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JP5692467B1 - 金属球の製造方法、接合材料及び金属球 - Google Patents

金属球の製造方法、接合材料及び金属球 Download PDF

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Publication number
JP5692467B1
JP5692467B1 JP2014523135A JP2014523135A JP5692467B1 JP 5692467 B1 JP5692467 B1 JP 5692467B1 JP 2014523135 A JP2014523135 A JP 2014523135A JP 2014523135 A JP2014523135 A JP 2014523135A JP 5692467 B1 JP5692467 B1 JP 5692467B1
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metal
metal sphere
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content
ball
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JPWO2015118612A1 (ja
Inventor
浩由 川▲崎▼
浩由 川▲崎▼
六本木 貴弘
貴弘 六本木
相馬 大輔
大輔 相馬
佐藤 勇
勇 佐藤
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Senju Metal Industry Co Ltd
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Senju Metal Industry Co Ltd
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    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B23MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B23KSOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
    • B23K35/00Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting
    • B23K35/02Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting characterised by mechanical features, e.g. shape
    • B23K35/0222Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting characterised by mechanical features, e.g. shape for use in soldering, brazing
    • B23K35/0244Powders, particles or spheres; Preforms made therefrom
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
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    • B22F1/00Metallic powder; Treatment of metallic powder, e.g. to facilitate working or to improve properties
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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    • B22F1/00Metallic powder; Treatment of metallic powder, e.g. to facilitate working or to improve properties
    • B22F1/06Metallic powder characterised by the shape of the particles
    • B22F1/065Spherical particles
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
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    • B22F9/00Making metallic powder or suspensions thereof
    • B22F9/02Making metallic powder or suspensions thereof using physical processes
    • B22F9/06Making metallic powder or suspensions thereof using physical processes starting from liquid material
    • B22F9/08Making metallic powder or suspensions thereof using physical processes starting from liquid material by casting, e.g. through sieves or in water, by atomising or spraying
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
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    • B22F9/00Making metallic powder or suspensions thereof
    • B22F9/02Making metallic powder or suspensions thereof using physical processes
    • B22F9/06Making metallic powder or suspensions thereof using physical processes starting from liquid material
    • B22F9/08Making metallic powder or suspensions thereof using physical processes starting from liquid material by casting, e.g. through sieves or in water, by atomising or spraying
