ES2207885T3 - Dispositivo para la substitucion de valvulas aorticas. - Google Patents
Dispositivo para la substitucion de valvulas aorticas.Info
- Publication number
- ES2207885T3 ES2207885T3 ES99108298T ES99108298T ES2207885T3 ES 2207885 T3 ES2207885 T3 ES 2207885T3 ES 99108298 T ES99108298 T ES 99108298T ES 99108298 T ES99108298 T ES 99108298T ES 2207885 T3 ES2207885 T3 ES 2207885T3
- Authority
- ES
- Spain
- Prior art keywords
- valve
- barrier
- capsule
- procedure
- introduction
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Lifetime
Links
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Classifications
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- A61F2/00—Filters implantable into blood vessels; Prostheses, i.e. artificial substitutes or replacements for parts of the body; Appliances for connecting them with the body; Devices providing patency to, or preventing collapsing of, tubular structures of the body, e.g. stents
- A61F2/02—Prostheses implantable into the body
- A61F2/24—Heart valves ; Vascular valves, e.g. venous valves; Heart implants, e.g. passive devices for improving the function of the native valve or the heart muscle; Transmyocardial revascularisation [TMR] devices; Valves implantable in the body
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- A61F2/00—Filters implantable into blood vessels; Prostheses, i.e. artificial substitutes or replacements for parts of the body; Appliances for connecting them with the body; Devices providing patency to, or preventing collapsing of, tubular structures of the body, e.g. stents
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- A61F2/00—Filters implantable into blood vessels; Prostheses, i.e. artificial substitutes or replacements for parts of the body; Appliances for connecting them with the body; Devices providing patency to, or preventing collapsing of, tubular structures of the body, e.g. stents
- A61F2/02—Prostheses implantable into the body
- A61F2/24—Heart valves ; Vascular valves, e.g. venous valves; Heart implants, e.g. passive devices for improving the function of the native valve or the heart muscle; Transmyocardial revascularisation [TMR] devices; Valves implantable in the body
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- A61F2/2436—Deployment by retracting a sheath
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- A61M1/00—Suction or pumping devices for medical purposes; Devices for carrying-off, for treatment of, or for carrying-over, body-liquids; Drainage systems
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- A61M25/00—Catheters; Hollow probes
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
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Landscapes
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Abstract
LA INVENCION SE REFIERE A UN SISTEMA DE SUSTITUCION DE UNA VALVULA JUNTO CON PROCEDIMIENTOS DE PREPARACION Y USO, PARA LA SUSTITUCION ENDOVASCULAR DE UNA VALVULA CARDIACA EN UN ANFITRION. EL SISTEMA DE SUSTITUCION DE VALVULA INCLUYE HASTA 5 COMPONENTES: 1) UN DISPOSITIVO PROTESICO DE VALVULA, 2) UN DISPOSITIVO INTRODUCTOR DE LA VALVULA, 3) UN DISPOSITIVO DE OPERACION INTRALUMINAR, 4) UNA CAPSULA PARA EL DISPOSITIVO DE OPERACION, Y 5) UN DISPOSITIVO PARA CORTAR LOS TEJIDOS. EL SISTEMA FACILITA LA SEPARACION ENDOVASCULAR DE UNA VALVULA ESTROPEADA Y SU SUSTITUCION POSTERIOR CON UNA VALVULA CARDIACA PROTESICA PERMANENTE.
Description
Dispositivo para la substitución de válvulas
aórticas.
Esta invención hace referencia a dispositivos
para la substitución endovascular de una válvula cardiaca. A menudo
es necesario substituir válvulas cardiacas con mal funcionamiento
dentro del cuerpo humano. La substitución de válvulas cardiacas se
lleva a cabo generalmente mediante un procedimiento quirúrgico a
corazón abierto, que requiere anestesia general, bypass
cardiopulmonar total con cese total de la actividad cardiopulmonar,
entre siete y diez días de hospitalización y meses de recuperación.
La tasa de mortalidad con este tipo de procedimiento se encuentra
entre el cinco y el seis por ciento.
Los procedimientos endovasculares para la
substitución de válvulas son una alternativa a la cirugía a corazón
abierto. Por ejemplo, en pacientes con grave enfermedad de la
válvula aórtica que están demasiado comprometidos para tolerar la
cirugía a corazón abierto, los cirujanos han empleado valvuloplastia
endovascular aórtica de globo. Este procedimiento involucra el uso
de la dilatación de un globo endovascular para dividir comisuras en
válvulas aórticas enfermas con fusión comisural y para partir placas
cálcicas en válvulas aórticas estenóticas calcificadas. Este
procedimiento proporciona un alivio solamente parcial y temporal a
un paciente con una válvula aórtica estenótica. A menudo es
necesario repetir el procedimiento en el plazo de un año desde el
primer procedimiento.
Un régimen de tratamiento alternativo es la
suplantación endovascular de la válvula. En este procedimiento, se
usan instrumentos para insertar una válvula mecánica en el lumen de
un vaso sanguíneo central vía la entrada a través de una arteria
distal, por ejemplo la arteria braquial o la femoral. Los términos
descriptivos distal y proximal, cuando se usan en esta aplicación
con relación a la vasculatura, se refieren a las direcciones más
alejada y más próxima desde el emplazamiento de procedimiento o de
substitución de la válvula, según se aplique. Se coloca un hilo de
guía a través del vaso de entrada y se dirige de manera fuoroscópica
hacia el emplazamiento deseado. A continuación se guían catéteres
flexibles sobre los hilos de guía que se usan para impulsar y
dirigir la nueva válvula a través del vaso sanguíneo hacia la
localización central deseada en las cercanías de la válvula con mal
funcionamiento donde suplanta la función de la válvula
existente.
