer instant preparations of the cellulase type (celloviridine in an amount of 0.7% and pectofoethidine - 0.2% of the dry weight of amaranth), which were used either individually or sequentially one after another in a certain combination. The time of hardware processing, depending on the amount of processed raw materials, ranged from 30 seconds to 15 minutes at each of the successive stages.

 The hydrolysates obtained in this way, depending on the type of hydrolyzing solution and the pH of the medium, contain mainly proteins, pectins and saccharides or a complex of these substances in various combinations and are pasty products recommended for use as wet feed BVD. Table 1 shows the names of wet additives depending on the hydrolyzing agent used. As wet additives can also be used fractionation products of hydrolysates - extracts and pulp.

 Table 2 shows some indicators of the nutritional value of AVTM processing products offered as BVD in comparison with the feedstock.

 As follows from the data given in table 2, the hydrolysis process significantly increases the nutritional value of the feedstock even without the effects of mechanoacoustic treatment (simplified method, table 2, b) due to the conversion of some proteins and other nutrients of the feedstock to an easily digestible soluble form and the formation of pectin from protopectin. In this case, the digestibility of the solids of the extract significantly exceeds the digestibility of the feedstock, and the digestibility of the pulp increases slightly. The processing of raw materials in rotary-pulsation-type apparatuses, in turn, provides a significant intensification of the process of its chemical hydrolysis, not only accelerating the process itself (as follows from an increase in the yield of extracted protein and pectin), but also causing partial destruction of fiber and further increasing the digestibility of dry matter individual fractions of hydrolysates (table 2, a). Moreover, the effectiveness of additives obtained by both methods when feeding the bird should be significantly higher than the efficiency of the feedstock (AVTM).

 The proposed wet amaranth BVD can be used in poultry farming by feeding or feeding chickens from day old. It is proposed to feed wet BVD to chickens aged 1-40 days in the following dosages (in% of the daily ration): hydrolysates - from 1 to 30, extracts - from 1 to 6, pulp - from 2 to 20. Moreover, the proposed wet BVD in dosages up to 10-12% (depending on the moisture content of the base feed) can be included in the composition of the feed in the conditions of the feed workshop according to the usual technology for the manufacture of feed mixtures. At high humidity of the feed, as well as the need to use wet BVD in higher dosages that violate the technological requirements for flowability of feeds, it is recommended to give these additives manually in the form of wet mixes based on basic feed, using them as bait. Amaranth extracts, in addition, it is proposed to water the chickens during the first 3-9 days of life.

 The test of the proposed additives was carried out on the repair of young egg-laying hens at the age of 1-40 days with cage at the Yubileinaya poultry farm (Tatarstan). To feed the chickens, wet BVDs were mixed with the well-known complete feed in a ratio of 1: 1 to 1:20. Thus prepared mixers were distributed manually 1 time per day in the amount of 20 - 25% of the standard mass of feed. For high dosages of BVD (10-30% of the daily weight of the diet), the mixers were prepared immediately before feeding, and for low (1-6%) - in advance, for 3-4 days.

 We studied the effect of additives on the growth, development and preservation of poultry stock. Two groups of chickens served as control: the first received dry compound feed (control 1), the second received the same compound feed moistened with water or serum, added in quantities corresponding to the dosages of the tested wet BVD (control 2-4).

 In all groups, complete eatability of moist additives from amaranth was noted, their stimulating effect on the growth and development of young chickens and a positive effect on the safety of the livestock were revealed. Moreover, the maximum positive effect of wet BVD from amaranth was observed when using hydrolysates in doses of 6-12%, extracts - 3-6%, pulp - 2-20%. The use of additives in lower dosages did not make it possible to obtain the desired effect, and their use in higher dosages violated the technological conditions of mechanized feeding and did not provide a further increase in production indicators when rearing young animals.

 Amaranth BVDs obtained by a hardware method affect the weight gain and preservation of young animals more efficiently than additives made by a simplified method. Protein hydrolysates (protein, protein-pectin, sugared protein-pectin) have a more pronounced stimulating effect on body weight than pectin hydrolyzate, which, however, has a more effective effect on the safety of the livestock. For extracts, the maximum effect is noted at lower dosages than for hydrolysates.

