EP3097996A1 - Method for heating a brick-lined device and/or an object - Google Patents

Abstract

The invention relates to a method for heating a bricked-up device (1) or an object, in which the lining (2) of the device (1) or the object is heated by an energy source (4). The energy source (4) is controlled during the heating of the lining (2) or of the object until it reaches its target temperature as a function of a predetermined setpoint for a temperature gradient generated within the lining or the object (2), wherein the predetermined setpoint for this temperature gradient, taking into account at least one material characteristic formed of specific heat capacity (C _p ), thermal conductivity (λ), density (ρ) and / or maximum allowable thermal stress (σ _Tmax ) is determined.

Description

The invention relates to a method for heating a bricked-up device according to the preamble of claim 1, and to a method for heating an article according to the preamble of claim 13.

Heating masonry from bricked-up equipment, e.g. Pans in the field of steelmaking are conventionally made taking into account a predetermined temperature curve prescribed by the bricklaying industry. Such predetermined temperature curves can be realized in practice by a suitable adjustment of the thermal performance of a burner or by the regulation of the air ratio of the burner.

DE 199 35 451 A1 shows a pan preheating system and pan preheating method in which the heat input rate to the pan is calculated and monitored over the entire preheat period. Here, the variable average slope representing the change in the heat supply rate with the lapse of time is calculated. Furthermore, the variable average slope is corrected for unavoidable variations in the heat input rate measurements. Finally, the change in the variable average slope is calculated with the passage of time, based on which the pan's operational readiness is then displayed, when this variable average slope falls below a set point criterion indicative of a fully preheated pan. The technology according to DE 199 35 451 A1 thus serves to realize an accurate indication of when a refractory lining or lining a pan evenly warmed - and thus ready for use - is. However, specific parameters relating to the material of the lining of a ladle are not taken into account.

WO 2008/154595 A2 discloses a method for heating pans for steelmaking. The temperature during the heating process is changed by controlling a burner of a heating unit based on measurements of the refractory material of the pan. To reduce heat losses and for efficient heating, the heating unit comprises a valve mechanism with which a flame size of the burner of the heating unit during idling of the heating process can be varied.

Out KR 20120009104 A For example, a ladle heating system is known in which a temperature sensor is mounted in a ladle lid to measure the temperature inside the ladle. The signal from the temperature sensor, which indicates the temperature inside the ladle, is received by a controller. The controller then controls an energy source of the heating system so that the interior of the pan can be controlled by a preset temperature.

KR 20130075280 A discloses a heating system for a ladle comprising a lid, a burner, a photography device and an output part. The burner heats the inner surface of an interior of a pan by directing a flame into the interior. The photography device captures images of the interior surface of the interior of the pan to create thermal images of the interior interior surface and thereby calculate the interior surface temperature of the interior. The output part outputs the thermal images and the surface temperature of the interior.

The above conventionally known methods for heating bricked-up areas, taking into account a predetermined temperature curve as explained above, are subject to the disadvantage that no local temperature gradients for the lining, in local or temporal terms, are taken into account for given heating or temperature curves. in this respect provide high safety ranges for the heating curves, in order to avoid any damage to the brick lining. These safety areas then disadvantageously lead to a relatively long heating time until a target temperature is reached for the lining.

Fig. 6 shows a diagram of the prior art for a heating curve T _B , in conjunction with a temperature gradient, which forms in the lining of a ladle when they are heated. This temperature gradient is formed between a surface of the lining and a portion of the lining which is, for example, 10 mm from the surface. During heating, the greatest temperature gradients are to be expected on the inside of the lining. The diagram of Fig. 6 illustrates that on the one hand, the heating curve T _{B increases} linearly and uniformly, and on the other hand, the temperature gradient, as evidenced by the temperature curves with respect to the surface of the lining and a point, which as explained is about 10 mm from the surface increases, with increasing temperature of the power source increases. The increase in this temperature gradient is due to the fact that the temperature increase within the lining (T _inside ) in relation to the temperature increase at the surface of the lining (T _surface ) "lags", or increases only with a delay. With such a temperature development within the lining a desired reduction of heating times is either limited or not possible.

Accordingly, the invention has the object, the heating of a bricked device or an object more efficient - namely with a shortened heating time to reach a predetermined target temperature - and at the same time to make gentle for the material of the lining or object.

The above object is achieved by a method having the features of claim 1 and by a method having the features of claim 13. Advantageous developments of the invention are defined in the dependent claims.