Los procedimientos cardíacos endovasculares, en
contraste con los procedimientos quirúrgicos a corazón abierto,
requerirían solamente anestesia local, bypass cardíaco parcial o
inexistente, uno o dos días de hospitalización, y tendrían una tasa
de mortalidad reducida en comparación con los procedimientos a
corazón abierto. Sin embargo, como se discute en la bibliografía
pero nunca se pone realmente en práctica, la suplantación
endovascular de válvulas cardiacas está limitada a válvulas
mecánicas con base arterial supra-anular que
requieren un catéter de montaje alargado con origen en el punto de
entrada arterial distal con el fin de mantener la posición de la
válvula en la aorta y por lo tanto no proporcionan un sistema
permanente o internalizado. La suplantación de válvulas está también
limitada al tratamiento de válvulas aórticas regurgitantes y no es
aplicable a válvulas aórticas estenóticas o cualquier otro tipo de
válvulas cardiacas con mal funcionamiento. Además, una vez
implantadas, las válvulas mecánicas predisponen al paciente a la
formación de trombos y embolias, obligando a terapia anticoagulante
a largo plazo; las hemorragias intracraneales son un grave efecto
secundario de una terapia anticoagulante a largo plazo.
Una alternativa potencial a una válvula mecánica
es una válvula bioprotésica. Una válvula bioprotésica puede ser
tanto una válvula de homotrasplante (fresca de humano), de
alotrasplante (conservada de humano), o de xenotrasplante
(conservada de otra especie). Las válvulas de homotrasplante, en
contraste con las válvulas de xenotrasplante, se usan raramente
debido a la falta de acceso a válvulas humanas frescas. Se usan a
menudo las válvulas porcinas preservadas en glutaraldehído puesto
que son de fácil acceso y almacenamiento, y están disponibles con
una variedad de tamaños. La substitución de válvulas bioprotésicas
no predispone al paciente a la formación de trombos o embolias y,
por lo tanto, no necesita terapia anticoagulante a largo plazo. Las
válvulas bioprotésicas son actualmente un gran apoyo en la
substitución de válvulas aórticas. La substitución de válvulas
cardiacas bioprotésicas se prefiere en pacientes que no pueden
tolerar terapias anticoagulantes a largo plazo o que por otra parte
no aceptan potencialmente un régimen médico a largo plazo.
Hasta la fecha, las válvulas bioprotésicas y
mecánicas se han insertado cerca o en el emplazamiento anular nativo
por medio de cirugía a corazón abierto y, excepto con la válvula
Magovern-Cromie con la que se usan clavos para fijar
las válvulas, han sido necesarias suturas para su fijación en el
emplazamiento de inserción; no se encuentran disponibles medios para
la substitución endovascular de válvulas con cualquier tipo de
válvula. Por lo tanto, sería interesante proporcionar medios
endovasculares para: i) eliminar fácilmente una válvula con mal
funcionamiento natural o protésica, y ii) reemplazar la válvula con
mal funcionamiento por un válvula flexible sintética o bioprotésica
reemplazable de manera endovascular, fijada independientemente sin
suturas o catéter, cerca de o en el emplazamiento anular nativo de
la válvula.
La patente U.S. nº 3.671.979 de Moulopoulos,
publicada el 27 de Junio de 1972, describe una válvula a modo de
paraguas con forma cónica insertada de manera endovascular
posicionada y mantenida en su sitio mediante un catéter de montaje
alargado en un emplazamiento supra-anular de la
válvula aórtica en un vaso arterial cercano. Los puntos finales
cónicos se dirigen hacia la válvula aórtica con mal funcionamiento y
los extremos distales del paraguas se abren contra la pared de la
aorta con flujo sanguíneo inverso, impidiendo de esta manera la
regurgitación.
La patente U.S. nº 4.056.854 de Boretos,
publicada el 8 de Noviembre de 1977, describe una válvula
supra-anular insertada de manera endovascular,
montada con catéter, en la que la estructura circular entra en
contacto con la pared de la arteria y las solapas añadidas de
membrana flexible se extienden de manera distal en la vasculatura.
Las solapas se sitúan contra la pared arterial durante el flujo
hacia delante, y se cierran hacia dentro hacia el catéter central
para prevenir la regurgitación durante el flujo sanguíneo inverso.
La válvula Boretos se ha diseñado para estar situada contra la pared
arterial durante el flujo hacia delante, en comparación con la
posición medio-centro de la válvula Moulopoulos, con
el fin de reducir el estancamiento de flujo sanguíneo y la formación
de trombos y embolias consecuente esperada con una válvula en
posición medio-centro.
Dentro de las publicaciones relacionadas con la
substitución de válvulas se incluyen: "Gibbon's Surgery of the
Chest", 5ª ed., David C. Sabiston, Jr., M.D., Frank D. Spencer,
M.D., 1990, vol. 2, cap. 52, pág. 1566-1596, y
"Textbook of Interventional Cardiology", Eric J. Topol, 1990,
caps. 43-44, pág. 831-867.
Según la presente invención, se proporciona un
dispositivo según la reivindicación 1 para llevar a cabo un
procedimiento intraluminal en un emplazamiento de un paciente.
La Figura 1 ilustra una vista lateral de la
cápsula del dispositivo de procedimiento.
La Figura 2 ilustra una vista lateral de un
dispositivo de procedimiento intraluminal.
La Figura 3 ilustra una vista inferior de un
dispositivo de procedimiento intraluminal.
La Figura 4 ilustra una vista superior de un
dispositivo de procedimiento intraluminal.
La Figura 5 ilustra un cortador de tejido en una
posición cerrada.
La Figura 6 ilustra un cortador de tejido en una
posición abierta.
La Figura 7 ilustra una vista lateral de una
cápsula de introducción de válvulas con abrazaderas de globo
deshinchadas.
La Figura 8 ilustra una vista lateral de una
cápsula de introducción de válvulas con abrazaderas de globo
hinchadas.
