EP2457860A2 - Dispositif de sécurité pour ascenseur - Google Patents
Dispositif de sécurité pour ascenseur Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- EP2457860A2 EP2457860A2 EP11190104A EP11190104A EP2457860A2 EP 2457860 A2 EP2457860 A2 EP 2457860A2 EP 11190104 A EP11190104 A EP 11190104A EP 11190104 A EP11190104 A EP 11190104A EP 2457860 A2 EP2457860 A2 EP 2457860A2
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- car
- door
- safety device
- door zone
- zone
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
Links
- 238000011156 evaluation Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 30
- 230000001133 acceleration Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 21
- 238000001514 detection method Methods 0.000 claims description 10
- 238000012544 monitoring process Methods 0.000 claims description 8
- 230000015556 catabolic process Effects 0.000 abstract 1
- 230000005540 biological transmission Effects 0.000 description 4
- 238000012937 correction Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000013459 approach Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000001419 dependent effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 2
- SAZUGELZHZOXHB-UHFFFAOYSA-N acecarbromal Chemical group CCC(Br)(CC)C(=O)NC(=O)NC(C)=O SAZUGELZHZOXHB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000000712 assembly Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000000429 assembly Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002457 bidirectional effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000002349 favourable effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000008092 positive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000725 suspension Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B66—HOISTING; LIFTING; HAULING
- B66B—ELEVATORS; ESCALATORS OR MOVING WALKWAYS
- B66B5/00—Applications of checking, fault-correcting, or safety devices in elevators
- B66B5/0006—Monitoring devices or performance analysers
- B66B5/0018—Devices monitoring the operating condition of the elevator system
- B66B5/0031—Devices monitoring the operating condition of the elevator system for safety reasons
Definitions
- the invention relates to a safety device for an elevator with an elevator control, a control unit controlled by a drive device, a service brake and a car, the car has at least one car door and by means of the safety device, the uncontrolled leaving the car from a stop with open car door can be prevented and wherein the safety device comprises a measuring device, an evaluation device and a braking device.
- Such safety devices are used in elevators, which have a car which is movable in a shaft in the vertical direction upwards and downwards to transport people and / or loads.
- the car has at least one car door, whose opening and closing state can be detected by a door sensor. If the car leaves a stop, the door must be closed. If this is not the case, the car must be brought to a standstill within a very short time for safety reasons. An uncontrolled leaving a stop with open car door is prevented by the safety device.
- Object of the present invention is to provide a safety device of the type mentioned, which is as inexpensive as possible and requires the least possible space.
- a safety device of the generic type according to the invention that by means of the measuring device, the position of the car based on at least one formed at a stop door zone and the acceleration and / or speed of the car within the door zone can be detected and that the evaluation device, the elevator control and the control unit comprises and by means of the evaluation device Both the leaving of the at least one door zone and that reaching impermissible accelerations and / or speeds of the car within the door zone are recognizable and by means of the evaluation the shutdown of the drive means and the engagement of the service brake can be activated, the length of the Door zone is dimensioned so that the car stops in the range of one meter after the stop.
- the evaluation device comprises the elevator control provided as standard and the control device provided as standard, which controls the drive device.
- the control unit has a frequency converter as usual.
- the elevator control and the control unit act as an evaluation device of the safety device in such a way that the drive motor is switched off and the service brake is activated when the car leaves the door zone with the door open and also if the acceleration and / or speed of the car within the door zone assume impermissible values.
- the car can be brought to a standstill within a range of one meter from the stop. This is achieved in that the relevant door zone is correspondingly short, so that the car can be braked reliably in said area.
- the car In the area of a stop it may be necessary to correct the position of the car relative to a leveling position. Such corrections may arise, for example, when loading and unloading the car due to the associated weight change.
- the car can be moved within the door zone at low speed and with low acceleration.
- maximum permissible values of the speed and the acceleration can be specified. If the evaluation device in the form of the elevator control and the control unit detects that the acceleration and / or speed present in the door zone exceeds the permissible maximum value, then the drive device is switched off and the service brake is activated, so that the car is in the range of one meter after the Stop safely comes to a halt.
- the safety device according to the invention is used in particular for elevators with gearless drives.
- the service brake may be approved as a safety brake.
- the at least one door zone can be defined by zone flags installed in the shaft, which can be detected optically, magnetically, capacitively or inductively.
- the measuring device comprises at least one door zone monitoring circuit and at least one pulse generator of the drive device or a speed limiter.
