EP3600661A1 - Procede de preparation de materiau d'origine vegetale riche en acides phenoliques, comprenant au moins un metal, pour la mise en oeuvre de reactions de synthese organique - Google Patents
Procede de preparation de materiau d'origine vegetale riche en acides phenoliques, comprenant au moins un metal, pour la mise en oeuvre de reactions de synthese organiqueInfo
- Publication number
- EP3600661A1 EP3600661A1 EP18722898.6A EP18722898A EP3600661A1 EP 3600661 A1 EP3600661 A1 EP 3600661A1 EP 18722898 A EP18722898 A EP 18722898A EP 3600661 A1 EP3600661 A1 EP 3600661A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- reaction
- metal
- reactions
- effluent
- plant origin
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Pending
Links
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F9/00—Multistage treatment of water, waste water or sewage
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- B01J2235/00—Indexing scheme associated with group B01J35/00, related to the analysis techniques used to determine the catalysts form or properties
- B01J2235/10—Infrared [IR]
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- B01J23/002—Mixed oxides other than spinels, e.g. perovskite
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- B01J23/02—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of the alkali- or alkaline earth metals or beryllium
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- B01J23/16—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of arsenic, antimony, bismuth, vanadium, niobium, tantalum, polonium, chromium, molybdenum, tungsten, manganese, technetium or rhenium
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- B01J23/84—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of the iron group metals or copper combined with metals, oxides or hydroxides provided for in groups B01J23/02 - B01J23/36 with arsenic, antimony, bismuth, vanadium, niobium, tantalum, polonium, chromium, molybdenum, tungsten, manganese, technetium or rhenium
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- B01J37/086—Decomposition of an organometallic compound, a metal complex or a metal salt of a carboxylic acid
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- B09C1/105—Reclamation of contaminated soil microbiologically, biologically or by using enzymes using fungi or plants
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- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01G—COMPOUNDS CONTAINING METALS NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C01D OR C01F
- C01G45/00—Compounds of manganese
- C01G45/02—Oxides
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- C07B—GENERAL METHODS OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY; APPARATUS THEREFOR
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- C07B41/00—Formation or introduction of functional groups containing oxygen
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- C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
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- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
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- C07C45/511—Preparation of compounds having >C = O groups bound only to carbon or hydrogen atoms; Preparation of chelates of such compounds by pyrolysis, rearrangement or decomposition involving transformation of singly bound oxygen functional groups to >C = O groups
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- C07D301/00—Preparation of oxiranes
- C07D301/02—Synthesis of the oxirane ring
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- C22B—PRODUCTION AND REFINING OF METALS; PRETREATMENT OF RAW MATERIALS
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Definitions
- the present invention relates to a process for preparing a material of plant origin rich in phenolic acids and comprising at least one metal.
- the present invention also provides a method for the depollution or treatment of an effluent comprising at least one metal by contacting a material of plant origin rich in phenolic acids with said effluent.
- the present invention also relates to a process for carrying out an organic synthesis reaction using, as catalyst, said material of plant origin.
- the object of the invention is to provide a material and / or a process capable of solving one or more of the technical problems set forth in the present invention.
- An object of the present invention is to solve the technical problem of providing a material and / or method for rapidly and efficiently decontaminating waters polluted by metals.
- An object of the present invention is to solve the technical problem of providing a material and / or process for the environmentally friendly recycling of primary metals.
- Another object of the present invention is to provide catalysts for carrying out organic synthesis reactions.
- the present invention relates to a method P1 for preparing a material of plant origin rich in phenolic acids, comprising at least one metal, said process comprising the following steps:
- a preparation of a material of plant origin from a dead plant preferably chosen from:
- aquatic plants preferably the roots of aquatic plants such as for example water hyacinth or water lettuce;
- step b contacting the material of plant origin obtained at the end of step a) with an effluent comprising from 0.1 to 1000 mg / l of at least one metal, preferably for a duration of between 1 hour and 2 hours, at a temperature preferably between 10 and 30 ° C, and vs. obtaining a material of plant origin rich in phenolic acids comprising from 1 to 30% by weight of at least one metal relative to the total weight of the material.
- the roots of aquatic plants are advantageous in the process of the invention because of their polymeric structure.
- the aquatic plants advantageously used are water hyacinth (Eicchornia crassipes) or water lettuce (Pistia stratiotes).
- tannin-rich material means materials of vegetable origin consisting essentially of tannins. These materials include coffee grounds and green and / or black tea leaves.
- lignin-rich materials is intended to mean materials of plant origin mainly comprising lignin, such as cereal straw such as wheat straw, coconut or hemp fiber; fiber plants; the woods of deciduous trees such as birch, chestnut, eucalyptus; waste derived from wood, for example poplar, agave, pine sawdust, in particular pine bark, or sorghum, conifers from conifers such as pine cones, bugs such as chestnuts.
- the materials of the invention are capable of solving one or more of the technical problems of the invention even though the plants from which they are obtained are no longer alive.
- the material of plant origin comes from a dead plant, that is to say a plant that has been harvested, dried and optionally milled.
- a dead plant is a plant which is not capable of reproducing, growing or having a physiological activity.
- the plants are harvested and left one or more days out of their culture medium prior to the preparation of a plant material according to the present invention. This aspect is particularly advantageous in that it avoids the technical problem of growing plants for an immediate or almost immediate preparation of plant materials according to the present invention.
- the plant from which is derived the material of plant origin used in the process of the invention has not been grown on an effluent comprising at least one metal, typically a polluted effluent.
- the material of vegetable origin rich in phenolic acids is preferably a powder of roots of water hyacinths or water lettuce, preferably of water hyacinth and preferably:
- the powder is preferably derived from the ends of the roots; the roots are devoid of aerial parts
- the material has undergone dehydration prior to its implementation.
- the material of plant origin is selected from water hyacinth, water lettuce, pine bark, pine bark and pine cones.
- a material of plant origin comprising phenolic acids is a material of vegetable origin, insoluble in water, comprising an aromatic carbon skeleton and having at least carboxylic acid groups.
- carboxylic acid groups may be naturally present in the material of plant origin, or derived from a chemical modification that makes it possible to enrich the carbon skeleton with carboxylic acid functions.
- insoluble in water is meant here a material of plant origin that can not be solubilized or dissolved in water. It necessarily forms a heterogeneous solid phase immiscible with water.
- insoluble means that the limit of solubility in water of the material of plant origin is less than 1% by mass. Possibly, tiny parts are soluble (traces).
- the IR spectrum of the aromatic ring is characterized by three vibration bands between 1600 and 1400 cm -1 .
- the infra-red analysis is performed by the FT-IR Spectrum 100 FT-IR spectrometer.
- the infra-red data of certain materials of plant origin are grouped in the following Table 1.
- the value ⁇ represents the difference of the transmittances T of two absorption bands, which makes it possible to quantify the intensities of these bands at the intensity of the incident signal. Transmittance is known to those skilled in the art. Report of differences
- the intense and broad band at 1620 cm -1 covers the aromatic band at 1600 cm -1 .
- the intensity of the 1620 band is much greater than that of the 1512 and 1414 bands.
- the intensity of the band at 1645 is much higher than that of the bands at 1525 cm -1 and 1443-1414 cm 1 .
- the intensity of the band at 1654 cm -1 is lower than that of the strip at 1426 cm -1 , and for the pine cone, the intensity of the band at 1658 cm -1 is less than that of the bands at 1602, 1510 and 1441-1419 cm -1 .
- This maximum value of band ratio can be for example 3.5 or 3.
- water hyacinth roots, water lettuce roots, coffee grounds and tea grounds are considered to be materials rich in phenolic acids.
- wheat straw and pine cone are not considered as materials rich in phenolic acids and will be advantageous only after functionalization.
- the term “material rich in phenolic acids” also means a material of plant origin comprising phenolic acid functions and being capable of fixing more than 90%, preferably more than 95%, preferentially more than 99%, advantageously 100% by weight of at least one metal included in an effluent, for example said effluent comprising from 0.1 to 1000 mg / L of at least one metal.
- fixing is understood to mean a complexing reaction between the phenolic acids included in the material of plant origin and the metals with which it is in contact.