    • B22F9/082Making metallic powder or suspensions thereof using physical processes starting from liquid material by casting, e.g. through sieves or in water, by atomising or spraying atomising using a fluid
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
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    • B22F9/00Making metallic powder or suspensions thereof
    • B22F9/02Making metallic powder or suspensions thereof using physical processes
    • B22F9/14Making metallic powder or suspensions thereof using physical processes using electric discharge
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B23MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B23KSOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
    • B23K1/00Soldering, e.g. brazing, or unsoldering
    • B23K1/008Soldering within a furnace
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B23MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B23KSOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
    • B23K35/00Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting
    • B23K35/22Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting characterised by the composition or nature of the material
    • B23K35/24Selection of soldering or welding materials proper
    • B23K35/30Selection of soldering or welding materials proper with the principal constituent melting at less than 1550 degrees C
    • B23K35/302Cu as the principal constituent
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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    • B23KSOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
    • B23K35/00Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting
    • B23K35/22Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting characterised by the composition or nature of the material
    • B23K35/24Selection of soldering or welding materials proper
    • B23K35/30Selection of soldering or welding materials proper with the principal constituent melting at less than 1550 degrees C
    • B23K35/3033Ni as the principal constituent
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22CALLOYS
    • C22C19/00Alloys based on nickel or cobalt
    • C22C19/03Alloys based on nickel or cobalt based on nickel
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    • C22METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
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    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22FCHANGING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF NON-FERROUS METALS AND NON-FERROUS ALLOYS
    • C22F1/00Changing the physical structure of non-ferrous metals or alloys by heat treatment or by hot or cold working
    • C22F1/08Changing the physical structure of non-ferrous metals or alloys by heat treatment or by hot or cold working of copper or alloys based thereon
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    • C22METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22FCHANGING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF NON-FERROUS METALS AND NON-FERROUS ALLOYS
    • C22F1/00Changing the physical structure of non-ferrous metals or alloys by heat treatment or by hot or cold working
    • C22F1/10Changing the physical structure of non-ferrous metals or alloys by heat treatment or by hot or cold working of nickel or cobalt or alloys based thereon
