JP6905759B2 - 動脈壁を支配する機能的神経を位置決めし、識別するためのシステムおよび方法ならびにそのカテーテル - Google Patents
動脈壁を支配する機能的神経を位置決めし、識別するためのシステムおよび方法ならびにそのカテーテル Download PDFInfo
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Description
高血圧の発生と持続性に寄与する腎交感神経活動亢進が系統的に研究されている。その理由は主に次の事実に起因している、現在、患者の生活スタイルを改善するための薬品、併用薬品と資源がたくさんあるにもかかわらず、高血圧の治癒率が驚くほど低いままである。特に、高血圧患者の約三分の一は最適化された薬物療法に対して完全に応答しない。そのような患者の中の測定した血圧の範囲が異常のままである。この症状は薬剤抵抗性高血圧と呼ばれている。高血圧患者の約半数において、血圧は一般的に認められた治療目標レベルよりも高いままである。これらの患者のうち、「必須」高血圧(即ち、特定の原因が発見されていない持続的かつ病理学的な高血圧)患者は、現在の治療レジメンに応答しない潜在的な病理生理学的メカニズムを備える可能性が存在している。また、このような患者において、遠心性腎臓の交感神経流出はレニン放出を刺激し、管状ナトリウム再吸収を増加させ、腎血流量を減少させることができ、腎臓からの求心性神経信号は中央交感神経流出を調節することができる、それによって、ナトリウムおよび水の代謝、血管に寄与しながら、血管トーン(tone)/抵抗および血圧を調節することが注目されている。
腎交感神経活動亢進はインスリン感受性およびグルコース代謝に重要な影響を与えると断定され、特に、ノルアドレナリン放出の増加に伴い、腎神経活動亢進の結果による血流の低下はグルコースの取込みを減少した。これは膜を横切ってグルコースを輸送する細胞の能力障害を示している。腎神経活動亢進はオープン毛細血管数の神経調節性の低下に関連し、インスリンが血管内コンパートメントから細胞膜に到達するために移動しなければならない距離の増加があるようになっている。筋肉灌流でのインスリン媒介性の増加はインスリン抵抗性の状態で約30%低減される。結果的に、筋肉交感神経活動とインスリン抵抗性との間に直接的な関係があり、インスリン抵抗性とオープン毛細血管数との間に逆の関係を持っている(Mahfound,et al.,2011)。腎交感神経活動亢進はこのように糖尿病および/またはメタボリックシンドロームの特定の態様に関連している;交感神経活動亢進はインスリン抵抗性および高インスリン血症を誘発し、次いで、追加の交感神経活性を生成する。研究は糖尿病の基準に基づき、腎除神経の影響についての評価を行ってきた。
Krumらの研究は、カテーテル手段を介入して腎神経切除を行うための特定の方法論を受け入れ、確立された後、方法論に幾つかのバリエーションを含むことが特徴となっている。一般的には、腎神経アブレーションはカテーテルに基づいた方法を包含し、当該方法においては、無線周波数(RF)が自動化され、低消費電力であり、安全性アルゴリズムが内蔵されたRF発生器によって生成され、無線周波数(RF)は、腎動脈当たりの治療に4〜6分間施される。5mm以上の離間単位で無線周波数を印加しながら、大動脈の遠位端から大動脈の近位端へのカテーテルの移動をさせることにより、カテーテルによって通常5〜8Wの無線周波数を腎動脈に施す。
解剖学的に、腎臓の中で繊維を運ぶ神経が腹腔神経叢(a/k/a 太陽神経叢)とその下位区分神経、腰椎内臓神経、および腸間膜動脈間神経叢に由来している(DiBona and Kopp, 1997, p. 79)。腹腔神経叢は副腎神経節(即ち、大動脈腎動脈神経節)、腹腔神経節、および主要な内臓神経で構成されている。腹腔神経節は胸部交感神経幹(胸内臓神経)および迷走神経からの寄与を受ける(DiBona and Kopp, 1997, p. 79)。
冠動脈システム用に設計されたある種のカテーテルシステムは、腎神経アブレーションにおいて使用することができるものと同様であり、特に、頻脈を改善するように調整されている冠状動脈の使用のために設計されたアブレーションカテーテルシステムは、腎神経アブレーション処置のために使用することができる。このように、これらのシステムは、典型的なカテーテル電極を通して、心臓組織における既存の電流を評価するために設計された電極を含む。対照的に、腎除神経のための理想的なカテーテルシステムは、最適には二重の機能を用いて操作される:電気刺激および腎除神経の結果として生じるリアルタイムの患者の生理学的変化における評価を内科医が行うことができるように、電気刺激を与えることによって、腎神経分布をマッピングし、腎交感神経活動を刺激する。しかし、そのようなカテーテルは、以前に開発されていない。