La Figura 9 ilustra una vista lateral de una
cápsula de introducción de válvulas con los globos cruzando un hilo
de guía.
La Figura 10 ilustra una vista lateral de un
disco de empuje haciendo avanzar una válvula hacia fuera de la
cápsula de introducción.
La Figura 11 ilustra una válvula aórtica en
posición lateral.
La Figura 12 ilustra una válvula aórtica desde la
vista superior.
La Figura 13 ilustra una vista lateral de una
válvula aórtica con el anillo de montaje en la posición cerrada.
La Figura 14 ilustra una vista frontal de una
válvula aórtica con el anillo de montaje en la posición abierta.
La Figura 15 es una ilustración gráfica de una
vista lateral de un cambio de conformación de un clavo de montaje
con el hinchamiento del globo.
El dispositivo de la presente invención se puede
usar en un sistema para la (suplantación o) substitución de una
válvula cardiaca en un huésped por medios endovasculares. El sistema
de substitución de la válvula incluye hasta cuatro componentes: (1)
un dispositivo de válvula protésica, (2) un dispositivo de
introducción de válvula, (3) un dispositivo de procedimiento
intraluminal con una cápsula del dispositivo de procedimiento según
la presente invención, y (4) un cortador de tejido. No es necesario
que todos los componentes del sistema de la invención sean usados
conjuntamente en la substitución de la válvula; la descripción de la
substitución de la válvula usando todos los componentes es meramente
explicativa.
En un procedimiento general, la cápsula del
dispositivo de procedimiento (Fig. 1), que contiene el dispositivo
de procedimiento intraluminal, se inserta en un punto de entrada en
el huésped y se usa para transportar el dispositivo intraluminal
hasta el emplazamiento deseado, sobre un hilo de guía. En el
emplazamiento, una barrera permeable selectivamente del dispositivo
de procedimiento intraluminal sale de la cápsula del dispositivo de
procedimiento, se expande de manera controlada y ajustable, y entra
en contacto con el lumen del vaso que rodea la válvula o la prótesis
antigua (Figs. 2, 3 y 4). El hilo de guía se retira del canal de
trabajo del dispositivo de procedimiento intraluminal dejando el
canal disponible para el paso del cortador de tejido y los
dispositivos de angioscopia, ultrasonidos, agarre de tejidos, y de
corte de tejidos. El canal se puede usar asimismo para la irrigación
o para la aplicación de aparatos de succión para la retirada de
desbridados, trombos u otros materiales.
A continuación se inserta el cortador de tejido
dentro del huésped a través del canal de trabajo del dispositivo de
procedimiento intraluminal hacia el emplazamiento de la válvula
donde se utiliza para cortar y eliminar la válvula existente de su
emplazamiento (Figs. 5 y 6). La posición exacta del cortador se
asegura mediante ecocardiografía transesofágica y ultrasonidos
intra-arteriales o intra-cardiacos,
y angioscopia. La precisión en la extracción y la substitución de la
válvula es importante para el éxito de la substitución endovascular
de la válvula. Existen varias técnicas de imagen disponibles
actualmente que proporcionan opciones complementarias para asegurar
esta precisión: 1) Se puede usar continuamente la ecocardiografía
transesofágica; 2) El paso de ultrasonidos
intra-vasculares a través del canal de trabajo del
dispositivo de procedimiento intraluminal; 3) El paso de
ultrasonidos intra-vasculares por medio del sistema
venoso a través del septo intra-auricular a través
de la válvula mitral y hacia el ventrículo izquierdo; 4) Se puede
pasar un angioscopio hacia el ventrículo izquierdo de manera que
proporcionaría el beneficio añadido de permitir una imagen constante
de alta definición de todo el procedimiento y alta irrigación
sanguínea.
Cualquier residuo de tejido resultante del
procedimiento queda atrapado en la barrera del dispositivo de
procedimiento intralumnial o es eliminado del huésped mediante
succión y los dispositivos de recuperación de tejido insertados a
través del canal de trabajo del dispositivo de procedimiento
intraluminal. Los residuos de tejido son eliminados a través del
canal de trabajo del dispositivo de procedimiento intraluminal
mediante succión, dispositivos de agarre (por ejemplo la cesta de
Dormier o pinzas de agarre), o quedan atrapados en la barrera del
dispositivo de procedimiento intraluminal para evitar embolismo. Una
vez que se ha eliminado todo el tejido necesario, la contracción del
cortador de tejido permite la eliminación del cortador de tejido a
través del canal de trabajo del dispositivo de procedimiento
intraluminal. La barrera del dispositivo de procedimiento
intraluminal se contrae y el dispositivo de procedimiento
intraluminal se retira dentro de la cápsula del dispositivo de
procedimiento que se elimina a continuación.
A continuación se inserta el dispositivo de
introducción de la válvula que contiene el dispositivo de válvula
protésica y se usa para transportar la válvula de substitución hasta
el emplazamiento de la válvula sobre un hilo de guía (Fig. 7). La
abrazadera del dispositivo de introducción de la válvula, que puede
incluir opcionalmente globos de posicionamiento en torno a la
cápsula de introducción del dispositivo de introducción de la
válvula, se hincha de manera diferencial, de manera que ciertos
globos se hinchan más o menos que otros para asegurar el
posicionamiento exacto de la válvula protésica cuando se libera
fuera de la cápsula de introducción (Fig. 8). Los medios para
empujar la válvula fuera de la cápsula de introducción, después de
que la cápsula de introducción esté en la posición apropiada, se
proporcionan con el fin de hacer avanzar el dispositivo de empuje
del dispositivo de introducción de la válvula dentro de la cápsula
(Fig. 9). Los medios para asegurar los clavos de montaje en el
emplazamiento deseado se proporcionan con el fin de hinchar un globo
dentro del dispositivo de válvula protésica y dentro del lumen del
anillo de montaje (Figs. 10-15). A continuación se
pueden deshinchar los globos de posicionamiento de la cápsula y el
globo intraluminal, y se retira el dispositivo de introducción de la
válvula.