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    • HELECTRICITY
    • H05ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05KPRINTED CIRCUITS; CASINGS OR CONSTRUCTIONAL DETAILS OF ELECTRIC APPARATUS; MANUFACTURE OF ASSEMBLAGES OF ELECTRICAL COMPONENTS
    • H05K3/00Apparatus or processes for manufacturing printed circuits
    • H05K3/30Assembling printed circuits with electric components, e.g. with resistor
    • H05K3/32Assembling printed circuits with electric components, e.g. with resistor electrically connecting electric components or wires to printed circuits
    • H05K3/34Assembling printed circuits with electric components, e.g. with resistor electrically connecting electric components or wires to printed circuits by soldering
    • H05K3/3457Solder materials or compositions; Methods of application thereof
    • H05K3/3463Solder compositions in relation to features of the printed circuit board or the mounting process
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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    • B22F2009/0848Melting process before atomisation
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    • B22F2998/00Supplementary information concerning processes or compositions relating to powder metallurgy
    • B22F2998/10Processes characterised by the sequence of their steps
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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    • H05K3/34Assembling printed circuits with electric components, e.g. with resistor electrically connecting electric components or wires to printed circuits by soldering
    • H05K3/341Surface mounted components
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  • Electric Connection Of Electric Components To Printed Circuits (AREA)

Abstract

放射されるα線量を抑えた金属球を製造する。純金属に含まれる不純物の中で、除去対象とした不純物の気圧に応じた沸点より高い沸点を有し、Uの含有量が5ppb以下であり、Thの含有量が5ppb以下であり、純度が99.9%以上99.995%以下であり、PbまたはBiのいずれかの含有量、あるいは、PbおよびBiの合計の含有量が1ppm以上である純金属を、除去対象とした不純物の沸点より高く、純金属の融点より高く、かつ、純金属の沸点より低い温度で加熱して、純金属を溶融させる工程と、溶融した純金属を球状に造球する工程を含む。

Description

本発明は、α線量が少ない金属球の製造方法およびこの製造方法で製造された金属球、接合材料に関する。
近年、小型情報機器の発達により、搭載される電子部品では急速な小型化が進行している。電子部品は、小型化の要求により接続端子の狭小化や実装面積の縮小化に対応するため、裏面に電極が設置されたボールグリッドアレイ(以下、「BGA」と称する)が適用されている。
BGAを適用した電子部品には、例えば半導体パッケージがある。半導体パッケージでは、電極を有する半導体チップが樹脂で封止されている。半導体チップの電極には、はんだバンプが形成されている。このはんだバンプは、はんだボールを半導体チップの電極に接合することによって形成されている。BGAを適用した半導体パッケージは、各はんだバンプがプリント基板の導電性ランドに接触するように、プリント基板上に置かれ、加熱により溶融したはんだバンプとランドとが接合することにより、プリント基板に搭載される。また、更なる高密度実装の要求に対応するため、半導体パッケージが高さ方向に積み重ねられた3次元高密度実装が検討されている。
しかし、3次元高密度実装がなされた半導体パッケージにBGAが適用されると、半導体パッケージの自重によりはんだボールが潰れてしまい、電極間で接続短絡が発生する。これは、高密度実装を行う上での支障となる。
そこで、Cu等、はんだよりも融点の高い金属で形成された微小径の金属球を利用したはんだバンプが検討されている(例えば、特許文献1参照)。金属球を有するはんだバンプは、電子部品がプリント基板に実装される際、半導体パッケージの重量がはんだバンプに加わっても、はんだの融点では溶融しない金属球により半導体パッケージを支えることができる。従って、半導体パッケージの自重によりはんだバンプが潰れることがない。
国際公開第95/24113号公報
電子部品の小型化は高密度実装を可能にするが、高密度実装はソフトエラーという問題を引き起こすことになった。ソフトエラーは半導体集積回路(以下、「IC」と称する)のメモリセル中にα線が進入することにより記憶内容が書き換えられる可能性があるというものである。
α線は、はんだ合金中に不純物として含まれるU、Th、Poなどの放射性元素がα崩壊することにより放射されると考えられている。そこで、低α線を実現できる組成のはんだ合金の開発が行われている。
一方、金属球でも低α線を実現できる組成が求められる。ここで、純度の高い金属材料を用いて金属球を製造すれば、放射性元素を含む不純物の含有量が減少するので、低α線を実現できる。但し、コストが上昇する。また、純度の高い金属材料で金属球を製造すると、球がどの程度真球に近いかを示す真球度が低下する。
