EP4508949A1 - Procede et systeme d'acceleration d'electrons par interaction laser-plasma - Google Patents
Procede et systeme d'acceleration d'electrons par interaction laser-plasmaInfo
- Publication number
- EP4508949A1 EP4508949A1 EP23717193.9A EP23717193A EP4508949A1 EP 4508949 A1 EP4508949 A1 EP 4508949A1 EP 23717193 A EP23717193 A EP 23717193A EP 4508949 A1 EP4508949 A1 EP 4508949A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- pulse
- laser
- gas
- plasma
- electrons
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
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Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H05H—PLASMA TECHNIQUE; PRODUCTION OF ACCELERATED ELECTRICALLY-CHARGED PARTICLES OR OF NEUTRONS; PRODUCTION OR ACCELERATION OF NEUTRAL MOLECULAR OR ATOMIC BEAMS
- H05H15/00—Methods or devices for acceleration of charged particles not otherwise provided for, e.g. wakefield accelerators
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a method and a system for accelerating electrons by laser-plasma interaction. It concerns in particular the field of electron acceleration using femtosecond lasers ranging from the terawatt (TW) class to the multi-PW (petawatt) class by a laser wake mechanism (Laser WakeField Acceleration or LWFA in English).
- TW terawatt
- PW multi-PW
- LWFA Laser WakeField Acceleration
- ai — m e (D — 1 c with e and m e the charge and the mass of the electron, respectively, E L the peak amplitude of the pulse (expressed in V/m), the angular frequency of the laser and c the speed of light.
- ai — m e (D — 1 c with e and m e the charge and the mass of the electron, respectively, E L the peak amplitude of the pulse (expressed in V/m), the angular frequency of the laser and c the speed of light.
- VLA vacuum Laser Acceleration
- VLA vacuum laser acceleration
- the laser field itself delivers electric fields of several TV/m which can in principle accelerate electrons to relativistic speeds over the Rayleigh length of the laser.
- the VLA method was mainly studied from a theoretical point of view because the conditions necessary to properly inject electrons into the laser field were extremely difficult. Indeed, the injected electron bunch must be ultra-short (much shorter than a laser period ⁇ 3fs) and injected at a very precise acceleration phase with sub-fs precision.
- FIG. 1A schematically illustrates the principle of this technique.
- An incident laser pulse in ultra-short p-polarization ( ⁇ 25 fs) is focused with an intensity greater than 10 18 IV/cm 2 onto a plasma mirror which is reflective for the field of the incident laser pulse.
- the plasma mirror is generated under vacuum by ionizing a initially solid target by a laser pre-pulse focused at an intensity greater than 10 16 W / cm 2 .
- the “plasma mirror” thus formed oscillates at speeds relativistic to the laser period.
- the E-field of the incident laser pulse ejects electrons from the plasma mirror surface and injects them into the reflected laser field.
- the injected charge is then accelerated by the ultra-intense electric field of the laser pulse.
- the gas is ionized almost instantly by the ultra-intense laser field and forms a "subdense" plasma, with an electron density typically between 10 17 cm” 3 and 10 2 ° cm" 3 .
- a plasma is said to be “underdense” when the plasma frequency, proportional to the square root of the density, is lower than the laser frequency.
- the laser pulse via the poderomotive force it causes) violently expels the electrons from its trajectory during its propagation and forms an empty "bubble" of electrons in its wake, which can support large accelerating fields of the order of 100 GV/m. Certain plasma electrons can then be trapped in this bubble and be accelerated to relativistic speeds over lengths of a few millimeters to a few centimeters.
- This LWFA mechanism allows the acceleration of electrons up to 8 GeV on the cm scale (see A. J. Gonsalves et al., “Petawatt Laser Guiding and Electron Beam Acceleration to 8 GeV in a Laser-Heated Capillary Discharge Waveguide,” Phys. Rev. Lett., vol. 122, no. 8, p. 084801, Feb. 2019, doi:
- the LWFA type device can already provide high quality electron beams: ultra-short (a few fs), small size (pm scale), low divergence, and low energy dispersion ( a few %).
- LWFA type devices currently suffer from a relatively low charge per electron bunch at high energy (around ten pC at a few GeV).
