JP5184777B2 - 神経変性疾患用治療薬としての選択的セロトニン2a/2c受容体インバースアゴニスト - Google Patents
神経変性疾患用治療薬としての選択的セロトニン2a/2c受容体インバースアゴニスト Download PDFInfo
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- JP5184777B2 JP5184777B2 JP2006501009A JP2006501009A JP5184777B2 JP 5184777 B2 JP5184777 B2 JP 5184777B2 JP 2006501009 A JP2006501009 A JP 2006501009A JP 2006501009 A JP2006501009 A JP 2006501009A JP 5184777 B2 JP5184777 B2 JP 5184777B2
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Description
本明細書においては、技術用語を定義するために以下の定義をそのまま用い、そしてまた、請求項においてその保護を求める組成物の範囲を定義するためにも、以下の定義をそのまま用いるものとする。
PDにおける薬理学的介入の基礎は、今なお、L−ドーパに基づく治療法である。L−ドーパは血液脳関門を容易に横切り、ニューロンによって取り込まれ、ドーパミン作動性ニューロン中のL−芳香族酸デカルボキシラーゼ(LAAD)活性により、ドーパミンへの迅速な酵素変換を受ける。これらのニューロンからのドーパミンの利用可能性と放出量の増加は、明らかに、ドーパミン作動性伝達の増加と、PDに見られる低ドーパミン状態の運動作用を逆転させる臨床効力の増加につながる。しかし、L−ドーパはドーパミン作動系に対する特異性を欠き、LAADは脳内で広く発現される。ラット脳における初期の生化学的観察では、L−ドーパが中枢セロトニンストアをかなり減少させ、主要セロトニン代謝産物5−ヒドロキシンドール酢酸(5−HIAA)の濃度を増加させることがわかった(1)。組織化学的アプローチにより、L−ドーパはセロトニン作動性ニューロン内に蓄積することが実証されている。また、神経伝達物質放出実験により、L−ドーパはドーパミンの放出量とセロトニンの放出量をどちらも著しく増加させること、セロトニンの放出がLAAD活性に依存すること、そしてそれはドーパミン作動性ニューロンの選択的破壊によって排除されないことが実証されている(2,3)。これらの知見から、PD患者へのL−ドーパの投与は中枢セロトニンの放出量の著しい増加をもたらして、セロトニン作動性神経伝達を増強することが示唆される。最後に、精神病を発症したPD患者の死後生化学解析では、神経精神障害を発症しなかった対応群と比較して、精神病を持つ患者では、複数の皮質構造および皮質下構造、とりわけ赤核を含む種々の中脳核に、セロトニンレベルおよび5−HIAAレベルの有意な上昇があったことがわかった(4)。
ある実施形態では、統合失調症、分裂情動障害、躁病および精神病性うつ病を含む様々なヒト神経精神疾患を処置するために、式(I)の化合物および関連セロトニン2Aおよび/または2C受容体インバースアゴニストを単独で使用するか、または他の抗精神病薬(特にドーパミンアンタゴニスト特性を持つもの)と組み合わせて使用する。具体的に述べると、単独で使用するか、他の抗精神病薬と組み合わせて使用した場合、式(I)の化合物および関連セロトニン2A/2C受容体インバースアゴニストは、精神症状(外部の力によって制御されている感覚、そこには無いものを聞いたり、見たり、匂ったり、感じたりすること、幻覚および異常な信念、妄想)、陰性症状(疲労、集中力の喪失ならびに活力および動機づけの欠如を含む正常な行動の喪失)、精神病患者における認知機能を改善することができる。これらの薬剤は、既存の抗精神病薬の使用に関連する副作用も減少させ、抗精神病効力を達成するために必要な既存薬剤の用量を低下させる。具体的に述べると、これらの疾患状態の全てに存在する行動的発現および神経精神的発現を制御するために、式(I)の化合物および関連化合物を単独で、または既存の抗精神病薬と組み合わせて、使用することができる。一部の実施形態では、式(I)の化合物と既存の抗精神病剤との組合せから構成される医薬組成物を使用する。
式(I)の化合物は、以下に記載する方法またはこれらの方法の修飾した方法によって、合成することができる。この方法論に変更を加える方法としては、とりわけ温度、溶媒、試薬などの変更があげられる。
(アゴニスト試験)
