ES2357485T3 - Sistema de ánalisis de muestras de sangre integrado con módulo de toma de muestras de múltiples usos. - Google Patents
Sistema de ánalisis de muestras de sangre integrado con módulo de toma de muestras de múltiples usos. Download PDFInfo
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- A61B5/15—Devices for taking samples of blood
- A61B5/157—Devices characterised by integrated means for measuring characteristics of blood
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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- A61B5/145—Measuring characteristics of blood in vivo, e.g. gas concentration or pH-value ; Measuring characteristics of body fluids or tissues, e.g. interstitial fluid or cerebral tissue
- A61B5/14532—Measuring characteristics of blood in vivo, e.g. gas concentration or pH-value ; Measuring characteristics of body fluids or tissues, e.g. interstitial fluid or cerebral tissue for measuring glucose, e.g. by tissue impedance measurement
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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- A61B5/15103—Piercing procedure
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- A61B5/15101—Details
- A61B5/15115—Driving means for propelling the piercing element to pierce the skin, e.g. comprising mechanisms based on shape memory alloys, magnetism, solenoids, piezoelectric effect, biased elements, resilient elements, vacuum or compressed fluids
- A61B5/15123—Driving means for propelling the piercing element to pierce the skin, e.g. comprising mechanisms based on shape memory alloys, magnetism, solenoids, piezoelectric effect, biased elements, resilient elements, vacuum or compressed fluids comprising magnets or solenoids
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- A61B5/15—Devices for taking samples of blood
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- A61B5/15146—Devices loaded with multiple lancets simultaneously, e.g. for serial firing without reloading, for example by use of stocking means.
- A61B5/15148—Constructional features of stocking means, e.g. strip, roll, disc, cartridge, belt or tube
- A61B5/15157—Geometry of stocking means or arrangement of piercing elements therein
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- A61B5/15163—Characterized by propelling the piercing element in an axial direction relative to the disc
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- A61B5/15146—Devices loaded with multiple lancets simultaneously, e.g. for serial firing without reloading, for example by use of stocking means.
- A61B5/15148—Constructional features of stocking means, e.g. strip, roll, disc, cartridge, belt or tube
- A61B5/15176—Stocking means comprising cap, cover, sheath or protection for aseptic stocking
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Abstract
Aparato (106) para recoger sangre de la piel de un paciente, comprendiendo el aparato un alojamiento de unidad (146) que incluye una pluralidad de segmentos de toma de muestras, comprendiendo cada segmento de toma de muestras un orificio de toma de muestras (140), una lanceta (148) que presenta una punta (150), la punta adyacente al orificio de toma de muestras, la lanceta mantenida dentro del alojamiento y que puede hacerse funcionar para extender la punta de lanceta a través del orificio de toma de muestras para perforar la piel de un paciente situada adyacente al orificio de toma de muestras, y una cámara de prueba de muestras (168) en comunicación fluídica con el orificio de toma de muestras, estando asociada la cámara de prueba de muestras con unos medios de prueba, caracterizado porque cada segmento de toma de muestras comprende además un depósito (182) de calibrador en comunicación fluídica con una cámara de calibración (184), estando asociada la cámara de calibración con unos medios de prueba de calibrador.
Description
El análisis bioquímico de muestras de sangre es una herramienta de diagnóstico importante para la determinación del estado del paciente. El análisis de una muestra de sangre para determinar el nivel de glucosa puede proporcionar una poderosa herramienta para los diabéticos que requieren un estricto control de los niveles de glucosa en sangre en un esfuerzo por minimizar los efectos perjudiciales a largo plazo de la enfermedad. En este momento, la tecnología de análisis de sangre no invasivo no proporciona la precisión y especificidad requeridas para pruebas clínicas, de modo que las muestras de prueba proceden principalmente de la sangre, el líquido intersticial, la orina o la saliva. Se realizan muchas pruebas de análisis de diagnóstico inmediato directamente en sangre completa capilar, que se obtiene normalmente realizando una pequeña incisión en un dedo utilizando un dispositivo de punción con lanceta portátil. El dispositivo de punción con lanceta portátil incluye habitualmente una lanceta que se desplaza rápidamente para penetrar en el dedo, creando una pequeña herida desde la cual se forma una gota de sangre en la superficie de la piel tras haberse retraído la lanceta de la incisión.
Además de la lanceta, los pacientes normalmente tratan con otros numerosos componentes individuales cada vez que se lleva a cabo una prueba de sangre, por ejemplo un impulsor de lanceta separado, tiras reactivas individuales, y un lector de tiras reactivas. Cada vez que se realiza una prueba de sangre, el usuario debe preparar los componentes individuales, desenvolviéndolos y/o uniéndolos, realizando una serie de etapas para obtener una muestra de sangre a partir de la piel sometida a punción con lanceta. Generalmente, la gota de sangre debe colocarse en una tira de ensayo de muestras de forma apropiada, y la tira de ensayo de muestras se analiza utilizando un aparato de medición, o lector. Después de cada prueba, los componentes deben separarse y los materiales desechables (es decir, las lancetas y las tiras reactivas) deben desecharse de manera adecuada.
El proceso de adquisición y pruebas de una muestra de sangre utilizando estos dispositivos convencionales puede ser doloroso y con frecuencia implica numerosas etapas, cuya consecuencia es que se reduce el cumplimiento del paciente de los frecuentes regímenes de pruebas de autodiagnóstico requeridos para el tratamiento de la enfermedad. Además del dolor y la parafernalia requerida por las pruebas de autodiagnóstico, la tasa de éxito de una muestra de sangre adecuada obtenida no es del 100%. La tasa de éxito puede verse afectada por la reproducibilidad de la técnica de punción con lanceta utilizada (debido a la variación en la hidratación y el espesor de la piel, callos, etc.), así como la habilidad para obtener una gota de sangre de la incisión. Las lancetas y los dispositivos de punción con lanceta convencionales de la industria actual pueden presentar una tasa de éxito de tan sólo el 50% en la generación de una muestra de sangre desde la punta del dedo. Los diabéticos que deseen observar el régimen óptimo de pruebas de autodiagnóstico de 5-6 veces al día, en esencia, necesitarían realizar la punción con lanceta a sí mismos un promedio de 10-12 veces sólo para obtener las muestras de sangre requeridas. Los dispositivos de punción con lanceta más satisfactorios son, en realidad, satisfactorios en aproximadamente del 80 al 90%.