- an object of the invention is a method and a system for accelerating electrons by laser-plasma interaction based on the laser wake mechanism.
- the injection of electrons is carried out from the reflection of an ultra-short laser pulse directed in oblique incidence and s polarization on a dense plasma previously generated, whereby a The laser wake is then generated within the gas.
- the laser pulse heats the electrons in the dense plasma to a energy such that a bunch of electrons is injected into the wake to be accelerated.
- the invention makes it possible to considerably increase the charge of the electron bunch while maintaining optimal electron beam quality.
- the invention makes it possible to significantly improve the quality of the electron beam (divergence and dispersion of energy).
- an object of the invention is a method of accelerating electrons by laser-plasma interaction in which at least one laser pulse is directed onto a surface of a target in the condensed state, said surface being covered with a layer of gas, the intensity of said at least one pulse being sufficient for:
- step B after reflection by the dense plasma, generate a laser wake in the gas layer;
- step C heat the electrons of said dense plasma to an energy such that a packet of said electrons is injected into said wake to be accelerated there, said pulse, or at least the pulse intended to be reflected by the dense plasma and to heat the electrons of the latter, being in oblique incidence in polarization s on said target.
- the generation of the dense plasma in step A is induced by one of said at least one laser pulse called pre-pulse and steps B and C are induced by one of said at least one laser pulse called the main pulse, in step B, said main pulse is spatially superimposed on the pre-pulse and has a temporal delay relative to the pre-pulse.
- - said time delay is sufficiently small so that a scale length of the gradient of the dense plasma is less than a wavelength of the main pulse, and/or
- said time delay is between 50 fs 200 ps
- the method comprises a step of adjusting said time delay so as to optimize a charge of said electron packet injected into said wake.
- the intensity of the pre-pulse is greater than 10 15 W/cm 2 on said surface and, in step B, the intensity of the The main pulse is greater than 10 18 W/cm 2 after reflection by said dense plasma.
- the method comprises a step prior to steps A and B of generating the pre-pulse and the main pulse from the same so-called initial laser pulse.
- the method comprises a step prior to steps A and B, of increasing the temporal contrast of the main pulse by reflection on one or more additional plasma mirrors.
- an average pressure in the gas layer is between 0.1 atm and 200 atm, preferably between 0.5 atm and 50 atm
- Another object of the invention is a system for accelerating electrons by laser-plasma interaction comprising:
- a laser system adapted to generate at least one laser pulse
- an optical system adapted to direct said at least one laser pulse onto a surface (SS) of the target in the condensed state
- the laser system and the optical system being further configured such that the intensity of said at least one pulse is sufficient for: • generate, from the target in the condensed state, a dense plasma;
- the optical system being further adapted so that said pulse, or at least the pulse, intended to be reflected by the dense plasma and to heat the electrons of the latter, either in oblique incidence in s polarization on said target.
- the laser system and the optical system are configured to:
- pre-pulse Generate a first so-called pulse, called pre-pulse, and direct it towards the target to generate said dense plasma
- the main pulse Generate a second so-called pulse, called the main pulse, and direct it towards the target to generate said wake in the gas layer and induce said heating of the electrons of said dense plasma
- said laser system is adapted so that the temporal contrast of the main pulse is greater than 10 8 , preferably greater than 10 10 .
- the system of the invention comprises a gas nozzle connected to a gas reservoir, the gas nozzle being adapted to deliver a jet of gas configured to form the gas layer.
- the system of the invention comprises a gas cell sealed or partially sealed by the target, the gas nozzle being adapted to deliver the gas jet into the gas cell.
- the target is formed by a portion of ribbon which unwinds from a reel, said system comprising a motor assembly adapted to unwind said ribbon in the cell.
- the gas reservoir comprises helium and/or hydrogen and/or nitrogen.
- the gas nozzle is adapted so that an average pressure in the gas layer is between 0.1 atm and 200 atm, preferably between 0.5 atm and 50 atm.
