JP5766168B2 - 循環ガン細胞の迅速かつ効率的な単離のための方法および試薬 - Google Patents
循環ガン細胞の迅速かつ効率的な単離のための方法および試薬 Download PDFInfo
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Description
好ましくは、本発明の被覆磁性粒子は70〜90%の磁石量を有する。好ましい具体例において、磁性粒子の主要部は90〜150nmの粒子サイズを有する。より単一分散(monodisperse)であるように、例えば、90〜120nmまたは120〜150nmの範囲であるように粒子を合成してもよい。典型的には、本発明の粒子は生物学的に適合しうる媒体中に懸濁される。
i.稀な細胞上の第1の特徴決定基に対してアフィニティーを有する生物学的に特異的なリガンドに直接的または間接的ににカップリングした被覆磁性ナノ粒子;
ii.稀な細胞上に存在する第2の特徴決定基に対して結合特異性を有する少なくとも1種の生物学的に特異的な試薬;ならびに
iii.他の非標的物質または他の試料中の物質を分析から排除するための細胞特異的染料
を含む。
稀な細胞(例えば、上皮由来の腫瘍の患者における腫瘍細胞、母親の血液中の胎児細胞等)は血液1mlあたり1個未満の頻度で存在しうる。かかる細胞の検出に必要な血液スメア数は極めて大きい。10mlの血液中に10個の稀な細胞があると仮定すると、5〜10x107個の白血球につき10個の腫瘍細胞があることになり、細胞遠心分離または沈降により細胞を顕微鏡スライドグラスに乗せ、目的とする稀な細胞に特異的な抗体で染色し、手動または自動で読み取ることができる。1枚のスライドグラスに乗せることのできる細胞の最大数は約500000個であり、そのことは、10mlの血液を処理するには100〜200枚のスライドグラスが必要であることを意味する。この方法による分析に必要な時間は、この方法を実用的でないものとし、経済的に実行不可能なものとする。結果的に、試料体積減少ならびに密度勾配分離または赤血球溶解による赤血球および血小板の除去のごとき豊富化法を稀な細胞の単離に使用して、分析すべきスライドグラスに乗せる細胞数を有意に減少させることとなる。
図1は、本発明のアッセイ方法を用いて、全血中に添加された腫瘍細胞を単離する場合に結果を示す。パネルAは顕微鏡による分析を示し、パネルBはフローサイトメトリーを用いて得られた分析結果を示す。図2は、1人の転移性乳ガン患者から3つの時点において得た10mlの血液試料のフローサイトメトリー分析の3つの例を示し、フローサイトメトリーによる抗上皮細胞抗体に対する抗白血球抗体の相関を示す。図2中、パネルAは、上皮細胞に典型的な位置において検出され、存在する細胞を示す。パネルBには、108個の上皮細胞が検出されており、パネルCには、1036個の上皮細胞が検出されている。
手術後1〜20年たった37人の患者の末梢血を、上皮細胞の存在に関して、フローサイトメトリーにより試験した。1年間に7個までの末梢血試料をこれらの患者から取った。表IIIにおいて、各患者をリストし、手術時ないし手術後年月がたってからのTNM(腫瘍、節、および転移)段階により分類してある。また表IIIは、研究期間中に患者が治療(化学療法またはホルモン療法のいずれか)を受けたかどうかを示す。過去において離れた部位への転移の証拠を有していたが研究の時点で完全に寛解している6人の患者のうち3人において、上皮細胞が血中において対照群よりも高い頻度で存在することがわかった。また、離れた部位への転移の証拠のない31人の患者のうち9人において循環上皮細胞が見出された。
TNM = 腫瘍, 節, 転移
Ys = 最初の手術からの年数
Tx = 治療, CT = 化学療法, H = ホルモン療法, - = 治療せず
1,2,3,4,5,6,7 = 上皮細胞数を調べた時点の番号
表IVは、本発明のアッセイを用いて13人の対照および30人の乳ガン患者を評価する、同様の臨床試験を行って得られた結果をまとめたものである。対照個体において、20mlの血液中の上皮細胞数は0〜5個の範囲であった(平均値1.5±1.8)。対照的に、器官限定的乳ガンを有する14人の患者(TXNOMOに分類される患者)の20mlの血液試料中には平均15.9±17.4個の上皮細胞が存在し、リンパ節の障害を有する患者においては47.4±52.3個存在し、また、離れた部位への転移を有する患者においては122±140個存在していた。対照群と乳ガン患者(転移ありまたはなし)との間の相違は非常に有意であった[多パラメーター分析(Kruskal-Wallis)によればP,0.001]。器官限定群と離れた部位への転移を有する群との間の相違は0.009(t試験)であった。器官限定的乳ガンを有する患者における上皮細胞数は、14の症例のうち12の症例においてカットオフ点(対照群における平均値プラス3標準偏差=6.9)より大であった。そのうえ、上皮細胞として分類される5個より多い物質を有する個体は対照群には存在せず、器官限定的乳ガンを有する14人の患者のうちわずか2人が7個未満の物質を有していた。