本発明の課題は、α線量が少ない金属球の製造方法およびこの製造方法で製造された真球度の高い金属球、接合材料を提供することである。
本発明者らは、市販されている金属材料の純度が99.9〜99.995%であってもUやThが5ppb以下まで低減していることを知見した。また、本発明者らは、ソフトエラーの原因が、含有量を定量的に測定することができない程度に僅かに残存している210Po等の不純物であることに着目した。そして、本発明者らは、金属球が製造される際の加熱工程で、不純物の沸点に着目して温度を設定することで、純度が99.995%以下であっても製造された金属球のα線量が0.0200cph/cm以下に抑えられることを知見した。
また、金属材料の純度が99.995%以下であると、真球度の低下が抑制されることを知見した。
ここに、本発明は次の通りである。
(1)Uの含有量が5ppb以下であり、Thの含有量が5ppb以下であり、純度が99.9%以上99.995%以下であり、PbまたはBiのいずれかの含有量、あるいは、PbおよびBiの合計の含有量が1ppm以上である純金属であって、純金属に含まれる不純物の中で除去対象としたPoの大気圧での沸点より高い大気圧での沸点を有した純金属を、気圧により変化する沸点及び融点に応じて、除去対象としたPoの沸点より高く、純金属の融点より高く、かつ、純金属の沸点より低い温度に設定された加熱温度で加熱して、純金属を溶融させる工程と、溶融した純金属を球状に造球する工程を含む金属球の製造方法。
(2)純金属の大気圧での融点が900℃以上、かつ、沸点が962℃以上である上記(1)に記載の金属球の製造方法。
(3)除去対象の不純物はPoである上記(2)に記載の金属球の製造方法。
(4)造球された金属球を焼きなますアニーリングの工程を更に含む上記(1)〜上記(3)の何れか1つに記載の金属球の製造方法。
(5)上記(1)から(4)の何れか1つに記載の製造方法で製造された金属球を含有することを特徴とする接合材料。
(6)上記(1)から(4)の何れか1つに記載の製造方法で製造されたα線量が0.0200cph/cm以下であり、真球度が0.90以上である金属球。
(7)上記(6)に記載の金属球を含有する接合材料。
本発明では、放射されるα線量を抑えた金属球を製造できる。また、放射されるα線量が抑えられた金属球の真球度を向上させることができる。
ウラン崩壊系列を示す説明図である。 トリウム崩壊系列を示す説明図である。 アクチニウム崩壊系列を示す説明図である。
本発明を以下により詳しく説明する。本明細書において、金属球の組成に関する単位(ppm、ppb、および%)は、特に指定しない限り金属球の質量に対する割合(質量ppm、質量ppb、および質量%)を表す。
本発明に係る金属球の製造方法は、純金属である金属材料を加熱して溶融させる工程と、溶融した金属材料を造球する工程を含む。本発明に係る金属球の製造方法では、金属材料に含有される不純物の中で、経時変化を経て、α崩壊する不純物の含有量を低減するため、除去対象とした不純物の沸点t以上の加熱温度Tで金属材料を加熱する。
金属材料を加熱して溶融させる工程では、不純物の沸点t以上とした加熱温度Tで金属材料が溶融し、かつ揮発しないようにするため、金属材料の融点をt、沸点をtとすると、融点tが不純物の沸点tの近傍で、沸点tが不純物の沸点t以上の金属材料が選択される。加熱温度Tは、金属材料の沸点tより低く設定される。金属材料の融点tは、はんだよりも高く、本発明に係る製造方法で製造された金属球は、はんだ付け時の加熱温度では溶融しない。なお、不純物及び金属材料の沸点及び融点は、気圧によって変化するので、加熱温度Tは、気圧に応じて設定される。
このような加熱工程を含む金属球の製造方法では、Uの含有量が5ppb以下であり、Thの含有量が5ppb以下であり、純度が99.9%以上99.995%以下であり、α線量が0.0200cph/cm以下であり、PbまたはBiのいずれかの含有量、あるいは、PbおよびBiの合計の含有量が1ppm以上であり、真球度が0.90以上である金属球が製造される。
このような金属球を製造するための金属材料としては、Cu、Ni、Ag、Fe、Co、Au、Nd、Ge等が選択される。また、金属材料として、Pt、Ti、Lu、Pd、Tm、Sc、Er、Y、Ho、Dy、Tb、Gd、Be、Mn、Pm、Pr、La、Ca、Eu、Yb、Ce、Sr、Ba、Al、Mg、Sb、Te、Cn、Li、In、Ga等が選択される。更に、金属材料として、W、Re、Os、Ta、Mo、Nb、Ir、Ru、Hf、Tc、Rh、V、Cr、Zr等が選択される。
図1は、ウラン崩壊系列を示す説明図、図2は、トリウム崩壊系列を示す説明図、図3は、アクチニウム崩壊系列を示す説明図である。U、Thなど、高融点であっても、天然存在比の高い同位体そのものがα線源となる、もしくは経時変化により壊変を経てα線源となる元素は、本発明に係る製造方法でα線量の低減は可能であるが、ソフトエラー対策として用いられるレベルまでα線量を下げることはできない。そこで、図1〜図3の崩壊系列で示される元素は、金属球を製造するための金属材料から除外した。
以下に、本発明に係る製造方法で製造される金属球の組成、α線量、真球度について詳述する。
・α線量:0.0200cph/cm以下
本発明に係る製造方法で製造される金属球のα線量は0.0200cph/cm以下である。これは、電子部品の高密度実装においてソフトエラーが問題にならない程度のα線量である。本発明に係る金属球の製造方法では、除去対象の不純物として、210Poが揮発し得る温度で金属材料を加熱する工程を含むことで、金属材中にわずかに残存する210Poが揮発し、金属材と比較して金属球の方がより一層低いα線量を示す。α線量は、更なる高密度実装でのソフトエラーを抑制する観点から、好ましくは0.0020cph/cm以下であり、より好ましくは0.0010cph/cm以下である。
・U:5ppb以下、Th:5ppb以下
U及びThは放射性元素であり、ソフトエラーを抑制するにはこれらの含有量を抑える必要がある。U及びThの含有量は、金属球のα線量を0.0200cph/cm以下とするため、各々5ppb以下にする必要がある。また、現在または将来の高密度実装でのソフトエラーを抑制する観点から、U及びThの含有量は、好ましくは、各々2ppb以下である。
・PbまたはBiのいずれかの含有量、あるいは、Pb及びBiの合計の含有量が1ppm以上
金属球に含まれる不純物元素としては、Sn、Sb、Bi、Ni、Zn、Fe、Al、As、Ag、In、Cd、Cu、Pb、Au、P、S、U、Thなどが考えられる。金属球は、不純物元素の中でも特にPbまたはBiのいずれかの含有量、あるいは、Pb及びBiの合計の含有量が1ppm以上不純物元素として含有することが好ましい。本発明では、α線量を低減する上でPbまたはBiのいずれかの含有量、あるいは、Pb及びBiの含有量を極限まで低減する必要がない。これは以下の理由による。
210Pbはβ崩壊により210Biに変化し、210Biはβ崩壊により210Poに変化し、210Poはα崩壊により206Pbに変化する。このため、α線量を低減するためには、不純物元素であるPbまたはBiのいずれかの含有量、あるいは、Pb及びBiの含有量も極力低い方が好ましいとも思われる。