- Speed limiters are known per se to the person skilled in the art. They are used to decelerate a car that has an inadmissibly high speed within a very short time.
- the measuring device may include a cooperating with the speed limiter pulse generator, which provides the evaluation device in response to the speed of the car pulses. It can also be provided that the pulse generator cooperates with the drive motor or a drive pulley of the elevator in order to provide pulses to the evaluation device which depend on the speed of the elevator car.
- the measuring device has at least one door zone monitoring circuit.
- the position of the car relative to a door zone is detected such that the door zone monitoring circuit provides the elevator controller with a signal that depends on whether the car is inside or outside the door zone.
- zone flags installed in the shaft can be used for this purpose. These can be detected by a door zone sensor located on the car. If a zone flag is detected by the door zone sensor, the elevator control receives the information that the car is located within the door zone.
- the braking device comprises a service brake of the elevator, which is approved as a safety brake.
- An additional safety brake can be eliminated.
- the evaluation device preferably consists exclusively of the elevator control and the control device of the drive device. Additional components can be omitted.
- the drive device can be switched off by the evaluation device without the control device having to be used for this purpose.
- the elevator control can cooperate, for example, with a safety chain of the elevator, which shuts off the drive device in the event of a fault.
- a disturbance can be detected by the elevator control by determining that a car door is open when leaving a door zone. If this is the case, then the drive motor can be switched off immediately by the elevator control, without the control unit of the drive motor has to be used.
- the part of the evaluation unit which already recognizes impermissible accelerations and / or impermissible speeds within the door zone, is implemented within the control unit.
- the evaluation device has a first part which detects the leaving of a door zone, and a second part which detects impermissible accelerations and / or speeds within the door zone, wherein the two parts mutually monitor their function by means of bidirectionally exchanged signals cause a shutdown of the drive motor in case of failure.
- the door zones of the safety device have a different length than door zones of other functional units of the elevator.
- a first door zone and a second door zone are formed, wherein the first door zone of the safety device is assigned and the second door zone is decisive for the retraction of the car with the car door opening into a stop.
- the driving in of the car with the door opening can, for example, take place within a range of 35 cm relative to the leveling position of the car at the stop, whereas the door zone cooperating with the safety device can occupy a shorter range, for example a range of only 10 cm relative to the leveling position of the car Car at the bus stop.
- the two door zones can each be designed as zone fins installed in the shaft, which are detectable optically, magnetically, capacitively or inductively by an associated door zone sensor. It can also be provided that at least one door zone can be computationally detected, for example by evaluating the signals of a pulse generator.
- the control device comprises a safe pulse lock which safely separates control pulses which are provided by a control element of the control device of a power electronics of the control device.
- the drive motor receives the supply voltage from power electronics as a function of control signals a control member, such as a microcontroller provided.
- the transmission of the control signals via a secure pulse lock, which conveniently has at least two in series with each other connected optocouplers.
- the transmission of control signals can be interrupted within a very short time, for example, by the fact that the operating voltage of the optocoupler is interrupted. The provision of a pulse lock thus enables the safety device according to the invention to reliably separate the drive motor from its supply voltage within a very short time.
- the electrical supply of the service brake can be interrupted by means of the safe pulse lock.
- the pulse lock interrupts not only the control signals for the power electronics of the control unit, but in addition interrupts the pulse lock also the supply voltage of the service brake, so that this occurs and thereby the car is braked.
- an electromagnetic short circuit in the drive motor can be generated by the control unit for rapid shutdown of the drive motor.
- the measuring device comprises an absolute value-related position detection of the car, which is connected to the elevator control and is designed at least two channels.
- the elevator control can control the travel of the car during normal operation of the elevator by the position detection permanently provides position information of the car.
- the position detection is designed here safe, that is, it is at least two channels.
- a coded magnetic tape can be used as absolute value-related position detection in combination with at least two magnetic field-sensitive sensors which scan the magnetic tape during a drive of the car. The magnetic tape extends over the entire length of the Shaft, so that over the entire length of the shaft position information of the elevator control can be provided.
- the measuring device consists of the above-mentioned absolute value-related position detection and a pulse generator of the drive device and / or a speed limiter.
- non-secure output signals can be monitored with regard to their plausibility. It can be provided, for example, that discontinuities of the output signals can be detected by the evaluation device. If there is a discontinuity, the drive motor can be switched off by means of the evaluation device and the service brake can be activated.
- door zones can be mapped in the software of the elevator control.