The method of the present invention is for heating a bricked device in which the lining of the device is heated by an energy source. The energy source is controlled during the heating of the lining until it reaches a predetermined target bricking temperature as a function or as a function of a predetermined target value for a temperature gradient which forms within the bricklaying or adjusts therein. In this case, the predetermined setpoint value for this temperature gradient is determined taking into account at least one material characteristic value of the lining, wherein such a material characteristic value of the lining consists of a group of characteristic values formed from specific heat capacity c _p , thermal conductivity (λ), density (ρ) and / or maximum permissible thermal stress (σ _Tmax ) is selected.

With regard to the temperature gradient formed within the lining and the corresponding predetermined setpoint, it should be pointed out that this is a local gradient, which is also referred to below as dT / dx.

The invention is based on the essential finding that the heating of the lining of a bricked-up device takes place with knowledge or consideration of at least one material property or material characteristic value of the lining, namely specific heat capacity, thermal conductivity, density and / or maximum permissible thermal stress the lining. With at least one such material characteristic value, the predetermined setpoint value for the temperature gradient can be determined, which must be adhered to for heating up the lining and serves as the basis for the control of the energy source. This makes it possible, the amount of energy, which is to be brought into the lining for their heating, to maximize in time. In particular, in the event that such a predetermined setpoint for the temperature gradient has been determined taking into account a maximum allowable thermal stress is ensured according to the present invention reliably that when heating the lining maximum allowable thermal stresses within the lining are not exceeded and accordingly the stone material of the lining is not damaged. In other words, the knowledge or consideration of a maximum allowable thermal stress for the material of the lining, in conjunction with a process control in which a maximum allowable thermal stress is not exceeded, advantageously leads to a gentle material heating and to an increase in service life, eg for ladles or the like.

In addition, it is possible to use the heating curve for heating the lining depending on its thickness, e.g. of a radial thickness of the lining in a ladle or the like.

In an advantageous embodiment of the invention, a temperature gradient generated therein can be detected during heating of the lining, which is then used as a control variable for controlling the energy source. The detection of a temperature gradient that forms within the lining provides information about a temporally and locally local thermal condition of the lining. Based on this information, it is advantageously possible according to the present invention to regulate the energy source for heating the lining accordingly.

In an advantageous embodiment of the invention can be provided that within the lining at least one sensor device is arranged for detecting the temperature gradient generated in the lining. In this case, the energy source with such a sensor device is then metrologically via a Connected controlled system, wherein the energy source is controlled in dependence of the measured values of the sensor device and as a function of the predetermined setpoint value for the temperature gradient. Such a type of sensor device disposed within the lining advantageously enables the provision of accurate information regarding the temporal and local local thermal state of the lining, which then permits suitable regulation of the energy source for heating the lining. This is particularly advantageous for determining the wear state of a ladle, or for unknown material values of a ladle or its lining.

With respect to the above-mentioned sensor device, it is desirable that it also detects a temperature directly on a surface of the lining, which is adjacent to the action of the energy source, and for example, directly adjacent to a flame of a burner or the like. In this way, a temperature gradient can be detected by the sensor device for the lining, which adjusts during heating of the lining between a surface of the lining, which adjoins the action of the energy source, and an inner region of the lining.

In an advantageous embodiment of the invention, the energy source can be controlled such that when heating the lining a temperature gradient generated therein assumes a constant value until reaching the target temperature for the lining. This has the advantage that the heating is both material-friendly and efficient, i. with a short warm-up time.

In an advantageous development of the invention, the energy source can be controlled in such a way that, when the brick lining is heated, a temperature gradient generated therein does not exceed the predetermined target value for the temperature gradient. This advantageously ensures that damage to the material of the lining is avoided in any case, in particular in that the maximum permissible thermal stresses for the lining are not exceeded.

In an advantageous embodiment of the invention, the energy source can be controlled such that during the heating of the lining a temperature gradient generated therein is at least 80%, preferably at least 90%, more preferably at least 95% of the predetermined setpoint for the temperature gradient. This advantageously ensures that the amount of energy that is to be introduced into the lining is maximized in time and the resulting heating time is reduced or minimized. In this way, the lining is supplied with the amount of energy that essentially "withstands" its material without being damaged. The fact that as a result of the control or regulation of the energy source of the temperature gradient generated within the lining may not exactly equal 100% of the corresponding predetermined setpoint, but for example, only 80%, 90% or at least 95% of this predetermined setpoint is, as "Safety factor" to be on the safe side when heating the brick lining.