Para apoyar la circulación del paciente durante
la substitución endovascular de la válvula aórtica será necesario
someter al paciente a bypass cardiopulmonar parcial o completo.
Existen varios medios disponibles actualmente para proporcionar este
apoyo. Por ejemplo, un procedimiento es la inserción percutánea de
cánula venosa y arterial con descompresión del ventrículo izquierdo
mediante la inserción de una línea arterial pulmonar que permite la
aspiración de sangre y una marcada disminución del llenado
ventricular izquierdo, y la expulsión.
El sistema que usa el dispositivo de la invención
proporciona varias ventajas, incluyendo la capacidad de sustituir o
suplantar válvulas o prótesis cardiacas o de otro tipo existentes
mediante medios endovasculares sin sutura que eliminan los
superiores riesgos, costes y complicaciones de los procedimientos
quirúrgicos a corazón abierto. Este dispositivo de válvula
protésica, preferiblemente usando una bioprótesis u otra prótesis
flexible resistente a los trombos para las laminillas de la válvula,
eliminará la necesidad de terapia anticoagulante permanente para el
huésped. Una vez insertada, la válvula puede operar de manera
autónoma. Además, las válvulas de substitución bioprotésicas en el
pasado han necesitado suturas y, por lo tanto, cirugía a corazón
abierto para la fijación en el anillo o emplazamiento vascular. El
dispositivo de montaje usado con la válvula del sistema permite que
el sistema se fije mediante medios endovasculares sin necesidad de
suturas. El dispositivo de válvula protésica se inserta en base
permanente, y permanece durante la vida de la válvula incorporada en
el dispositivo. Por ejemplo, la vida de una válvula bioprotésica
puede ser superior a veinte años. Futuros desarrollos pueden
proporcionar válvulas protésicas alternativas con una vida
sensiblemente superior. Puesto que la mayoría de los pacientes que
no pueden tolerar los procedimientos a corazón abierto son personas
mayores, la válvula bioprotésica generalmente sobrepasará la vida
del paciente. El dispositivo de procedimiento intraluminal y el
cortador permiten la novedosa capacidad de llevar a cabo
procedimientos endovasculares sin los graves efectos laterales de
provocar la circulación de residuos sueltos y otros émbolos dentro
de la vasculatura.
A continuación se describirán los componentes del
sistema de substitución de la válvula. La cápsula del dispositivo de
procedimiento comprende un manguito cilíndrico hecho de un material
flexible duradero, por ejemplo teflón recubierto de poliuretano u
otros materiales que tengan las siguientes características: una
flexibilidad tal que se pueda maniobrar fácilmente a través de la
vasculatura, una duración tal que pueda resistir el contacto
abrasivo y la presión de los instrumentos insertados y contenidos
dentro de él, y no trombogenia de manera que los coágulos sanguíneos
no se desarrollen ni se adhieran a su superficie. La cápsula del
dispositivo de procedimiento posee una superficie externa
generalmente cilíndrica y una superficie interna generalmente
cilíndrica con un diseño de malla o tamiz. Se caracteriza por su
capacidad para contener la barrera del dispositivo de procedimiento
intraluminal y otros dispositivos que se podrían usar de manera
intraluminal, y de transporte intraluminal. El dispositivo se
introduce sobre un hilo de guía hacia dicho emplazamiento (Fig.
1).
Se proporcionan medios para retirar parcialmente
la cápsula del dispositivo de procedimiento (15) para permitir la
expansión total del dispositivo de procedimiento intraluminal con el
fin de tener el extremo distal de la cápsula del dispositivo de
procedimiento y el extremo proximal del canal de trabajo (5) del
dispositivo de procedimiento intraluminal enroscados juntos mediante
un mecanismo de tornillo (10). En la rotación del canal de trabajo
sobre las roscas de la cápsula del dispositivo de procedimiento, el
dispositivo de procedimiento intraluminal se puede hacer avanzar
dentro y fuera de la cápsula del dispositivo de procedimiento.
Después de la finalización del trabajo, el dispositivo de
procedimiento intraluminal se puede retirar dentro de la cápsula del
dispositivo de procedimiento y a continuación se puede asegurar
dentro de la cápsula mediante la rotación del canal de trabajo sobre
las roscas de la cápsula del dispositivo de procedimiento en
dirección inversa (Fig. 2).
El dispositivo de procedimiento intraluminal
ayuda a la realización de los procedimientos intraluminales por vía
endovascular u otros medios intraluminales y comprende una capa (la
"barrera") y un tubo (el "canal de trabajo"). La barrera
(20) comprende un cono a modo de paraguas con una superficie externa
generalmente cónica y una superficie interna generalmente cónica
(Fig. 2). Entre los materiales para la fabricación del cono se
incluyen materiales flexibles, duraderos, y permeables
selectivamente (de manera que solamente ciertos tamaños de partícula
puedan pasar a su través) como por ejemplo malla de polipropileno,
poliéster, dacron, o nylon sobre soporte de acero inoxidable. La
punta del cono está perforada para permitir una salida del canal de
trabajo y puntos aguas abajo de la vasculatura. La barrera se
suspende sobre el trípode de acero inoxidable (Fig. 3). Unido
circunferencialmente a la barrera se encuentra un dispositivo de
expansión (25, la "abrazadera"), como un globo (Fig. 4). El
globo puede tener entre cuatro y veinte segmentos, cada uno de ellos
separado mediante un diafragma. Cada segmento del globo posee
hinchado separado, un canal de deshinchado que permite que cada
segmento tenga un hinchado diferencial dirigido desde un control
central externo. El dispositivo externo para el hinchado y/o
deshinchado de cada segmento de la abrazadera está compuesto de
medios como jeringuillas o cilindros de aire comprimido en paralelo.