- the material of plant origin rich in phenolic acids is capable of binding more than 90%, preferably more than 95%, preferably more than 99% by weight of at least one metal in ionic form included in an effluent, by for example, said effluent comprising from 0.1 to 1000 mg / L of at least one metal.
- a metal in ionic form is understood to mean a metal in the form M (I), M (II), M (III), M (IV), M (V) or M (VI).
- the metal is in cationic form.
- the ionic metal adsorption or fixation capacity of the material of plant origin and thus the percentage of decontamination generally depends both on the mass of said material brought into contact with the medium containing the metals. in ionic forms and the quantity by mass of the metals in ionic forms contained in the medium to be decontaminated.
- the term “absorption capacity” means the ability of the material of plant origin to fix the metals on its surface. By surface is meant the inner and outer surface of the material. The absorption capacity can be expressed in mmol of metal per gram of sorbent, or in gram of metal per gram of sorbent.
- biosorption is intended to mean the non-physiological physicochemical process by which the phenolic-rich plant materials of the present invention adsorb certain metals. The biosorption takes place during the contacting step b) of the process of the invention.
- preparation of a material of plant origin is meant any necessary step to obtain a material of plant origin, such as a dehydration step and / or a grinding step.
- a method P1 according to the present invention comprises, in step a), of preparation of the material of vegetable origin, a step of dehydration and optionally grinding of the plant from which the material is obtained.
- dehydration is meant a treatment of the vegetable material preferably at a temperature between 20 ° C and 90 ° C, preferably in air.
- the grinding step may be carried out using a blender for a few minutes.
- This step makes it possible to obtain a material of crushed vegetable origin, preferably in the form of a powder, preferably in the form of a powder whose particle size is less than 1.5 mm, and for example between 0.5 and 1. , 5 mm.
- the particle size is preferably measured on a sieve with apertures of mesh 1.5 mm.
- the particle size represents the maximum size of the powder grains of the material of plant origin. Grinding can be applied to all materials of plant origin.
- the coffee and tea grounds do not undergo a grinding stage. However, they are thoroughly washed with hot water until the soluble products they contain are eliminated.
- the powder obtained can be washed with water, preferably between 25 and 50 ° C., then this powder is filtered, preferably on cellulose, and dried at a temperature between 40 and 90 ° C. C, for example in an oven at 80 ° C for 12h.
- the materials rich in tannin are washed, filtered and dried under the same conditions as those described above.
- the lignin-rich materials are first washed preferably with isopropanol to remove the resin acids. They are then milled using a blender for a few minutes. The powder obtained is washed again preferably with isopropanol, then with hot water, filtered on cellulose, before being dried in an oven at 80 ° C for 12h.
- the material of plant origin used in step a) of the invention is free or substantially free of metals selected from the group of platinoids and in particular Pt, Pd or Rh, rare earths and in particular Ce, Eu, Yb and Se; or from the group comprising Zn, Mn, Ni, Cu, Fe, Al, Ca, Mg, As, Sb, Cr, Cd, Ni and Co, preferably from the group comprising Zn, Mn, Ni, Cu, Fe, Al , Ca, Mg, As, Cd, Ni and Co.
- each content of Fe, Al, Cu, Ni, Zn and Mn in the material of plant origin used in step a) of the invention is less than 0.01% by weight.
- the material of plant origin used in step a) of the invention comprises at least one physiological metal selected from Ca, K, Mg or Na.
- the material of vegetable origin used in step a) of the invention comprises from 0.1 to 3.5% by weight of at least one metal chosen from Ca, K, Mg or Na.
- the material may comprise from 0.8 to 3.4% by weight of Ca, from 0.1 to 0.8% by weight of K, from 0 to 0.5% by weight of Mg and 0 to 0, 7% by weight of Na.
- the water hyacinth roots comprise 3.4% by weight of Ca, 0.8% by weight of K, 0.5% by weight of Mg and 0.7% by weight of Na;
- the coffee grounds comprise 0.5% by weight of Ca, 0.8% by weight of K, 0.2% by weight of Mg;
- the pine cone comprises 0.5% by weight of CA and 0.2% by weight of K; and pine bark comprises 0.8 wt% Ca and 0.1 wt% K.
- the material of plant origin obtained at the end of step a) with an effluent comprising from 0.1 to 1000 mg / l, preferably from 5 to 100 mg L, preferably 14 to 40 mg / L of at least one metal;
- the material of vegetable origin which is then preferably in the form of a powder insoluble in water, is added to an effluent comprising from 0.1 to 1000 mg / l, preferably from 5 to 100 mg / L, of preferably from 14 to 40 mg / L of at least one metal.
- the material is added in an amount sufficient to bind said at least one metal in ionic form. This quantity is determined by studying the absorption capacity of each material of plant origin.
- the step b) of bringing into contact can be carried out by any means known to those skilled in the art, for example via the elution of the effluent in a column comprising the material of plant origin.
- the material of plant origin may initially comprise physiological metals (Ca, Na, K) and relagens them when placed in contact with the effluent (step b).
- the system is similar to an ion exchange resin: Na and K are replaced by Fe and Mn.
- effluent means an aqueous liquid medium, which may for example be chosen from:
- an effluent of extractive or industrial origin for example originating from mines, quarries or the steel industry and comprising metallic elements.
- the metals present in the effluents can be divided into three categories:
- platinoids Pd, Pt, Rh, ...) and rare earths (Ce, Eu, Yb, Se, ...);
- Primary resources Zn, Mn, Ni, Cu, Fe, Al, Ca, Mg;
- Toxic elements As, Sb, Cr, Cd, Pb, Ni, Co.
- the effluent comprises at least one metal selected from the group of platinoids and in particular Pt, Pd or Rh, rare earths and in particular Ce, Eu, Yb and Se; or from the group comprising Zn, Mn, Ni, Cu, Fe, Al, Ca, Mg, As, Sb, Cr, Cd, Ni and Co, preferably from the group comprising Zn, Mn, Ni, Cu, Fe, Al , Ca, Mg, As, Cd, Ni and Co.
- the effluent comprises a metal selected from the group comprising Cu, Pb, Cd or Ni or from the group comprising Pd, Se, Co, Fe, Mn, As, This, Eu, Yb.
- the effluent comprises at least one metal in ionic form chosen from scandium (Se), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), cobalt (Co), nickel (Ni), copper (Cu) , lead (Pb), zinc (Zn), ruthenium (Ru), palladium (Pd), cadmium (Cd), iridium (Ir), rhodium (Rh), platinum (Pt), lithium (Li), osmium (Os), mercury (Hg), arsenic (As), antimony (Sb), chromium (Cr), aluminum (Al) or a metal of the series of lanthanides including europium (Eu), ytterbium (Yb), cerium (Ce).
- ionic form chosen from scandium (Se), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), cobalt (Co), nickel (Ni), copper (Cu) , lead (Pb), zinc (Zn), ruthenium (Ru), palladium (Pd
- the effluent is an effluent of extractive or industrial origin comprising metal elements and in particular an effluent from of a quarry and comprising at least one metal selected from iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), zinc (Zn), nickel (Ni), copper (Cu), lead (Pb), scandium (Se), cerium (Ce) and lithium (Li), or osmium (Os).
- the effluent comprises one or more metals selected from Pb, Se, Eu, and Ce, or from rare earths, or from Co and Fe, Mn, or from Cr, Zn Ni, As, Cd or Cu.
- step b) of the process of the invention takes place for a time sufficient to set a satisfactory amount of metal by the material of plant origin, and typically takes place for at least one hour, preferably at least one hour. two hours, or for a period of between 1 and 2 hours.
- the temperature of this step is greater than 0 ° C, preferably between 10 ° C and 30 ° C, preferably between 20 ° C and 25 ° C.
- the medium comprising the effluent and the material of plant origin can be filtered to recover the material of plant origin comprising at least one metal.
- the material of plant origin has fixed at least 90%, preferably more than 95%, preferably more than 99% by weight, preferably substantially 100% of said metal present in the effluent. This filtration can be done in "batch” or column mode. By “substantially” is meant here that the metal remains in the effluent is in trace form.