Lo que se necesita es un procedimiento mejorado para la toma de muestras y el análisis de líquidos corporales que sea conveniente y rentable dando como resultado un procedimiento simplificado para la extracción y el análisis de muestras de sangre en el lado del paciente.
La patente US nº 5.971.941 da a conocer un aparato de toma de muestras de sangre para la toma de muestras de sangre a partir de la piel de un paciente para análisis. El aparato incluye un cartucho y un alojamiento con un impulsor. El cartucho presenta una envoltura del cartucho, una lanceta y un compartimiento asociado con la envoltura del cartucho, para recibir la sangre. La lanceta se aloja en la envoltura del cartucho y está conectada funcionalmente a la misma de manera que pueda impulsarse para extenderse fuera de la envoltura del cartucho a través de una abertura de punción con lanceta para la punción con lanceta de la piel para producir sangre. El alojamiento presenta un impulsor para empujar la lanceta para que se extienda fuera de la envoltura del cartucho. Durante la punción con lanceta, el cartucho preferentemente se sostiene de manera desmontable en el alojamiento, de manera que el cartucho pueda disociarse del impulsor después de la toma de muestras de sangre.
DESCRIPCIÓN DE LA INVENCIÓN
Se exponen aspectos de una invención en las reivindicaciones adjuntas.
Las formas de realización de la invención se refieren de forma general al análisis de líquidos corporales. La invención se refiere más en particular a un módulo de toma de muestras desechable que puede utilizarse múltiples veces antes de desecharse.
Se describen formas de realización de la invención, que incluyen un sistema para la recogida de sangre capilar que incorpora un módulo de toma de muestras desechable. Están previstos un accionamiento, una punción con lanceta, una adquisición de muestras, pruebas y lectura simplificados, todo en un aparato portátil. Una forma de realización del módulo de toma de muestras contiene muchos segmentos de toma de muestras individuales, cada uno de los cuales permite la recogida y pruebas de una muestra de sangre. Esto permite que el módulo de toma de muestras se utilice numerosas veces antes de que se cambie por un nuevo módulo y la eliminación del módulo utilizado llegue a ser necesaria, reduciéndose así la necesidad de desechar los materiales utilizados después de cada prueba. La forma de realización del módulo de toma de muestras también retiene los materiales de toma de muestras utilizados de manera segura, reduciendo de ese modo el problema de manipulación de materiales de riesgo biológico.
Anteriormente, era necesario que el usuario de una lanceta pasara por una serie de etapas para obtener y analizar una muestra de sangre, incluyendo preparar los componentes (por ejemplo, lancetas, tiras reactivas, etc.) montar un impulsor de lanceta, activar el impulsor para disparar la lanceta, depositar manualmente una muestra de sangre en una zona de almacenamiento o análisis de muestras, y eliminar de manera segura los materiales de prueba utilizados a la finalización de la prueba. El sistema de formas de realización de la presente invención hace el procedimiento de recogida de sangre más conveniente para el usuario eliminando la necesidad de que el usuario realice repetidamente muchas de estas etapas.
Una forma de realización del módulo de toma de muestras prevé un procedimiento de toma de muestras y análisis de sangre simplificado al presentar menos componentes que requieren ensamblaje por parte del usuario y reduciendo la frecuencia en que los componentes deben ensamblarse para las pruebas. Un único segmento de toma de muestras combina la lanceta y los medios de prueba, reduciendo la tarea de ensamblaje por parte del usuario. El módulo de toma de muestras combina muchos de dichos segmentos de toma de muestras en un paquete unitario que se ajusta como un casete en un dispositivo lector. Sólo es necesario retirar y sustituir este módulo de toma de muestras multiuso después de que se utilicen los segmentos de toma de muestras, reduciendo adicionalmente la tarea de ensamblaje (y desensamblaje y eliminación) por parte del usuario. En una configuración posible, un impulsor de lanceta se proporciona mediante un aparato separado. En otras formas de realización, el impulsor de lanceta está incluido en el dispositivo lector o está integrado directamente en el módulo de toma de muestras.
Se describen técnicas para la extracción de una muestra de sangre humana para la medición de uno o más de sus constituyentes, tal como podría utilizarse para la monitorización de rutina de un estado crónico tal como diabetes mellitus. Las técnicas simplifican la extracción y la transferencia de la muestra de sangre, y reducen los inconvenientes del procedimiento. Las técnicas pueden utilizarse ventajosamente en, por ejemplo, la monitorización de glucosa en sangre, pruebas de coagulación, pruebas estadísticas en lugares de atención para monitorizar el estado del paciente con el tiempo. Las técnicas pueden utilizarse en la práctica clínica o para la utilización en el hogar u otras prácticas de campo, tales como la utilización en campos de batalla, líneas aéreas o cruceros.
Una forma de realización incluye un sistema miniaturizado que puede llevar fácilmente el usuario, por ejemplo en un bolso pequeño o un bolsillo de la chaqueta. Puesto que la toma de muestras es frecuentemente insatisfactoria debido a la obtención de un volumen de muestra inadecuado, un sistema en miniatura para obtener y analizar de manera fiable muestras pequeñas mejoraría la aceptación de los usuarios de los procedimientos de toma de muestras.
En otra forma de realización, se describe también un procedimiento para proporcionar una toma de muestras de sangre más conveniente, en el que las etapas asociadas con la preparación de materiales de punción con lanceta y toma de muestras se eliminan o se hacen menos frecuentes. En el procedimiento, una serie de muestras de sangre pueden recogerse y someterse a prueba utilizando un único módulo de toma de muestras desechable que está diseñado para acoplarse a un dispositivo lector. El módulo de toma de muestras presenta una pluralidad de segmentos de toma de muestras, estando adaptado cada uno de los segmentos de toma de muestras para que se utilice para un único ciclo de toma de muestras de sangre. El procedimiento comienza con el acoplamiento del módulo de toma de muestras y el dispositivo lector y luego se inicia un único ciclo de toma de muestras de sangre. A la finalización del ciclo de toma de muestras de sangre, el módulo de toma de muestras se hace avanzar para poner un segmento de toma de muestras nuevo, no utilizado en línea, listo para realizar otro ciclo de toma de muestras de sangre. Después de realizarse una serie de ciclos de toma de muestras de sangre y haberse utilizado todos (o sustancialmente todos) los segmentos de toma de muestras, se desacopla el módulo de toma de muestras del dispositivo lector y se desecha, dejando el dispositivo lector listo para acoplarse con un nuevo módulo de toma de muestras.