しかし、Pbに含まれている210Pb及びBiに含まれている210Biの含有比は低い。よって、PbやBiの含有量がある程度低減されれば、210Pbや210Biが、α線量を前述の範囲に低減できる程度にまで十分に除去されると考えられる。一方、金属球の真球度を高めるためには、後述するように、不純物元素の含有量が高い方がよい。PbとBiの何れも、金属材に不純物元素として含有されることで、金属球の製造工程における溶融時に結晶核となり、金属球の真球度を高めることができる。このため、α線量を前述の範囲に低減できる程度にまで210Pb及び210Biが除去できる量で、PbまたはBiの何れか、あるいは、Pb及びBiが含有されることが好ましい。このような観点から、金属球は、PbまたはBiのいずれかの含有量、あるいは、Pb及びBiの合計の含有量が1ppm以上であることが好ましい。
PbまたはBiのいずれかの含有量、あるいは、Pb及びBiの合計の含有量は、より好ましくは10ppm以上である。上限値はα線量を低減し得る範囲で限定されないが、金属球の電気伝導度の劣化を抑制する観点から、より好ましくはPbまたはBiのいずれかの含有量、あるいは、Pb及びBiの合計の含有量が1000ppm未満である。Pbの含有量は、より好ましくは10ppm〜50ppmであり、Biの含有量は、より好ましくは10ppm〜50ppmである。
・金属球の純度:99.9%以上99.995%以下
金属球は純度が3N以上4N5以下である。つまり、金属球は不純物元素の含有量が5ppm以上である。ここで、Cu等の金属材料の純度は、99%を2N、99.9%を3N、99.99%を4Nとする。4N5とは、金属材料の純度が99.995%であることを示す。
金属球を構成する金属材料の純度がこの範囲であると、金属球の真球度が高まるための十分な量の結晶核を溶融した金属材料中に確保することができる。真球度が高まる理由は以下のように詳述される。
金属球を製造する際、所定形状の小片に形成された金属材料は、加熱により溶融し、溶融した金属材料が表面張力によって球形となり、これが凝固して金属球となる。溶融した金属材料が液体状態から凝固する過程において、結晶粒が球形の溶融した金属材料中で成長する。この際、不純物元素が多いと、この不純物元素が結晶核となって結晶粒の成長が抑制される。したがって、球形の溶融した金属材料は、成長が抑制された微細結晶粒によって真球度が高い金属球となる。
一方不純物元素が少ないと、相対的に結晶核となるものが少なく、粒成長が抑制されずにある方向性をもって成長する。この結果、球形の溶融した金属材料は表面の一部分が突出して凝固してしまう。このような金属球は真球度が低い。不純物元素としては、Sn、Sb、Bi、Zn、Fe、Al、As、Ag、In、Cd、Cu、Pb、Au、P、S、U、Thなどが考えられる。
純度の下限値は特に限定されないが、α線量を抑制し、純度の低下による金属球の電気伝導や熱伝導率の劣化を抑制する観点から、好ましくは3N以上である。つまり、好ましくは、金属球の主たる金属材料を除く不純物元素の含有量は1000ppm未満である。
・金属球の真球度:0.90以上
金属球の形状は、スタンドオフ高さを制御する観点から真球度は0.90以上であることが好ましい。金属球の真球度が0.90未満であると、金属球が不定形状になるため、バンプ形成時に高さが不均一なバンプが形成され、接合不良が発生する可能性が高まる。真球度は、より好ましくは0.94以上である。本発明において、真球度とは真球からのずれを表す。真球度は、例えば、最小二乗中心法(LSC法)、最小領域中心法(MZC法)、最大内接中心法(MIC法)、最小外接中心法(MCC法)など種々の方法で求められる。
・金属球の直径:1〜1000μm
金属球の直径は1〜1000μmであることが好ましい。この範囲にあると、球状の金属球を安定して製造でき、また、端子間が狭ピッチである場合の接続短絡を抑制することができる。
<金属球の製造方法>
本発明に係る金属球の製造方法では、金属材料に含有される不純物の中で、α崩壊する不純物、本例では、210Poの含有量を低減するため、Poの沸点tより高い温度、大気圧下であれば、Poの大気圧下での沸点tである962℃より高い温度で金属材料を加熱して溶融させ、造球を行う。これにより、金属材料中のPoを揮発させ、金属球から放射されるα線量を低減する。
(1)Cuボールの製造方法
次に、本発明に係る金属球の製造方法の一例として、Cuボールの製造方法について説明する。金属球であるCuボールの材料となるCu材はセラミックのような耐熱性の板である耐熱板に置かれ、耐熱板とともに炉中で加熱される。耐熱板には底部が半球状となった多数の円形の溝が設けられている。溝の直径や深さは、Cuボールの粒径に応じて適宜設定されており、例えば、直径が0.8mmであり、深さが0.88mmである。また、Cu細線が切断されて得られたチップ形状のCu材(以下、「チップ材」という。)は、耐熱板の溝内に一個ずつ投入される。
溝内にチップ材が投入された耐熱板は、アンモニア分解ガスが充填された炉内で、Poの大気圧下での沸点tである962℃より高い温度である1100〜1300℃に昇温され、30〜60分間加熱処理が行われる。このとき炉内温度がCuの融点以上になると、チップ材は溶融して球状となる。その後、炉内が室温(例えば25℃)や冷却ガス温度まで急冷され、耐熱板の溝内でCuボール2が成形される。冷却後、成形されたCuボールは、Cuの融点未満の温度である800〜1000℃で再度加熱処理が行われる。
また、別の方法としては、るつぼの底部に設けられたオリフィスから溶融Cuが滴下され、この生成された液滴が急冷されてCuボールが造球されるアトマイズ法や、熱プラズマがCuカットメタルを1000℃以上に加熱、急冷して、造球する方法がある。このように造球されたCuボールは、それぞれ800〜1000℃の温度で30〜60分間再加熱処理が施されても良い。また、Cuボールを造球する前に、Cuボール2の原料であるCu材を800〜1000℃で加熱処理してもよい。
Cuボールの原料であるCu材としては、例えばペレット、ワイヤ、ピラーなどを用いることができる。Cu材の純度は、Cuボールの純度を下げすぎないようにする観点から99.9〜99.99%でよい。
さらに高純度のCu材を用いる場合には、上述した加熱処理を行わず、溶融Cuの保持温度を従来と同様に1000℃程度に下げてもよい。このように、前述の加熱処理はCu材の純度やα線量に応じて適宜省略や変更されてもよい。また、α線量の高いCuボールや異形のCuボールが製造された場合には、これらのCuボールが原料として再利用されることも可能であり、さらにα線量を低下させることができる。
なお、造球されたCuボールを焼きなますアニーリングと称される処理を行っても良い。金属球の製造では、純度が3N程度の金属材料を使用して金属球を製造すると、真球度が高く、かつ、硬度の高い金属球が製造される。一方、高純度、例えば45N5以上の金属材料を使用して金属球を製造すると、硬度を下げることはできるが、真球度が低い金属球が製造される。
そこで、真球度が高く、硬度を下げた金属球を製造するため、造球後にアニーリング処理を行う。Cuボールであれば、造球後に例えば、700℃程度に加熱する処理を行う。このようなアニーリング処理を行うことで、アニール前のビッカース硬さが60HV以上であったものが、60HV未満に硬度を下げることができる。
(2)Niボールの製造方法