 The proposed BVD have a more pronounced positive effect on the weight gain of chickens and the safety of the livestock than the feedstock (AVTM), and the effective dose of hydrolysates (6-12%) in terms of dry weight (0.4-2.4%) and extracts (respectively 1-6% and 0.04-0.66%) are significantly lower than the effective dose of dry AVTM (3-11%). Pulp in the amount of 20% of the normative feed mass, corresponding to 16% AVTM dry weight, which at this dosage negatively affects the condition of laying hens, not only does not cause any undesirable effects, but also has a pronounced positive effect on weight gain and safety livestock of young hens.

 Thus, the products of hydrolysis of amaranth herbal flour obtained by the above methods have higher nutritional value, higher digestibility, and a more pronounced stimulating effect on the growth and development of young chickens, as a result of which they can be recommended as highly effective vegetable protein Vitamin supplements for poultry.

 Example 1. The effect of an aqueous hydrolyzate (VG) on the production performance of repair young chickens was investigated. The experimental design and experimental results are shown in tables 3 and 4.

 From the results shown in table 4, it is seen that the best production indicators of poultry were obtained on a diet containing 10% of this BVD: there was a significant increase in live weight of young animals (p <0.001) and a decrease in bird waste by almost half compared to control 1. Effect hydrolyzate at a dosage of 3% was less effective, and at a dosage of 1%, this BVD did not significantly affect the growth and safety of young animals. The use of additives in a dosage above 30% was not practical due to the relative decrease in production indicators compared to the optimal dosage of hydrolyzate (10%). Humidification of the feed with water (control 2) caused a slight increase in live weight compared to dry feed (p <0.05), accompanied, however, by a decrease in the safety of the livestock. When comparing the optimal dosage of the hydrolyzate (10%) with wet feed (control 2), a significant increase in the weight of chickens (p <0.001) and an almost threefold decrease in bird waste were revealed. Thus, an ABTM aqueous hydrolyzate in a wide dosage range (from 1 to 30%) has a positive effect on the growth and development of repair young animals, and a dosage of 10% is optimal both in terms of manufacturability and effectiveness.

 Example 2. The effect of different dosages (6-18%) of protein hydrolyzate (BG) on the production performance of repair young stocks of Rodonit chickens was examined. The experimental design and test results are shown in tables 5 and 6.

 From table 6 it is seen that the most effective use of BG in a dosage of 12%, providing a maximum increase in gain (p <0.001). At a dosage of 6%, the effect of the hydrolyzate is less pronounced, although an increase in the live weight of young animals (p <0.01) and a decrease in bird waste by 9% are noted. At a dosage of 18%, the use of BG is already impractical, since it makes the feed less technologically advanced, does not provide a further increase in weight gain, and even reduces the safety of the livestock, increasing poultry waste by almost half.

 Example 3. The effect of serum pectin hydrolyzate (GH) in dosages from 1 to 30% of the standard mass of feed on the production indicators of repair young white leggorn was studied. The control was a group of birds that received dry basic compound feed (control 1), or compound feed moistened with 10% whey (control 2). The experimental design and test results are shown in tables 7 and 8.

 From table 8 it follows that GHG in doses of 10 and 30% increases the live weight of young animals compared to control 1 (p <0.01 and p <0.001, respectively), and at low dosages (1 and 3%) it does not affect the gain , but significantly increases the safety of the livestock (poultry waste is reduced by 45 and 38%, respectively). A diet with 10% GHG also showed a significant decrease in poultry waste (by 49%) compared to dry feed. The feed moistened with whey (control 2) caused an increase in the weight of chickens (p <0.05) and an increase in the safety of the livestock compared to control 1. GHG at a dosage of 10% did not cause a significant increase in weight gain compared to the wet control, but almost 20 % reduced bird waste. In a diet with 30% GH, a significant increase in the live weight of young animals was observed compared to control 2 (p <0.05), which was accompanied, however, by a noticeable decrease in the safety of the livestock (poultry waste increased almost one and a half times, but still remained slightly lower than on dry feed).

 Thus, the AVTM pectin hydrolyzate in a wide dosage range (from 1 to 30%) has a positive effect on the safety, growth and development of repair young animals, and a dosage of 10% is optimal both in terms of manufacturability and effectiveness.

 Example 4. Conducted a test of three types of hydrolysates: pectin, protein and protein-pectin in comparison with the source of plant materials (AVTM) in dry and wet form. The experimental design and test results are shown in tables 9 and 10.