Cada uno posee una válvula en serie que permite el hinchado cuando
se aplica presión y el deshinchado activo o pasivo cuando se abre.
El hinchado diferencial de cada segmento de globo permite cambios
sutiles en el ángulo del canal de trabajo con respecto al
emplazamiento de la válvula. Una vez hinchada, la barrera se
caracteriza por su capacidad de permitir el flujo sanguíneo a través
de su superficie permeable impidiendo la presión hacia atrás y la
embolia, y de proporcionar una región de procedimiento de trabajo
unida mediante la superficie interna de la barrera y que se extiende
desde los extremos distales de la barrera próximamente hacia la
vasculatura y el corazón (Fig. 2).
El tubo del dispositivo de procedimiento
intraluminal, el canal de trabajo, comprende un cilindro alargado
flexible. El canal de trabajo está fabricado de un material flexible
duradero, por ejemplo teflón recubierto de poliuretano u otros
materiales que tengan las siguientes características: flexibilidad,
durabilidad, y no trombogenia. El tubo tiene una superficie externa
generalmente cilíndrica y una superficie interna generalmente
cilíndrica. El extremo proximal abierto del canal de trabajo está
unido en torno a la punta cónica perforada de la barrera y su
extremo distal se extiende fuera y a través del punto de entrada
vascular. Para su uso en un humano adulto, el canal de trabajo tiene
preferiblemente un diámetro interno de aproximadamente 0.5 a 10
milímetros que le hace capaz de proporcionar un paso para
instrumentos como por ejemplo dispositivos de ultrasonidos, de
angioscopia, de desbridamiento, de succión, de irrigación, o de
recuperación, y el cortador de tejido, desde el exterior del huésped
hasta la región de procedimiento de trabajo. Para su uso en un
huésped distinto a un humano adulto, se puede aumentar o disminuir
este intervalo de tamaños del diámetro interno en función del tamaño
del huésped y del lumen. También puede ser útil disponer de succión
o irrigación aplicadas al canal de trabajo.
El cortador de tejido comprende al menos una
cuchilla proximal y un cable. La cuchilla proximal (45) comprende
una cuchilla plegable de bisagra (30) con una longitud variando
entre aproximadamente 1,0 y 20 milímetros y con superficies de corte
afiladas. Este intervalo de longitudes de la cuchilla se puede
aumentar o disminuir dependiendo del tamaño del huésped y del lumen.
Por otra parte, la cuchilla proximal puede comprender un cable
flexible capaz de girar a alta velocidad que proporcionaría un
contacto de corte con el tejido. La cuchilla está fabricada de un
material duradero rígido, por ejemplo acero inoxidable o elgiloy. La
cuchilla proximal se caracteriza por su capacidad de paso a través
del canal de trabajo hasta la región de procedimiento de trabajo en
un estado no extendido, a continuación su propia extensión para
permitir el corte de cualquier tejido no deseado y finalmente su
retorno a su estado no extendido. Se pueden añadir cuchillas
adicionales a la cuchilla proximal con el fin de aumentar la
capacidad de corte del cortador de tejido (Figs. 5, 6). Por ejemplo,
se pueden añadir a los extremos distales de la cuchilla proximal dos
cuchillas distales más cortas de aproximadamente 0.5 a 5.0
milímetros (40) por medio de fusión, bisagras, o cualquier otro
procedimiento de conexión. Este intervalo de longitudes de la
cuchilla se puede aumentar o disminuir de tamaño en función del
tamaño del huésped y del lumen. Estas cuchillas proporcionan
superficies de corte afiladas en un intervalo de ángulos de
aproximadamente treinta a ciento cincuenta grados con la cuchilla
proximal lo que permite el corte simultáneo en varios ángulos.
El cable (35) del cortador de tejido comprende un
hilo alargado flexible y duradero, y se caracteriza por su capacidad
para impulsar el cortador de tejido (Fig. 6). El cable está unido a
la cuchilla proximal en una posición central o no central y
conectado de manera distal a un motor externo. Por ejemplo, el cable
puede ser un cable coaxial de acero conectado a un motor de
corriente continua para el giro a velocidad variable.
El dispositivo de introducción de la válvula
comprende una capa, un tubo, un dispositivo de empuje y una
abrazadera. La capa del dispositivo de introducción de la válvula,
la cápsula de introducción, comprende un manguito flexible que tiene
una superficie externa generalmente cilíndrica y una superficie
interna generalmente cilíndrica reforzado en el extremo proximal que
está abierto, y posee un extremo distal semi-cerrado
con una abertura perforada, la abertura distal, que tiene un
diámetro aproximadamente igual al diámetro interno del canal de
introducción (50) (Fig. 7). La cápsula de introducción está
fabricada de un material duradero, no trombogénico y flexible, por
ejemplo teflón recubierto de poliuretano con un diseño de malla o
tamiz. La cápsula de introducción se caracteriza por su capacidad de
contener y mantener el dispositivo de válvula protésica en su estado
comprimido permitiendo un fácil transporte a través de la
vasculatura del huésped. La cápsula de introducción está reforzada
en su base con un sólido distinto a una malla o tamiz, por ejemplo
poliuretano sólido recubierto con teflón, con el fin de sostener el
anillo de montaje y los clavos de montaje del dispositivo de válvula
protésica en su estado comprimido dentro de la cápsula de
introducción.