次に、本発明に係る金属球の製造方法の一例として、Niボールの製造方法について説明する。Niボールは、アトマイズ法で製造される。本発明でのアトマイズ法とは、Ni材がPoの大気圧下での沸点tである962℃より高い温度である1000℃以上で溶融され、液状の溶融Niがノズルから高速度で噴霧されることにより、霧状の溶融Niが冷却されてNiボールが造球される方法である。アトマイズ法には、溶融Niをノズルから高速度で噴霧する際の媒体としてガスを用いる場合はガスアトマイズ法等がある。
また、別のアトマイズ法としては、オリフィスから溶融Niが滴下され、この生成された液滴が急冷されてNiボールが造球される方法でもよい。各アトマイズ法で造球されたNiボールは、それぞれ800〜1000℃の温度で30〜60分間再加熱処理が施されても良い。
これらのNiボールの製造方法では、Niボールを造球する前にNi材を800〜1000℃で予備加熱処理してもよい。
Niボールの原料であるNi材としては、例えばペレット、ワイヤ、板材などを用いることができる。Ni材の純度は、Niボールの純度を下げすぎないようにする観点から2N〜4Nでよい。
このような高純度のNi材を用いる場合には、前述の加熱処理を行わず、溶融Niの保持温度を従来と同様に1000℃程度に下げてもよい。このように、前述の加熱処理はNi材の純度やα線量に応じて適宜省略や変更されてもよい。また、α線量の高いNiボールや異形のNiボールが製造された場合には、これらのNiボールが原料として再利用されることも可能であり、さらにα線量を低下させることができる。
なお、真球度が高く、硬度を下げたNiボールを製造するため、造球されたNiボールを焼きなますアニーリング処理を行っても良い。
<金属球の適用例>
本発明に係る製造方法で製造されたCuボール、Niボール等の金属球は、はんだ接合材料にも適用できる。はんだ接合材料に適用するには、金属球の表面にはんだ層(はんだめっき被膜)を形成し、金属核ボールとすれば良い。
はんだ層の組成は、合金の場合、Snを主成分とする鉛フリーはんだ合金の合金組成であれば特に限定されない。また、はんだ層としては、Snめっき被膜であってもよい。例えば、Sn、Sn−Ag合金、Sn−Cu合金、Sn−Ag−Cu合金、Sn−In合金、およびこれらに所定の合金元素を添加したものが挙げられる。いずれもSnの含有量が40質量%以上である。添加する合金元素としては、例えばAg、Cu、In、Ni、Co、Sb、Ge、P、Feなどがある。これらの中でも、はんだ層の合金組成は、落下衝撃特性の観点から、好ましくはSn−3Ag−0.5Cu合金である。
はんだ層の厚さは特に制限されないが、好ましくは100μm(片側)以下であれば十分である。一般には20〜50μmであればよい。
本発明に係る製造方法で製造された金属球は、α線量が0.0200cph/cm以下であり、この金属球が適用された金属核ボールでも、電子部品の高密度実装においてソフトエラーが問題にならないようにするため、α線量を0.0200cph/cm以下とする。
このため、はんだ層におけるUおよびThの含有量は、各々5ppb以下にする必要がある。また、現在または将来の高密度実装でのソフトエラーを抑制する観点から、UおよびThの含有量は、好ましくは、各々2ppb以下である。
また、はんだ層は高くても100℃で形成されるため、U、Th、Poなどの放射性元素、210Biおよび210Pbなどの放射性同位体の気化により放射性元素や放射性同位体の含有量が低減するとは考え難い。しかし、めっき液や金属球を流動しながらめっきを行うと、U、Th、Po、および210Pb、210Biはめっき液中で塩を形成して沈殿する。沈殿した塩は電気的に中性であり、めっき液が流動していてもはんだ層中に混入することがない。
よって、はんだ層中の放射性元素の含有量は著しく低減する。したがって、本発明に係る製造方法で製造された金属球が適用された金属核ボールは、このようなはんだ層で被覆されているために低いα線量を示す。α線量は、更なる高密度実装でのソフトエラーを抑制する観点から、好ましくは0.0020cph/cm以下であり、より好ましくは0.0010cph/cm以下である。
はんだ層を形成する金属材料の純度が高いほど、すなわち不純物の含有量が少ないほど、放射性元素の含有量が低減し、α線量が低減するため、不純物量の下限値は特に限定されない。一方、上限値は、α線量を低減する観点から、好ましくは150ppm以下であり、より好ましくは100ppm以下であり、さらに好ましくは50ppm以下であり、特に好ましくは10ppm以下である。
なお、はんだ層がSnはんだである場合、はんだ層の純度は、はんだ層のSn以外の不純物の合計含有量である。また、はんだ層がSn−3Ag−0.5Cuのはんだ合金である場合、はんだ層の純度は、はんだ層中のSn、AgおよびCu以外の不純物の含有量の合計である。
はんだ層に含まれる不純物としては、Snはんだ層の場合、Ag、Ni、Pb、Au、U、Thなどが挙げられる。Sn−Ag−Cu合金から成るはんだ層の場合、Sb、Fe、As、In、Ni、Pb、Au、U、Thなどが挙げられる。
本発明に係る製造方法で製造された金属球が適用された金属核ボールは、はんだ層が形成される前に、予め金属球の表面が別の金属の層で被覆されていてもよい。特に、金属球表面に予めNi層やCo層等で被覆されていると、金属球の金属元素よりもNiやCoなどの被覆層の金属元素の方が拡散しにくければ、金属球を形成する金属材料のはんだ層中への溶出を低減することができ、拡散防止層として機能させることができる。
拡散防止層を構成する金属は単一金属に限られず、Ni、Co等の中から2元素以上を組み合わせた合金であっても良い。拡散防止層の膜厚は一般的には片側0.1〜20μmである。
また、本発明に係る製造方法で製造された金属球が適用された金属核ボールでは、はんだ層の形成前に、あらかじめストライクめっき処理を行ってもよい。ストライクめっき処理を行うことで金属表面の酸化膜を除去し、金属球とはんだ層の密着性を向上させることができる。
本発明に係る製造方法で製造された金属球、この金属球が適用された金属核ボールは、電子部品のはんだ継手に用いられることができる。また、金属球あるいは金属核ボールがはんだ中に分散しているフォームはんだに用いられることができる。さらに、はんだ粉末と、金属球あるいは金属核ボールと、フラックスが混練されたはんだペーストに用いられることができる。フォームはんだおよびはんだペーストでは、例えば、組成がSn−3Ag−0.5Cu(各数値は質量%)であるはんだ合金が使用される。尚、本発明はこのはんだ合金に限定するものではない。
また、本発明に係る製造方法で製造された金属球、この金属球が適用された金属核ボールは、表面にフラックス層を形成してもよい。フラックス層は金属表面の酸化防止及び金属酸化膜の除去を行う活性剤として作用する化合物を含む1種類あるいは複数種類の成分で構成される。フラックス層を構成する成分は、固体の状態で金属球または金属核ボールの表面に付着する。このため、フラックス層は、金属球または金属核ボールの表面に固体となって付着し、金属球または金属核ボールの表面の酸化を防止すると共に、はんだ付け時に接合対象物の金属酸化膜を除去する活性剤として作用する成分で構成されていれば良い。例えば、フラックス層は、活性剤として作用すると共に金属球または金属核ボールに固着する化合物からなる単一の成分で構成されていても良い。