- FIG.lA a schematic illustration of the methods known in the art for accelerating electrons by laser-plasma interaction in a vacuum and by laser wake mechanism respectively
- FIG.2 a block diagram of the system according to a preferred variant of the invention
- FIG.4A a graphic representation of a spectrum of the electron beam generated by the system of the invention obtained by simulation
- FIG.4B a graphic representation of an experimental result: a spectrum of the electron beam generated by the system of the invention
- FIG.5 a schematic representation of a system according to a first embodiment of the invention
- FIG.6 a schematic representation of the system according to a second embodiment of the invention
- FIG.7 a schematic representation of the system according to a third embodiment of the invention
- FIG. 2 schematically illustrates a system 1 according to a first preferred variant of the invention for accelerating electrons by laser-plasma interaction. It mainly consists of a laser system SL, for delivering an initial laser beam Fl carrying a first pulse called pre-pulse IL1 and a second pulse called main pulse IL2, and an optical system SO for focusing these pulses IL1, IL2 on a target in the solid state CS (more generally in the condensed state, the use of a liquid target also being possible).
- the beam Fl is focused by the optical system SO on a surface SS of the target CS so as to form a focused laser beam FF.
- the SS surface of the CS target is covered with a layer of CG gas.
- the laser system SL and the optical system SO are adapted so that the intensity of the pre-pulse IL1 is sufficient to, in a step A, generate a dense plasma MP on the surface SS of the target by ionizing the target CS.
- the intensity of the IL1 pre-pulse is greater than 10 15 IV/cm 2 on the SS surface in order to be able to ionize the target CS and thus generate the dense plasma MP.
- the intensity in W/cm 2 mentioned here and in the remainder of the document corresponds here to the peak intensity of the IL1 or IL2 imulsion at the surface where the IL1 or IL2 pulse is focused.
- ⁇ P ( £ o being the electrical permittivity of the vacuum) is greater than the frequency of the laser pulse intended to be reflected by the dense plasma MP (that is to say the main pulse IL2).
- This condition allows the reflection of the main pulse IL2 on the dense plasma MP in a step subsequent to step A. Otherwise, the laser pulse would propagate in the plasma instead of being reflected by the latter.
- the laser system SL and the optical system SO are adapted so that the intensity of the main pulse IL2 is sufficient for:
- step B after reflection by the dense plasma MP, generate a WF laser wake in the gas layer.
- the laser beam reflected by the dense plasma MP is denoted by the reference FR in Figure 2. This wake is similar to that detailed above for the description of Figure 1 B.
- step C heat the electrons of the dense plasma to an energy such that an EB bunch of electrons is injected into the WF wake to be accelerated there.
- the reflection of the FF beam on the dense plasma MP generates an FE electron beam.
- the minimum energy allowing injection is typically 100 keV.
- the main pulse IL2 it is necessary for the main pulse IL2 to be focused towards the target CS in oblique incidence and in polarization s for reasons which will be explained later.
- the plasma frequency of the plasma generated by the pre-pulse L1 must be greater than the frequency of the main pulse IL2, denoted o 2 in order to allow the reflection of the main pulse IL2 on the dense plasma MP.
- the main pulse IL2 when reflected by the dense plasma, is spatially superimposed on the pre-pulse IL1 to optimize the ejection of electrons from the dense plasma MP.
- VLA type devices of the prior art for example Thévenet, et al.
- the injection is caused by the laser field E present in the normal direction n to the surface of the plasma mirror which “rips off” the electrons from the mirror and injects them into the laser E field in a zone where the plasma electrostatic field does not allow acceleration.
- This generates a poor quality FE electron beam (high divergence and high energy dispersion).
- the injection mechanism is different. Indeed, critically, the main laser pulse IL2, intended to be reflected by the dense plasma (and to heat the electrons of the latter), is directed in oblique incidence and in polarization s on the target CS. As a result, there is no field E in the normal direction n at the surface of the dense plasma MP.
- the injection is caused in two stages: firstly by heating the electrons of the dense plasma by means of the laser pulse when it is reflected on the dense plasma. Then, a part of these electrons heated to sufficient energy are then trapped in the electrostatic field of the laser wake bubble with a phase adapted to be accelerated over lengths of several millimeters to a few centimeters.
- this mechanism allows an injection of a high charge of electrons from a few MeV to around ten MeV with a modest laser energy (typically greater than 10 pC with a few hundred millijoules), and preferably greater than 100 pC, or even 1 nC, for high laser energy of several joules to tens of joules.