It should be noted that the actual temperature gradient generated within the lining may either be constant, or alternatively may have a time-varying value. In this case, it is possible for the temperature gradient to have an arbitrary temporal change for the entire duration of the heating of the lining or for a portion of this period. Such a temporal change of the temperature gradient is achieved by a suitable control of the energy source, wherein the temperature gradient that forms in the lining, either smaller than the corresponding predetermined setpoint is selected, or briefly greater than this setpoint. For example, it is possible that the actual temperature gradient within the lining in one area between 40% and 120% of the predetermined setpoint for the temperature gradient fluctuates.

In an advantageous development of the invention, it can be provided that the control of the energy source for heating the lining takes place as a function of a database in which measured values relating to predetermined materials for the lining are stored. With respect to such a database, it should be pointed out that data corresponding thereto are stored in relation to the material of a lining of a concrete bricked-up facility, this data having been determined, for example, in preliminary tests. If a control device for the energy source is technically connected to the database, it is possible to control the energy source appropriately in dependence on data stored in the database.

In an advantageous development of the invention it can be provided that at least one temperature sensor is arranged in the interior of the bricked-up device, by which a temperature within the interior of the bricked-up device is measured during heating of the lining and corresponding data is then sent to the database. This leads to the advantage that a direct effect of the energy source on the temperature of the interior is additionally taken into account for the heating of the lining.

Additionally or alternatively to the control of the energy source on the basis of data which have been determined by means of preliminary tests and stored in the database, it is also possible to calculate the data for controlling the energy source simultaneously, namely on the basis of the data of the sensor device ( for determining a temperature gradient within the lining) and / or the temperature sensor (for determining a temperature in the interior of the bricked facility that is to be heated).

The process of the present invention can be used in the field of steelmaking. In this case, a bricked-up device which is intended or required to be heated may, for example, be an oven, a ladle, a converter, a distributor or the like.

With regard to the energy source may be noted that this may be a burner with which a so-called pan fire for heating the lining of, for example, a ladle is generated.

By a method according to the present invention, it is possible to considerably reduce required heating times for a bricked-up device, while at the same time not reducing the lifetime of the lining by such accelerated heating. As a result, process times, for example, in the field of steelmaking, when the bricked-up device to be heated is a ladle or the like, can be significantly reduced. For the purposes of the invention, the heating process for a bricked-out device is understood to be a tuned system of heat source and walled-up device to be heated, with the aim of achieving the fastest possible heating to the predetermined target temperature without, as already explained, the life of the heat to be heated Wall lining is reduced.

Another advantage of the method according to the present invention is that it can be implemented with existing technical facilities. In other words, in order to realize the invention, only a suitable program-technical device is required, as explained, an energy source for heating the lining as a function of a to drive predetermined setpoint for the temperature gradient generated within the lining.

• Brennstoffeinsparung,
• Erhöhung der Standzeit für die Ausmauerung einer ausgemauerten Einrichtung,
• erhöhte Prozessflexibilität im Bereich der Stahlerzeugung, durch eine Reduzierung der notwendigen Aufheizzeit für ausgemauerte Einrichtungen, Öfen, Pfannen, Konverter, Verteiler oder dergleichen, und
• Reduzierung der notwendigen Gesamtzahl von Pfannen wegen der soeben genannten höheren Prozessflexibilität.

Further advantages of the invention are based on:

• Fuel saving,
• Increase the service life for the bricking out of a bricked-up facility,
• Increased process flexibility in the field of steel production, by reducing the necessary heating time for bricked-up facilities, ovens, pans, converters, distributors or the like, and
• Reduction of the necessary total number of pans due to the higher process flexibility just mentioned.

As an alternative to application in the field of steelmaking, it is also possible to use the invention in general for heating an article, in particular an article of heat-sensitive material in which there is a risk of stress cracking during heating. Accordingly, the invention also relates to a method for heating such an article to be heated, wherein the article is heated by an energy source. The energy source is controlled during heating of the article until reaching its target temperature as a function of a predetermined setpoint for a temperature gradient formed within the article, the predetermined setpoint for that temperature gradient taking into account at least one material characteristic of the article formed from its specific heat capacity c _p , thermal conductivity λ, density ρ and / or maximum allowable thermal stress σ _{Tmax is} determined. Conveniently, the temperature gradient formed during heating of the article therein may be detected by a suitable sensor device and then used as a controlled variable for driving the energy source.

Advantageous developments of the method according to the invention for heating an object mutatis mutandis corresponding to the dependent claims 2 to 11.

