JP2007268289A - 小体積インビトロ被検体センサー - Google Patents
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Abstract
【解決手段】 試料中の被検体濃度を測定する電気化学センサーであって、少なくとも1つの作用電極と、少なくとも1つの対電極と、少なくとも1つの試料室とを含むセンサーであり、少なくとも1つの前記試料室が、(i)試料を前記作用電極と電解的に接触させて保持し、1μL以下の試料を含む大きさの試料室、または、(ii)少なくとも2方を前記作用電極および前記対電極によって境界づけられた測定領域であって、1μL以下の試料を含む大きさの測定領域を含む試料室であり、前記作用電極上に不溶脱性の酸化還元媒介剤を含む。
【選択図】 図1
Description
作用電極22は、成形された炭素繊維複合体で形成することができ、または、ポリエステルなどの不活性の非導電性基体上に適当な導電層を形成したもので構成することもできる。導電層は、比較的低い電気抵抗を有し、動作中のセンサーの電位範囲において電気化学的に不活性である。好適な導電体としては、金、炭素、白金、二酸化ルテニウム、パラジウム、および、その他の当業者に知られた不腐食性物質が挙げられる。電極および/または導電層は、蒸着または塗布などの方法によって不活性物質表面に形成される。
不溶脱性(すなわち、不放出性)の酸化還元媒介剤を含む検出層32は、作用電極22の一部に配置される。通常は約5分未満である測定期間において、酸化還元媒介剤の作用電極から試料中への溶脱がほとんどまたは全くないことが好ましい。更には、本発明の酸化還元媒介剤は、媒介剤の試料中への望ましからざる溶脱を防止するため、作用電極22に結合またはその他の方法で固定化されていることが好ましい。作用電極および対電極が互いに近接する場合(すなわち、電極が約1mm未満の間隔で離間している場合)、拡散または溶脱(すなわち、放出)する酸化還元媒介剤は不都合である。なぜなら、結合していない媒介剤が、被検体と作用電極との間よりも、むしろ作用電極と対電極との間で電子を往復させるため、一般に大きな影信号(background signal)が発生するからである。この問題およびその他の問題は、低抵抗セルの開発の妨げとなり、被検体濃度測定に要する最小試料サイズの増大を招く。
対電極24は、作用電極22と同様に構成することができる。対電極24は、対/参照電極であってもよい。あるいは、別の参照電極を試料室と接触するように設けてもよい。対/参照電極または参照電極に好適な材料としては、非導電性基体上に塗布されたAg/AgCl、または、銀金属基体上の塩化銀が挙げられる。対電極が参照電極でない場合、対電極の作製には、作用電極22の作製に用いられると同様の材料および方法を使用することができるが、対電極または対/参照電極24上には酸化還元媒介剤は固定化されていない。クーロメトリーまたはその他の測定装置などの外部電子機器(図示せず)との簡便な接続のため、電極にタブ25を設けてもよい。
試料室26は、図1−4に示すように、一般に、電極22、24、不活性基体30およびセパレーター28の組み合わせによって、その範囲が限定されている。測定領域は試料室内に含まれており、試料室内の、試料の被検体分析で測定される部分のみを含む領域である。図1および2に示す本発明の実施形態においては、試料室26は、2つの電極22、24および/または不活性基体の間の空間である。この実施形態においては、試料室は、好ましくは約1μL未満、更に好ましくは約0.5μL未満、特に好ましくは約0.2μL未満の容積を有する。図1および2に示した本発明の実施形態においては、測定領域は、試料室の容積とほぼ同等の容積を有する。
試料室は、室内に試料が配置される前は空であってもよい。あるいは、試料室は、測定操作中に液体試料を吸収して保持する吸収体34を含んでいてもよい。好適な吸収体としては、ポリエステル、ナイロン、セルロースおよびニトロセルロースのようなセルロース誘導体が挙げられる。吸収体は、試料室の毛管作用を補足または好ましくはそれに取って代わる吸上げ作用(wicking action)によって、小体積試料の吸上げを促進する。