- the EB electron bunches are injected with an appropriate phase into the laser wake bubble, which allows obtaining a good quality FE electron beam (low divergence and low energy dispersion) with energy from several hundred MeV to a few GeV at the end of the wake acceleration.
- Figure 3 brings together three instantaneous representations a, b and c of a PIC code simulation (Particle In Cell method in English, known in the art), each of the representations being obtained at different instants of the process of the invention according to the second variant of the invention.
- the three instantaneous representations a, b and c in Figure 3 illustrate the propagation of the main pulse IL2 at different times.
- In light gray level is represented the electron density DE of the plasma within the gaseous layers CG in dense MP and in darker gray level is represented the laser field of the IL2 pulse.
- Instantaneous representation a) illustrates the laser field of the IL2 pulse before its reflection on the dense plasma MP having already ionized the gas on its path.
- Instantaneous representation b) illustrates the laser field of the IL2 pulse during its reflection on the dense plasma MP.
- instantaneous representation c) illustrates the laser field of the IL2 pulse after its reflection on the dense plasma MP.
- instantaneous representation c) we also observe the laser wake mechanism accelerating a bunch of electrons EB, the injection of this bunch into this laser wake having been allowed by the heating of the electrons of the dense plasma MP by the pulse IL2.
- the main pulse IL2 causing the heating of the electrons and generating the wake has an intensity greater than 10 18 W/cm 2 during its reflection by the dense plasma MP. This makes it possible to obtain a laser field sufficient to enable the wake mechanism and to cause acceleration of the electrons to energies of several hundred MeV for a charge typically greater than 10 pC, preferably greater than 100 pC. In general, to achieve such intensities, it is necessary for the SO optical system to strongly focus the FF beam, typically to focal spots of a few ⁇ m in diameter.
- the laser system SL is adapted to deliver a single laser pulse.
- the laser system SL and the optical system SO are adapted so that the pulse IL0 has an intensity such that the rising time front of the pulse ionizes the target CS and generates the dense plasma MP and so that the IL0 pulse generates the wake in the gas layer and induces the heating of the electrons of the dense plasma causing the injection.
- the IL0 pulse it is preferable for the IL0 pulse to have an intensity greater than 10 18 W/cm 2 during its reflection by the dense plasma to allow acceleration of the electrons to energies of several hundred MeV.
- it is necessary for the IL0 pulse to be focused towards the target in oblique incidence and in polarization s in order to allow injection only via heating of the plasma electrons.
- This second variant is not the preferred variant of the invention because it does not allow the different injection and acceleration parameters to be optimized separately. However, it has the advantage of being very simple to implement because it does not require any alignment between several beams and no fine temporal control between different pulses.
- the first variant of the invention is more complex to implement than the second variant of the invention because it requires the alignment of two pulses IL1, IL2 and fine control of the time delay At between these pulses (see further away). However, it is preferred compared to the second variant because it allows better control of the injection and acceleration parameters, for example via the time delay At between the pre-pulse and the main pulse or even the temporal contrast of the main impulse.
- the laser system SL is adapted so that the temporal contrast of the main pulse is greater than 10 8 , preferably greater than 10 10 during generation dense MP plasma.
- the choice of such a temporal contrast is preferred for an intensity of the focused laser beam FF greater than 10 18 IV/cm 2 on the target, so that the pedestal of the temporal profile of the main pulse does not present sufficient intensity to ionize the solid target between a few picoseconds to a few nanoseconds before the peak intensity of the main pulse.
- the laser system SL is adapted so that the temporal contrast of the pre-pulse is also greater than 10 8 , preferably greater than 10 10 during the generation of the dense plasma MP.
- the choice of such a temporal contrast ensures that the foot of the temporal profile of the pre-pulse does not present sufficient intensity to ionize the solid target between a few picoseconds to a few nanoseconds before the main pulse. This prevents the dense plasma from extending towards the vacuum according to an exponential density profile on a scale length L greater than a wavelength ⁇ 2 of the main pulse, before the reflection of the pulse main IL2 on dense plasma MP.