パーキンソン病は通例、直接作用性ドーパミンアゴニストを使って管理される。この化合物クラスの例には、ペルゴリド、ブロモクリプチン、プラミペキソールおよびロピニロールが含まれる。これらの薬物は、線条体領域および前脳領域に位置するドーパミンD2、D3およびD4受容体におけるそれらのアゴニスト活性ゆえに有効であると考えられている。この活性は、PDを特徴づける前脳ドーパミン作動性神経支配の進行性の喪失を補償するのだろう。しかしこれらの薬物は、これらのドーパミン作動性受容体に特異的ではなく、5HT2A受容体および5HT2C受容体などの他の受容体で強力なアゴニスト活性も持っている。生理学的予測を与えるインビトロ機能アッセイを使って、ペルゴリド、リスリド、およびブロモクリプチンが、5HT2A受容体において、ヒトD2受容体で観察されるものに匹敵するアゴニスト力価を発揮することを、以下に示す(図1Aおよび1Bならびに表1)。
(インバースアゴニスト研究)
PD患者において処置誘発性の運動症状および神経精神症状がいったん発症してしまうと、これらの障害を管理するための実用的な治療選択肢はほとんどない。これら2つの症状クラスでは処置戦略が異なるが、臨床上一様に有効であるが認容性に乏しいアプローチの一つでは、抗精神病剤を使用する。抗精神病薬は、ドーパミンD2サブクラスのドーパミン受容体に対して高い親和性を持つことが知られており、これらの受容体のニュートラルアンタゴニズムが、ヒト精神病におけるこれらの薬物の治療効力の根底にある。ドーパミンD2受容体アンタゴニズムの他にも、これらの薬剤は、セロトニン受容体、アドレナリン作動性受容体、ムスカリン性受容体およびヒスタミン作動性受容体を含む他のモノアミン作動性受容体サブタイプの多くで、広範囲にわたる強力で薬理学的に意味のある追加の活性を持っている。これら追加の分子作用のうち、5HT2A受容体相互作用は、重要な研究の対象になってきた。抗精神病薬がセロトニン2受容体を含む複数の受容体サブタイプに対して高い親和性を持つことは、放射性リガンド結合技術の応用によって実証された(8)。これを証拠づけるために使用された方法論では、抗精神病性と与えられた受容体との相互作用の性質を明確にすることはできない。たとえば、薬物が正(アゴニスト)または負(インバースアゴニスト)の固有活性を持つかどうか、あるいは薬物が固有活性を欠き、ニュートラルアンタゴニストして機能するかどうかは、これらの方法では識別できない。最近、薬物−標的相互作用の機序的性質を弁別することができる機能アッセイを使って、この薬物クラスがプロファイリングされた(9)。
よびとして記載する。
化合物N−(1−メチルピペリジン−4−イル)−N−(4−フルオロフェニルメチル)−N'−(4−(2−メチルプロピルオキシ)フェニルメチル)カルバミド(式(I)の化合物)の酒石酸塩は経口による生物学的利用能を持つ強力かつ選択的な5HT2A受容体インバースアゴニストである。式(I)の化合物は、5−HT2C受容体インバースアゴニストとしても、弱い力価を持ち、残りのモノアミン作動性受容体サブタイプでは固有の活性を持たない。式(I)の化合物がドーパミン受容体サブタイプにおける活性を持たないことは、おそらく最も注目すべきことだろう(米国特許出願第09/800,096号参照)。この薬剤の包括的な行動薬理学的プロファイリングは、抗精神病薬作用および抗ジスキネジア薬作用の前臨床モデルを含めて、パーキンソン病および関連ヒト神経変性疾患における式(I)の化合物の治療的使用を支持する。
(動物試験)
潜在的なインビボ抗精神病活性を決定するために、我々は、ヒトにおけるそのような効力を予測する動物モデルで、式(I)の化合物を調べた。式(I)の化合物は、非競合性N−メチル−d−アスパラギン酸(NMDA)アンタゴニストMK801(ジゾシルピン)によって誘発させる活動亢進を、1mg/kg(皮下)(図2A)および10mg/kg(経口)(図2B)の最小有効用量で減弱する。式(I)の化合物は、3mg/kg以上(皮下)の用量(図2A)および10〜100mg/kgの経口用量(図2B)でも、自発的移動運動を減少させた。図2Aおよび2Bにおいて、*印はそれぞれの賦形剤対照と比較した統計的有意性(p<0.05)を示す。MK−801の阻害は、大半の非定型抗精神病剤が共通して持っている特性であり、非定型抗精神病薬クロザピンと同様に式(I)の化合物も、腹腔内投与後に、1mg/kgでMK−801活動亢進を減弱した。
(霊長類動物試験)
潜在的なインビボ抗ジスキネジア活性を決定するために、我々は、ヒトにおけるそのような効力を予測する動物モデルで、式(I)の化合物を試験した。サルでパーキンソニズムを誘発するために1−メチル−4−フェニル−1,2,3,6−テトラヒドロピリジン(MPTP)を使用すると共に、L−ドーパの長時間投与すると、重篤なジスキネジアが誘発される。偽薬注射動物に存在する異常運動に対する百分率としてスコア化した観察可能な異常運動の減少によって決定したところ、式(I)の化合物は、ジスキネジア霊長類に皮下投与した場合に、L−ドーパ誘発性ジスキネジアを用量依存的に有意に減少させることがわかった(図3)。
(パーキンソン病の5HT2A/Cセロトニンアンタゴニスト処置)