フラックス層を構成する活性剤としては、アミン、有機酸、ハロゲンのいずれか、複数のアミンの組み合わせ、複数の有機酸の組み合わせ、複数のハロゲンの組み合わせ、単一あるいは複数のアミン、有機酸、ハロゲンの組み合わせが添加される。
また、フラックス層は、活性剤として作用する化合物と、活性補助剤として作用する化合物等からなる複数の成分で構成されていても良い。更に、フラックス層を構成する化合物、例えば、活性剤として作用する化合物は、単一では固体とならないものであっても、他の混合物との混合で固体となるものであればよい。
フラックス層を構成する活性補助剤としては、活性剤の特性に応じてエステル、アミド、アミノ酸のいずれか、複数のエステルの組み合わせ、複数のアミドの組み合わせ、複数のアミノ酸の組み合わせ、単一あるいは複数のエステル、アミド、アミノ酸の組み合わせが添加される。
また、フラックス層は、活性剤として作用する化合物等を、リフロー時の熱から保護するため、ロジンや樹脂を含むものであっても良い。更に、フラックス層は、活性剤として作用する化合物等を、金属球または金属核ボールに固着させる樹脂を含むものであっても良い。
フラックス層は、単一あるいは複数の化合物からなる単一の層で構成されても良い。また、フラックス層は、複数の化合物からなる複数の層で構成されても良い。フラックス層3を構成する成分は、固体の状態で金属球または金属核ボールの表面に付着するが、フラックスを金属球または金属核ボールに付着させる工程では、フラックスが液状またはガス状となっている必要がある。
このため、溶液でコーティングする場合、フラックス層を構成する成分は、溶剤に可溶である必要があるが、例えば、塩を形成すると、溶剤中で不溶となる成分が存在する。液状のフラックス中で不溶となる成分が存在することで、沈殿物が形成される等の難溶解性の成分を含むフラックスでは、均一な吸着が困難になる。このため、従来、塩を形成するような化合物を混合して、液状のフラックスを構成することはできない。
これに対し、1層ずつフラックス層を形成して固体の状態とし、多層のフラックス層を形成することとすれば、塩を形成するような化合物を使用する場合であって、液状のフラックスでは混合できない成分であっても、フラックス層を形成することができる。
本発明に係る製造方法で製造された金属球、この金属球が適用された金属核ボールの使用方法は、電極上にはんだペーストを塗布した後、直接ペースト上に金属球あるいは金属核ボールを載置し接合する以外にも、はんだ中に金属球あるいは金属核ボールを分散させたフォームはんだ等に使用しても良い。また、はんだ粉末、フラックスと共に金属球あるいは金属核ボールを混錬し、あらかじめ金属球あるいは金属核ボールを含有するはんだペーストとしても良い。この際、組成や粒径が異なる2種類以上のはんだ粉末を同時に添加しても良い。
さらに、金属球をポリマーバインダー、溶剤と混錬して金属球ペーストとしても良い。ポリマーバインダーとしては、エポキシアクリレート、アクリル樹脂、エポキシ樹脂、フェノール樹脂、ポリエステル樹脂、ポリイミド、ポリ酢酸ビニルなどを用いることが出来る。溶剤としてはビチルセロソルブアセテート、ベンジルアルコール、酢酸エチル、メチルエチルケトン、ブチルカルビトールなどを用いることが出来る。
上記方法で使用する場合、金属球あるいは金属核ボールと共に用いるはんだペーストやフォームはんだ用はんだ合金、はんだペースト用はんだ粉末の組成は特に限定されないが、α線量については0.0200cph/cm以下であることが好ましい。
また、本発明に係る製造方法で製造されたCuボール、Niボール等の金属球は、導電性接合材料にも適用できる。この場合の導電性接合材料とは、熱硬化性樹脂により導電性金属粉末(金属球)の融点より低い温度で接着させるために用いるものを指す。本発明では、はんだ接合材料及び導電性接合材料を総称して接合材料という。
以下に本発明の金属球の製造方法の実施例を説明するが、本発明はこれらに限定されるものではない。
<Cuボールの純度と真球度とα線量の関係>
金属球として、純度の異なるCuボールを作製して真球度とα線量を測定し、Cuボールの純度と真球度の関係及びα線量を検証した。
(1)Cuボールの作製
実施例1AのCuボールは、純度が99.9%(3N)のCuペレットを使用して作製した。実施例2AのCuボールは、純度が99.995%(4N5)以下のCuワイヤを使用して作製した。比較例1AのCuボールは、純度が99.995%(4N5)を超えるCu板を使用して作製した。
上述した原料をガスアトマイズ法によって造球した。これにより平均粒径が50μmのCuボールを作製した。
(2)Cuボールのα線量の測定方法
α線量の測定方法は以下の通りである。α線量の測定にはガスフロー比例計数器のα線測定装置を用いた。測定サンプルは300mm×300mmの平面浅底容器にCuボールを容器の底が見えなくなるまで敷き詰めたものである。この測定サンプルをα線測定装置内に入れ、PR−10ガスフローにて24時間放置した後、α線量を測定した。
尚、測定に使用したPR−10ガス(アルゴン90%−メタン10%)は、PR−10ガスをガスボンベに充填してから3週間以上経過したものである。3週間以上経過したボンベを使用したのは、ガスボンベに侵入する大気中のラドンによりα線が発生しないように、JEDEC(Joint Electron Device Engineering Council)で定められたJEDEC STANDARD−Alpha Radiation Measurement in Electronic Materials JESD221に従ったためである。
(3)Cuボールの真球度の測定方法
真球度の測定方法は以下の通りである。真球度はCNC画像測定システムで測定する。本実施例では、ミツトヨ社製のウルトラクイックビジョン、ULTRA QV350−PRO測定装置によって、Cuボールの長径の長さと直径の長さを測定し、500個の各Cuボールの直径を長径で割った値の算術平均値を算出して真球度を求めた。値が上限である1.00に近いほど真球に近いことを表す。
作製したCuボールの元素分析結果、真球度及びα線量を表1に示す。表1において、単位は、UおよびThについては質量ppb、その他の元素は質量ppmである。
Figure 0005692467
表1に示すように、実施例1AのCuボールは、純度が3N(99.9%)、実施例2AのCuボールは、純度が4N5(99.995%)以下であり、BiおよびPbの含有量が10ppm以上であるにもかかわらず、α線量が0.0010cph/cm未満であり、要求される0.0200cph/cmを下回った。比較例1AのCuボールは、純度が4N5より高いため、当然のことながらα線量が0.0010cph/cm未満であった。
また、表1に示すように、実施例1Aおよび実施例2AのCuボールは、純度が4N5以下でCuを除く元素の含有量が50ppm以上であるため、いずれも真球度が0.95以上を示し、0.90以上の条件を満たした。一方、比較例1AのCuボールは、純度が4N5より高く、Cuを除く元素の含有量が50ppm未満のため真球度が0.90未満であった。
<Niボールの純度と真球度とα線量の関係>
金属球として、純度の異なるNiボールを作製して真球度とα線量を測定し、Niボールの純度と真球度の関係及びα線量を検証した。
(1)Niボールの作製
実施例1BのNiボールは、純度が99.9%(3N)のNiワイヤを使用して作製した。実施例1Bで使用したNiワイヤは、α線量が0.0034cph/cm、Uの含有量が0.7ppb、Thの含有量が0.5ppbである。