- the effluent comprises at least one metal selected from Se, Ni, Ce, Yb, Co, Ni, Cu, Pd, Pt, Rh, Mn, Fe, Zn, As, Cr or Sb, preferably from Se, Ni, Ce, Yb, Co, Ni, Cu, Pd, Pt, Mn, Fe, Zn or As;
- the effluent comprises at least one metal chosen from Pd, Pt, Rh or Ni, preferably from Pd, Pt or Ni;
- the effluent comprises at least one metal chosen from Pd, Pt, Rh, Mn, Fe, Zn, Ni or Cd, preferably from Pd, Pt, Mn, Fe, Zn, Ni or Cd.
- the material of plant origin is dried in an oven, preferably at a temperature between 70 ° C. and 90 ° C., preferably at 85 ° C., and then it is treated. thermally, for example, at 550 ° C. for 6 hours.
- the material of plant origin obtained in step c) comprises at least one metal selected from the group of platinoids and in particular Pt, Pd or Rh, rare earths and in particular Ce, Eu, Yb and Se ; or from the group consisting of Zn, Mn, Ni, Cu, Fe, Al, Ca, Mg, As, Sb, Cr, Cd, Ni and Co; advantageously chosen from the group comprising Cu, Pb, Cd or Ni or from the group comprising Pd, Se, Co, Fe, Mn, As, Ce, Eu, Yb.
- the material obtained according to the process of the invention comprises from 1 to 20% by weight, for example from 1 to 10% by weight of metals selected from Se, Ni, Ce, Yb, Co, Ni, Cu, Pd, Pt, Mn, Fe, Zn, As or Cd.
- metals selected from Se, Ni, Ce, Yb, Co, Ni, Cu, Pd, Pt, Mn, Fe, Zn, As or Cd.
- the metal content in the material of plant origin obtained in step c) is determined by MP-AES (microwave plasma atomic emission spectrometry) or ICP-MS (plasma mass spectroscopy). inductively coupled). This metal content can be measured directly after the drying and the heat treatment carried out before step c). The metal content is expressed as a function of the total weight of material of plant origin obtained at the end of step b).
- the invention also relates to a process P2 for the depollution or treatment of an effluent comprising at least one metal, said process comprising the following steps: a. a preparation of a material of plant origin from a dead plant chosen from:
- aquatic plants preferably the roots of aquatic plants such as water hyacinth or water lettuce;
- lignin-rich materials such as wheat straw, pine bark, pine cones, coconut husks;
- step b contacting the material of plant origin obtained at the end of step a) with an effluent comprising from 0.1 to 1000 mg / l of at least one metal, preferably for a duration of between 1 hour and 2 hours, at a temperature preferably between 10 and 30 ° C, and vs. obtaining an effluent comprising less than 100 mg / L by weight of said at least one metal.
- the depollution process of the invention advantageously makes it possible to achieve environmental discharge standards and can be chemoselective.
- the sufficient amount of material of plant origin is from 0.5 g to 20 g / l for the depollution of industrial effluents containing metal concentrations in ionic form of 5 to 500 mg / l.
- the metal is selected from scandium (Se), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), cobalt (Co), nickel (Ni), copper (Cu), lead (Pb ), zinc (Zn), ruthenium (Ru), palladium (Pd), cadmium (Cd), iridium (Ir), rhodium (Rh), platinum (Pt), lithium (Li) , osmium (Os), mercury (Hg), arsenic (As), antimony (Sb), chromium (Cr), aluminum (Al) or a metal of the lanthanide series, especially l europium (Eu), ytterbium (Yb), cerium (Ce).
- step c) of the process P2 makes it possible to obtain an effluent comprising from 0 to 100 mg / l, preferably from 0 to 50 mg / l, advantageously from 0 to 15 mg / l, more advantageously from 0 to at 5 mg / L in at least one metal selected from Se, Ni, Ce, Yb, Co, Ni, Cu, Pd, Pt, Mn, Fe, Zn, As or Cd.
- a carboxylation reaction of the material of plant origin obtained at the end of step a) with a carboxylic acid anhydride in an aprotic polar solvent such as ethyl acetate the anhydride being preferably chosen among mixed anhydrides, cyclic, aliphatic, functionalized, generated in situ or prior to the implementation of the carboxylation reaction; or
- step a) a autocatalysed esterification reaction between the material of plant origin obtained at the end of step a) and a polyacid, this reaction taking place in a solvent preferably chosen from ethanol or ethyl acetate; ; or
- the functionalization step can be carried out via the opening of functionalized or non-functional anhydrides, generated in situ or prepared beforehand, such that glutaric anhydride, preferably cyclic carboxylic anhydrides with five centers, preferably succinic anhydride. , aconitic and itaconic anhydrides, with a polyacid by autocatalysis, preferably citric acid, succinic acid, maleic acid or glutaric acid introduced in a non-aqueous medium, preferably aprotic, such as 'ethyl.
- glutaric anhydride preferably cyclic carboxylic anhydrides with five centers, preferably succinic anhydride.
- aconitic and itaconic anhydrides with a polyacid by autocatalysis, preferably citric acid, succinic acid, maleic acid or glutaric acid introduced in a non-aqueous medium, preferably aprotic, such as 'ethyl.
- the present invention also relates to a material of plant origin, rich in phenolic acids, optionally comprising at least one metal, said material being capable of being obtained according to the method P1 or P2 of the invention, and optionally comprising phenolic acid functions. functionalized.
- the present invention also relates to a material of plant origin, rich in phenolic acids, optionally comprising at least one metal, characterized in that said plant origin is chosen from: - aquatic plants, preferably the roots of aquatic plants such as water hyacinth or water lettuce;
- lignin-rich materials such as wheat straw, pine cones, pine bark, coconut husks,
- the material of plant origin according to the invention is characterized by a rate of functionalization between 0.0007 and 0.0014 mol NaOH / g of material in the case of water hyacinth and between 0.0006 and 0.0018 mol NaOH / g of material in the case of coffee grounds.
- This degree of functionalization can be measured by titration of the functionalized material with a solution of NaOH (2M) until a pH of 7 is obtained.
- the inventors of the present application have surprisingly shown that the use of plant materials crushed and packaged in powder form, for example, a powder of roots of aquatic plants, especially water hyacinth can fix metals chosen in particular from scandium (Se), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), cobalt (Co), nickel (Ni), copper (Cu), lead (Pb), zinc ( Zn), ruthenium (Ru), palladium (Pd), cadmium (Cd), iridium (Ir), rhodium (Rh), platinum (Pt), lithium (Li), osmium ( Os), mercury (Hg), arsenic (As), antimony (Sb), chromium (Cr), aluminum (Al) or a metal of the lanthanide series, in particular europium (Eu) ), ytterbium (Yb), cerium (Ce) more effectively compared with the use of living plants fixing the metals by rhizofiltration.
- metals chosen in particular from scan
- Materials of vegetable origin comprising at least one metal and obtained by the processes of the invention, and thus having fixed at least one metal in ionic form chosen in particular from scandium (Se), manganese (Mn), iron ( Fe), cobalt (Co), nickel (Ni), copper (Cu), lead (Pb), zinc (Zn), ruthenium (Ru), palladium (Pd), cadmium (Cd) , iridium (Ir), rhodium (Rh), platinum (Pt), lithium (Li), osmium (Os), mercury (Hg), arsenic (As), antimony ( Sb), chromium (Cr), aluminum (Al) or a metal of the lanthanide series, in particular europium (Eu), ytterbium (Yb), cerium (Ce), can be directly recovered by urealyse.
- ionic form chosen in particular from scandium (Se), manganese (Mn), iron ( Fe), cobalt (Co), nickel (
- the invention also relates to a method P3 for preparing an organic synthesis reaction catalyst comprising a heat treatment of a material of vegetable origin comprising at least one metal according to the invention or obtainable according to one of the following: any of the processes of the invention, preferably at a temperature between 500 and 800 ° C and preferably for a period of between 2 and 8 hours, and obtaining a calcined material
- the present invention also relates to a material of plant origin comprising at least one metal or obtainable according to the methods of the invention.
- the material of plant origin comprising at least one metal or capable of being obtained according to the methods of the invention comprises the mixed salt: Ca 2 Mn 3 0 8 .