本発明の好ましい実施形態において、本発明の原理に係る被検体測定装置52は、前述のようなセンサー20を試料採取手段50と組み合わせて含み、一体型の試料採取および測定装置を提供するものである。図6に示す試料採取手段50は、例えば、ランセットを患者の皮膚に突刺して血液流を生じさせるために押込まれる、たわみ得る弾力性の薄片56(または、バネなどのその他同様の部材)に取り付けられた、ランセットなどの皮膚突刺し部材54を含む。
本発明の電気化学センサーは、次のように動作する。作用電極および対電極の間に電位を印加する。必要とされる電位の大きさは、酸化還元媒介剤に依存する。被検体が電気分解される電極の電位は、通常、電気化学反応を完了またはほぼ完了させるのに十分な大きさであるが、電位の大きさは、電流測定に影響を及ぼす尿酸塩、アスコルビン酸塩およびアセトアミノフェンなどの妨害物質の実質的な電気化学反応を誘発するには不十分な大きさであることが好ましい。通常、電位は、標準カロメル電極(SCE)に対して、約−150mVから約+400mVの間である。酸化還元媒介剤の電位は約−100mVから約+100mVの間であることが好ましくは、更には、電位は約−50mVから約+50mVの間であることが好ましい。
ここで、nは、被検体の電気分解に要する電子当量であり、Fは、ファラデー定数(当量当たり約96.500クーロン)であり、Vは、測定領域に存在する試料の体積である。
クーロメトリックセンサーにおける誤差の別の原因は、被検体に関係する電気化学反応以外の電気化学反応の存在である。酸化還元媒介剤を有するセンサーにおいて、測定誤差の潜在的な原因は、未知の混成した酸化状態にある酸化還元媒介剤の存在である(すなわち、媒介剤は既知の酸化状態に再現されない)。酸化還元媒介剤は、電極において、被検体の存在に応答してではなく、単に初期の酸化状態に起因して電気分解される。式(1)および(2)において、生化学物質Bの酸化に起因しない電流が、酸化還元媒介剤Aの試料添加前に還元形である部分の酸化に起因して流れる。このように、センサーへの試料導入前における被検体の酸化状態を知ることは重要である。更に、酸化還元仲介剤の全部またはほぼ全部が、センサーへの試料導入前に単一の酸化状態で存在することが望ましい。
本発明の空気酸化され得る酸化還元種は、別のタイプのセンサーに使用することができる。前述したオスミウム錯体は、錯化したOs+2種とOs+3種との吸収スペクトルおよび蛍光特性における相違のため、光学センサーにおける使用に好適である。酸化還元種の吸収、透過、反射または蛍光の測定値は、(被検体と酸化還元種の間での直接的または酵素などの第2の電子伝達剤を介した反応後の)試料中の被検体量と相関している。この形態においては、酸化還元媒介剤のモル量は、化学量論的に、センサーの測定領域を満たすと理論的に予測される被検体のモル量よりも大きい。
多電極センサーを、種々の理由のために使用することができる。例えば、多電極センサーは、単一の試料を用いて様々な被検体を分析するために使用することができる。多電極センサーの一実施形態は、1以上の作用電極22を順に備え、各作用電極22が異なる測定領域を定めている1以上の試料室を有する。作用電極の1以上が、例えば適当な酵素などの、第1の被検体を分析するのに適当な化学的試薬を備えており、残りの作用電極の1以上が、第2の被検体を分析するのに適当な化学的試薬を備えている。例えば、多電極センサーは、1)グルコース濃度を測定するための、検出層にグルコースオキシダーゼを備えた1以上の作用電極と、2)ラクテート濃度を測定するための、検出層に乳酸オキシダーゼを備えた1以上の作用電極とを含む。その他の組み合わせも可能である。
以下の実施例によって、本発明を更に説明する。これらの実施例は、先に前述の説明において十分に示された本発明の範囲を限定するものではない。本発明の概念の範囲内での変形が当業者に明らかである。
図1に示した本発明の実施形態に対応させてセンサーを構成した。作用電極をマイヤーフィルム(デュポン)上に形成した。マイヤーフィルムは、厚さが0.175mm、直径が2.5cmであった。約1cmの直径を有する厚さ約12ミクロンのカーボンパッドを、マイヤーフィルム上にスクリーン印刷した。厚さが12μmであり、中心に直径4mmの開口部を有する水に不溶性の誘電性絶縁体(インスレイヤー(Insulayer))で、炭素電極を被覆した。
