FR2650380A1 - METHOD FOR HEATING A METAL BATH - Google Patents
METHOD FOR HEATING A METAL BATH Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- FR2650380A1 FR2650380A1 FR8910222A FR8910222A FR2650380A1 FR 2650380 A1 FR2650380 A1 FR 2650380A1 FR 8910222 A FR8910222 A FR 8910222A FR 8910222 A FR8910222 A FR 8910222A FR 2650380 A1 FR2650380 A1 FR 2650380A1
- Authority
- FR
- France
- Prior art keywords
- metal
- heating
- metal bath
- bath
- mass
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Withdrawn
Links
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 25
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 25
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 15
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 12
- 230000007935 neutral effect Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- 230000007704 transition Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- 238000007667 floating Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 230000005855 radiation Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 3
- 239000002470 thermal conductor Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 3
- 239000006096 absorbing agent Substances 0.000 claims abstract 2
- 230000000644 propagated effect Effects 0.000 claims abstract 2
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000010521 absorption reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910001338 liquidmetal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- XKRFYHLGVUSROY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Argon Chemical compound [Ar] XKRFYHLGVUSROY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910002804 graphite Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000010439 graphite Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000011261 inert gas Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N nitrogen Substances N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052786 argon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000002347 injection Methods 0.000 claims 3
- 239000007924 injection Substances 0.000 claims 3
- 229910045601 alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 1
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 claims 1
- QJGQUHMNIGDVPM-UHFFFAOYSA-N nitrogen group Chemical group [N] QJGQUHMNIGDVPM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- 230000035515 penetration Effects 0.000 claims 1
- 229910000838 Al alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract description 6
- 238000012423 maintenance Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000002844 melting Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000008018 melting Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000011819 refractory material Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000012546 transfer Methods 0.000 description 3
- UGFAIRIUMAVXCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon monoxide Chemical compound [O+]#[C-] UGFAIRIUMAVXCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 206010029216 Nervousness Diseases 0.000 description 2
- PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium oxide Inorganic materials [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Al+3].[Al+3] PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910002091 carbon monoxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 2
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000011161 development Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000007598 dipping method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004880 explosion Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004927 fusion Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000035987 intoxication Effects 0.000 description 1
- 231100000566 intoxication Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- 238000000465 moulding Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000001902 propagating effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000006100 radiation absorber Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000012549 training Methods 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F27—FURNACES; KILNS; OVENS; RETORTS
- F27D—DETAILS OR ACCESSORIES OF FURNACES, KILNS, OVENS OR RETORTS, IN SO FAR AS THEY ARE OF KINDS OCCURRING IN MORE THAN ONE KIND OF FURNACE
- F27D99/00—Subject matter not provided for in other groups of this subclass
- F27D99/0001—Heating elements or systems
- F27D99/0006—Electric heating elements or system
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F27—FURNACES; KILNS; OVENS; RETORTS
- F27B—FURNACES, KILNS, OVENS OR RETORTS IN GENERAL; OPEN SINTERING OR LIKE APPARATUS
- F27B14/00—Crucible or pot furnaces
- F27B14/08—Details specially adapted for crucible or pot furnaces
- F27B14/14—Arrangements of heating devices
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
- H05B3/00—Ohmic-resistance heating
- H05B3/62—Heating elements specially adapted for furnaces
- H05B3/64—Heating elements specially adapted for furnaces using ribbon, rod, or wire heater
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F27—FURNACES; KILNS; OVENS; RETORTS
- F27B—FURNACES, KILNS, OVENS OR RETORTS IN GENERAL; OPEN SINTERING OR LIKE APPARATUS
- F27B14/00—Crucible or pot furnaces
- F27B14/04—Crucible or pot furnaces adapted for treating the charge in vacuum or special atmosphere
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F27—FURNACES; KILNS; OVENS; RETORTS