La abrazadera (70) se une de manera
circunferencial a la superficie externa de la cápsula de
introducción en el extremo proximal de la cápsula. La abrazadera
comprende un dispositivo expansible circunferencialmente, como una
serie de globos segmentados, y se caracteriza por tener la capacidad
de expandirse para mantener la cápsula de introducción en una
posición determinada durante la liberación del dispositivo de
válvula protésica (Fig. 8). Cada globo segmentado puede tener un
canal de hinchado/deshinchado para proporcionar expansión y
compresión segmental autónoma. La expansión diferencial de la serie
de globos segmentados es dirigida desde un control externo como se
hace con el dispositivo de procedimiento intraluminal. El
hinchamiento individual diferencial permite un posicionamiento
exacto de la cápsula de introducción en la proximidad del
emplazamiento deseado de colocación de la válvula.
El tubo del dispositivo de introducción de la
válvula, el canal de introducción, comprende un cilindro alargado
flexible. El canal de introducción (50) está fabricado de un
material flexible y duradero, por ejemplo teflón recubierto de
poliuretano u otros materiales que tengan las siguientes
características: flexibilidad, durabilidad, y no trombogenia. El
canal de introducción tiene una superficie externa generalmente
cilíndrica y una superficie interna generalmente cilíndrica. El
extremo proximal del canal de introducción está unido
circunferencialmente en torno a la abertura distal de la cápsula de
introducción y las salidas de extremo distales del canal de
introducción a través del punto de entrada vascular (Fig. 9). Para
su uso en un humano adulto, el canal de introducción tiene
preferiblemente un diámetro interno de aproximadamente
0.5-10 mm, que le hace capaz de contener el canal de
empuje (55) del dispositivo de empuje. Para su uso en un huésped
distinto a un humano adulto, este intervalo de tamaños del diámetro
interno se puede aumentar o disminuir en función del tamaño del
huésped y del lumen. El canal de introducción y el canal de empuje
se caracterizan también por ser capaces de alojar instrumentos de
succión o irrigación dentro de su lumen.
El dispositivo de empuje comprende un disco y un
tubo. El disco de empuje (60) del dispositivo de empuje comprende un
disco generalmente circular, con una superficie distal plana
generalmente, una superficie proximal plana generalmente y una
abertura central. El diámetro de la abertura debería ser menor que
el diámetro usado en el canal de introducción. El disco de empuje
está fabricado de un material duradero y flexible como el teflón
recubierto de poliuretano u otros materiales que tengan las
siguientes características: flexibilidad y durabilidad. La
superficie proximal del disco de empuje entra en contacto con el
dispositivo de válvula protésica contenido dentro de la cápsula de
introducción (Fig. 9).
Unido a la superficie distal del disco de empuje
circunferencialmente en torno a la abertura central del disco de
empuje está el extremo proximal del tubo, el canal de empuje. El
canal de empuje comprende un cilindro flexible alargado y está
fabricado de un material duradero, flexible y no trombogénico que
pueda mantener su integridad estructural de manera que no se deforme
bajo la aplicación de presión externa (por ejemplo, teflón
recubierto de poliuretano). El canal de empuje tiene una superficie
externa generalmente cilíndrica y una superficie interna
generalmente cilíndrica, y tiene un diámetro interno menor que el
usado en el canal de introducción (Fig. 10). Se caracteriza por
estar contenido dentro del lumen del canal de introducción con su
extremo distal extendiéndose más allá del punto de entrada vascular
a través del canal de introducción y por su capacidad de de permitir
el paso del globo de montaje (75) y el hilo de guía (65). Se
caracteriza asimismo por su capacidad de avanzar dentro del lumen
del canal de introducción bajo la aplicación de presión externa en
el punto de entrada vascular con el fin de hacer avanzar el disco de
empuje dentro de la cápsula de introducción. El canal de empuje se
caracteriza también por su capacidad de alojar instrumentos de
succión o irrigación dentro de su lumen.
El dispositivo de válvula protésica comprende un
manguito (80), una válvula y un anillo. El manguito es un cilindro
flexible con forma cilíndrica que tiene una superficie externa
generalmente cilíndrica y una superficie interna generalmente
cilíndrica. El manguito se asegura en su superficie interna a la
válvula y en la base de su superficie externa a un anillo
comprimible, el anillo de montaje (85) (Figs. 11, 12). Entre los
medios de fijación se pueden incluir la sutura, el enlace químico,
la soldadura con láser, el grapado, u otros procedimientos. Entre
los materiales de fijación se incluyen el polipropileno, el
poliéster, el nylon, el acero inoxidable u otros materiales inertes
y duraderos. El manguito es de un material duradero, compatible con
el huésped, no trombogénico, flexible y comprimible, por ejemplo
dacron o politetrafluoroetileno, para permitir que se comprima,
maniobre, y transporte fácilmente a través de la vasculatura con el
fin de permitir la colocación endovascular. La durabilidad del
manguito permite asegurar la unión a otros objetos y capas, y
permite que el manguito permanezca intacto a pesar del procedimiento
de substitución, y la duración a largo plazo del dispositivo
protésico dentro del huésped. Todos los componentes del dispositivo
de válvula protésica, el anillo de montaje, el manguito y la
válvula, son flexibles, comprimibles, no trombogénicos y
duraderos.
La fijación a la capa interna del dispositivo de
válvula protésica comprende una válvula que opera permitiendo el
flujo circulatorio unidireccional de sangre. La válvula comprende un
anillo con forma cilíndrica (100) que tiene una superficie externa
generalmente cilíndrica y una superficie interna generalmente
cilíndrica con al menos una cúspide (95) para permitir el flujo
sanguíneo en una única dirección. La(s) cúspide(s)
están unidas al extremo distal (con relación al flujo sanguíneo) del
anillo cilíndrico. La(s) cúspide(s) se abren de manera
distal para permitir la circulación de flujo sanguíneo a través del
emplazamiento de la válvula, y a continuación se cierran
alternativamente centralmente para prevenir el flujo circulatorio
inverso. La válvula es flexible, comprimible, compatible con el
huésped y no trombogénica. La válvula puede ser, por ejemplo, una
válvula aórtica porcina conservada en glutaraldehído que posea tres
cúspides que se abren distalmente para permitir el flujo sanguíneo
unidireccional. La válvula también puede ser un homotrasplante o
xenotrasplante fresco, criopreservado o conservado en
glutaraldehído. El material óptimo será sintético, fabricado a
partir de materiales no biológicos, no trombogénicos, flexibles, que
se pueda transportar a través de la vasculatura, biocompatible y muy
duradero de manera que pueda resistir una fijación permanente en el
emplazamiento de la válvula. Es altamente deseable usar un material
flexible cuando la válvula va a ser insertada mediante medios
endovasculares.