- the heat treatment is carried out in air or under an argon atmosphere in an oven preferably for a period of between 4 and 6 hours.
- the heat treatment may also be carried out in two stages, the first at a temperature below 500 ° C., preferably of the order of 350 ° C. and at a second stage at a temperature of the order of 550 ° C. each steps being performed for about 3 hours.
- the heat treatment is carried out at 550 ° C for 6 hours.
- the method P3 comprises an acidic treatment of the calcined material.
- the acid treatment is carried out with hydrochloric acid, in particular hydrochloric acid at a concentration of between 0.1 N and 12 N, formic acid, sulfuric acid, hydrobromic acid, trifluoroacetic acid or trifluoromethanesulfonic acid.
- the calcined materials can be activated and used in chemical catalysis for the synthesis of biomolecules with high added value.
- Opportunities derived from the new type of biomass proposed are numerous and give rise to a considerable number of possibilities in acid catalysis, green oxidation, oxidation-reduction reactions, and couplings, and in particular in the homogeneous phase.
- the invention relates to a method P4 for carrying out an organic synthesis reaction involving the calcined material as a catalyst.
- the method P4 comprises the following steps: the heat treatment of a material of plant origin comprising at least one metal according to the invention or obtainable according to any one of the processes of the invention, preferably at a temperature of between 500 and 800 ° C and preferably for a period of between 2 and 8 hours, and obtaining a calcined material;
- the implementation of an organic synthesis reaction of the invention is carried out without addition of metal from a different origin than the calcined material.
- the term "catalyst” means the product obtained following the method P3.
- the present application also relates to the use as a catalyst, and in particular in a homogeneous phase, of a composition containing a metal catalyst resulting, optionally after acid treatment, from ash obtained by heat treatment of a material of plant origin, in the form of a powder insoluble in water in sufficient quantity to fix at least 90%, 95% or preferably 100% of the metal (s) present in the liquid medium to be treated, which is rich in phenolic acids, having fixed at least one metal in the form of ionic chosen in particular from scandium (Se), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), cobalt (Co), nickel (Ni), copper (Cu), lead (Pb), zinc (Zn ), ruthenium (Ru), palladium (Pd), cadmium (Cd), iridium (Ir), rhodium (Rh), platinum (Pt), lithium (Li), osmium (Os ), mercury (Hg), arsenic (As), antimony (Sb), chromium (
- oxidation reactions preferably chosen from the oxidation of alcohols
- electrophilic substitution reactions such as nitration reactions or thiocyanation
- condensation reactions preferably condensation of a carbanion on a carbonyl compound (Doebner-Knoevenagel type reaction);
- the subject of the invention is also the use as described above or the process as described above comprising the preparation as catalyst of a composition containing a metal catalyst originating, optionally after acid treatment, from the ashes obtained by thermal treatment of a material of plant origin in the form of a powder insoluble in water in sufficient quantity to fix at least 90%, 95% or preferably 100% of the metal or metals present in the liquid medium to be treated rich in phenolic acids, having fixed at least one metal in ionic form chosen in particular from scandium (Se), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), cobalt (Co), nickel (Ni), copper ( Cu), lead (Pb), zinc (Zn), ruthenium (Ru), palladium (Pd), cadmium (Cd), iridium (Ir), rhodium (Rh), platinum (Pt) ), lithium (Li), osmium (Os), mercury (Hg), arsenic (As), antimony (Sb), chromium (Cr), aluminum (Al
- cross-coupling and homocoupling reactions such as carbon-carbon bond formation reactions such as the Suzuki reaction, the Heck reaction, the Sonogashira reaction, the polymerizations, the polycondensations
- an acidic Lewis catalysis preferably chosen from aromatic electrophilic substitution (SEAr) reactions, pericyclic reactions, multicomponent reactions, cascade reactions, addition reactions, transfunctionalization reactions, esterifications, carboxylations, halogenations, nitrations, thiocyanations, aldolization or crotonization reactions or related reactions, preferably Knoevenagel reactions, Perkin reactions, Claisen reactions, Tollens reactions or Thorpe-Ziegler reactions .
- SEr aromatic electrophilic substitution
- the organic synthesis reactions can be catalytically active conversion reactions chosen from oxidation reactions such as Wacker-Tsuji oxidation, alcohol oxidation, oxidative coupling of aromatic compounds. of reduction such as reduction of olefins and nitro and nitrile compounds or hydrosilylation of olefins and alkynes, catalytic hydrogenation, cross-coupling and homocouples such as carbon-carbon bond formation reactions such as the Suzuki reaction, the Heck reaction, the Sonogashira reaction, nucleophilic addition reactions of an enamine on pi-allylic complexes, Buchwald-Hartwig type reactions, carbonylation reactions and ene-reactions, the regioselective reactions between an alkene and an aromatic derivative, the cyclopropanation of alkenes, the cycloadditions, the carbocylation in cascade of polyunsaturated compounds, allylic isomerization, cycloaddition, ene-
- the organic synthesis reactions are chosen from the following reactions: oxidation reactions, reduction reactions, cross-coupling reactions and homocoupling reactions involving reactions involving Lewis acid catalysis preferably selected from aromatic electrophilic substitution (SEAr) reactions, pericyclic reactions, multicomponent reactions, cascade reactions, addition reactions, halogenations, aldolization or crotonization reactions or related reactions such as the condensation reactions of an aldehyde on a Knoevenagel type di-activated compound, the Perkin reaction, the Tollens reaction, the Thorpe reaction, the Claisen reaction, or the Mukaiyama reaction; oxidation or Lewis acid-catalyzed reduction reactions, brominations, protections such as chemoselective tritylations of alcohols and amines, acylations, in particular the acetylations of alcohols, phenols, thiols and amines, silylations of alcohols, oximes, enolates, phenols, amine
- SEAr
- the subject of the invention is also a process for recycling metal catalysts, in particular metal catalysts comprising at least one metal in ionic form chosen in particular from scandium (Se), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), cobalt (Co), nickel (Ni), copper (Cu), lead (Pb), zinc (Zn), ruthenium (Ru), palladium (Pd), cadmium (Cd), iridium (Ir), rhodium (Rh), platinum (Pt), lithium (Li), osmium (Os), mercury (Hg), arsenic (As), antimony (Sb), chromium (Cr), aluminum (Al) or a metal of the lanthanide series, in particular europium (Eu), ytterbium (Yb), cerium (Ce), said process being characterized by the following steps: a treatment of a reaction medium in which a chemical reaction using said soluble metal catalyst has been carried out, with a material of plant origin rich in phenolic acids
- a filtration for recovering said material of plant origin rich in phenolic acids having fixed the metal or metals in ionic form present in the reaction medium a heat treatment of said material of plant origin rich in phenolic acids, having fixed the metal or metals in ionic form to obtain ashes constituting the recycled metal catalyst comprising at least one metal in ionic form chosen in particular from scandium (Se) , manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), cobalt (Co), nickel (Ni), copper (Cu), lead (Pb), zinc (Zn), ruthenium (Ru), palladium (Pd), cadmium (Cd), iridium (Ir), rhodium (Rh), platinum (Pt), lithium (Li), osmium (Os), mercury (Hg), arsenic (As), antimony (Sb), chromium (Cr), aluminum (Al) or a metal of the lanthanide series including europium (Eu), ytterbium (Yb), cerium
- the materials of plant origin which have fixed at least one metal of the present invention make it possible to carry out organic synthesis reactions in the presence of said materials in homogeneous recyclable phase, whereas generally, homogeneous catalysis does not make it possible to separate the catalyst; of the reaction medium, because the catalyst is in the same phase as the reactants and the products of the catalyzed reaction.
- the metal catalyst is easily recoverable by contacting a material of plant origin in the form of a plant waste powder, for example from the roots of certain aquatic plants (examples: roots of water hyacinths or water lettuce), vegetable waste rich in tannins (examples: coffee and tea grounds) or vegetable waste rich in lignin (wheat straw, pine cones, coconut husks) with the reaction medium after catalysis to recover the complex metal / plant-origin material rich in phenolic acids which can be isolated by simple filtration and rinsing, thus the bio-sourced catalysts in the homogeneous phase of the present invention are recyclable.