- F27B—FURNACES, KILNS, OVENS OR RETORTS IN GENERAL; OPEN SINTERING OR LIKE APPARATUS
- F27B14/00—Crucible or pot furnaces
- F27B14/08—Details specially adapted for crucible or pot furnaces
- F27B2014/0875—Two zones or chambers, e.g. one used for charging
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F27—FURNACES; KILNS; OVENS; RETORTS
- F27B—FURNACES, KILNS, OVENS OR RETORTS IN GENERAL; OPEN SINTERING OR LIKE APPARATUS
- F27B14/00—Crucible or pot furnaces
- F27B14/08—Details specially adapted for crucible or pot furnaces
- F27B2014/0893—Heat-conductive material disposed on the surface of the melt
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F27—FURNACES; KILNS; OVENS; RETORTS
- F27D—DETAILS OR ACCESSORIES OF FURNACES, KILNS, OVENS OR RETORTS, IN SO FAR AS THEY ARE OF KINDS OCCURRING IN MORE THAN ONE KIND OF FURNACE
- F27D99/00—Subject matter not provided for in other groups of this subclass
- F27D99/0001—Heating elements or systems
- F27D99/0033—Heating elements or systems using burners
- F27D99/0035—Heating indirectly through a radiant surface
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Manufacture And Refinement Of Metals (AREA)
- Vertical, Hearth, Or Arc Furnaces (AREA)
- Furnace Details (AREA)
Abstract
Procédé de chauffage d'une masse métallique, notamment maintien en fusion d'un bain métallique, du genre où l'on développe une énergie rayonnante dans un espace surplombant ladite masse métallique en direction de la surface de la masse métallique, ou bain métallique. On fait propager l'énergie rayonnante dans une atmosphère de gaz neutre puis au travers d'une nappe flottante formée d'éléments de transition constituée d'une pluralité de plaques en matériau bon conducteur thermique, bon absorbeur de rayonnement, et de densité assurant leur flottabilité dans le métal en cours de chauffage. L'invention s'applique en premier lieu à la fonderie d'aluminium ou d'alliages d'aluminium.A method of heating a metallic mass, in particular maintaining a molten metal bath, of the type where radiant energy is developed in a space overhanging said metal mass towards the surface of the metal mass, or metal bath. The radiant energy is propagated in an atmosphere of neutral gas then through a floating sheet formed of transition elements made up of a plurality of plates made of a material which is a good thermal conductor, a good absorber of radiation, and of a density ensuring their buoyancy in metal being heated. The invention applies primarily to the foundry of aluminum or aluminum alloys.
Description
! L'invention concerne un procédé de chauffage d'une nasse métallique,! The invention relates to a method for heating a metal trap,
notaimenerit maintien en fusion d'un bain métallique, du genre o l'on développe une énergie rayonnante dans un espace surplombant ladite masse métallique en direction de la surface de la masse métallique ou bain métallique. Ce genre de technmique est essentiellement utilisé en fusion dans les fours dits & bassin pour la fusion et/ou le maintien d'alliages d'aluminium, o la chaleur nécessaire à la fusion ou au maintien n. fusion du métal est fournie par des éléments chauffants notaimenerit molten maintenance of a metal bath, of the kind where one develops a radiant energy in a space above said metal mass in the direction of the surface of the metal mass or metal bath. This kind of technology is mainly used in fusion in so-called basin furnaces for the melting and / or maintenance of aluminum alloys, where the heat required for melting or maintenance n. metal melting is provided by heating elements
placés en voûte et rayomnnant directement sur la charge. placed in vault and beaming directly on the load.
Le faible coéfficient d'absorption du métal liquide (coefficient d'émissivité) pour l'aluminium liquide de l'ordre de 0,15 à 0,23) pose les problèmes suivants dans ce type de four: Les températures de voûte sont importantes (souvent supérieures à 1000 C) afin de pouvoir transférer l'énergie entre la voûte et le bain (température de bain de l'ordre de 7000C avec les alliages d'aluminium). Les pertes thermiques par les réfractaires et l'usure des éléments chauffants augmentent b mesure que la température de la voûte s'élève. De ce fait, ces fours manquent de nervosité. Une renontée de la température du bain de quelques degrés (consécutive par exemple à l'arrivée d'une poche de métal liquide) peut prendre parfois plusieurs dizaines de minutes. Pendant ce laps de temps, la fabrication des pièces moulées est interroepue. Lés arrêts peuvent donc perturber The low coefficient of absorption of the liquid metal (emissivity coefficient) for liquid aluminum of the order of 0.15 to 0.23) poses the following problems in this type of oven: The vault temperatures are high ( often above 1000 C) in order to be able to transfer the energy between the vault and the bath (bath temperature of about 7000C with aluminum alloys). The heat loss by the refractories and the wear of the heating elements increase as the temperature of the vault rises. As a result, these ovens lack nervousness. A return to the bath temperature of a few degrees (consecutive for example to the arrival of a pocket of liquid metal) can sometimes take several tens of minutes. During this time, the manufacture of molded parts is interroepue. The stops can therefore disturb
gravement la fabrication.seriously manufacturing.