- the method of the first variant comprises a step prior to steps A and B, of increasing the temporal contrast of the main pulse (and possibly the pre-pulse) by reflection on one or several additional plasma mirrors in order to guarantee that the temporal contrast of the main pulse (and of the pre-pulse if applicable) is greater than 10 8 , preferably greater than 10 10 .
- Increasing the temporal contrast of a laser pulse using a plasma mirror is a method well known to those skilled in the art (see for example, Lévy, Anna, et al. "Double plasma mirror for ultrahigh temporal contrast ultraintense laser pulses.” Optics letters 32.3 (2007): 310-312).
- the laser system SL and the optical system SO are adapted so that the time delay At is sufficiently low so that the length d
- the scale L of the dense plasma gradient is less than a wavelength ⁇ 2 of the main pulse IL2.
- controlling the time delay At allows precise control of the scale length L of the gradient of the dense plasma MP during the reflection of the IL2 pulse on the latter. Indeed, after the generation of dense plasma by IL1 and during the delay At before the arrival of IL2, the plasma expands towards vacuum (according to the normal n to the dense plasma MP) at a speed ranging from a few nm/ps at a few 100 nm/ps. However, the higher the delay, the greater the scale length L of the gradient of the dense plasma MP and the easier it is to extract electrons from the dense plasma MP during the reflection of the IL2 pulse on the latter to speed them up.
- the method of the invention comprises a step of adjusting the time delay At in order to optimize the charge of the packet of electrons injected into the wake.
- This time delay At can for example be controlled via a delay line on the optical path of the main pulse IL2.
- the time delay At is between 50 fs and 200 ps, preferably 100 fs and 50 ps. Indeed, through simulations and experiments, the inventors realized that this range is optimal to allow the injection and acceleration of a high charge into the laser wake.
- This range of time delay At between 50 fs and 200 ps corresponds (depending on the energy of the pre-pulse IL1) to a scale length L between ⁇ 2 /40 and ⁇ 2 /5 respectively.
- Figure 4A is a graphical representation of a spectrum of the FE electron beam generated by the system of the invention. The energy of the electron bunch is represented on the abscissa and the charge of the electrons on the ordinate.
- Figure 4B is a graphical representation of 5 EB packet spectra generated by the system of the invention for 5 different IL2 pulses under the aforementioned conditions.
- Figure 4B clearly illustrates the fact that the EB bunches are stable for an energy of 180 MeV with an energy dispersion less than 10% and for a charge of 17 pC per bunch.
- the method implemented in the first variant of the invention comprises a step, prior to steps A and B, of generating the first and the second laser pulse from the same laser pulse called initial.
- system 1 includes an optical element (typically either a 95%/5% semi-reflective blade or a “sub-mirror” smaller than the laser beam to select only a sub-part) separating the The initial pulse in two pulses: the pre-pulse IL1 and the main pulse IL2.
- the main pulse IL2 is then focused by the optical system SO with a time delay At, typically controlled by a delay line in the optical path of the main pulse IL2.
- This embodiment has the advantage of allowing the use of a single laser in system 1 of the invention.
- the IL1 and IL2 pulses are generated from two different laser sources. Furthermore, in the first variant of the invention, it is not necessary for the IL1 and IL2 pulses to have the same wavelength although this may be preferable in order to be able to use the same optical components (mirrors, parabolas or lenses) of the optical system SO in order to be able to focus these pulses.
- the optical path of the laser beam is carried out under high vacuum (pressure less than 10 -3 mbar), preferably under ultra-high vacuum (pressure less than 10 -6 mbar), at least from the point where it is focused by the SO optical system to avoid any non-linear effect during the propagation of the laser beam.
- the system 1 comprises one or more primary pumps and one or more turbomolecular pumps in order to obtain this high or primary vacuum.
- the angle of incidence of the pre-pulse IL1 on the target CS and of the main pulse IL2 on the dense plasma MP does not exceed 75° for prevent their respective focal spot from being too spread out on the surface of the solid target CS, thus reducing the peak amplitude of the electric field induced by these pulses.
- Figure 5 illustrates a first embodiment of the invention in which system 1 comprises a GN gas nozzle connected to a gas tank (not shown).