- a material of plant origin in the form of a plant waste powder for example from the roots of certain aquatic plants (examples: roots of water hyacinths or water lettuce), vegetable waste rich in tannins (examples: coffee and tea grounds) or vegetable waste rich in lignin (wheat straw, pine cones, coconut husks) with the reaction medium after cat
- the performance of materials of plant origin having fixed at least one metal of the invention are often higher than those of their commercial counterparts of non-plant origin.
- the materials of the present invention have a better catalytic activity.
- the material according to the invention comprising at least palladium is active from 0.001 mole%, preferably from 0.0025 to 0.01 mole% of palladium in M form (11).
- the present invention makes it possible to upgrade materials of plant origin while providing a chemical reaction catalyst material.
- the present invention makes it possible to recover materials of plant origin while recycling metals.
- the present invention makes it possible to recover materials of vegetable origin while removing pollutants containing one or more metals.
- concentration of root extract (ER) was varied from 1 g / L to 2 g / L, and the duration of contacting from 30 min to 2 hours.
- the root extracts are heat treated at 550 ° C before analysis. The results are shown in Table 2.
- Example 1.2 Study of the quantity of Pd remaining in the effluent after coming into contact with different amounts of root extracts of water hyacinths placed in a 14 mg / L solution in Pd, at a pH of 2.5.degree. 3 and with a biomass / effluent volume ratio of 0.2g / 0.2L.
- Example 1.3 Rhizofiltration using live foot roots of water hyacinth (1.5 g) on a 200 ml solution at 14 mg / l of Pd and study of the variation in elements during the course of the time in the root extracts and in the solution
- Root extract of fresh roots drained after biosorption (5 g / L)% mass 2.39
- Root extract derived from fresh unmilled after biosorption (1% mass 6.60 g / L)
- Extract derived from the stems after biosorption (1 g / L)% mass 3.64
- Table 5 Comparison of Pd biosorption between different parts of water hyacinth and different operating conditions, palladium content.
- the coffee grounds have remarkable chelating properties of Pd. It is possible to achieve very high rates of biosorption with 5g / L of coffee grounds. Its heat treatment leads to a metal catalyst where the Pd is the most important element. Its metallic composition is different from that derived from the roots of aquatic and terrestrial plants. In the case of tannins such as coffee grounds, heat treatment leads to almost total destruction of organic matter.
- Mn Fe and Mn are the metallic elements of the chemistry of the future. The first is very abundant, inexpensive and nontoxic. Its catalytic properties are broad: oxidations, Lewis acids and coupling agents. Mn (II, III, IV) is an oxidizing agent that can advantageously replace the reagents and catalysts defective by the REACH regulation. Their recycling is rarely mentioned. However, the discharge of loaded effluents into these metallic species is an environmental problem. In addition, according to PIPAME, the known and exploitable resources of Mn could be exhausted in about 40 years. Recycling is therefore useful and necessary. It also opens new opportunities in synthesis as evidenced by the examples presented.
- An advantageous method for reducing the amount of biomass is possible by neutralizing the industrial effluent.
- the following table shows the amount of biomass (water hyacinth powder) needed to biosorb 100% Mn depending on the initial concentration of Mn in the industrial effluent.
- the hyacinth root powder used under the conditions described makes it possible to simultaneously adsorb Fe, Al, Zn and Ni and Mn. It is also possible to biosorb sequentially Fe, Al, Zn, Ni, then Mn. This example shows that the Fe can be extracted before and without the Mn if the amount of material of plant origin is low.
- Example 3 Ni Recycling
- the biosorption was carried out on an effluent comprising nickel in the form of NiSO 4 (15 mg / l of Ni). Absorption is performed with pine cone powder and water lettuce root powder.
- pine cone powder A pine cone is cut roughly, then washed in 100 mL of iPrOH. After 30 minutes, the pine cone is filtered, dried at room temperature, crushed and sieved through the sieve with the mesh openings of 1.5 mm. The powder obtained is used in the biosorption.
- the lettuce roots are air dried at room temperature until stable mass, then crushed and sieved with a sieve whose mesh openings are 1.5 mm.
- the powder obtained is engaged directly in the extraction of metals.
- a material of plant origin for example water hyacinth powder or pinecone powder modified by esterification autocatalysed with succinic acid, is disposed in a column.
- An industrial effluent containing Mn effluents from pyrite quarries
- the effluent that has been brought into contact with the material of plant origin is recovered in an Erlenmeyer flask. This effluent meets the discharge standards in Mn and Fe / Al.
- the material of vegetable origin comprising mixed oxides (Fe, Mn, Al) is recovered, dried at 85 ° C. and heat-treated at 550 ° C. before being used as a vegetable filter.
- Procedure for depolluting a water comprising arsenic A plant filter resulting from the purification of the effluent from a pyrite quarry and having been heat-treated (550 ° C., 6 h), is arranged in a column and then is washed with distilled water. A solution comprising arsenic is introduced into this column filled with the vegetable filter. The water which has been brought into contact with the vegetable filter is recovered in an Erlenmeyer flask. The solution at the column outlet is harvested and analyzed in ICP-MS and meets the standards of rejection in As. The amount of biomass needed to obtain 1 g of solid residues enriched in metals:
- the two compositions differ essentially by the% of AI or even Ca.
- the Mn er Fe levels are very close. Recall that the 3 treatments described in the literature and used in the natural environment are: Al 2 0 3 , Fe (0) OH, Mn0 2 .
- Table 14 summary of the purification of the synthetic effluent of As with 5a / L of thermally treated powders from the biomass before used to treat the effluents
- Cases A and B meet environmental release standards (0.05 mg / L); case A also meets WHO drinking water standards (0.01 mg / L).
- Example 4.1 The same process as that of Example 4.1 is adaptable to phosphate: plant filter resulting from the purification of the effluent from a pyrite quarry and comprising Mn and Fe and heat-treated at 550 ° C allows to concentrate 21 mg / L of disodium monohydrogenphosphate from a solution loaded at 25 mg / L.
- the material of plant origin is added to 1 liter of a solution generated by the infiltration of water in mining galleries that have exploited a zinc ore. The mixture is stirred for 2 h and then filtered. The solid is dried at 85 ° C overnight. The dry solid obtained is then heat-treated at 550 ° C. for 6 hours in order to obtain the ash enriched with metals.
- the material of plant origin is put in a column, washed with water to moisten it. Then, 1 liter of effluent is eluted in a column with a flow rate of 3 l / h. The mixture is stirred for 2 h and then filtered. The purified solution is analyzed by MP-AES. The biomass is dried at 85 ° C overnight, and then heat treated at 550 ° C for 6 hours to obtain the metal enriched ash.
- Table 15 Summary of the purification of the mining effluent rich in Zn (12.5 mq / L) and in Fe (5 mq / L): With 3 g of water hyacinth root powder, the mining effluent containing Zn at 12 mg / L can be purified. The purified water contains around 1 ppm Zn which is below the permitted release standards (2 mg / L). Pine cones and resin acids alone are very close to the acceptable limit value. Their interest is to immediately retain iron, which is no longer detected after filtration. Crushed pine cones can therefore serve as a pre-filter plant.
- the affinity of the transition metals for phenolic biomaterials varies depending on the chemical structure of the cation to be complexed.
- the affinity of palladium (Pd) for hyacinth powder, water lettuce and pine cone is exceptional.
- the situation is very different with ruthenium (Ru), iridum or nickel (Ni).
- Ru ruthenium
- Ni nickel
- other tests were carried out after functionalization of biomaterials, in order to increase the affinity of this type of cation for the material of plant origin (biosorbent).
- This approach is innovative because it leads to valuing common plant raw materials in an original way.
- the example of lignin is striking: a lot of research is devoted to the depolymerization of lignin and the production of small aromatic molecules.
- the objective is based on a new type of lignin valorization: its use as an eco-support material to recycle organic synthesis catalysts and clean up effluents.
- a possible functionalization mode is described: it is based on a carboxylation reaction of the hydroxyl functional groups making it possible to introduce a functionalized ester bond or not.