実施例1として前述したものと同様に構成したセンサーを使用し、妨害物質に対するセンサーの応答を調べた。血中グルコース測定に対する主な電気化学的妨害物質は、アスコルビン酸塩、アセトアミノフェンおよび尿酸塩である。これら一般的な妨害物質の、通常の生理学上または治療上(アセトアミノフェンの場合)の濃度範囲は、
アスコルビン酸塩:0.034−0.114mM
アセトアミノフェン:0.066−0.200mM
尿酸塩(成人男子):0.27−0.47mM
である。ティーツ(Tietz)、テキストブック オブ クリニカル ケミストリー、シー.エー.バティスおよびイー.アール.アシュウッド編、ダブリュ.ビー.サンダース コー.、フィラデルフィア1994年、2210-12頁(Textbook of Clinical Chemistry,C.A.Burtis and E.R.Ashwood,eds.,W.B.Saunders Co.,Philadelphia 1994,pp2210-12)。
グルコースオキシダーゼをピロロキノリンキノングルコースデヒドロゲナーゼに代え、実施例1の+200mVの電位に対するものとして+100mVの電位を印加すること以外は、実施例1の記載と同様のセンサーを作製し、本実施例において使用した。結果を、下表3および図10のグラフに示す。
本実施例のセンサーは、ガラス質炭素電極を備えたフローセル(バイオアナリティカルシステム,インク.#MF−1025(BioAnalytical System,Inc. #MF-1025)を用いて構成した。フリーセルの電極を酸化還元媒介剤で被覆し、作用電極を得た。この場合、酸化還元媒介剤は、ポリ(1−ビニルイミダゾール)とOs[4,4’−ジメトキシ−2,2’−ビピリジン]2Cl2とを、イミダゾール官能基15個毎にオスミウム1個の比率で錯化させることによって生成したポリマーであった。乳酸オキシダーゼを、ポリエテレングリコールジグリシジルエーテルを介してポリマーと結合させた。媒介剤は、カバレッジ500μg/cm2、厚さ5μmで電極を被覆することとした。媒介剤は、液流中での付着を改善するため、トラックエッチングした(track−etched)ポリカーボネート膜(オズモニクス−ポアティクス#10550(Osmonics−Poretics#10550))で被覆した。膜上には、試料室を限定し、測定領域に相当する空隙を含む、単一の50μ厚のスペーサーガスケット(バイオアナリティカルシステム,インク.#MF−1062)を配置した。フローセルを参照電極および補助電極を含むセル台(バイオアナリティカルシステム,インク.#MF−1005)に取付けることによって、センサーの組立が完了した。
ここで、Vは、測定領域内の試料の体積であり、Fは、ファラデー定数である。
三電極構造のセンサーを、エコセンサーズ リミテッド、ロングハンボロー、イギリス(Ecosennsor Ltd.,Long Hanborough,England)からモデル名「大面積使い捨て電極(large area disposable electrode)」として、商業的に入手した。センサーは、平行に且つ同一平面上に存在する作用電極、参照電極および対電極を含む。作用面領域(0.2cm2)および対電極は印刷した炭素で形成し、参照電極は印刷したAg/AgClで形成した。酸化還元媒介剤で、炭素作用電極を被覆した。酸化還元媒介剤は、ポリ(1−ビニルイミダゾール)とOs[4,4’−ジメトキシ−2,2’−ビピリジン]2Cl2とを、Os陽イオン1個にイミダゾール官能基15個の比率で錯化し、続いてポリエテレングリコールジグリシジルエーテルを用いてオスミウムポリマーをグルコースオキシダーゼと結合することによって生成した。
2,2’−ビピリジン] 2 Cl +/+2 の酸化状態の測定)
作用電極上の酸化還元媒介剤を、ポリエテレングリコールジグリシジルエーテルを介してグルコースオキシダーゼと結合した、Os陽イオン毎にピリジン基12個を有する、Os[4,4’−ジメトキシ−2,2’−ビピリジン]2Cl+/+2のポリ(4−ビニルピリジン)との錯体に変えること以外は、同様の作用/対/参照電極配置で、実施例5と同様の実験を行った。
ガラススライドなどの透光性支持体上に結合した酵素を含む、酸化還元ポリマーフィルムを適用して、光学センサーを作製する。酸化還元媒介剤の量は、測定領域を満たすと予測される被検体の最大量と、(化学量論的な意味において)同等またはそれ以上とする。スペーサー、吸収体および対向する支持体をしっかりと締め付ける。試料室は、光が組立てられたセンサーを通って光学密度検出器または蛍光検出器に伝達するように適応させる。試料で試料室を満たし、酸化還元媒介剤が酸化されたときの、室内の酸化還元媒介剤の吸収、透過、反射または蛍光の変化を、試料中のグルコース量と相関させる。