実施例2BのNiボールは、純度が99.995%(4N5)以下のNiワイヤを使用して作製した。実施例2Bで使用したNiワイヤは、純度が99.99%(4N)で、α線量が0.0026cph/cm、Uの含有量が0.5ppb未満、Thの含有量が0.5ppb未満である。
比較例1BのNiボールは、純度が99.995%(4N5)を超えるNi板を使用して作製した。比較例1Bで使用したNi板は、純度が99.997%(4N7)で、α線量が0.0010cph/cm未満Uの含有量が0.5ppb未満、Thの含有量が0.5ppb未満である。
上述した原料をるつぼの中に投入した後、るつぼの温度を大気圧下であればPoの大気圧下での沸点tである962℃より高い1000℃の温度条件で45分間予備加熱を行った。その後、吐出温度を1600℃、好ましくは1700℃として、ガスアトマイズ法により、液状の溶融Niをノズルから高速度で噴霧し、霧状の溶融Niを室温まで急冷してNiボールを造球した。これにより平均粒径が50μmのNiボールを作製した。
(2)Niボールのα線量の測定
α線量の測定方法はCuボールと同様で、ガスフロー比例計数器のα線測定装置を用いた。測定サンプルは300mm×300mmの平面浅底容器にNiボールを敷き詰めたものである。この測定サンプルをα線測定装置内に入れ、PR−10ガスフローにて24時間放置した後、α線量を測定した。
(3)Niボールの真球度の測定
真球度はCNC画像測定システムで測定した。測定方法はCuボールと同じであり、ミツトヨ社製のウルトラクイックビジョン、ULTRA QV350−PROを使用した。
作製したNiボールの元素分析結果、α線量及び真球度を表2に示す。表2において、単位は、UおよびThについては質量ppb、その他の元素は質量ppmである。元素分析は、Niボールにおいては、UおよびThについては高周波誘導結合質量分析(ICP−MS分析)、その他の元素については誘導結合プラズマ発光分光分析(ICP−AES分析)により行った。
Figure 0005692467
表2に示すように、実施例1BのNiボールは、純度が3N(99.9%)、実施例2BのNiボールは、純度が4N5(99.995%)以下であり、BiおよびPbの含有量が10ppm以上であるにもかかわらず、α線量が0.0010cph/cm未満であり、要求される0.0200cph/cmを下回った。比較例1BのNiボールは、純度が4N5より高いため、当然のことながらα線量が0.0010cph/cm未満であった。また、実施例1Bおよび実施例2BのNiボールは、少なくとも2年間はα線量が0.0010cph/cm未満であった。したがって、実施例1Bおよび実施例2BのNiボールは、経時変化によりα線量が増加するという近年の問題点も解消した。
また、表2に示すように、実施例1Bおよび実施例2BのNiボールは、純度が4N5以下でNiを除く元素の含有量が50ppm以上であるため、いずれも真球度が0.94以上を示した。一方、比較例1BのNiボールは、純度が4N5より高く、Niを除く元素の含有量が50ppm未満のため真球度が0.90未満であった。
本発明に係る製造方法で製造される金属球は、はんだ接合材料に含有されてもよい。具体的にはプリフォームはんだ、フラックスとはんだ粉末を混練したはんだペースト等に添加して使用してもよい。
また本発明に係る製造方法において、金属球のビッカース硬さを小さくするために、焼きなますアニーリング処理工程を追加してもよい。
造球された金属球は、生産量や生産レートを向上させる観点から、室温や冷却ガス温度に急冷されることが一般的である。しかし、急冷により金属球を製造した場合、金属元素の結晶粒が一瞬にして形成され、結晶粒が大きく成長する前に微細な結晶粒により金属球が成形されてしまう。微細な結晶粒で形成された金属球は硬く、ビッカース硬さが大きいため、外部からの応力に対する耐久性が低くなり、耐落下衝撃性が悪くなるという問題がある。そのため、半導体チップの実装に用いられる金属球には、一定の柔らかさ、すなわち、一定値以下のビッカース硬さが要求される。
そこでアニーリング処理として、アニーリング可能な温度にて金属球を所定時間加熱し、その後、加熱した金属球を長い時間をかけて徐冷する。これにより、金属球の再結晶を行うことができ、緩やかな結晶成長を促進できるので、金属元素の結晶粒を大きく成長させることができる。この際、一般に金属球の真球度は低下する。しかし、金属球の最表面に形成される酸化銅が不純物元素として機能するので、金属球の最表面は結晶粒が微細化した状態となり、金属球の極度な真球度の低下は起こらない。またアニーリング工程によってα線量が増大することはない。
以上の通り、本発明に係る製造方法において、アニーリング処理工程を加えることによって、α線量が低く、真球度が高く、耐落下衝撃性のよい金属球を製造することができる。
具体的には、金属球としてCuボールを製造する場合、ビッカース硬さ20HV以上、60HV以下が好ましい。ビッカース硬さが60HVを超える場合、外部からの応力に対する耐久性が低くなり、耐落下衝撃性が悪くなると共にクラックが発生し易くなるからである。Cuボールのビッカース硬さが20HV未満である場合、3次元実装において半導体チップ等の自重によりCuボール自体が変形し(潰れ)、基板間の適切な空間(スタンドオフ高さ)を保持できない。
Cuボールへのアニーリング条件としては、室温から700℃に加熱する昇温時間を60分間とし、700℃で保持する保持時間を60分間とし、700℃から室温に冷却する冷却時間を120分間とするとよい。炉内の冷却は、炉内に設置した冷却ファンを用いて行う。また、アニーリング処理によりCuボール表面に形成された酸化膜を除去するため、アニーリング処理が施されたCuボールを希硫酸に浸漬させることで酸処理を行ってもよい。

Claims (6)

  1. Uの含有量が5ppb以下であり、Thの含有量が5ppb以下であり、純度が99.9%以上99.995%以下であり、PbまたはBiのいずれかの含有量、あるいは、PbおよびBiの合計の含有量が1ppm以上である純金属であって、純金属に含まれる不純物の中で除去対象としたPoの大気圧での沸点より高い大気圧での沸点を有した純金属を、
    気圧により変化する沸点及び融点に応じて、除去対象としたPoの沸点より高く、純金属の融点より高く、かつ、純金属の沸点より低い温度に設定された加熱温度で加熱して、純金属を溶融させる工程と、
    溶融した純金属を球状に造球する工程を含む
    ことを特徴とする金属球の製造方法。
  2. 純金属の大気圧での融点が900℃以上、かつ、沸点が962℃以上である
    ことを特徴とする請求項1に記載の金属球の製造方法。
  3. 造球された金属球を焼きなますアニーリングの工程を更に含む
    ことを特徴とする請求項1〜請求項2の何れか1項に記載の金属球の製造方法。
  4. 請求項1〜請求項3の何れか1項に記載の製造方法で製造された金属球を含有することを特徴とする接合材料。
  5. 請求項1〜請求項3の何れか1項に記載の製造方法で製造されたα線量が0.0200cph/cm 以下であり、真球度が0.90以上である
    ことを特徴とする金属球。
  6. 請求項5に記載の金属球を含有することを特徴とする接合材料。
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