- Examples of the literature describe the enrichment of materials of vegetable origin by the use of citric acid. The process described consists of impregnating the material in water, heating to 60 ° C. and then to 100 ° C. until the medium is concentrated, and then heating to 120 ° C. to cause the esterification of the hydroxyl functions of the material via the formation.
- intermediate citric anhydride B. Zhu et al., J. Hazard, Mater 153 (2008) 300-308.
- the process suffers from several limitations: the removal of water is difficult and unfavorable to the formation of an anhydride; the decomposition of citric acid takes place at a higher temperature (150 ° -170 ° C: Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry, 201 1, Volume 1 04, Issue 2, pp 731-73) and the formation of anhydride citric is a minor product of the thermal decomposition of citric acid (Biomacromolecules 2007, 8, 3860-3870).
- the methods described here overcome these limitations by replacing the water with green solvents which are easier to remove (alcohols, ideally ethyl acetate), using a carboxylic anhydride and allowing a high degree of functionalization of the dicarboxylic acid materials. vegetable origin.
- the reaction is controlled, in order to limit the formation of fractions soluble in water and of no interest to depollute the water.
- the acid anhydrides are functionalized or not. They can be cyclic or aliphatic. They make it possible to introduce carboxylic acid, sulphonic acid, phosphonic acid, carboxylic ester or amide functional groups under more efficient conditions. Direct esterification reactions by autocatalysis (without passing through an intermediate anhydride) are also possible, but again water is to be avoided. Different natural polyacids are possible
- the direct esterification reactions were carried out by autocatalysis using polyacids, functionalized or not, and preferably in a non-aqueous medium.
- the most effective catalyst reagents have the following general formula:
- n 0, 1, 2;
- R H, OH, NH 2 , alkyl, aryl, CH 2 SR ",
- n 0, 1, 2;
- the functionalized material is suspended in 100 mL of distilled water and 2M NaOH is added to neutral pH.
- the solution is filtered and washed several times with distilled water until the colorless filtrate is obtained.
- the solid is dried at about 85 ° C.
- the esterification of the COOH groups of the biosorbant of plant origin can be carried out with a simple aliphatic alcohol such as methanol or ethanol.
- Hyacinth root powder (5 g) is suspended in methanol (250 ml), acidified with an acid such as H 2 SO 4 conc (1 ml). The reaction mixture is refluxed for 12 h and then filtered at room temperature. The solid is washed several times with water (to neutral pH). The functionalized biosorbent is dried at 85 ° C. for 12 hours.
- Some phenolic biomaterials are naturally rich in carboxylic esters. This is for example green tea. This property can be exploited to transesterify or transfunctionalize the ester groups with polyfunctional ester or amide groups in order to enhance the affinity of the platinoids for the biosorbents. Amines, alcohols, aminosulfonates, aminophosphonates and amino alcohols were studied.
- Example 6.7.1 Green tea powder previously washed with hot water (1 g) is suspended in ethanolamine at 110 ° C (10 mL). The reaction mixture is refluxed for 6 h and then filtered at room temperature. The solid is washed several times with water. The functionalized biosorbent is dried at 85 ° C. for 12 hours.
- Green tea powder (1 g), previously washed with hot water, is suspended in tert-butanol and taurine (1 g) at 110 ° C. (35 ml). The reaction mixture is refluxed for 6 h and then filtered at room temperature. The solid is washed several times with water. The functionalized biosorbent is dried at 85 ° C. for 12 hours.
- Green tea powder 400 mg previously washed with hot water is suspended in 2-dipicolylamine (4 mL) at 110 ° C (35 mL). The reaction mixture is refluxed for 6 h and then filtered at room temperature. The solid is washed several times with water. The functionalized biosorbent is dried at 85 ° C. for 12 hours.
- Hyacinth powder functionalized by esterification autocatalysed with succinic acid The following table shows the concentration of palladium in the aqueous solution after contact with material A or B.
- the modification of biomass increases the biosorption capacity of palladium. We are able to extract all the palladium from the solution after functionalization. The carboxylation and the esterification lead in each case to a total recycling of the Pd.
- the following table shows the concentration in the aqueous solution after contact with biosorbent A or B.
- the modification of the coffee grounds by the reaction improves the recycling of Pd (II). It is more than doubled in each case.
- the functionalizations by carboxylation (A, B) are very effective. In the 2 cases described, the extraction of Pd is total.
- Ni biosorption is an interesting and useful case.
- the toxicity of the Ni implies a total extraction, if one wishes to be in agreement with the standards of the WHO relating to the quality of the drinking water or the standards of rejection, themselves very demanding for this element . This is why the functionalization of biosorbents has been studied.
- Absorption is carried out with different biosorbents (coffee grounds, hyacinth root powder, water lettuce root powder, pine cone powder, green algae for comparative purposes) chemically functionalized.
- the functionalization of the biomass leads to the formation of an effective biosorbent to remove traces of Ni in the solution if new carboxylic groups are introduced, in particular in COONa form.
- This biomaterial is chosen because it is rich in alginic acid which is known to complex nickel well thanks to the carboxylic group. and can be compared with the biosorbents functionalized with citric acid.
- we observe the average efficiency of the algae due to the solubility of the alginic acids in the water which causes the passage of the complex in the filtrate.
- the mixture is difficult to filter. This result shows the advantage of phenolic acids whose carboxylate groups induce a high complexing potency at neutral pH and the carbonaceous structure renders the solid materials insoluble in water.
- succinic root 5g 4.2g 0.72 mL / g 0.00
- the sodium carboxylate-rich biosorbents are very effective and can biosorb up to 55 mg of Ni per 1 g of biosorbent (case of hyacinth powder esterified with citritic acid in ethanolic medium).
- the initial Ni concentration in the effluent is 40 mg / L, after one pass it is 2 mg / L.
- the complexation is still effective, we fix 38 mg of Ni on the biomass. Only one pass is enough to absorb 95% Ni.
- Plant derivatives rich in phenolic acids are good Mn biosorbents if properly functionalized. They can be used again in synthetic chemistry, especially in oxidation reactions.
- hyacinth root powder functionalized with citric acid 1 g is added to 1 L of MnSO 4 solution (24 mg / L, at neutral pH). The mixture is stirred for 2 h and then filtered. The solid is dried in the oven at 85 ° C overnight. The dry solid obtained is then heat-treated at 550 ° C. for 6 hours to obtain the ash enriched with manganese.
- Example 24 Purification of the neutral industrial effluent with the functionalized biomass (hyacinth powder functionalized with citric acid / EtOH)
- the purification of the effluent is very effective. Less than 1 ppm of Fe, Al and Mn remain after the first pass through the column. We can see that a passage is sufficient to effectively purify the industrial effluent. Unlike non-functionalized materials, all metal elements are retained (Al, Fe, Ni, Zn, Mn) but also Ca and Mg. This result is generalizable to the different types of functionalized materials. It can also be optimized easily by using 2 g of biomass per liter of effluent to be treated.
- the hydrated Sc (NO 3 ) 3 (0.072 g) is solubilized in 1 L of water. It is very poorly retained by biosorbents such as water hyacinth roots. In contrast, Se's biosorbent capacities improved after functionalization.
- the initial Se concentration in the effluent is 26 ppm, after the extraction it is 5 ppm.
- Scandium is often extracted from other minerals from which it must be separated. This is for example the Ni.
- the functionalized biomass selectively extracts scandium from nickel, even if the latter is in excess. Comparing the result with the extraction of nickel-free scandium, we can see that the biomass accumulates around 20 ppm of scandium which is comparable with the scandium / nickel mixture test or 20 ppm of scandium have been fixed and the sites remaining complexant fixed nickel without replacing scandium with nickel.
- Table 28 Ni and Se Concentrations The result obtained is spectacular: it shows a fast, simple, efficient and biobased process that purifies the industrial effluent charged with nickel and scandium and at the same time extracts scandium preferentially. This is a new method for enriching biomass in this rare and precious metal. It should be noted that scandium and nickel remain fixed on the biomass and are not eluted even after the third pass. So, only one column pass is enough. Passes 2 and 3 show that there is no desorption. Complexation with biomass is easily extensible to other rare earths such as Ce, Yb and Eu.