In an advantageous embodiment of the invention, it is possible to respond to a change in the process situation suitable. For example, it may be the case that the target time point at which the lining of the bricked-up device or the article to be heated is to reach the predetermined target temperature is displaced during heating, e.g. 30 minutes earlier or later. Accordingly, it is possible to control the energy source suitably changed, so that then the heating process is adapted to the changed target time and the lining of the bricked-up device or the object to be heated then reach the predetermined or desired target temperature only at this modified target time. In this case, the temperature gradient, which is formed within the lining or the object to be heated, can be varied over time in order to achieve the desired target temperature, for example, in a shorter time.

Fig. 1

eine vereinfachte Prinzipdarstellung von Komponenten, zur Durchführung eines erfindungsgemäßen Verfahrens,

Fig. 2

ein Diagramm für einen Temperaturgradienten, der sich beim Aufheizen einer ausgemauerten Einrichtung darin bei Durchführung eines erfindungsgemäßen Verfahrens einstellt,

Fig. 3

eine vereinfachte Prinzipdarstellung von Komponenten nach einer weiteren Ausführungsform der Erfindung, zur Durchführung eines erfindungsgemäßen Verfahrens,

Fig.4

ein Diagramm zur Darstellung eines Aufheizverhaltens nach der vorliegenden Erfindung, im Vergleich zu Aufheizverhalten nach dem Stand der Technik, und

Fig. 5

ein Diagramm zur Erläuterung eines Temperaturgradienten, zur Durchführung eines Verfahrens nach der vorliegenden Erfindung.

Hereinafter, an embodiment of the invention with reference to a schematically simplified drawing is described in detail. Show it:

Fig. 1

a simplified schematic representation of components, for carrying out a method according to the invention,

Fig. 2

a diagram for a temperature gradient, which occurs when heating a bricked device therein when carrying out a method according to the invention,

Fig. 3

a simplified schematic representation of components according to a further embodiment of the invention, for carrying out a method according to the invention,

Figure 4

a diagram showing a heating behavior according to the present invention, compared to heating behavior according to the prior art, and

Fig. 5

a diagram for explaining a temperature gradient, for carrying out a method according to the present invention.

Fig. 1 shows in principle greatly simplified components with which a method according to the present invention can be carried out. "1" denotes a bricked-up device, which may be, for example, a ladle or the like. Without being limited thereto, the bricked-out device is always referred to as a ladle for the following explanation.

The ladle 1 comprises a lining 2, which can be heated in interaction with a power source 4 to a target temperature. The energy source 4 may be a burner. In the following description - and without being limited thereto - the energy source 4 is always referred to only as a burner.

A heating of the lining 2 of the ladle 1 takes place in that a ladle fire 5 of the burner 4 is directed into an interior I of the ladle 1. In the presentation of Fig. 1 is a cover device which may be connected to the burner 4 and closes the interior I of the ladle 1, not shown for simplicity.

The burner 4 is connected to a control device 6. The meaning and operation of such a control device is explained below in detail.

Within the lining 2 of the ladle 1, at least one sensor device 8 is arranged, which has a first sensor 8a and a second sensor Sensor 8i has. In this case, it may be provided that the first sensor 8a is attached to a surface 3 of the lining 2, the second sensor 8i being arranged inside the lining 2 and thus at a distance from the surface 3. In any case, it is possible by means of the sensor device 8 and its first sensor 8a and second sensor 8i to detect within the lining 2 a temperature gradient which forms during the heating of the lining in it.

Both the sensor device 8 and the burner 4 are signal-wise connected to the control device 6, namely by respective data links 10, which in Fig. 1 symbolically and simplified are indicated by dashed lines. These data links 10 may be realized, for example, by cable routes or by radio links.

• Zum Aufheizen der Gießpfanne 1 und deren Ausmauerung 2 auf eine vorgegebene Zieltemperatur wird der Brenner 4 angrenzend zum Innenraum I der Gießpfanne 1 positioniert und durch die Steuereinrichtung 6 geeignet angesteuert. Das Pfannenfeuer 5 des Brenners 4 wird in den Innenraum I der Gießpfanne 1 gerichtet, in Folge dessen zunächst eine Oberfläche 3 der Ausmauerung 2 aufgeheizt wird und anschließend dieser Energieeintrag sukzessive in die Ausmauerung 2 hineinwirkt, um innerhalb der gesamten Ausmauerung 2 eine gleichmäßig hohe Temperatur zu erzeugen.