- a distinction in different sized door zones for different functions per stop can be implemented in the software without additional costs.
- FIG. 1 schematically illustrated an elevator 10 with a car 12, which is movable by means of a drive means 14 in a shaft 16 in the vertical direction upwards and downwards, wherein he at various stops, of which in FIG. 1 only three stops 18, 19 and 20 are shown, can stop to be loaded and unloaded.
- the drive device 14 includes a drive motor 22, which is controlled by a control unit 24, wherein the drive motor 22 via the control unit 24 - as explained in more detail below - a supply voltage is provided.
- the drive device 14 comprises a traction sheave 26, which is rotated by the drive motor 22 in rotation.
- a rope 28 is passed around the traction sheave 26 and connects the car 12 with a counterweight 30th
- the traction sheave 26 is associated with a service brake 32 which, like the control unit 24, is connected to an elevator control 34.
- the traction sheave 26 is associated with a pulse generator 36 which detects the rotation of the traction sheave 26 and provides a dependent of the rotation of the traction sheave 26 pulse signal.
- the car 12 has a car door 38 with a first door leaf 39 and a second door leaf 40, the opening and closing position is detected by a door sensor 41 and 42, respectively.
- a door sensor 41 and 42 is connected to the elevator control 34.
- a magnetic tape 44 which are scanned by a first position sensor 45 and a second position sensor 46, both of which are arranged on the car 12 can.
- the two position sensors 45, 46 in combination with the magnetic tape 44 a secure, namely two-channel absolute value-related position detection of the car 12.
- the position sensors 45 and 46 are also connected via the above-mentioned suspension cable to the elevator control 34.
- a first zone flag 48 and a second zone flag 49 are arranged in the shaft 12, which can be detected by a first door zone sensor 51 and a second door zone sensor 52.
- the two door zone sensors 51 and 52 are fixed to the car 12 and connected via the above-mentioned hanging cable with the elevator control 34.
- the car 12 can be moved in the shaft 16 by means of the drive device 14.
- the car 12 may occupy a position flush with a stop 18, 19 or 20.
- the weight of the car changes 12. This can cause the car 12 changes its position relative to the stop 18, 19 and 20 slightly. It can then the position of the car 12 relative to the respective stop 18, 19 and 20 readjusted by the drive means 14 is activated.
- the adjustment movement takes place here with very low speed and very low acceleration within a first door zone, which is predetermined by the first zone lug 48.
- An adjusting movement of the car 12 can only take place when the first door zone sensor 51 detects the first zone flag 48.
- the first zone lug 48 extends in the illustrated embodiment, starting from a flush position of the car 12 100 mm vertically upwards and downwards.
- the car door 38 can already be opened even before the car 12 has reached its leveling position.
- the opening of the car door 38 can take place as soon as the second door zone sensor 52 detects the second zone flag 49.
- the second zone flag thus defines a second door zone; within the second door zone, when the elevator car 12 approaches a stop 18, 19 and 20, the car door 38 are opened.
- the second zone flag 49 extends in the illustrated embodiment, starting from a flush position of the car 12 350 mm vertically upwards and downwards.
- the second door zone is thus longer than the first door zone. In the illustrated embodiment, the length of the second door zone is more than three times the first door zone.
- the safety device 55 comprises a measuring device 57, an evaluation device 58 and a braking device 59.
- the measuring device 57 is formed by the pulse generator 36 and by a door zone monitoring circuit 61, which consists of the first door zone sensor 51 and the first zone flag 48. By means of the door zone monitoring circuit 61 it can be determined whether the car 12 is within the first door zone defined by the first zone flag 48.
- the evaluation device 58 is formed by the elevator control 34 and the control unit 24, which are connected to each other via a bidirectional electrical connection 63 and which are each connected to a safety chain 65 of the elevator 10.
- the braking device 59 comprises the drive motor 22 and the service brake 32.
- the safety device 55 can be prevented that the car 12 uncontrollably leaves a stop 18, 19 or 20 with open car door 38. If the elevator controller 34 receives the signal from the door zone monitoring circuit 61 that the car 38 leaves the first door zone, the elevator controller 34 receives the same from the door sensors 41 and / or 42 at the same time Signal that at least one door leaf 39 or 40 is not closed, the elevator control 34 opens the safety chain 65. This has the consequence that the service brake 32 is activated, that is, their power supply is interrupted, so that the service brake 59 occurs, and In addition, the drive motor 22 is turned off.
- the control unit 24 is signal-connected to the pulse generator 36.