- the biosorption is studied with a catalytic solution of Yb (N0 3 ) 3 pentahydrate at 16 mg / l of ytterbium (Yb) and the results of this analysis are described below.
- the biosorbent used is the coffee grounds functionalized with citric acid.
- the concentration of Ytterbium in the effluent before extraction with coffee grounds functionalized with citric acid is 16 mg / l, after extraction it is 1.0 mg / l.
- the functionalized biomass is able to concentrate more than 15 mg of Ytterbium.
- the biosorption is studied with a catalytic solution of Eu (NO 3 ) 3 hydrate at 13 mg / L of europium (Eu) and the results of this analysis are described below.
- the biosorbent used is the coffee grounds functionalized with citric acid.
- the concentration of europium in the effluent before extraction with coffee grounds functionalized with citric acid is 13 mg / L, after extraction it is 0 mg / L
- the extraction was carried out with the coffee grounds functionalized with citric acid according to the ethanol method.
- the biomass (citric acid / EtOH functionalized coffee grounds) is placed in a solution of Cu (NO 3 ) 2 * 3H 2 0 per 1 liter of solution.
- the suspension was stirred at room temperature, then filtered and the solid dried in an oven at 85 ° C.
- Cobalt is a strategic element for two reasons: it is very useful in green technologies and could burn between 22 (increase of 10% of its consumption) and 57 (current rate) compared to the profitable resources. The possibility of recycling is therefore relevant. In addition, Co has been regulated by REACH as a carcinogen and problematic.
- a lead solution was prepared from Pb (NO 3 ) 2 .
- the extraction was carried out with the coffee grounds functionalized with citric acid / EtOH.
- a solution of cadmium at a concentration of 15 ppm was prepared from Cd (NO 3 ) 2 * 4H 2 O.
- the extraction was carried out with 1 g of coffee grounds functionalized with citric acid / EtOH.
- the concentration of cadmium in the effluent before extraction with coffee grounds functionalized with citric acid / EtOH is 15 mg / l, after extraction it is 0 mg / l. All of the cadmium is absorbed by 1 g of biomass in 2 hours.
- Example 15 Coupling reactions with materials having fixed Pd.
- Recycled catalytic systems are called Phyto-Pd.
- Example 15.1 Coupling reaction between brominated heterocyclic derivatives with boronic acids (Suzuki reaction).
- the Suzuki reaction reaction can be in water, butanol or a mixture of water / glycerol or butanol / glycerol.
- the reaction is quantitative in two hours, without addition of ligand, phosphine or particular additive.
- the catalyst is recyclable at the end of the reaction.
- Pd is reduced in situ to black Pd by glycerol. It is isolated by filtration, introduced into a solution of 1M nitric acid.
- Hybridized functionalized powder allows a quantitative recovery of Pd in two hours and the regeneration of Phyto-Pd by the heat treatment / activation sequence with HCl. The coffee grounds are just as effective.
- aryl halide (1.25 mmol, 1 equiv), phenyl boronic acid (1.3 mmol, 1.1 equiv), potassium carbonate (1.5 mmol, 1.2 equiv) and 0.1 mol% of Pd-based catalyst (Phyto-Pd) are put in a flask. 2.5 ml of solvent is added and the suspension obtained is put under argon. The reaction mixture is stirred at 95 ° C for 2 h. After 2 hours the mixture is cooled. The product is extracted with ethyl acetate and washed with water. Conversion is determined by GC / MS with dodecane as an internal standard.
- Entry 1 was carried out on a scale of 20.4 g of 2-bromothiophene, ie 11 mg of Phyto-Pd (0.125 mmol of Pd). This is an interesting case of homogeneous catalysis, Phyto-Pd is entirely soluble in the coupling solvent.
- Table 32 Mineral composition of solids and solutions invoked in palladium recycling (MP-AES analyzes (% mass for solids, mq / L for liquid phases). The process is generalizable to other heterocyclic halogenated derivatives in glycerol.
- the Suzuki heterocyclic series reaction can also be carried out using Phyto-Pd recycled by biosorption with coffee grounds.
- the reaction is carried out in water with a yield of 97%.
- the reaction is compared with commercial catalysts such as PdCl 2 and Pd (OAc) 2 .
- the conversion is total in both cases, but the ratio between the monoadduit and the diadduit is 80/20 and 87/13 respectively. This difference shows that the reaction with Phyto-Pd is more selective with respect to the monocoupling product.
- Sonogashira coupling can be performed without ligand and without copper salts.
- the industrial example of coupling butyn-3-ol and 4'-hydroxy-3'-iodobiphenyl-4-carbonitrile illustrates the potential of Phyto-Pd in this type of reaction.
- the Sonogashira reaction catalyzed by a Phyto-Pd can be extended to the synthesis of ⁇ -conjugated polymers, such as polyarylenes, polyphenylacetylenes. Again, copper salts and the introduction of ligands is not useful. This is a simple and effective access to polymers used in OLEDs.
- Enone (2.5mmol, 1 equiv.) And Phyto-Pd (from controlled heat treatment of water hyacinth roots) (0.15 equiv.) are suspended under argon in degassed THF (2). mL).
- Formic acid (5.0 mmol, 2 equiv) is added and the resulting mixture is refluxed. After 3 hours, the mixture is filtered on dicalite and concentrated under reduced pressure. A yield of 85% is obtained in ketone. It is important to note that the reaction is inoperative with Pd oxide. By hardening the conditions (time, catalytic charge), the percentage of alcohol becomes the majority.
- Cyclopentenone (1 mmol, 1 equiv) is added to 0.1 mol% of Phyto-Pd catalyst (20% by weight of Pd in the catalyst), and the resulting mixture is stirred for 16 hours under argon at room temperature. The reaction mixture becomes dark black. After stirring overnight, the composition of the reaction mixture is analyzed by GC / MS. The conversion to product bearing an endocyclic double bond is 52%.
- Example 16.1 General protocol for the oxidation of benzyl alcohol to aldehyde with Phyto-Fe without ligand:
- Example 16.2 General Protocol for Oxidation of Benzyl Alcohol to the Aldehyde with Phyto-Fe Activated by a Diazotized Ligand
- Table 35 Metal contents The root extracts were heat-treated at 550 ° C and then activated with 6N HCl at reflux for 6H. After concentration of the reaction medium, the yellow solid obtained, called Phyto-Fe, was tested in unusual reactions of SEAR.
- Phyto-Fe comprising 0.05 mol of iron, in the presence of an equimolar amount of sodium bromide (or potassium) and anisole are heated at 80 ° C overnight in the presence of 200 mg of montmorillonite K10.
- the monobromation product is obtained with a yield of 74%. This result is remarkable because bromination is possible without bromine. It is particularly surprising, because from a thermodynamic point of view Fe (III) is not sufficiently oxidizing to oxidize a bromide to dibrome. It should also be noted that the solid support is not silica, but montmorillonite, which does not pose the same problems of toxicity. This method of bromination is unique if one refers to data from the literature. The table below shows the advantage of the technology presented: they are based on the use of a non-noble catalyst, easy to access, without dangerous co-oxidant, without solvent, without silica and with a direct process and very easy to implement, and using bio-sourced and sustainable materials.
- the method allows triiodination of aniline or iodination of anisole or thiophene.
- the aromatic derivative (0.1 mmol, 1 eq), Phyto-Fe (0.105 g (5.3% iron, 0.1 mmol, 1 eq)), Nal (0.1 mmol, 1 eq) and montmorillonite K10 (0.2 g) are mixed and stirred at 80 ° C for 24 hours. At the end of the reaction, the mixture is cooled to room temperature, washed with dichloromethane and analyzed in GC-MS, then in NMR.
- the process can also be extended to other salts, such as KSCN, KNO 3 , and thus allow thiocyanation or direct nitration under very mild conditions.
- Phyto-Zn is prepared by adding 1 gram of water hyacinth root extract in 100 mL of 10 mg / L Zn solution. After stirring for 2 h, the powder is filtered, dried and treated at 550 ° C.
- Example 17.1 Condensation reaction of a carbanion on a carbonyl compound (Doebner-Knoevenagel type reaction)
- Phyto-Zn recovered by recycling has interesting Lewis acid properties.