The invention now works as follows:

• For heating the ladle 1 and its lining 2 to a predetermined target temperature of the burner 4 is positioned adjacent to the interior I of the ladle 1 and controlled by the control device 6 suitable. The pan fire 5 of the burner 4 is directed into the interior I of the ladle 1, as a result of which first a surface 3 of the lining 2 is heated and then this energy input successively acts in the lining 2 to within the entire lining 2 a uniformly high temperature produce.

The control of the burner 4 by the control device 6 takes place as a function of a predetermined setpoint for a temperature gradient, which forms within the lining in their heating process. This predetermined setpoint for the temperature gradient is formed taking into account at least one material characteristic value of the lining from its specific Heat capacity c _p , thermal conductivity λ, density ρ and / or maximum allowable thermal stress σ _Tmax determined.

For the control of the burner 4 by the control device 6, it is expedient for this purpose, the signals of the sensor device 8, ie information for the temperature gradient, which is set within the lining 2 during heating by the burner 4, for the operation of the burner 4 as Controlled variable is used. In this way, it is possible to keep the temperature gradient generated within the lining 2 at a constant value. Such a constant temperature gradient is simplified in principle in the diagram of FIG Fig. 2 represented by the temperature curve Ta of the first sensor 8a (on the surface 3 of the lining 2) and the temperature curve Ti of the second sensor 8b (at a location within the lining 2, namely spaced from the surface 3).

Fig. 3 shows a further embodiment of the present invention and for carrying out the method according to the invention. Compared to the representation of Fig. 1 In addition, a database DB is provided, which is signal-technically connected to the control device 6. In this database DB measured values can be stored with respect to predetermined materials for the lining 2 of a particular ladle 1, which have been determined, for example, in preliminary tests. Accordingly, the burner 4 can be suitably controlled or regulated by the control device 6 taking into consideration the entries in the database DB.

In addition, in the embodiment according to Fig. 3 be provided that in the interior I of the ladle 1, a temperature sensor 12 is arranged, which is connected by signal technology with the database DB. Thus, temperature signals detected by the temperature sensor 12 with respect to the interior I of the ladle 1 may be suitably transmitted to the database DB and stored therein. On the basis of this is then one Operation of the burner 4 also possible taking into account the information that has been determined by means of the temperature sensor 12 for the interior I of the ladle 1.

By a method according to the present invention, it is possible to significantly shorten the heating time for, for example, a ladle 1 or the like, thus achieving a predetermined target temperature for the lining 2 of the ladle 1 in a shorter time. Such a considerable shortening of the heating time based on the present invention as compared with conventional prior art heating times is symbolic in the diagram of FIG Fig. 4 indicated. Herein, a target temperature Z to which a required heating is performed is indicated by a horizontal dotted line. Further, in this diagram, a heating time achieved by the present invention is represented by a solid line. In comparison, heating times according to the prior art are shown both by a dashed line and by a dotted line.

The diagram of Fig. 4 illustrates that it is possible with the method according to the present invention, at least to halve or even reduce to a shorter time until now feasible heating times for ladles.

Possible curves of a temperature gradient dT / dx are in Fig. 5 shown, namely in the lower part of it. Herein in each case with continuous solid line, dashed line and dash-dotted line different possible curves are symbolized for the temperature gradient. These curves are consistent with the temperature curves Ti and Ta Fig. 2 correlated during the heating of the lining 2 and in the upper figure of Fig. 5 are shown. Herein it is indicated that the heating is divided into three time periods or phases I, II and III.

As shown in the picture above Fig. 5 For example, the temperature gradient may assume a constant value during the heating phase II. Due to the process, the growth of the lining 2 for the temperature curve Ti in phase I results in a delayed increase, and in phase III a delayed decrease.

Evidence of the lower representation of Fig. 5 namely, according to the variant with continuous solid line, the energy source during the heating of the lining can be controlled such that the temperature gradient dT / dx in phase II assumes a constant value, namely runs horizontally, and thereby 100% of the predetermined setpoint (dT / dx) _max . Alternatively, corresponding to the dot-dash line in the lower illustration of Fig. 5 , it is also possible that the temperature gradient dT / dx varies over time during phase II. In the course of this, the temperature gradient dT / dx may for a short time also assume a value greater than 100% of the predetermined desired value, for example for a desired shortening of the heating time. In exceptional cases, such exceeding of the predetermined target value is possible without causing the lining 2 damage.