D'autre part, la puissance installée doit être très supérieure & l'énergie moyemnne consommée. Dans le cas d'un four de maintien d'alliages d'aluminium, on a typiquement 80 kw de puissance installée On the other hand, the installed power must be much higher than the average energy consumed. In the case of a furnace for holding aluminum alloys, typically 80 kw of installed power
pour 30 kthlh de consommation moyenne. for 30 kthlh of average consumption.
De plus, ce type de transfert thermique favorise la formation In addition, this type of heat transfer promotes training
de concrétions d'oxydes qui détruisent les réfractaires du bain. of oxide concretions that destroy the bath refractories.
Pour tenter de résoudre ces problèmes, on a proposé de répandre sur le bain un corps pulvérulent absorbant Je rayonnement (graphite ou In an attempt to solve these problems, it has been proposed to spread on the bath a pulverulent body which absorbs radiation (graphite or
SiC) et dont la densité est inférieure à celle de l'aluminium liquide. SiC) and whose density is lower than that of liquid aluminum.
Cette menière de procéder n'est pas très efficace car le corps pulvérulent est oxydé par l'oxygène de l'air et disparaît de la surface du bain avec émission de nxonoxyde de carbone, ce qui présente un danger certain pour les opérateurs travaillant autour du four (risques d'intoxication et d'explosion). D'autre part les grains ont tendance b s'agglomérer avec l'alunminiuirr, ce qui fait chuter le coefficient This way of proceeding is not very effective because the pulverulent body is oxidized by the oxygen of the air and disappears from the surface of the bath with emission of carbon monoxide, which presents a certain danger for the operators working around the oven (risk of intoxication and explosion). On the other hand, the grains tend to agglomerate with the alumina, which causes the coefficient to fall
d'absorption de la surface.absorption of the surface.
Le procédé suivant l'invention permet d'éviter les inconvénients susmentionnés, en faisant propager l'énergie rayonnante dans une atmosphère de gaz neutre, puis au travers d'une nappe flottante formée d'éléments de transition constituée d'une pluralité de plaques en metériau bon conducteur thermique, bon absorbeur de rayonnement, et de densité assurant leur flottabilité dans le métal en cours de chauffage. Grâce au bon coefficient d'absorption des plaques (de l'ordre de 0,9) on améliore le transfert thermique entre les plaques et la voûte rayonnante, la chaleur étant ensuite transférée par conduction des plaques vers le bain. L'utilisation de plaques limite les dépôts d'aluminium sur la surface absorbante (le coefficient The method according to the invention makes it possible to avoid the above-mentioned drawbacks, by propagating the radiant energy in a neutral gas atmosphere, then through a floating sheet formed of transition elements consisting of a plurality of plates good thermal conductor material, good radiation absorber, and density ensuring their buoyancy in the metal being heated. Thanks to the good absorption coefficient of the plates (of the order of 0.9), the heat transfer between the plates and the radiating vault is improved, the heat being then transferred by conduction of the plates to the bath. The use of plates limits the deposits of aluminum on the absorbing surface (the coefficient
d'absorption de la surface reste donc très bon en utilisation. absorption of the surface remains very good in use.