- the pulses provided by the pulse generator 36 which are dependent on the rotational speed of the traction sheave 26, are evaluated by the control unit 24 to determine whether an impermissibly high acceleration and / or speed of the car 12 is present. How out FIG. 3 becomes clear, the signal provided by the pulse generator 36 is first subjected to a first signal test 67, in which the provided pulse signal is checked for plausibility. It is checked here whether the pulse signal undergoes a discontinuous change or not. A discontinuous change would mean that the pulse signal is not plausible. In such a case, the safety chain 65 is also interrupted, so that the drive motor 22 is turned off and the service brake 32 are activated.
- the pulse signal is plausible, it experiences a second signal check 69, in which the velocity and acceleration of the car 12 are determined from the pulse signal provided.
- the speed and the acceleration of the car are compared with permissible maximum values, that is, with speed and acceleration values within the first door zone to correct the position of the car 12 are allowed. These are provided to the controller 24 by the elevator controller. If the permissible maximum values are exceeded, the safety chain 65 is interrupted and, in addition, a pulse lock 72, which will be explained in more detail below, is activated. If there is no exceeding of the permissible maximum values, then a control element 74 of a frequency converter 76 of the control unit 24 is provided with a signal which signals normal operation.
- control signals can be provided to a power electronics 78 of the frequency converter 76 so that it provides the drive motor 22 with a supply voltage in the form of an alternating pulse pattern, which allows the drive motor 22 to cause a rotational movement, to set the traction sheave 26 in rotation and thereby moving the car 12.
- the supply voltage is provided to the power electronics 78 via a motor line 80.
- the control member 74 is connected via a total of six control lines to the power electronics 78, wherein in FIG. 4 To achieve a better overview, only a first control line 84 and a second control line 85 are shown.
- Via a further control line 87 the control member 74 of the frequency converter 76 is connected to a brake control 89 which controls the service brake 32.
- two optocouplers 91, 92 are connected in series.
- the operating voltage of the opto-couplers 91, 92 is supplied via first switching contacts 94 which can be opened and closed by a positive-action relay, not shown in the drawing, depending on the result of the second signal check 69 within the first door zone by means of the pulse generator 36 detected acceleration and / or speed values the permissible maximum values, the operating voltage of the optocoupler of the pulse lock 72 is interrupted by means of the first switching contacts 94. As a result, the control element 74 can no longer transmit a control signal to the power electronics 78.
- the safety device 55 can thus be reliably prevented on the one hand that the car 12 leaves the first door zone with open car door 38.
- the car 12 within the first door zone can reliably be prevented from assuming an acceleration or a speed which is greater than maximum values permissible for a correction of the position of the car 12 within the first door zone.
- the safety device 55 is in this case formed by components of the elevator 10, which the elevator 10 also requires for its normal operation.
- the safety device 55 can therefore be provided very inexpensively and it requires no additional space.
- the car can be brought to a halt by means of the safety device 55 in the event of a fault in a range of one meter to a stop 18, 19, 20.
Landscapes
- Maintenance And Inspection Apparatuses For Elevators (AREA)
- Elevator Door Apparatuses (AREA)
- Elevator Control (AREA)
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| DE201010062154 DE102010062154A1 (de) | 2010-11-29 | 2010-11-29 | Sicherheitseinrichtung für einen Aufzug |
Publications (3)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| EP2457860A2 true EP2457860A2 (fr) | 2012-05-30 |
| EP2457860A3 EP2457860A3 (fr) | 2013-10-16 |