Symplicity(登録商標)カテーテルシステム、即ち、アブレーションカテーテルおよび無線周波数発生器の両方を含む腎切除のために利用される現在のカテーテルシステムは、Ardian社(マウンテンビュー、CA、USA)によって設計されている。しかしながら、Symplicity(登録商標)カテーテルはマッピング機能を有していない。アブレーションがその唯一の機能である。また、このようなカテーテルシステム(だけでなく、血管形成のための血管形成術および遠位保護デバイス)は、冠動脈および頸動脈システム用に設計された‐それゆえ、これらのシステムは、高血圧、心不全、腎不全および糖尿病を治療するための腎神経アブレーションと除神経に使用されることは「適応外」となっている。
1995)。
動脈壁神経支配の位置決め
動脈壁を支配する神経の位置決めする方法は、適切な用量のエネルギーの送達後に生理的パラメータの変化の検討をして、急性のブタの実験で設計され、実行された。この実験の目的は以下の通りである。
1.腎神経マッピングとアブレーションの目的のために、既存の心臓アブレーションカテーテル(7F、Bタイプ、2‐5‐2mm間隔、CELSIUS(登録商標) RMT診断/アブレーション操作可能なカテーテル、バイオセンスウェブスター、ダイアモンドバー、カリフォルニア州91765、米国)と高周波発生器(STOCKERT70、RF発生器、モデルStockert GmbHは、EP‐SHUTTLE ST‐3205、STOCKERT社、フライブルク、ドイツ)をテストする。
2.左右の腎動脈のルーメン内の異なる部位での電気刺激印加時の血圧および心拍数の変化の検査を介して、腎神経マッピングをテストする。
3.腎動脈壁および組織の視覚的変化の検討を通じて、腎神経切除のために腎動脈に放出される高周波エネルギーの安全な範囲を決定する。
4.腎切除中の腎神経の効率的な切除の指標として、血圧および心拍数の変化を使用する。
生理的パラメータと動脈壁を支配する神経との関係
動脈壁上の別の場所に送達されるエネルギーは、血圧および心拍数のような生理学的パラメータ、およびそのような特性に異なる効果をもたらし得ることを実証するために、神経支配する動脈壁の種類を識別するために活用することができ、電気エネルギーはいくつかの方法に従ってブタモデルの腎動脈壁上の神経支配領域に送達された。ブタ#1、ブタ#2、ブタ#3に送達される電気エネルギーについての詳細なパラメータは、それぞれ表1、表2および表3に示す。
[実施例3]
確実にエネルギーが切除中の標的神経に向けられる
[実施例4]
慢性腎神経アブレーションの実験結果
[実施例5]
腎マッピングカテーテルデザイン
[参考文献]
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Claims (8)
- 腎動脈の副交感腎神経または交感腎神経のマッピングに適したシステムであって、前記システムは、
(a)刺激エネルギーを送達するためのエネルギー源;
(b)シャフトを含むカテーテルであって、前記シャフトの近位端は、前記エネルギー源に接続するように構成され、前記シャフトの遠位端(カテーテル先端)は、1つ以上の電極を有し、前記1つ以上の電極は、前記腎動脈の前記副交感腎神経または前記交感腎神経に刺激エネルギーを送達するように適合されており、前記刺激エネルギーは、収縮圧、拡張圧、平均動脈圧、および心拍数からなる群から選択される1つ以上の生理学的パラメータの変化を引き出すのに十分であるように制御される、カテーテルを含み、
前記刺激エネルギーのパラメータが以下の範囲内にあることを特徴とするシステムであって、
i.電圧が2〜30Vの間にあり、
ii.抵抗が100〜1000オームの間にあり、
iii.電流が5〜40mAの間にあり、
iv.印加時間が0.1〜20ミリ秒の間にある、システム。 - 前記1つ以上の電極は、互いに独立して活性化される、請求項1に記載のシステム。
- 前記カテーテルは1〜2mの長さであり、
前記カテーテル先端は2〜8cmの長さで、0.5mm〜10mmの直径である、請求項1に記載のシステム。 - 前記1つ以上の電極は、アブレーションエネルギーを送達するようにも適合されている、請求項1に記載のシステム。
- 前記カテーテルは、無線周波数、機械的、超音波、放射線、光および熱エネルギーからなる群から選択されるアブレーションも送達する、請求項1に記載のシステム。
- 前記遠位端は、単一の螺旋、二重螺旋または複数のプロングの形態である、請求項1に記載のシステム。
- 収縮圧、拡張圧、平均動脈圧、または心拍数を測定するための1つ以上の測定デバイスをさらに含む、請求項1に記載のシステム。
- 予め定められた値のセットに対する生理学的パラメータの増加または減少を計算するために、前記1つ以上の測定デバイスに連結するように構成されたコンピューティングデバイスをさらに含み、
前記生理学的パラメータの増加は交感神経と関連し、
前記生理学的パラメータの減少は副交感神経と関連することから、
副交感腎神経または交感腎神経のマッピングを行うことを特徴とする、
請求項7に記載のシステム。
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