Los objetivos, ventajas y características de esta invención se pondrán más claramente de manifiesto a partir de la siguiente descripción detallada, cuando se lea conjuntamente con el dibujo adjunto, en el que
la figura 1 ilustra un sistema de toma de muestras de sangre que presenta las características de la presente invención.
La figura 2 es una vista de la superficie superior del módulo de toma de muestras.
La figura 3 representa esquemáticamente un segmento de toma de muestras del módulo de toma de muestras en su lugar en el dispositivo lector.
MEJOR MODO DE PONER EN PRÁCTICA LA INVENCIÓN
- Se
- mencionan las patentes US nº 3.030.059, US nº 3.626.929, US nº 4.360.016, US nº 4.608.997,
- US nº 4.622.974,
- US nº 4.627.445, US nº 4.637.403, US nº 4.648.408, US nº 4.653.513, US nº 4.873.993,
- US nº 4.883.068,
- US nº 4.895.147, US nº 4.920.977, WO 97/42882, US nº 5.047.044, US nº 5.871.494,
US nº 5.971.941, US nº 6.071.294, US nº 6.036.924, US nº 5.714.390, US nº 5.801.057, US nº 5.632.410, US nº 5.510.266, US nº 5.500.071, US nº 5.571.410 y US nº 5.645.702.
Debe entenderse que tanto la descripción general anterior como la siguiente descripción detallada son únicamente ejemplificativas y explicativas y no son limitativas de la invención, según se reivindica. Debe observarse que, tal como se utiliza en la memoria y en las reivindicaciones adjuntas, las formas singulares "un/o", "una" y "el/la" incluyen referencias plurales a menos que el contexto indique claramente lo contrario. Por tanto, por ejemplo, la referencia a "un material" incluye mezclas de materiales, la referencia a "una cámara" incluye cámaras múltiples, y similares.
En la presente memoria y en las siguientes reivindicaciones, se hará referencia a varios términos que se definirán para presentar los siguientes significados:
El término "integrado" tal como se utiliza en la presente memoria significa que se llevan a cabo dos o más funciones sin intervención por parte del usuario: el sistema de toma de muestras de sangre "integrado" contiene los mecanismos para una pluralidad de funciones, por ejemplo, punción con lanceta, recogida y pruebas de muestras de sangre, trasmisión de la información acerca de la muestra al dispositivo lector, y avance del módulo de toma de muestras para poner el siguiente segmento de muestra en línea. El grupo de funciones se lleva a cabo como resultado de un simple acto de iniciación por parte del usuario (es decir, no tiene que iniciarse cada función por separado por parte del usuario). En el contexto de un dispositivo lector/módulo de toma de muestras combinados, integrado significa que el accionamiento del impulsor de lanceta, la punción con lanceta de la piel, la recogida y el análisis de muestras, la visualización de los resultados de las pruebas, y (opcionalmente) el avance del módulo de toma de muestras a la siguiente posición puede producirse todo como resultado de un único movimiento sencillo por parte del usuario, tal como presionar el aparato contra la piel de la que va a tomarse una muestra o apretar un botón para activar el impulsor de lanceta. En otra forma de realización, la etapa de proporcionar una medición de calibración está integrada con las etapas mencionadas previamente. Si un dispositivo está "configurado para permitir las etapas integradas A, B y C", entonces las etapas A, B y C siguen todas como resultado de una única acción de iniciación. El término "unidad" cuando se utiliza en relación al módulo de toma de muestras, o partes del módulo de toma de muestras, significa que los componentes en el módulo de toma de muestras se ensamblan en un único alojamiento, de modo que los múltiples segmentos de toma de muestras están contenidos en un dispositivo de "unidad" única.
Los términos "opcional" o "opcionalmente" significan que la circunstancia que se describe posteriormente puede producirse o no, de modo que la descripción incluye casos en los que la circunstancia se produce y casos en los que no. Por ejemplo, si un dispositivo contiene opcionalmente una característica para analizar una muestra de sangre, esto significa que la característica de análisis puede estar presente o no, y, por tanto, la descripción incluye estructuras en las que un dispositivo presenta la característica de análisis y estructuras en las que la característica de análisis no está presente.
La expresión "medios de prueba" se refiere a cualquier utilización, individualmente o en combinación, de procedimientos y reactivos de prueba químicos, procedimientos y circuitos de prueba eléctricos, procedimientos y componentes de prueba físicos, procedimientos y componentes de prueba ópticos, y procedimientos y reactivos de prueba biológicos para proporcionar información acerca de una muestra de sangre. Dichos procedimientos son bien conocidos en la técnica y pueden basarse en las enseñanzas de, por ejemplo, Tietz Textbook of Clinical Chemistry, 3ª Ed., Sec. V, págs. 776-78 (Burtis & Ashwood, Eds., W.B. Saunders Company, Filadelfia, 1999); la patente US nº 5.997.817 de Chrismore et al. (7 de dic., 1999); la patente US nº 5.059.394 de Phillips et al. (22 de oct., 1991); la patente US nº 5.001.054 de Wagner et al. (19 de mar., 1991); y la patente US nº 4.392.933 de Nakamura et al. (12 de julio, 1983). Los medios de prueba pueden incluir sensores en la cámara de prueba de muestras que someten a prueba las propiedades electroquímicas de la sangre, o pueden incluir medios ópticos para la detección de propiedades ópticas de la sangre (por ejemplo, nivel de saturación de oxígeno), o pueden incluir reactivos bioquímicos (por ejemplo, anticuerpos) para detectar propiedades (por ejemplo, la presencia de antígenos) de la sangre. Dichos medios de prueba pueden estar presentes en, por ejemplo, un "sitio de prueba " o un "sitio de análisis." Los medios de prueba pueden comprender un material de biodetección o reactivo que reaccionará con un analito en la sangre (por ejemplo, glucosa) de modo que se genera una señal apropiada que se correlaciona con la presencia del analito y puede leerse por el aparato lector. Los medios de prueba están "asociados con" una cámara u otra estructura cuando los medios de prueba participan en la función de proporcionar una señal apropiada acerca de la muestra de sangre al dispositivo lector. La expresión "medios de prueba de calibrador" se refiere a medios de prueba utilizados para someter a prueba un calibrador.