- the formation of C-C bonds by Doebner-Knoevenagel type reaction is an interesting example. It is involved in the synthesis of many compounds of interest such as atorvastatin, the active ingredient of a Pfizer anti-cholesterol drug known as Tahor in France or Lipitor in the United States, or imiquimod, principle active ingredients of Aldara and Zyclara, immune-modifying drugs used to treat skin conditions.
- Typical reaction conditions involve the use of solvents and a base in stoichiometric amount.
- Phyto-Zn (0.06 g, 5 mol% Zn), previously thermally treated for 5 min at 150 ° C., is introduced with benzaldehyde (5 mmol, 1 equiv) and malononitrile (5 mmol, 1 equiv.) At room temperature. The reaction mixture is then heated at 100 ° C for 1 hour. The solution is cooled and the product formed is extracted with ethyl acetate. The conversion is established by GC / MS with biphenyl as an internal standard. It is 97% Knoevenagel adducts.
- the Ni-loaded biosorbent is useful in organic synthesis.
- it is a good coupling reaction catalyst, such as the Suzuki reaction.
- the eco-formate of Ni is dissolved in a glycerol / BuOH mixture (1/1 by volume) in the presence of two equivalents of potassium carbonate, 1.2 equivalents of boronic acid and one equivalent of iodobenzene .
- the mixture is heated at 120 ° C for 8 hours. 80% of coupling product is then observed by MS GC analysis with respect to the internal reference (dodecane).
- the powder filled with cerium was calcined and valorized in the reaction of Biginelli.
- the epoxidation of the alkenes can also easily be carried out from the ashes resulting from the extraction of Mn using the water hyacinth root powder in the presence of a co-oxidant such as hydrogen peroxide.
- the method can be advantageously compared to the methods of the literature. The process is simple since it is a direct valuation of ashes. No activation has been performed.
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| FR1800053A FR3064497B1 (fr) | 2017-03-31 | 2018-01-15 | Utilisation de materiaux d'origine vegetale riches en acides phenoliques pour la mise en oeuvre de reactions de chimie organique et le recyclage de catalyseurs |
| PCT/EP2018/058362 WO2018178374A1 (fr) | 2017-03-31 | 2018-03-30 | Procede de preparation de materiau d'origine vegetale riche en acides phenoliques, comprenant au moins un metal, pour la mise en oeuvre de reactions de synthese organique |
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| CN111170438B (zh) * | 2020-01-10 | 2022-05-03 | 黄茂东 | 一种除氯过滤器材料及其制备方法 |
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| EP4215267A1 (fr) | 2022-01-25 | 2023-07-26 | Centre national de la recherche scientifique | Nouvelles compositions de catalyse durable de réactions de synthèse organiques |
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| US6270843B1 (en) | 2000-03-27 | 2001-08-07 | Air Products And Chemicals, Inc. | Process for generating useful electrophiles from common anions and their application in electrophilic reactions with organic substrates |
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| FR2987759A1 (fr) | 2012-03-06 | 2013-09-13 | Centre Nat Rech Scient | Utilisation de certaine plantes accumulatrices de metaux pour la mise en oeuvre de reactions de chimie organique |
| FR2993480B1 (fr) | 2012-07-23 | 2024-03-22 | Centre Nat Rech Scient | Utilisation de certaines plantes accumulatrices de manganese pour la mise en oeuvre de reactions de chimie organique |
| US9284206B2 (en) * | 2012-11-08 | 2016-03-15 | Michael Presutti | Chemical co-precipitation process for recovery of flow-back water, produced water and wastewater of similar characteristics |
| EP2958670A1 (fr) | 2013-02-22 | 2015-12-30 | Centre National De La Recherche Scientifique - Cnrs | Utilisation de compositions obtenues par calcination de plantes particulières accumulant des métaux pour la mise en uvre de réactions catalytiques |
| EP2769765A1 (fr) | 2013-02-22 | 2014-08-27 | Centre National De La Recherche Scientifique | Utilisation de produits de calcination de plantes particulières accumulant du métal pour mettre en oeuvre des réactions catalytiques |
| FR3008323A1 (fr) | 2013-07-15 | 2015-01-16 | Centre Nat Rech Scient | Utilisation de certaines plantes accumulatrices de platinoides pour la mise en œuvre de reactions de chimie organique |
| MX377235B (es) | 2013-07-23 | 2025-03-07 | Bayer Cropscience Ag | Proceso mejorado para preparar bifenilanilidas y bifenilanilinas cloradas. |
| WO2015036714A1 (fr) | 2013-09-12 | 2015-03-19 | Centre National De La Recherche Scientifique | Utilisation de certains materiaux d'origine organique contenant des metaux alcalins ou alcalino-terreux pour la mise en oeuvre de reactions de chimie organique |
| FR3010329A1 (fr) | 2013-09-12 | 2015-03-13 | Centre Nat Rech Scient | Utilisation de certaines plantes contenant des metaux alcalins ou alcalino-terreux pour la mise en oeuvre de reaction de chimie organique |
| FR3023732A1 (fr) | 2014-07-15 | 2016-01-22 | Centre Nat Rech Scient | Utilisation de certaines plantes hyperaccumulatrices de metaux de transition pour des reductions de composes organiques par voies vertes |
| WO2016151261A1 (fr) * | 2015-03-24 | 2016-09-29 | Centre National De La Recherche Scientifique | Composition contenant du palladium dérivée de cendres de jacinth d'eau pour la mise en oeuvre de réactions de chimie organique telles que la synthese de composes organiques aux proprietes electroluminescentes conductrices |
| FR3052171B1 (fr) * | 2016-06-03 | 2021-01-01 | Brgm | Procede d'extraction de terres rares contenues dans des aimants permanents |
| EP3305405A1 (fr) | 2016-10-10 | 2018-04-11 | Centre National De La Recherche Scientifique | Catalyseur à base d'oxyde de manganèse (iii) et manganèse (iv) contenant un cation intercalé x pour le clivage oxydatif aérobie de 1,2-diols |
| FR3064496A1 (fr) * | 2017-03-31 | 2018-10-05 | Centre National De La Recherche Scientifique | Utilisation de materiaux naturels d'origine vegetale riches en acides phenoliques pour la mise en oeuvre de reaction de chimie organique et le recyclage de catalyseurs |
-
2017
- 2017-03-31 FR FR1752822A patent/FR3064496A1/fr not_active Ceased
-
2018
- 2018-01-15 FR FR1800053A patent/FR3064497B1/fr active Active
- 2018-03-30 CA CA3058264A patent/CA3058264A1/fr active Pending
- 2018-03-30 EP EP18722898.6A patent/EP3600661A1/fr active Pending
- 2018-03-30 US US16/499,097 patent/US11319232B2/en active Active
- 2018-03-30 WO PCT/EP2018/058362 patent/WO2018178374A1/fr not_active Ceased
- 2018-03-30 US US16/498,912 patent/US11254597B2/en active Active
- 2018-03-30 WO PCT/EP2018/058358 patent/WO2018178371A1/fr not_active Ceased
- 2018-03-30 EP EP18726058.3A patent/EP3600658B1/fr active Active
Non-Patent Citations (1)
| Title |
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| MAHAMADI C.: "Water hyacinth as a biosorbent: A review", AFRICAN JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, vol. 5, no. 13, 29 December 2012 (2012-12-29), XP055291479, DOI: 10.5897/AJESTX11.007 * |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| EP3600658B1 (fr) | 2024-11-20 |
| US20200047165A1 (en) | 2020-02-13 |
| CA3058264A1 (fr) | 2018-10-04 |
| EP3600658C0 (fr) | 2024-11-20 |
| US11319232B2 (en) | 2022-05-03 |
| FR3064497A1 (fr) | 2018-10-05 |
| WO2018178374A1 (fr) | 2018-10-04 |
| US11254597B2 (en) | 2022-02-22 |
| EP3600658A1 (fr) | 2020-02-05 |
| US20200039856A1 (en) | 2020-02-06 |
| FR3064496A1 (fr) | 2018-10-05 |
| FR3064497B1 (fr) | 2022-08-12 |
| WO2018178371A1 (fr) | 2018-10-04 |
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