El anillo de montaje (85) del dispositivo de
válvula protésica está preferiblemente unido en la base de la
superficie externa del manguito. El anillo de montaje está fabricado
de materiales duraderos, con alta resistencia a la fractura,
excelentes características a la fatiga y resistentes a la corrosión
(por ejemplo, acero inoxidable, MP35N o elgiloy), y está
estructurado en una arquitectura comprimible que se pueda contraer
en su aplicación y expandir en la liberación de presión externa y
mantener aún su forma básica. El anillo de montaje tiene una
superficie externa generalmente cilíndrica y una superficie interna
generalmente cilíndrica compuesta de una serie de clavos de montaje
(90) para fijar el dispositivo de válvula protésica en el
emplazamiento de la válvula deseado (Figs. 13-15).
EL anillo de montaje proporciona una fijación endovascular sin
sutura del dispositivo que le permite operar de manera autónoma. Los
clavos están fijados mediante fusión, soldadura u otros
procedimientos de conexión, con un ángulo de aproximadamente 30 a
aproximadamente 150 grados con el anillo de montaje. La composición
de ángulos proporciona una fijación segura de tal manera que el
dispositivo de válvula protésica puede tolerar las variaciones de
presión direccionales y de grado sobre la válvula que ocurren
durante las diferentes fases del ciclo cardiaco. A medida que se
ejerce una presión uniforme sobre la superficie interna del anillo
de montaje, como por ejemplo por hinchamiento del globo de montaje,
el anillo de montaje se expande y los clavos se extienden hacia la
pared del lumen y se fijan en ella.
Una vez finalizada la implantación endovascular
del dispositivo de válvula protésica en el huésped, la operación del
dispositivo de válvula protésica se puede controlar mediante los
mismos procedimientos usados para controlar las substituciones de
válvulas llevadas a cabo mediante cirugía a corazón abierto. Se
puede realizar un examen físico rutinario, ecocardiografía o
angiografía periódica. Sin embargo, en contraste con la cirugía a
corazón abierto, el huésped necesita un corto periodo de
recuperación y puede volver a casa al cabo de un día del
procedimiento endovascular. El dispositivo de válvula protésica se
puede usar en cualquier paciente para el que se indiquen las
válvulas bioprotésicas, como los pacientes mayores con enfermedades
de válvulas cardiacas, y pacientes que no toleran procedimientos a
corazón abierto o anticoagulación a largo plazo. Además, con el
desarrollo de válvulas sintéticas de mayor duración, flexibles y no
trombogénicas alternativas a la bioprótesis, el dispositivo de
válvula protésica estará indicado para todos los pacientes en los
que las ventajas relativas de larga vida, cualidad no trombogénica,
y facilidad de la inserción de los dispositivos de válvula protésica
prevalezcan sobre los inconvenientes de las válvulas mecánicas. La
anticoagulación puede ser beneficiosa en ciertas situaciones
clínicas para uso tanto a corto como a largo plazo.
El dispositivo de procedimiento intraluminal, la
cápsula del dispositivo de procedimiento y el cortador de tejido se
pueden aplicar conjuntamente entre sí, para la instrumentación o en
la eliminación de válvulas o tejido cardiaco, aórtico,
cerebrovascular, mesentérico, renal o de venas periféricas, y serían
especialmente importantes en cualquier parte en el sistema cardiaco
o vascular cuando sea problemática la embolia periférica o sea
esencial la colocación exacta de los instrumentos. También se pueden
usar en otros lúmenes, por ejemplo, los tractos gastrointestinal,
genitourinario, biliar y respiratorio. Además, el sistema de
substitución de válvulas se puede usar para suplantar así como para
sustituir una válvula o prótesis de un huésped. En tal procedimiento
la válvula o prótesis con mal funcionamiento no es eliminada
mediante el cortador de tejido, y el dispositivo de válvula
protésica se fija en un emplazamiento endovascular de manera que el
dispositivo suplante la función de la válvula o prótesis con mal
funcionamiento. Además, el sistema de substitución de la válvula se
podría usar en especies no humanas, por ejemplo otros mamíferos.
Ahora que la invención se ha descrito
completamente, será evidente para cualquier experto en la materia
que se pueden realizar muchos cambios y modificaciones de la misma
sin desviarse del alcance de las reivindicaciones añadidas.
Claims (5)
1. Dispositivo para llevar a cabo un
procedimiento intraluminal en un emplazamiento de un paciente,
comprendiendo dicho dispositivo una barrera (20) que entra en
contacto con la pared del lumen cuando se encuentra en una condición
expandida; y
una cápsula del dispositivo de procedimiento que
tiene un manguito tubular flexible (15), estando montada la barrera
sobre un elemento flexible para el transporte de la barrera (20) de
manera endoluminal hacia dicho emplazamiento, siendo la barrera (20)
móvil con relación al manguito (15) para salir del manguito, y
siendo capaz de expandirse para entrar en contacto con la pared del
lumen cuando se produzca dicha salida para rodear el emplazamiento,
caracterizado por el hecho de que el elemento flexible es
tubular para ofrecer un canal de trabajo en su interior, estando
unido un extremo abierto del canal de trabajo (5) a un extremo
perforado de la barrera para permitir una salida del canal de
trabajo.