El término "lanceta" significa algún elemento afilado utilizado para perforar la piel con el fin de cortar vasos sanguíneos y permitir que fluya sangre a la superficie de la piel. La lanceta presenta ciertos parámetros tales como diámetro o ancho para definir el área en sección transversal del elemento, y la geometría para definir la forma del extremo de punción con lanceta distal o frontal del elemento. La expresión "impulsor de lanceta" significa cualquier medio para propulsar la lanceta para perforar la piel. Ejemplos de lancetas e impulsores de lanceta se conocen bien en la técnica y se describen en la presente memoria con relación a la invención.
El término "grabado" se utiliza para hacer referencia a un proceso para formar conformaciones de polímero, metal o cerámica poniendo un troquel de grabado en contacto con una pieza en bruto preexistente de polímero, metal o cerámica. Se aplica una fuerza controlada entre el troquel de grabado y la pieza en bruto preexistente de material de manera que el patrón y la conformación determinados por el troquel de grabado se presionan en la pieza en bruto preexistente de polímero, metal o cerámica. El término "grabado" abarca "grabado en caliente" que se utiliza para hacer referencia a un proceso para formar conformaciones de polímero, metal o cerámica poniendo un troquel de grabado en contacto con una pieza en bruto preexistente calentada de polímero, metal o cerámica. La pieza en bruto preexistente de material se calienta de manera que se ajusta al troquel de grabado cuando se aplica una fuerza controlada entre el troquel de grabado y la pieza en bruto preexistente. La conformación resultante de polímero, metal o cerámica se enfría y luego se retira del troquel de grabado.
La expresión "moldeo por inyección" se utiliza para hacer referencia a un procedimiento para moldear conformaciones cerámicas plásticas o no plásticas inyectando una cantidad medida de un sustrato de plástico o cerámica fundido en troqueles (o moldes). En una forma de realización de la presente invención, pueden producirse componentes de dispositivos miniaturizados utilizando moldeo por inyección.
Haciendo referencia a la figura 1, se muestran un sistema de toma de muestras de sangre que incorpora un módulo de toma de muestras 100 desechable y un dispositivo lector 102. El dispositivo lector 102 incluye una cubierta 104 que presenta una tapa 106 unida a la cubierta por bisagras a lo largo del borde posterior del sistema 108. Una pantalla de visualización de lecturas 110 en la tapa 106 funciona para proporcionar al usuario información acerca del estado del dispositivo lector 102 y/o el módulo de toma de muestras 100, o proporcionar una lectura de una prueba de sangre. El dispositivo lector 102 presenta varios botones 112 de funciones para controlar la función del dispositivo lector 102 o para introducir información en el dispositivo lector 102. Alternativamente, el dispositivo lector puede presentar una pantalla táctil, un escáner óptico, u otros medios de entrada conocidos en la técnica. Un dispositivo lector con un escáner óptico puede resultar particularmente útil en una práctica clínica, en el que la información de paciente puede registrarse utilizando códigos de escaneo en pulseras o archivos de pacientes. El dispositivo lector puede presentar una memoria, que permita al dispositivo lector almacenar los resultados de muchas pruebas recientes. El dispositivo lector puede presentar también una función de reloj y calendario, que permita que los resultados de pruebas almacenados en la memoria se sellen con hora y fecha. Una interfaz informática 114 permite que se exporten los registros en la memoria a un ordenador. El dispositivo lector 102 presenta una cámara ubicada entre la cubierta 104 y la tapa 106 que aloja de manera próxima un módulo de toma de muestras 100. Se accede a la cámara levantando la tapa 106, permitiendo que se inserte o retire un módulo de toma de muestras 100.
La figura 2 es una ilustración que muestra algunas de las características de una realización de un módulo de toma de muestras. El módulo de toma de muestras 100 presenta un alojamiento que presenta una interfaz de contacto sensible a la orientación para coincidir con una superficie complementaria en el dispositivo lector. La interfaz de contacto funciona para alinear el módulo de toma de muestras con el dispositivo lector, y también permite al dispositivo lector girar el módulo de toma de muestras en la preparación para un nuevo acontecimiento de toma de muestras. La interfaz de contacto puede adoptar la forma de dientes o surcos formados en el alojamiento que coinciden con dientes
o surcos complementarios en la cámara del dispositivo lector. El módulo de toma de muestras presenta una pluralidad de sitios de toma de muestras 120 en el alojamiento, que se muestran como depresiones ligeramente cóncavas cerca del perímetro del módulo de toma de muestras 100. Cada sitio de toma de muestras define una abertura 122 contigua con un orificio de toma de muestras que entra en el módulo de toma de muestras. En una forma de realización alternativa, los sitios de toma de muestras y los orificios de toma de muestras están ubicados en el borde del módulo de toma de muestras. Ventanas ópticas 124 permiten la transmisión de la luz al interior del módulo de toma de muestras con el fin de leer ópticamente los resultados de prueba. Alternativamente, los puntos de conexión de sensor permiten la transmisión de resultados de prueba al dispositivo lector por medio de contacto eléctrico. Los orificios de acceso 126, si están presentes, permiten la transmisión de fuerza o presión al interior del módulo de toma de muestras desde el dispositivo lector. Los orificios de acceso pueden ser útiles conjuntamente con la ejecución de una prueba de calibración o la combinación de reactivos con muestras de sangre.