1S L'atmosphère inerte peut être injectée au travers du bain par un- 1S The inert atmosphere can be injected through the bath by
bouchon poreux au fond du bassin ou directement à travers la voûte d'enceinte. Le débit de gaz inerte est ajusté de façon à maintenir une légère surpression dans l'enceinte. On élimine ainsi les entrées d'air et on limite l'oxydation du tarbone et tout risque de formation de ?fn monoxyde de carbone. L'atmosphère légèrement réductrice ou neutre dans le four ne favorise pas le développement des concrétions, ce qui permet porous plug at the bottom of the basin or directly through the enclosure vault. The flow of inert gas is adjusted to maintain a slight overpressure in the enclosure. This eliminates the air inlets and limits the oxidation of the tarbone and any risk of formation of carbon monoxide. The slightly reducing or neutral atmosphere in the oven does not favor the development of concretions, which allows
d'améliorer la durée de vie des réfractaires. to improve the life of refractories.
Le procédé selon l'invention permet en outre d'accroître notablement la nervosité des fours et leur productivité (diminution des arrêts de moulage). En effet, à température de voûte constante, l'énergie transférée au bain est nettementplus importante (en théorie accrue d'un facteur multiplicatif qui correspond au rapport des coefficients d'absorption des surfaces 0,9/0,2 = 4,5) dans la réalité, The method according to the invention also makes it possible to significantly increase the nervousness of the furnaces and their productivity (decrease in molding stops). Indeed, at constant vault temperature, the energy transferred to the bath is significantly greater (in theory increased by a multiplicative factor which corresponds to the ratio of the absorption coefficients of the surfaces 0.9 / 0.2 = 4.5) in reality,
on constate que ce facteur multiplicatif est cependant plus faible. we note that this multiplicative factor is however weaker.
Selon une forme de mise en oeuvre, les éléments de transition en forme de plaques sont réalisés en graphite ou carbone et le gaz According to one form of implementation, the plate-shaped transition elements are made of graphite or carbon and the gas
neutre est de l'azote et/ou argon.neutral is nitrogen and / or argon.
L'invention est illustrée à titre d'exemnple en référence au dessin annexé qui est une vue schématique en coupe d'un four de The invention is illustrated by way of example with reference to the accompanying drawing which is a schematic sectional view of a furnace of
maintien en fusion opérant selon l'invention. maintaining melt operating according to the invention.
Un tel four de maintien conporte un bassin 1 formé d'un fond 2 et de parois latérales 3 et 4; il contient un métal liquide 5, par exemple un alliage d'aluminium. Une zone d'admission 6 de métal liquide ou de lingots est recouverte par une porte pivotante 13 et à l'opposé une zone 7 sert à prélever du métal liquide vers une nechine de amoulage. Entre les zones 6 et 7 est ménagée l'enceinte de chauffage 8 à voûte 9 et parois latérales 10 plongeant en dessous du niveau de bain liquide. La voûte 9 est équipée de moyens de chauffage à rayonnement 12. Un injecteur de gaz neutre (non représenté) dans l'enceinte 8 est ménagé soit au travers d'une paroi 10 d'enceinte, soit sous forme de 0 bouchon poreux au travers du fond 2 du bassin, à l'aplcomb de l'enceinte 8, le tout de façon que l'intérieur 11 de l'enceinte 8 reste sous Such a holding furnace comprises a basin 1 formed of a bottom 2 and side walls 3 and 4; it contains a liquid metal 5, for example an aluminum alloy. An intake zone 6 of liquid metal or ingots is covered by a pivoting door 13 and on the opposite a zone 7 serves to take liquid metal to a nechine amulage. Between zones 6 and 7 is provided the heating chamber 8 to vault 9 and side walls 10 dipping below the liquid bath level. The vault 9 is equipped with radiation heating means 12. A neutral gas injector (not shown) in the enclosure 8 is provided either through a wall 10 of enclosure or in the form of a porous plug through of the bottom 2 of the basin, in line with the enclosure 8, all so that the interior 11 of the enclosure 8 remains under
faible surpression.low overpressure.