2. Dispositivo según la reivindicación 1, en el
que la barrera (20) es de un material permeable selectivamente.
3. Dispositivo según la reivindicación 1, en el
que la barrera (20) tiene una abrazadera (25) expansible
circunferencialmente de manera diferencial para permitir cambios en
el ángulo del canal de trabajo (5) de la barrera, con relación al
emplazamiento.
4. Dispositivo de la reivindicación 1, que
comprende además:
un cortador de tejido para la eliminación de
tejido no deseado, teniendo el cortador de tejido al menos una
cuchilla (45) y un cable (35), estando el cable en el canal de
trabajo, y siendo dicha al menos una cuchilla (45) móvil en un
estado no extendido, y siendo capaz de paso endovascular hasta el
emplazamiento rodeado cuando se encentra en la posición no
extendida.
5. Dispositivo según la reivindicación 4, en el
que dicha al menos una cuchilla (45) posee una bisagra (30) para
permitir el movimiento de la cuchilla (45) hacia y desde condiciones
no extendidas y extendidas.
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US730559 | 1991-07-16 | ||
| US07/730,559 US5370685A (en) | 1991-07-16 | 1991-07-16 | Endovascular aortic valve replacement |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| ES2207885T3 true ES2207885T3 (es) | 2004-06-01 |
Family
ID=24935849
Family Applications (3)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| ES92916897T Expired - Lifetime ES2142829T3 (es) | 1991-07-16 | 1992-07-15 | Dispositivos para llevar a cabo un procedimiento intraluminal. |
| ES02019355T Expired - Lifetime ES2296854T3 (es) | 1991-07-16 | 1992-07-15 | Reemplazo de valvula endovascular. |
| ES99108298T Expired - Lifetime ES2207885T3 (es) | 1991-07-16 | 1992-07-15 | Dispositivo para la substitucion de valvulas aorticas. |
Family Applications Before (2)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| ES92916897T Expired - Lifetime ES2142829T3 (es) | 1991-07-16 | 1992-07-15 | Dispositivos para llevar a cabo un procedimiento intraluminal. |
| ES02019355T Expired - Lifetime ES2296854T3 (es) | 1991-07-16 | 1992-07-15 | Reemplazo de valvula endovascular. |
Country Status (8)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (6) | US5370685A (es) |
| EP (3) | EP0597967B1 (es) |
| JP (1) | JPH06511167A (es) |
| AU (1) | AU668690B2 (es) |
| CA (1) | CA2113476C (es) |
| DE (3) | DE69233715T2 (es) |
| ES (3) | ES2142829T3 (es) |
| WO (1) | WO1993001768A1 (es) |
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-
1991
- 1991-07-16 US US07/730,559 patent/US5370685A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
-
1992
- 1992-07-15 EP EP92916897A patent/EP0597967B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1992-07-15 DE DE69233715T patent/DE69233715T2/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1992-07-15 JP JP5502932A patent/JPH06511167A/ja active Pending
- 1992-07-15 AU AU24127/92A patent/AU668690B2/en not_active Expired
- 1992-07-15 CA CA002113476A patent/CA2113476C/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1992-07-15 ES ES92916897T patent/ES2142829T3/es not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1992-07-15 DE DE69230375T patent/DE69230375T2/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1992-07-15 DE DE69233210T patent/DE69233210T2/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1992-07-15 ES ES02019355T patent/ES2296854T3/es not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1992-07-15 ES ES99108298T patent/ES2207885T3/es not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1992-07-15 EP EP99108298A patent/EP0937439B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1992-07-15 WO PCT/US1992/005919 patent/WO1993001768A1/en not_active Ceased
- 1992-07-15 EP EP02019355A patent/EP1283027B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
-
1994
- 1994-03-04 US US08/206,419 patent/US5545214A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
-
1996
- 1996-03-15 US US08/615,481 patent/US6338735B1/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
2001
- 2001-10-23 US US10/047,581 patent/US8915959B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
2004
- 2004-06-16 US US10/869,407 patent/US20040225355A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2004-07-02 US US10/883,532 patent/US20040236418A1/en not_active Abandoned
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| US20020058995A1 (en) | 2002-05-16 |
| EP1283027A2 (en) | 2003-02-12 |
| EP1283027B1 (en) | 2007-11-14 |
| EP0597967A1 (en) | 1994-05-25 |
| US8915959B2 (en) | 2014-12-23 |
| AU668690B2 (en) | 1996-05-16 |
| CA2113476C (en) | 2006-10-10 |
| DE69230375D1 (de) | 2000-01-05 |
| DE69233715D1 (de) | 2007-12-27 |
| AU2412792A (en) | 1993-02-23 |
| DE69230375T2 (de) | 2000-07-06 |
| DE69233210D1 (de) | 2003-10-23 |
| EP1283027A3 (en) | 2003-04-23 |
| DE69233210T2 (de) | 2004-08-19 |
| EP0937439B1 (en) | 2003-09-17 |
| DE69233715T2 (de) | 2008-10-30 |
| JPH06511167A (ja) | 1994-12-15 |
| US20110270388A9 (en) | 2011-11-03 |
| US20040236418A1 (en) | 2004-11-25 |
| EP0937439A2 (en) | 1999-08-25 |
| US20040225355A1 (en) | 2004-11-11 |
| EP0597967A4 (en) | 1994-12-07 |
| EP0597967B1 (en) | 1999-12-01 |
| CA2113476A1 (en) | 1993-02-04 |
| ES2142829T3 (es) | 2000-05-01 |
| ES2296854T3 (es) | 2008-05-01 |
| US6338735B1 (en) | 2002-01-15 |
| US5545214A (en) | 1996-08-13 |
| US5370685A (en) | 1994-12-06 |
| WO1993001768A1 (en) | 1993-02-04 |
| EP0937439A3 (en) | 1999-10-13 |
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