Las características descritas se disponen alrededor del módulo de toma de muestras, y el módulo de toma de muestras se divide radialmente en muchos segmentos de toma de muestras, presentando cada segmento de toma de muestras los componentes necesarios para realizar un único acontecimiento de toma de muestras y pruebas de sangre. Una pluralidad de segmentos de toma de muestras están presentes en un módulo de toma de muestras, generalmente por lo menos diez segmentos de toma de muestras están presentes en un único módulo de toma de muestras desechable; por lo menos aproximadamente 20, o más en algunas formas de realización, y por lo menos aproximadamente 34 segmentos de toma de muestras están presentes en una realización, lo que permite que el módulo de toma de muestras se mantenga en el dispositivo lector durante aproximadamente una semana antes de que se sustituya por un módulo de toma de muestras nuevo (suponiendo cinco acontecimientos de toma de muestras y pruebas de sangre al día durante siete días). Con el aumento de la miniaturización, hasta aproximadamente 100, o más preferentemente hasta aproximadamente 150, segmentos de toma de muestras pueden incluirse en un único módulo de toma de muestras, permitiendo hasta un mes entre sustituciones por nuevos módulos de toma de muestras. Puede ser necesario que los sitios de toma de muestras estén ubicados en varios anillos concéntricos alrededor del módulo de toma de muestras (o empaquetados de otro modo en la superficie de alojamiento) para permitir el mayor número de segmentos de toma de muestras en un único módulo de toma de muestras. En otras formas de realización, el módulo de toma de muestras puede presentar cualquier otra forma que pueda insertarse convenientemente en un dispositivo lector y que están diseñados para contener múltiples segmentos de toma de muestras, por ejemplo una forma cuadrada, rectangular, ovalada o poligonal. Cada segmento de toma de muestras se miniaturiza, siendo generalmente menor que aproximadamente 6,0 cm de largo por aproximadamente 1,0 cm de ancho por aproximadamente 1,0 cm de espesor, de manera que treinta y cinco segmentos de toma de muestras más o menos en forma de cuña pueden caber alrededor de un disco que presenta un radio de aproximadamente de 6,0 cm. Preferentemente, cada segmento de toma de muestras es mucho mas pequeño, por ejemplo menor que aproximadamente 3,0 cm de largo por aproximadamente 0,5 cm de ancho por aproximadamente 0,5 cm de espesor.
La figura 3 representa, de manera sumamente esquemática, un único segmento de toma de muestras, situado en el dispositivo lector. Naturalmente, al experto en la materia se le ocurrirá que los diversos componentes citados pueden disponerse físicamente en diversas configuraciones para proporcionar un sistema funcional. La figura 3 representa algunos componentes que podrían estar presentes sólo en formas de realización alternativas y no todos están presentes necesariamente en cualquier realización individual. El segmento de toma de muestras presenta un orificio de toma de muestras 140 que es contiguo con una abertura 142 definida por un sitio de toma de muestras 144 en el alojamiento 146 del módulo de toma de muestras. Una lanceta 148 que presenta una punta 150 de lanceta adyacente al orificio de toma de muestras 140 se mantiene funcionalmente dentro del alojamiento de manera que la lanceta 148 se puede mover para extender la punta 150 de lanceta a través del orificio de toma de muestras 140 al exterior del módulo de toma de muestras. La lanceta 148 también presenta una cabeza 152 de lanceta opuesta a la punta de lanceta. La lanceta 148 se impulsa para moverse mediante un impulsor de lanceta 154, que se representa esquemáticamente como una espira alrededor de la lanceta 148. El impulsor de lanceta 154 opcionalmente está incluido en el módulo de toma de muestras (tal como se representa) o alternativamente es externo al módulo de toma de muestras. El segmento de toma de muestras puede incluir además un orificio de impulsor 156 definido por el alojamiento adyacente a la cabeza 152 de lanceta, el orificio de impulsor 156 permite que el impulsor de lanceta externo 158 acceda a la lanceta 148. En las formas de realización en las que el impulsor de lanceta 154 está en el módulo de toma de muestras, puede ser necesario tener un punto de conexión de impulsor 164 en el alojamiento accesible para el dispositivo lector. El punto de conexión de impulsor 164 puede ser un medio de activación del impulsor de lanceta 154 o de suministro de fuerza motriz al impulsor de lanceta 154, por ejemplo una corriente eléctrica para un impulsor de lanceta electromecánico. En una realización, una membrana perforable 160 está presente entre la punta 150 de lanceta y el orificio de toma de muestras 140, sellando la lanceta 148 frente a cualquier contacto con el exterior antes de su utilización. Una segunda membrana 162 puede estar presente adyacente a la cabeza 152 de lanceta sellando el orificio de impulsor 156. La membrana perforable 160 y la segunda membrana 162 funcionan para aislar la lanceta 148 dentro de la cámara de lanceta para mantener la esterilidad de lanceta 148 antes de su utilización. Durante la utilización, la membrana perforable 160 y la segunda membrana 162, si están presentes, se perforan por la punta 150 de lanceta y el impulsor de lanceta 158 externo, respectivamente.
Un canal 166 capilar conduce desde el orificio de toma de muestras 140 hasta una cámara de prueba de muestras 168. La cámara de prueba de muestras 168 está asociada con unos medios de prueba que pueden leerse por el dispositivo lector. Si los medios de prueba son de naturaleza óptica, los medios de prueba pueden incluir ventanas ópticamente transparentes 170 en el alojamiento por encima y por debajo de la cámara de prueba de muestras 168, permitiendo una fuente de luz en el dispositivo lector que pase luz 172 a través de la cámara de prueba de muestras. Un sensor óptico 174, por ejemplo una disposición de CMOS, está presente en el dispositivo lector para detectar la luz 176 que ha pasado a través de la cámara de prueba de muestras 168 y que genera una señal que va a analizarse por el dispositivo lector. En una forma de realización separada, solamente está presente una ventana ópticamente transparente, y el lado opuesto de la cámara de prueba de muestras se platea o se recubre de manera reflectante de otro modo para reflejar la luz de vuelta a través de la cámara de prueba de muestras y fuera de la ventana que va a analizarse por el dispositivo lector. En una forma de realización alternativa, los medios de prueba son electroquímicos 178, por ejemplo un electrodo enzimático, e incluyen medios de transmisión de una corriente eléctrica desde el módulo de toma de muestras hasta el dispositivo lector, por ejemplo un contacto eléctrico 180 en el alojamiento accesible para el dispositivo lector.