本方法で得られた血液体積の再現性を測定するため、一人の被験者の前腕をランセットで複数回突刺した。各前腕の前面部分および左前腕の背面領域に13本を超えるランセットスティックを突刺したにもかかわらず、被験者は各スティックを実質的に痛みがないと認識した。
Claims (12)
- 患者試料を得るための皮膚突刺し部材を含む試料採取手段と、
(a)少なくとも1つの作用電極、(b)少なくとも1つの対電極、および(c)少なくとも1つの試料室を備える電気化学センサーとの組合せを、1つのデバイスとして含み、
前記少なくとも1つの試料室が、(i)試料を前記作用電極に電気的に接触させて保持し、厚みが0.2mm未満であり、1μL以下の容量である試料室、または、(ii)少なくとも2方を前記作用電極および前記対電極によって境界づけられた測定領域であって、厚みが0.2mm未満であり、1μL以下の容量である測定領域を含む試料室であり、
前記センサーは、前記作用電極上に酸化還元媒介剤を含み、且つ、前記作用電極上に酵素を含む電子伝達剤を含み、
前記センサーは、前記試料室または前記測定領域に到達するために、前記試料採取手段により試料を得るための開口部を含む、被検体測定装置。 - 試料採取手段と電気化学センサーとを含む、試料採取と被検体測定とが一体化された被検体測定装置であって、
(a)スペーサー層、
(b)その上に第1電極を有する第1不活性基体であって、前記スペーサー層に隣接する前記第1電極と共に、前記スペーサー層に対して(against)配置されている第1不活性基体、
(c)その上に第2電極を有する第2不活性基体であって、前記第1電極と第2電極とが対向電極対であり、前記スペーサー層に隣接する第2電極と共に、前記スペーサー層に対して配置された第2不活性基体、
(d)厚みが0.2mm未満および容量1μL以下の測定領域を互いに境界付けている、前記スペーサー層、第1不活性基体および第2不活性基体、
(e)酸化還元媒介剤および酵素を有する前記測定領域、および
(f)皮膚突刺し部材
を含む、被検体測定装置。 - 試料採取手段と分析センサーとを含む、一体化された被検体測定装置であって、
前記分析センサーが、
(a)第1不活性基体と第2不活性基体、
(b)第1電極および第2電極、
(c)試料を受け、前記第1電極および第2電極に電気的に接触させて保持するための試料室であって、前記センサーの端まで伸びており、前記両不活性基対の間に開口部が形成されている試料室、および、
(d)厚みが0.2mm未満であり、1μL以下の容量である前記試料室内の測定領域、
(e)前記測定領域内に配置された酸化還元媒介剤および酵素
を含む、被検体測定装置。 - 前記酸化還元媒介剤が、オスミウム錯体、ルテニウム錯体、鉄錯体およびコバルト錯体からなる群から選択された少なくとも一つの錯体である、請求項1〜3のいずれか一項に記載の被検体測定装置。
- 前記酸化還元媒介剤が、ヘキサシアノ鉄(III)酸塩およびヘキサシアノ鉄(II)酸塩の少なくとも一方である、請求項1〜4のいずれか一項に記載の被検体測定装置。
- 前記酸化還元媒介剤が、不溶脱性の酸化還元媒介剤である、請求項1〜4のいずれか一項に記載の被検体測定装置。
- 前記試料採取手段が、ランセットである、請求項1〜3のいずれか一項に記載の被検体測定装置。
- 前記酵素が、グルコースオキシダーゼである、請求項1〜3のいずれか一項に記載の被検体測定装置。
- 請求項1〜3のいずれか一項に記載のセンサーと、
前記センサーに効果的に接合され、前記センサーを通じて流れる蓄積電荷を測定するために配置されたクーロメーターとを含む、被検体測定装置。 - 前記測定領域が、容量0.5μL以下の大きさである、請求項1〜3および9のいずれか一項に記載のセンサー。
- 前記測定領域が、容量0.2μL以下の大きさである、請求項1〜3および9のいずれか一項に記載のセンサー。
- 前記測定領域が、容量0.1μL以下の大きさである、請求項1〜3および9のいずれか一項に記載のセンサー。
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