 From the table it follows that in example 4a, the largest live weight of young animals was on diets with protein supplements - BG and BPG (p <0.001). In the diet with pectin hydrolyzate (PG) in the same dosage, the weight gain of young fish compared to the control dry compound feed was less pronounced, although it was also significant (p <0.05). Dry AVTM in a dosage of 1.5% (the amount of feedstock equivalent to 12% wet BVD) in this experiment did not affect the live weight of the chickens. AVTM in a dosage of 7.5% also did not cause a significant increase in the gain of young animals.

 In the experiment described in example 4b, there was no increase in the weight of young animals compared to the control group receiving moistened feed. The effect of wet BVD in comparison with moistened feed was significantly lower than in example 4a, where dry feed was used as a control. In example 4b, all hydrolysates, except for pectin, provided a significant increase in the weight of chickens compared to a moistened control compound feed (p <0.05).

 Thus, the feed additive corresponding to the prototype (AVTM), both in dry and in wet form, in the conditions of this experiment did not affect the development of chickens, that is, it was ineffective. The proposed feed additives - ABTM hydrolysates - in this example had a significant effect on the growth of live weight of young animals.

 Example 5. On chickens breed white Leghorn tested four experimental diets, including: water (VG) and whey pectin (PG) hydrolysates prepared by hardware, and hydrolysates prepared by the simplified hydrolysis of ABTM, using water (B) or serum ( C), as well as three control diets containing dry compound feed (control 1), or moistened compound feed with water (control 2), or serum (control 3). The experimental design and research results are presented in tables 11 and 12.

 Hydrolysates obtained by a simplified method during prolonged (2-3 days before feeding) soaking in AVTM, as well as the corresponding water and serum hydrolysates obtained by hardware (SH and PG), caused a small but significant increase in live weight of young animals compared to dry compound feed (p <0.05). This effect is largely due to wetting of the feed, since no significant differences were found with wet control diets. These additives had a significantly more effective effect on the safety of young animals. Moreover, the most pronounced decrease in poultry waste was caused by hydrolysates obtained by hardware, although hydrolysates prepared by a simplified method also improved these parameters compared to the corresponding control diets.

 Thus, with the simplified method of processing AVTM, which consists in a prolonged (for 2-3 days) soaking of the feedstock, the processes of hydrolysis of AVTM provide an increase in the efficiency of its action on the poultry organism, comparable in efficiency with the action of hydrolysates obtained by hardware processing of raw materials. In this case, the dosage of hydrolysates tested in this experiment (6%) in terms of the dry weight of the raw materials used for their preparation (0.6%) is significantly lower than the effective dose of dry AVTM recommended in the prototype (3-11%).

 Example 6. A comparative test of saccharified protein-pectin hydrolyzate (OBPG), supernatant fraction of this hydrolyzate — saccharified protein-pectin (OBPE), and sedimentary fraction of pectin hydrolyzate — protein pulp (BJ) were performed. The experimental design and test results are shown in tables 13 and 14.

 Table 14 shows that both OBPH and OBE significantly increase the gain of young animals compared to control 1 (p <0.01). Compared with control 2, which received whey instead of BVD, this effect is less pronounced (p <0.05). On both diets with the proposed wet BVD, a decrease in bird waste by almost half was observed compared to control 1 and by 13-20% compared to control 2.

 Protein pulp obtained as a by-product in the separation of the supernatant fraction of the pectin hydrolyzate also has a pronounced stimulating effect on the growth of chickens and the safety of the livestock. It was found that a diet with 2% BZ significantly increases the weight gain (p <0.05) and more than halves the poultry waste compared to control 1. BZ in a dosage of 20%, corresponding to dry weight of 18% AVTM (at this dosage In its dry form, AVTM has a negative effect on the body of chickens - it causes a decrease in the productivity and preservation of the bird), not only does not cause any undesirable side effects, but also has a pronounced stimulating effect on the development of chickens: it causes a significant increase in weight gain (p <0.01 ) and reduced bird waste in comparison with both dry and wet control.

 Example 7. The effect of different dosages of the supernatant fraction of the pectin hydrolyzate - pectin extract (PE) - on the production indices of repair young chickens was investigated. Either dry feed (control 1) or diets with whey in appropriate dosages (control 2-4) were used as a control. The experimental design and test results are shown in tables 15 and 16.

 From table 16 it is seen that a significant increase in live weight of young animals was found on diets containing 3 and 6% PE (p <0.01). At the same time, the livestock waste decreased by more than two times by 3% in the diet, and increased by 1.5 times by 6%. PE at a lower dosage (1.2%) did not affect the live weight of young animals, but significantly reduced poultry waste. Whey in all the studied dosages did not have a significant effect on the growth of chickens and on the safety of the poultry population. Therefore, the positive effects of the pectin extract are due to the action of pectin substances and other biologically active compounds extracted from amaranth, and not to the influence of whey used for hydrolysis.