En una forma de realización, la membrana perforable 160 puede estar compuesta por una película a base de polímero que se ha recubierto con un gel a base de silicona. Por ejemplo, la estructura de la membrana puede comprender una película a base de polímero compuesta por poli(tereftalato de etileno), tal como la película vendida con la marca comercial MYLAR. La estructura de la membrana puede comprender además un recubrimiento delgado de un gel a base de silicona tal como el gel vendido con la marca comercial SYLGARD sobre por lo menos una superficie de la película. La utilidad de una película de este tipo es su capacidad para volverse a sellar después de que la penetre la punta de lanceta sin afectar físicamente a la punta y los bordes cortantes de la lanceta. La película MYLAR proporciona estabilidad estructural mientras que el material laminado delgado de silicona SYLGARD es lo suficientemente flexible como para conservar su forma y cerrar el orificio realizado en la película MYLAR. Otros materiales similares que cumplen con los papeles de estabilidad estructural y flexibilidad pueden utilizarse en la fabricación de la membrana perforable en esta realización.
La membrana perforable 160 funciona para permitir que la punta 150 de lanceta perfore la membrana perforable 160 mientras que la punta 150 de lanceta se desplaza al interior y a través del orificio de toma de muestras
140. En la forma de realización descrita, el gel a base de silicona de la membrana 160 sella automáticamente el corte producido por la punta 150 de lanceta. Por tanto, después de realizar una incisión en un dedo de un usuario y retraerse la punta 150 de lanceta hacia atrás a través de la membrana perforable 160, se impide que la sangre de la incisión fluya a través de la membrana perforable 160, lo cual ayuda a la sangre a desplazarse a través de la cámara capilar 166 para acumularse dentro de la cámara de prueba de muestras 168. Así la membrana perforable 160 evita que la sangre fluya al interior del conjunto de dispositivo de lanceta, y se evitan la contaminación y la pérdida de sangre en la cavidad del mecanismo de dispositivo de lanceta. Todavía en otra forma de realización, los orificios de toma de muestras utilizados se sellan automáticamente antes de ir al siguiente ciclo de adquisición de muestras mediante un sencillo mecanismo de botón. Un mecanismo similar sella un orificio de toma de muestras, si la toma de muestras fuese insatisfactoria.
En una forma de realización alternativa, un depósito de suministro de calibrador 182 también está presente en cada segmento de toma de muestras. El depósito de suministro de calibrador 182 se llena con una disolución de calibrador y está en comunicación fluídica con una cámara de calibración 184. La cámara de calibración 184 proporciona una fuente de una señal conocida desde el módulo de toma de muestras que se utiliza para validar y cuantificar la prueba llevada a cabo en la cámara de prueba de muestras 168. Como tal, la configuración de la cámara de calibración 184 se asemeja estrechamente a la cámara de prueba de muestras 168. Durante la utilización, la disolución de calibrador se fuerza desde el depósito de suministro de calibrador 182 al interior de la cámara de calibración 184. La figura representa un pistón 186 estilizado por encima del depósito de suministro de calibrador 182 listo para comprimir el depósito de suministro de calibrador 182. En la práctica, una variedad de procedimientos de transporte de pequeñas cantidades de fluido se conocen en la técnica y pueden implementarse en el módulo de toma de muestras. La cámara de calibración 184 está asociada con unos medios de prueba de calibrador. La figura 3 muestra dos medios de prueba de calibrador alternativos, las ventanas ópticas 170 y un sensor electroquímico 188. En los casos en los que el módulo de toma de muestras está diseñado para realizar varias pruebas diferentes en la sangre, pueden estar presentes medios de prueba tanto ópticos como electroquímicos. Las ventanas ópticas 170 permiten el paso de luz 190 desde el dispositivo lector a través de la cámara de calibración 184, con lo cual la luz 192 que abandona la cámara de calibración 184 pasa sobre un sensor óptico 174 para dar como resultado una señal en el dispositivo lector. El sensor electroquímico 188 puede generar una señal que se comunica al dispositivo lector por medio, por ejemplo, de un contacto eléctrico 194, que es accesible para una sonda 196 de contacto en el dispositivo lector que se puede extender para entrar en contacto con el contacto eléctrico 194. La disolución de calibrador puede ser cualquier disolución que, en combinación con los medios de prueba de calibrador, proporcionará una señal adecuada que servirá como medición de calibración para el dispositivo lector. Se conocen en la técnica disoluciones de calibrador adecuadas, por ejemplo disoluciones de glucosa de concentración conocida. La medición de calibración se utiliza para ajustar los resultados obtenidos de los medios de prueba desde la cámara de prueba de muestras.
Para mantener un tamaño pequeño en algunas formas de realización de módulos de toma de muestras, que permita que pequeñas cantidades de sangre tomada como muestra sean suficientes, cada componente del segmento de toma de muestras debe ser pequeño, particularmente el canal capilar y la cámara de prueba de muestras. El canal capilar puede ser menor que aproximadamente 0,5 mm de diámetro, específicamente menor que aproximadamente 0,3 mm de diámetro, más específicamente menor que aproximadamente 0,2 mm de diámetro, e incluso más específicamente menor que aproximadamente 0,1 mm de diámetro. El canal capilar puede ser generalmente de por lo menos aproximadamente 50 micrómetros de diámetro. Las dimensiones de la cámara de prueba de muestras pueden ser menor que aproximadamente 1 mm por aproximadamente 1 mm por aproximadamente 1 mm, específicamente menor que aproximadamente 0,6 mm por aproximadamente 0,6 mm por aproximadamente 0,4 mm, más específicamente menor que aproximadamente 0,4 mm por 0,4 mm por 0,2 mm, e incluso más específicamente menor que aproximadamente 0,2 mm por aproximadamente 0,2 mm por aproximadamente 0,1 mm. La cámara de prueba de muestras puede ser generalmente de por lo menos aproximadamente 100 micrómetros por 100 micrómetros por 50 micrómetros. El módulo de toma de muestras puede devolver un resultado de prueba válido con menos de aproximadamente 5 microlitros de sangre tomados de la piel de un paciente, específicamente con menos de aproximadamente 1 microlitro, más específicamente con menos de aproximadamente 0,4 microlitros, e incluso más específicamente con menos de aproximadamente 0,2 microlitros. Generalmente, se extraen por lo menos 0,05 microlitros de sangre para una muestra.