- the gas nozzle is adapted to deliver a jet of gas GJ configured to form the gas layer CG.
- This first embodiment has the advantage of being simple to implement.
- Figure 6 illustrates a particular embodiment of the embodiment of Figure 5 in which the system further comprises a CG gas cell sealed or partially sealed by the target CS.
- the walls of the gas cell are impermeable to the gas delivered into the gas cell by the GN gas nozzle and include two openings, one to let the incident laser beam pass, the other to let out the reflected beam and the accelerated electrons .
- the target forms a wall which makes the gas cell partially hermetic to the gas, which makes it possible to considerably reduce the gas leak in system 1.
- This makes it possible, among other things, to put less strain on the primary pumps and the turbomolecular pumps making it possible to produce the vacuum pushed or ultra-high vacuum.
- this makes it possible to limit the propagation of the focused laser beam FF in the gas before its reflection by the dense plasma MP, which limits the non-linear effects that there may be in this very high intensity part.
- Figure 7 illustrates a particular embodiment of the embodiment of Figure 6, in which the target CS is formed by a portion of ribbon which unwinds from a coil BR, so as to be renewed by a shot at another.
- the cell is sealed or partially sealed by the spool of BR tape.
- the system 1 comprises a motor assembly MT adapted to unwind the ribbon in the cell, for example by translation in a direction Ü.
- This embodiment makes it possible to easily renew the target without having to modify the alignment of the assembly, for example when the FF beam has too degraded the SS surface of the CS target where the FF beam was focused. This therefore makes it possible to have a higher repetition rate of the electron beam.
- system 1 does not include a CG gas cell, although this results in a greater gas leak.
- the gas tank contains helium and/or hydrogen and/or nitrogen.
- a gas of low atomic mass such as the aforementioned gases ensures that the electrons injected in the invention come only from the dense plasma and not from the gas layer. Using gases with a larger atomic mass would indeed result in greater energy dispersion in the electron beam because there would then also be electrons injected from the gas.
- the gas nozzle is adapted so that an average pressure in the gas layer CG is between 0.1 atm and 200 atm, preferably between 0.5 atm and 50 atm.
- This pressure is adjusted according to the desired electron beam energy. Indeed, a relatively lower pressure makes it possible to obtain a relatively higher energy and a higher charge because in this case the bubble in the wake of the laser pulse is larger, which allows a greater number of electrons to be trapped.
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- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
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- Spectroscopy & Molecular Physics (AREA)
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Abstract
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Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| FR2203449A FR3134678B1 (fr) | 2022-04-14 | 2022-04-14 | Procédé et système d’accélération d’électrons par interaction laser-plasma |
| PCT/EP2023/059338 WO2023198653A1 (fr) | 2022-04-14 | 2023-04-07 | Procede et systeme d'acceleration d'electrons par interaction laser-plasma |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| EP4508949A1 true EP4508949A1 (fr) | 2025-02-19 |
Family
ID=84053201
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| EP23717193.9A Pending EP4508949A1 (fr) | 2022-04-14 | 2023-04-07 | Procede et systeme d'acceleration d'electrons par interaction laser-plasma |
Country Status (4)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US20250254785A1 (fr) |
| EP (1) | EP4508949A1 (fr) |
| FR (1) | FR3134678B1 (fr) |
| WO (1) | WO2023198653A1 (fr) |
Families Citing this family (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN119535806B (zh) * | 2025-01-23 | 2025-03-28 | 中国人民解放军国防科技大学 | 实现相对论激光离轴聚焦的方法及装置 |
-
2022
- 2022-04-14 FR FR2203449A patent/FR3134678B1/fr active Active
-
2023
- 2023-04-07 EP EP23717193.9A patent/EP4508949A1/fr active Pending
- 2023-04-07 WO PCT/EP2023/059338 patent/WO2023198653A1/fr not_active Ceased
- 2023-04-07 US US18/855,483 patent/US20250254785A1/en active Pending
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| US20250254785A1 (en) | 2025-08-07 |
| FR3134678A1 (fr) | 2023-10-20 |
| WO2023198653A1 (fr) | 2023-10-19 |
| FR3134678B1 (fr) | 2024-03-01 |
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