本実施例では、パーキンソン病患者における式(I)の化合物による5HT2A/C受容体の遮断が、レボドパ関連ジスキネジアおよび運動応答変動を減少させることを実証する。さらに、式(I)の化合物は、有効な用量で安全であり認容されることを示す。また、式(I)の化合物はパーキンソン病症状に対するレボドパの有益な作用を増強する。
(R−SATアッセイ)
機能的受容体アッセイ、受容体選択増幅技術(R−SAT)を使って、5HT2A受容体におけるインバースアゴニストしての式(I)の化合物の活性を調べた。式(I)の化合物は、5HT2A受容体において、高い力価(pIC50は9.1)および高い効力(98%)を示した。
(抗精神病活性試験)
潜在的なインビボ抗精神病活性を決定するために、我々は、ヒトの陽性症状に対するそのような効力を予測する動物モデルで、式(I)の化合物を試験した(図4)。図4において、ACPとは式(I)の化合物を指す。10.0mg/kg(経口)以下の用量でマウスに単独投与した場合、式(I)の化合物は、3.0mg/kg(腹腔内)の間接的ドーパミンアゴニスト、d−アンフェタミンによって誘発された活動亢進を、軽減しなかった。予想どおり、ハロペリドールはアンフェタミン活動亢進を用量依存的に軽減し、その最低有意作用は0.1mg/kg(皮下)で見られた。用量10.0mg/kg(経口)の式(I)の化合物を様々な皮下用量のハロペリドールと組み合わせて投与したところ、最低有意量は0.03mg/kgに低下した。この組合せにより、アンフェタミン活動亢進は完全に覆される。したがって、不活性用量の式(I)の化合物は、不活性用量のハロペリドールと組み合わせると、アンフェタミン活動亢進の完全な逆転をもたらす。これは、式(I)の化合物と組み合わせると、ハロペリドールの抗精神病活性が、有意に強化されうることを示唆している。式(I)の化合物をハロペリドールと組み合わせると、効力を損なうことなくハロペリドールの用量を低下させうることも、同様に重要である。これにより、神経精神疾患におけるハロペリドールの臨床使用に関する安全域が改善されると期待される。
1.Everett,G.,M.およびBorcherding,J.,W.(1970)「L−dopa: effect on concentration of dopamine, norepinephrine and serotonin in brains of mice(L−ドーパ:マウス脳内のドーパミン、ノルエピネフリンおよびセロトニンの濃度に対する作用)」Nature,168:849−850。
Claims (14)
- 式(I):
の化合物またはその酒石酸塩、および医薬的に許容できる担体を含む医薬組成物。 - さらに、レボドパ、ブロモクリプチン、ペルゴリド、硫酸エフェドリン、ペモリン、マチンドール、d,1−α−メチルフェネチルアミン、メチルフェニデート、プラミペキソール、モダフィニル、およびロピニロールからなる群より選択される追加治療剤を含む、請求項1の医薬組成物。
- さらに、バクロフェン、ボツリヌス毒素、クロナゼパム、およびジアゼパムからなる群より選択される抗ジスキネジア剤を含む、請求項1の医薬組成物。
- さらに、バクロフェン、ボツリヌス毒素、クロナゼパム、およびジアゼパムからなる群より選択される抗ジストニア剤、抗ミオクローヌス剤、または抗振戦剤を含む、請求項1の医薬組成物。
- さらに、クロルプロマジン、ハロペリドール、モリンドン、チオリダジン、フェノチアジン類、ブチロフェノン類、ジフェニルブチルピペリジン、ピモジド、チオキサンテン、フルフェンチキソール、置換ベンズアミド類、スルピリド、セルチンドール、アミスルプリド、リスペリドン、クロザピン、オランザピン、ジプラシドン、アリピプラゾール、N−デスメチルクロザピン、N−デスメチルオランザピン、および9−OH−リスペリドンからなる群より選択される抗精神病剤を含む、請求項1の医薬組成物。
- 式(I):
の構造をもつ化合物またはその酒石酸塩。 - 式(I):
の化合物またはその酒石酸塩を含む統合失調症を治療する為の医薬組成物。 - 式(I):
の化合物またはその酒石酸塩を含むパーキンソン病における精神疾患を治療する為の医薬組成物。 - 式(I):
の化合物またはその酒石酸塩を含むアルツハイマー病における精神疾患を治療する為の医薬組成物。 - 前記式(I)の化合物またはその酒石酸塩の量が、0.001mgから50mgである、請求項7から9に記載の医薬組成物。
- 前記式(I)の化合物またはその酒石酸塩の量が、1mgからの10mgである、請求項10記載の医薬組成物。
- 前記式(I)の化合物またはその酒石酸塩の量が、10mgである、請求項10記載の医薬組成物。
- 前記式(I)の化合物またはその酒石酸塩の量が、25mgである、請求項10記載の医薬組成物。
- 前記式(I)の化合物またはその酒石酸塩の量が、50mgである、請求項10記載の医薬組成物。
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