Par une trappe non représentée, ménagée au travers de la paroi d'enceinte 10, on a engagé sur la surface du bain de métal en fusion une pluralité d'éléments de graphite ou de' carbone 3 sous forme de plaques de faible épaisseur (de l'ordre de quelques centinmtres) de façon à formner une nappe flottante recouvrant la plus grande partie de Through a hatch (not shown) formed through the enclosure wall 10, a plurality of graphite or carbon-3 elements in the form of thin plates (from few hundred meters) so as to form a floating sheet covering most of the
la surface du bain métallique 5.the surface of the metal bath 5.
L'invention s'applique en premier lieu à la fonderie The invention applies primarily to the foundry
d'aluninium ou d'alliages d'aluminium. alumina or aluminum alloys.
Claims (7)
Priority Applications (3)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| FR8910222A FR2650380A1 (en) | 1989-07-28 | 1989-07-28 | METHOD FOR HEATING A METAL BATH |
| EP90401858A EP0410829A1 (en) | 1989-07-28 | 1990-06-28 | Process for heating a metallic bath |
| CA002021303A CA2021303A1 (en) | 1989-07-28 | 1990-07-17 | Heating process for a metal tank |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| FR8910222A FR2650380A1 (en) | 1989-07-28 | 1989-07-28 | METHOD FOR HEATING A METAL BATH |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| FR2650380A1 true FR2650380A1 (en) | 1991-02-01 |
Family
ID=9384263
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| FR8910222A Withdrawn FR2650380A1 (en) | 1989-07-28 | 1989-07-28 | METHOD FOR HEATING A METAL BATH |
Country Status (3)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| EP (1) | EP0410829A1 (en) |
| CA (1) | CA2021303A1 (en) |
| FR (1) | FR2650380A1 (en) |
Families Citing this family (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US5250026A (en) * | 1992-05-27 | 1993-10-05 | Destron/Idi, Inc. | Adjustable precision transponder injector |
| CN105627745B (en) * | 2016-03-18 | 2018-09-07 | 深圳市龙瑞泰兴能源环境科技有限公司 | A kind of metal smelting furnace |
Citations (5)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US4027862A (en) * | 1975-12-19 | 1977-06-07 | Frank W. Schaefer Inc. | Metal melting furnace with alternate heating systems |
| GB1561786A (en) * | 1976-12-09 | 1980-03-05 | Ass Eng Ltd | Heating vessles for molten metal |
| US4353738A (en) * | 1981-05-18 | 1982-10-12 | Lectromelt Corporation | Lead smelting method |
| DE3512868A1 (en) * | 1985-04-04 | 1986-10-09 | W. Strikfeldt & Koch Gmbh, 5276 Wiehl | OVEN, ESPECIALLY MELTING OR WARMING OVEN FOR METAL |
| DE3739073A1 (en) * | 1986-12-30 | 1988-07-14 | Poppi Spa | FURNACE FOR CERAMIC MATERIALS LIKE TILES AND SIMILAR |
-
1989
- 1989-07-28 FR FR8910222A patent/FR2650380A1/en not_active Withdrawn
-
1990
- 1990-06-28 EP EP90401858A patent/EP0410829A1/en not_active Withdrawn
- 1990-07-17 CA CA002021303A patent/CA2021303A1/en not_active Abandoned
Patent Citations (5)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US4027862A (en) * | 1975-12-19 | 1977-06-07 | Frank W. Schaefer Inc. | Metal melting furnace with alternate heating systems |
| GB1561786A (en) * | 1976-12-09 | 1980-03-05 | Ass Eng Ltd | Heating vessles for molten metal |
| US4353738A (en) * | 1981-05-18 | 1982-10-12 | Lectromelt Corporation | Lead smelting method |
| DE3512868A1 (en) * | 1985-04-04 | 1986-10-09 | W. Strikfeldt & Koch Gmbh, 5276 Wiehl | OVEN, ESPECIALLY MELTING OR WARMING OVEN FOR METAL |
| DE3739073A1 (en) * | 1986-12-30 | 1988-07-14 | Poppi Spa | FURNACE FOR CERAMIC MATERIALS LIKE TILES AND SIMILAR |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| EP0410829A1 (en) | 1991-01-30 |
| CA2021303A1 (en) | 1991-01-29 |
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Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| ST | Notification of lapse |