前立腺の転移性疾病を有する3人の患者を、化学療法を行った後の血中循環上皮細胞の存在に関して評価した。結果を図5に示す。データは、血中循環上皮細胞の増加が疾病の活性と相関関係があることを明らかにしている。また、ガンの拡張を検知できない3人の患者において、上皮細胞が20mlの末梢血中に見出された(16個±4個)。表Vに示すように、前立腺ガン患者の血中上皮細胞数は正常対照とは統計学的に異なっていた(Pは0.001未満)。
本発明のアッセイ方法を用いて種々の異なるタイプのガンを有する患者の評価を有利に行うことができる。説明すると、当業者方法は、結腸ガンを有する患者における循環上皮細胞レベルを評価するためにも用いられる。転移の証拠のない結腸ガン患者を、術前、術後において、循環上皮細胞の存在に関して評価した。結果を図6に示し、表VIにまとめる。データは、結腸ガン患者中の循環上皮細胞数は手術前において多いことを明らかにする。
患者における上記のすべての研究は、良性腫瘍を包含するガン性疾病のない正常個体または患者と比較すると、ガンを有する患者において過剰な上皮細胞が存在することを明らかにする。しかしながら、これらの過剰な上皮細胞が実際にガン細胞であることを証明することが必須である。ガンを有するまたは有しない患者から免疫磁気的に精製された上皮細胞をスライドグラス上にサイトスパン(cytospun)し、抗ムチンで処理する実験を行うことによって、これを証明する。さらに、正常個体の包皮および血液から得た正常上皮細胞をいずれも対照として使用してサイトスパンした。スライドグラスにコード番号を付け、「盲検」を試験し、観察者が病気を熟知し、正常上皮細胞を試験に含めることが重要である。図4からわかるように、ガン細胞と正常上皮細胞との間に著しい相違がある。正常上皮細胞は、細胞質に対する核の割合が低く、すなわち、豊富な細胞質および比較的小さい核がある。核はクロマチンの平滑な分布を示す。細胞は抗ムチンでは染色されない。対照的に、乳ガンを有する2人の患者からの細胞は非常に大きな核およびその周囲の小さい細胞質を有する。さらに、核における暗色パッチにより示されるようにクロマチンは組織化されておらず、細胞は抗ムチンで強く染色される。前立腺ガンの2人の患者からの細胞においても、同じ結果が得られた。病気を熟知した医師は、ガンまたはガンでない患者からコード番号を付したスライドグラスを示された(合計21枚)。病気を熟知した医師は、すべての対照から血液を正しく同定してガン細胞を有しないものとし、スライドを2回示された場合、イントラ観察エラー(intraobserved error)を示さない。前立腺ガンを有する2人の患者の場合、研究において腫瘍細胞は見られなかった。1のスライドを再検査したところ、腫瘍細胞が観察された。この食い違いの原因は、細胞スネアのスキャンに要した時間であると思われる。要するに、細胞の形態および免疫表現型は、ガン患者の血中に存在する過剰の上皮細胞が実際にガン細胞であることを示す。
上記実施例により示されたように、本発明を用いて、現在無徴候の患者におけるガンの検査診断を有利に行うことができる。この点につき説明するために、2年間にわたり高PSAレベル(>12μg/ml)を有する患者に、下記の分析を行う2週間前に前立腺の穿刺生検を行った。生検によっては悪性の存在は明らかにならなかった。18カ月前に行った以前の生検も陰性であったことも重要である。
本発明のアッセイを行うために使用される試薬を含む試験キットも、本発明における使用が企図される。かかるキットは個々の用途のために設計される。循環している稀な細胞(腫瘍細胞を包含するが、これに限らない)に関して患者を容易にスクリーニングできるように試薬をアッセンブルすることができる。この具体例において、キットは、磁性コア材料を含むコロイド状磁性粒子、蛋白ベース被覆材料、ならびに単離すべきガン細胞上に存在する特徴敵な決定基に特異的に結合する生物学的に特異的なリガンドを含む。またキットは、単離すべきガン細胞上の第2の特徴決定基(該生物学に特異的なリガンドにより認識される決定基とは異なる)に対してアフィニティーを有する少なくとも1種の生物学的に特異的な試薬を含む。キットは、非有核細胞および他の非標的試料成分を分析から排除するための細胞特異的染料も含む。
Claims (3)
- 下記工程:
ガン細胞に特異的に結合する生物学的に特異的なリガンドにカップリングされた被覆磁性ナノ粒子を用いて、試験対象から得られた生物学的標本から細胞フラクションを免疫磁気的に調製すること、ここで標本はガン細胞を含有する可能性のある混合細胞集団を含み、かつ妨害性物質を多く含むものであり、ガン細胞が生物学的標本中に存在する場合に、細胞フラクションをガン細胞について豊富化させることを含み、
免疫磁気的細胞フラクションの調製が、ガン細胞に特異的に結合する生物学的に特異的なリガンドにカップリングされた被覆磁性ナノ粒子と生物学的標本とを混合して、生物学的標本中の他の成分を実質的に排除し、標本−被覆磁性ナノ粒子混合物を磁場に供して、被覆磁性ナノ粒子に結合したガン細胞が豊富化された細胞懸濁物を免疫磁気的試料として得ることを含むものであり、前記被覆磁性ナノ粒子は、ナノ磁性コア材料、該コア材料上の蛋白ベース被覆材料および二官能基連結化合物を介してベース被覆材料にカップリングされたさらなる被覆材料を含み、ここに、さらなる被覆材料は、該生物学的に特異的なリガンドにカップリングし、さらなる被覆材料が、ビオチン−ストレプトアビジン、抗原−抗体、受容体−ホルモン、受容体−リガンド、アゴニスト−アンタゴニスト、レクチン−糖類、プロテインA−抗体Fc、およびアビジン−ビオチンからなる群より選択される特異的結合ペアーの1のメンバーである、試験対象における初期段階のガンを検査する方法を用いて循環新生物細胞が豊富化された末梢血のフラクションであって、
ガン細胞が、白血球に対して少なくとも2500倍豊富化されたフラクション。 - ガン細胞が、白血球に対して少なくとも5000倍豊富化された請求項1記載のフラクション。
- ガン細胞が、白血球に対して少なくとも10000倍豊富化された請求項1記載のフラクション。
Applications Claiming Priority (6)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US7453598P | 1998-02-12 | 1998-02-12 | |
| US60/074,535 | 1998-02-12 | ||
| US11020298P | 1998-11-30 | 1998-11-30 | |
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| JP2004265687A Expired - Lifetime JP3834326B2 (ja) | 1998-02-12 | 2004-09-13 | 循環ガン細胞の迅速かつ効率的な単離のための方法および試薬 |
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| US7332288B2 (en) | 2008-02-19 |
| KR100399475B1 (ko) | 2003-09-29 |
| JP2013047688A (ja) | 2013-03-07 |
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| WO1999041613A1 (en) | 1999-08-19 |
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| JP5265855B2 (ja) | 2013-08-14 |
| EP1062515A1 (en) | 2000-12-27 |
| AU760560B2 (en) | 2003-05-15 |
| JP2005010177A (ja) | 2005-01-13 |
| KR20010052168A (ko) | 2001-06-25 |
| BR9907852A (pt) | 2000-10-24 |
| JP2002503814A (ja) | 2002-02-05 |
| EP1062515B1 (en) | 2009-11-25 |
| US20030129676A1 (en) | 2003-07-10 |
| CA2320418A1 (en) | 1999-08-19 |
| US20020009759A1 (en) | 2002-01-24 |
| US6365362B1 (en) | 2002-04-02 |
| AU2763699A (en) | 1999-08-30 |
| DE69941689D1 (de) | 2010-01-07 |
| IL137802A (en) | 2006-08-01 |
| CA2320418C (en) | 2008-06-17 |
| JP3834326B2 (ja) | 2006-10-18 |
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