El alojamiento del módulo de muestras puede realizarse en una pluralidad de distintas piezas que posteriormente se montan para proporcionar el alojamiento completado. Las distintas piezas se pueden fabricar a partir de una amplia gama de materiales de sustrato. Los materiales adecuados para formar el aparato descrito incluyen, pero no son limitados a, materiales poliméricos, cerámicas (incluyendo óxido de aluminio y similares), vidrio, metales, materiales compuestos, y materiales laminados de los mismos. Los materiales poliméricos se prefieren particularmente en la presente memoria y serán normalmente polímeros orgánicos que son o bien homopolímeros o bien copolímeros, que se producen de manera natural o sintéticos, reticulados o no reticulados. Se contempla en la presente memoria formar partes del módulo de toma de muestras de sustratos incluyendo materiales tales como los siguientes: policarbonatos; poliésteres, incluyendo poli(tereftalato de etileno) y poli(tereftalato de butileno); poliamidas, (tales como nailon); poliéteres, incluyendo poliformaldehído y poli(sulfuro de fenileno); poliimidas, tales como las fabricadas con las marcas comerciales KAPTON (DuPont, Wilmington, DE) y UPILEX (Ube Industries, Ltd., Japón); compuestos de poliolefina, incluyendo polímeros de ABS, copolímeros Kel-F, poli(metacrilato de metilo), copolímeros de poli(estirenobutadieno), poli(tetrafluoroetileno), copolímeros de poli(etileno-acetato de vinilo), poli(N-vinilcarbazol) y poliestireno.
Los dispositivos de la invención también pueden fabricarse a partir de un "material compuesto", es decir, una composición compuesta por materiales diferentes. El material compuesto puede ser un material compuesto de bloque, por ejemplo, un material compuesto de bloque A-B-A, un material compuesto de bloque A-B-C, o similares Alternativamente, el material compuesto puede ser una combinación heterogénea de materiales, es decir, en la que los materiales son distintos de fases separadas, o una combinación homogénea de materiales diferentes. Tal como se utiliza en la presente memoria, la expresión "material compuesto" se utiliza para incluir un material compuesto "laminado". Un "material laminado" se refiere a un material compuesto formado a partir de varias capas unidas diferentes de materiales idénticos o diferentes. Otros sustratos de material compuesto preferidos incluyen materiales laminados poliméricos, materiales laminados de metal-polímero, por ejemplo, polímero recubierto con cobre, un material compuesto de cerámica en metal o de polímero en metal. Un material compuesto es un material compuesto de poliimida formado a partir de una primera capa de poliimida tal como poliimida KAPTON, disponible gracias a DuPont (Wilmington, Delaware), que se ha extruido conjuntamente con una segunda capa delgada de una forma adhesiva térmica de una poliimida conocida como KJ®, también disponible gracias a Du-Pont (Wilmington, Delaware).
La invención en sus diversas formas de realización puede fabricarse utilizando cualquier procedimiento conveniente, incluyendo, pero sin limitarse a, técnicas de moldeo y colada, procedimientos de grabado, técnicas de mecanizado de superficies, técnicas de mecanizado volumétrico, y procedimientos de sellado. Además, las técnicas de moldeo por inyección bien conocidas en la técnica pueden ser útiles en la conformación de los materiales utilizados para producir módulos para muestras según la presente invención.
Para algunas formas de realización, la primera vez que se utiliza un nuevo módulo de toma de muestras 100, el usuario retira cualquier material de embalaje exterior del módulo de toma de muestras 100 y abre la tapa 106 del dispositivo lector 102, exponiendo la cámara. El módulo de toma de muestras 100 se desliza al interior de la cámara y la tapa 106 se cierra. La piel del paciente se sitúa sobre el sitio de toma de muestras 120 y se inicia el procedimiento integrado de punción con lanceta de la piel, recogida de la muestra de sangre, y pruebas de la muestra de sangre, por ejemplo pulsando un botón 112 de función para hacer que impulsor de lanceta se active: la piel del paciente se mantiene en su lugar sobre el sitio de toma de muestras 120, adyacente al orificio de toma de muestras 140, hasta que se haya recogido un volumen adecuado de sangre, con lo cual el sistema puede emitir una señal (por ejemplo, un tono audible) de que la piel del paciente puede levantarse del sitio de toma de muestras 120. Cuando las pruebas de la muestra se completan, el dispositivo lector 102 lee automáticamente los resultados del módulo de toma de muestras 100 y notifica los resultados en la pantalla de visualización de lecturas 110. El dispositivo lector 102 también puede almacenar los resultados en la memoria para luego descargarlo a un sistema informático. El módulo de toma de muestras 100 puede hacerse avanzar después automáticamente para poner el siguiente segmento de toma de muestras en línea para la siguiente utilización. Cada vez sucesiva que se utiliza el sistema (hasta que el módulo de toma de muestras 100 se agota), la piel del paciente se sitúa sobre el sitio de toma de muestras 120 del módulo de toma de muestras 100 (ya instalado), lo cual simplifica el proceso de toma de muestras y pruebas de sangre.