 Example 8. On the repair of young chickens of the breed White Leghorn, a comparative test of pectin-containing extracts from amaranth in a dosage of 3% pectin extract (PE) and saccharified protein-pectin (OBE) obtained by fractionation of the corresponding serum hydrolysates was carried out. The experimental design and test results are shown in tables 17 and 18.

 From tables 17 and 18 it can be seen that both extracts, even at such a low dosage, corresponding in dry weight to less than 0.2% of the daily diet, have a pronounced stimulating effect on the growth of young animals. Moreover, the effectiveness of the studied additives was significantly higher (p <0.05) than the corresponding dose of whey (control 2), which in this experiment itself caused an increase in the live weight of young animals (p <0.01).

 Example 9. To chickens of the breed white leggorn, starting from the age of 3-6 days, various extracts of amaranth - protein (BE), pectin (PE) and protein-pectin (BPE), as well as alfalfa protein extract - were drunk for 3-6 or 9 days. The extracts were soldered from portable drinking bowls, while not limiting access to stationary drinking bowls with water. The control group of chickens was fed water from both portable and stationary drinkers. The number of chickens in each group was 180 goals. The experimental design and research results are shown in table 19.

 From table 19 it is seen that the evaporation of extracts from amaranth has a pronounced stimulating effect on the development of chickens. The maximum increase in weight gain was found when feeding chickens BE and BPE from amaranth (p <0.001). In this case, the best effect is given by watering for 3-6 days, and an increase in the period of watering BE up to 9 days already does not cause an increase in the weight of chickens compared to the control. PE has a less pronounced growth-promoting effect and does not cause a significant increase in the weight of young animals. The waste of poultry treated with PE decreased slightly compared with the control, and the effects of BE and WPT on the safety of the livestock were more pronounced. Drinking the protein extract from alfalfa did not cause a significant increase in the weight of the repair young chickens and did not affect the safety of the number of chickens. Thus, the soldering of protein-containing extracts from amaranth can be recommended as an effective tool that increases the weight gain and the safety of the stock of young chickens.

Claims (8)

 1. The method of feeding young chickens, including the introduction into the diet of vegetable protein and vitamin supplements, characterized in that the chickens, starting from the age of 24, are introduced into the diet as plant additives the wet products of the hydrolysis of vitamin-grass meal from amaranth.  2. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that the wet hydrolysis products are introduced into the diet of chickens by feeding at the age of 1 to 40 days.  3. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that hydrolysates are used as hydrolysis products, which include in the diet of chickens at a dosage of 1-30% of the normative weight of the feed and distribute to the bird in one of two ways: by mechanized distribution of feed in compliance with technological requirements according to flowability of compound feed (not more than 10 - 12% of the additive) or by manual distribution of wet mixes on the basis of basic compound feed.  4. The method according to PP. 1 and 3, characterized in that the products obtained by preliminary (2 to 3 days before feeding) soaking the feedstock with water or milk whey in a ratio of 1: 8 - 1: 12 are used as hydrolysates.  5. The method according to PP. 1 and 3, characterized in that pasty products (water, protein, pectin, protein-pectin, sugared protein-pectin hydrolysates) obtained by processing in a rotary-pulsation type mixtures of feedstock with aqueous solutions of acid or alkali are used as hydrolysates or with whey in a ratio of 1: 5 to 1: 15.  6. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that the sediment fraction of the pectin hydrolyzate is a protein pulp, which is included in the diet of chickens at a dosage of 2-20% of the normative weight of the feed and is distributed to the bird by mechanized distribution of the mixture of pulp and compound feed as a hydrolysis product or by manually distributing the pulp as a wet bait.  7. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that the supernatant fraction of the hydrolysates — pectin and sugared protein-pectin extracts — are used as hydrolysis products, which include in the diet of chickens at a dosage of 1 to 6% of the normative weight of the feed and distribute to the bird mechanically in the form of a dry mixture of basic feed with an additive or manually in the form of a wet agitator based on basic feed.  8. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that the hydrolysis products in the form of extracts (pectin, protein, protein-pectin) are introduced into the diet of chickens by evaporation during the first 3 to 9 days of life in conditions of free access to water.

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