In the lower part of Fig. 5 is shown with the dashed line another alternative for the time course of the temperature gradient dT / dx, wherein in the phase II of the heating time, the temperature gradient dT / dx is continuously smaller than the predetermined target value (dT / dx) _max selected.

The variants for the course of the temperature gradient, which in the lower part of Fig. 5 are shown with dotted or dashed line, have in common that the course of the temperature gradient dT / dx, especially during the phase II of the heating is not constant and may be variable in time.

In an application of the invention in the field of steelmaking can be reduced by the above method - due to a maximization of the heat flow, which is introduced into the lining 2 - the process times for heating the ladle 1, with the same lifetime of the lining, because whose maximum permissible thermal stresses are respected or not exceeded. Another result of such a faster heating of the lining 2 is a considerable reduction in the losses which occur in the lining 2 during the heating phase. Finally, the possibility of a more rapid heating also makes it possible to advantageously reduce the temperature level at which a ladle 1 is kept ready for a subsequent use, thereby establishing a large energy-saving potential.

Claims (15)

Method for heating a bricked-up device (1), in which the lining (2) of the device (1) is heated by an energy source (4),
characterized,
in that the energy source (4) is controlled during the heating of the lining (2) until its target temperature is reached as a function of a predetermined setpoint for a temperature gradient (dT / dx) generated within the lining (2), the predetermined setpoint for that temperature gradient (dT / dx) taking into account at least one material characteristic value of the lining (2) formed from specific heat capacity (c _p ), thermal conductivity (λ), density (p) and / or maximum permissible thermal stress (σ _Tmax ) is determined. A method according to claim 1, characterized in that when heating the lining (2) a temperature gradient generated therein (dT / dx) is detected and used as a controlled variable for controlling the power source (4). A method according to claim 2, characterized in that within the lining (2) at least one sensor device (8) for detecting the temperature gradient generated therein (dT / dx) is arranged, wherein the energy source (4) with the sensor device (8) metrologically via a Controlled system is connected and is controlled in accordance with the measured values of the sensor device (8) and as a function of the predetermined setpoint for the temperature gradient. A method according to claim 3, characterized in that the sensor means (8) also detects a temperature adjacent to a surface of the lining (2) adjacent to an action of the energy source (4), preferably adjacent to a flame of a burner or the like, is present. Method according to one of claims 1 to 4, characterized in that the energy source (4) is controlled such that when heating the lining (2) therein generates a temperature gradient (dT / dx) assumes a constant value. Method according to one of claims 1 to 5, characterized in that the energy source (4) is controlled such that when heating the lining (2) a temperature gradient generated therein (dT / dx) is variable over time. Method according to one of claims 1 to 6, characterized in that the energy source (4) is controlled such that when heating the lining (2) generated therein a temperature gradient (dT / dx) does not exceed the predetermined setpoint for the temperature gradient. Method according to one of claims 1 to 7, characterized in that the energy source (4) is controlled such that when heating the lining (2) a temperature gradient generated therein (dT / dx) at least 80%, preferably at least 90%, more preferably is at least 95% of the predetermined setpoint for the temperature gradient. Method according to one of claims 1 to 8, characterized in that the control of the energy source (4) for heating the lining (2) in dependence on a database (DB) takes place. A method according to claim 9, characterized in that in the database measured values with respect to predetermined materials for the lining (2) are stored. A method according to claim 9 or 10, characterized in that the data for controlling the power source (4) are calculated simultaneously. Method according to one of claims 9 to 11, characterized in that in the interior (I) of the walled device (1) at least one temperature sensor is arranged, by the heating of the lining (2) a temperature within the interior (I) of the bricked-out device (1) is measured and sent to the database (DB). A method of heating an article to be heated, wherein the article is heated by an energy source (4),
characterized,
that the energy source (4) during the heating of the object until reaching the target temperature as a function of a predetermined target value for a formed within the object temperature gradient is controlled (dT / dx), wherein the predetermined target value for that temperature gradients in the light of at least one material Characteristic value of the object formed from its specific heat capacity (c _p ), thermal conductivity (λ), density (ρ) and / or maximum allowable thermal stress (σ _Tmax ) is determined. A method according to claim 13, characterized in that during the heating of the object, a temperature gradient (dT / dx) generated therein is detected and used as a control variable for controlling the energy source (4). Method according to one of claims 1 to 14, characterized in that the heating takes place as a function of a predetermined time for the target temperature of the lining of the bricked-up device or the object to be heated and for this purpose the energy source is suitably controlled.

Images