Se describe un procedimiento para proporcionar una toma de muestras de sangre más conveniente, en el que una serie de muestras de sangre pueden recogerse y someterse a prueba utilizando un único módulo de toma de muestras desechable que está diseñado para acoplarse a un dispositivo lector. Las formas de realización del módulo de toma de muestras incluyen una pluralidad de segmentos de toma de muestras. Cada segmento de toma de muestras puede adaptarse para realizar un único ciclo de toma de muestras de sangre y se dispone funcionalmente dentro del módulo de toma de muestras para permitir que se ponga un nuevo segmento de toma de muestras en línea después de que se completa un ciclo de toma de muestras de sangre. Cada ciclo de toma de muestras de sangre puede incluir la punción con lanceta de la piel del paciente, recogida de una muestra de sangre, y pruebas de la muestra de sangre. El ciclo de toma de muestras de sangre también puede incluir la lectura de información acerca de la muestra de sangre por el dispositivo lector, la visualización y/o el almacenamiento de los resultados de prueba por el dispositivo lector, y/o avance automático del módulo de toma de muestras para poner un nuevo segmento de toma de muestras en línea y listo para comenzar el siguiente ciclo de toma de muestras de sangre. Una forma de realización del procedimiento comienza con el acoplamiento del módulo de toma de muestras y el dispositivo lector y luego se inicia un ciclo de toma de muestras de sangre. A la finalización del ciclo de toma de muestras de sangre, el módulo de toma de muestras se hace avanzar para poner un segmento de toma de muestras nuevo, no utilizado en línea, listo para realizar otro ciclo de toma de muestras de sangre. Generalmente, por lo menos diez segmentos de toma de muestras están presentes, permitiendo que el módulo de toma de muestras se haga avanzar nueve veces después del ciclo de toma de muestras de sangre inicial. En algunas formas de realización, están presentes más segmentos de toma de muestras y el módulo de toma de muestras puede hacerse avanzar aproximadamente 19 veces, y aproximadamente 34 veces en algunas formas de realización, permitiendo aproximadamente 19 o aproximadamente 34 ciclos de toma de muestras de sangre, respectivamente, después del ciclo de toma de muestras de sangre inicial. Después de haber realizado una serie de ciclos de toma de muestras de sangre y de haber utilizado sustancialmente todos (es decir más de aproximadamente el 80%) los segmentos de toma de muestras, el módulo de toma de muestras se desacopla del dispositivo lector y se desecha, dejando el dispositivo lector listo para acoplarse con un nuevo módulo de toma de muestras.
Aunque las formas de realización descritas anteriormente de la presente invención se han descrito en detalle, diversas modificaciones a la presente invención resultarán evidentes para los expertos en la materia a partir de la descripción anterior y del dibujo adjunto y estarán comprendidas dentro del alcance de la invención, que sólo estará limitado por las siguientes reivindicaciones.
Claims (7)
- REIVINDICACIONES1. Aparato (106) para recoger sangre de la piel de un paciente, comprendiendo el aparato un alojamiento de unidad (146) que incluye una pluralidad de segmentos de toma de muestras, comprendiendo cada segmento de toma de muestrasun orificio de toma de muestras (140),una lanceta (148) que presenta una punta (150), la punta adyacente al orificio de toma de muestras, la lanceta mantenida dentro del alojamiento y que puede hacerse funcionar para extender la punta de lanceta a través del orificio de toma de muestras para perforar la piel de un paciente situada adyacente al orificio de toma de muestras, yuna cámara de prueba de muestras (168) en comunicación fluídica con el orificio de toma de muestras, estando asociada la cámara de prueba de muestras con unos medios de prueba, caracterizado porque cada segmento de toma de muestras comprende además un depósito (182) de calibrador en comunicación fluídica con una cámara de calibración (184), estando asociada la cámara de calibración con unos medios de prueba de calibrador.
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- 2.
- Aparato según la reivindicación 1, en el que cada segmento de toma de muestras comprende además un sitio de toma de muestras perfilado para situar la piel de los pacientes, definiendo el sitio de toma de muestras una abertura contigua con el orificio de toma de muestras.
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- 3.
- Aparato según la reivindicación 1, en el que el alojamiento de unidad incluye por lo menos 10 segmentos de toma de muestras.
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- 4.
- Aparato según la reivindicación 1, en el que cada segmento de toma de muestras está configurado para permitir de manera integrada la punción con lanceta, la recogida y las pruebas.
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- 5.
- Aparato según la reivindicación 1, en el que la cámara de prueba de muestras es más pequeña que aproximadamente 0,6 mm de largo por 0,6 mm de ancho por 0,4 mm de profundidad.
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- 6.
- Sistema de toma de muestras de sangre que comprende el aparato según la reivindicación 1, comprendiendo además el sistema de toma de muestras de sangre un dispositivo (102) lector asociado con el aparato según la reivindicación 1.
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- 7.
- Sistema de toma de muestras de sangre según la reivindicación 6, configurado para permitir de manera integrada la punción con lanceta de la piel, la recogida de sangre, las pruebas de la sangre, la visualización de información acerca de la sangre y el avance del aparato según la reivindicación 1 para colocar otro segmento de toma de muestras en línea.
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| EP1733677A1 (de) | 2005-06-18 | 2006-12-20 | Roche Diagnostics GmbH | Blutzuckermessgerät mit Signaleinrichtung |
| EP1743577A1 (de) | 2005-06-23 | 2007-01-17 | Roche Diagnostics GmbH | Analysehandgerät zum Untersuchen von Körperflüssigkeiten |
| US20060293577A1 (en) | 2005-06-23 | 2006-12-28 | Morrison Andrew E | Glucose monitoring kit |
| US20070004989A1 (en) | 2005-06-29 | 2007-01-04 | Parvinder Dhillon | Device for transdermal sampling |
| US20070010841A1 (en) | 2005-07-05 | 2007-01-11 | Medical Innovations Pte Ltd | Lancet assembly |
-
2002
- 2002-06-12 AT AT02749593T patent/ATE494837T1/de not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2002-06-12 WO PCT/US2002/019059 patent/WO2002101359A2/en not_active Ceased
- 2002-06-12 EP EP02749593A patent/EP1406537B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2002-06-12 US US10/363,507 patent/US7537571B2/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2002-06-12 JP JP2003504072A patent/JP4157471B2/ja not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2002-06-12 CA CA2448681A patent/CA2448681C/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2002-06-12 DE DE60238914T patent/DE60238914D1/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2002-06-12 AU AU2002320094A patent/AU2002320094A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2002-06-12 ES ES02749593T patent/ES2357485T3/es not_active Expired - Lifetime
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| US20040092842A1 (en) | 2004-05-13 |
| JP4157471B2 (ja) | 2008-10-01 |
| EP1406537A2 (en) | 2004-04-14 |
| JP2005506857A (ja) | 2005-03-10 |
| CA2448681A1 (en) | 2002-12-19 |
| DE60238914D1 (de) | 2011-02-24 |
| WO2002101359A3 (en) | 2003-05-15 |
| ATE494837T1 (de) | 2011-01-15 |
| EP1406537A4 (en) | 2008-08-13 |
| AU2002320094A1 (en) | 2002-12-23 |
| WO2002101359A2 (en) | 2002-12-19 |
| EP1406537B1 (en) | 2011-01-12 |
| US7537571B2 (en) | 2009-05-26 |
| CA2448681C (en) | 2014-09-09 |
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