| EP2457860B1 EP2457860B1 (fr) | 2015-01-07 |
Family
ID=45062986
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| EP20110190104 Not-in-force EP2457860B1 (fr) | 2010-11-29 | 2011-11-22 | Dispositif de sécurité pour ascenseur |
Country Status (3)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| EP (1) | EP2457860B1 (fr) |
| DE (1) | DE102010062154A1 (fr) |
| ES (1) | ES2532969T3 (fr) |
Cited By (8)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DE102014225551A1 (de) * | 2014-12-11 | 2016-06-16 | Thyssenkrupp Ag | Verfahren zum Bestimmen einer Last in einer Kabine eines Aufzugsystems |
| DE102015211488A1 (de) | 2015-06-22 | 2016-12-22 | Thyssenkrupp Ag | Sicherheitseinrichtung einer Aufzugsanlage |
| WO2018010991A1 (fr) * | 2016-07-14 | 2018-01-18 | Inventio Ag | Ascenseur doté d'une unité de commande de recouvrement de chaîne de sécurité comprenant un automate programmable industriel de sécurité surveillant séparément divers interrupteurs de sécurité pour augmenter un niveau d'intégrité de sécurité |
| EP2855323B1 (fr) | 2012-05-31 | 2019-07-24 | KONE Corporation | Dispositif d'entraînement d'un ascenseur |
| WO2020245495A1 (fr) * | 2019-06-07 | 2020-12-10 | Kone Corporation | Commande d'un système d'ascenseur |
| EP3366626B1 (fr) | 2017-02-22 | 2021-01-06 | Otis Elevator Company | Système de sécurité d'ascenseur et procédé de surveillance d'un système d'ascenseur |
| CN113874310A (zh) * | 2019-07-02 | 2021-12-31 | 株式会社日立制作所 | 电梯设备 |
| WO2022058276A1 (fr) * | 2020-09-17 | 2022-03-24 | Inventio Ag | Dispositif de sécurité pour la commande de fonctions ucm et udm relatives à la sécurité dans un système d'ascenseur |
Families Citing this family (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DE102014117373A1 (de) | 2014-11-26 | 2016-06-02 | Thyssenkrupp Ag | Aufzugsystem |
| WO2018001830A1 (fr) * | 2016-06-30 | 2018-01-04 | Inventio Ag | Ascenseur avec une unité de commande de superposition de chaîne de sécurité comprenant un commutateur de sécurité de surveillance plc de sécurité et miroir d'un état de commutation avec une commande d'ascenseur |
Family Cites Families (8)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DE2024798C3 (de) * | 1970-05-21 | 1982-01-14 | Otis Elevator Co., New York, N.Y. | Sicherheitsvorrichtung für eine Fahrstuhlkabine |
| US4308936A (en) * | 1980-02-19 | 1982-01-05 | Westinghouse Electric Corp. | Elevator system |
| DE10133532C2 (de) * | 2001-07-11 | 2003-07-31 | Schmersal K A Gmbh & Co | Sicherheitsschaltung zur Erzeugung eines Freigabesignals an eine Steuerung |
| WO2005032993A2 (fr) * | 2003-10-01 | 2005-04-14 | Logos-Innovationen Gmbh | Dispositif de levage, notamment ascenseur ou pont-elevateur |
| WO2009008058A1 (fr) * | 2007-07-10 | 2009-01-15 | Mitsubishi Electric Corporation | Ascenseur |
| WO2010150341A1 (fr) * | 2009-06-22 | 2010-12-29 | 三菱電機株式会社 | Dispositif d'ascenseur |
| EP2319791A1 (fr) * | 2009-11-10 | 2011-05-11 | Inventio AG | Installation d'ascenseur |
| SG186731A1 (en) * | 2010-06-18 | 2013-02-28 | Hitachi Ltd | Elevator system |
-
2010
- 2010-11-29 DE DE201010062154 patent/DE102010062154A1/de not_active Withdrawn
-
2011
- 2011-11-22 ES ES11190104.7T patent/ES2532969T3/es active Active
- 2011-11-22 EP EP20110190104 patent/EP2457860B1/fr not_active Not-in-force
Non-Patent Citations (1)
| Title |
|---|
| None |
Cited By (15)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| EP2855323B2 (fr) † | 2012-05-31 | 2023-03-15 | KONE Corporation | Dispositif d'entraînement d'un ascenseur |
| EP2855323B1 (fr) | 2012-05-31 | 2019-07-24 | KONE Corporation | Dispositif d'entraînement d'un ascenseur |
| DE102014225551A1 (de) * | 2014-12-11 | 2016-06-16 | Thyssenkrupp Ag | Verfahren zum Bestimmen einer Last in einer Kabine eines Aufzugsystems |
| DE102015211488A1 (de) | 2015-06-22 | 2016-12-22 | Thyssenkrupp Ag | Sicherheitseinrichtung einer Aufzugsanlage |
| WO2016207116A1 (fr) | 2015-06-22 | 2016-12-29 | Thyssenkrupp Aufzugswerke Gmbh | Dispositif de sécurité d'une installation d'ascenseur |
| CN107848745A (zh) * | 2015-06-22 | 2018-03-27 | 蒂森克虏伯电梯股份公司 | 升降机系统的安全装置 |
| US10640330B2 (en) | 2015-06-22 | 2020-05-05 | Thyssenkrupp Elevator Ag | Safety devices, lift systems with safety devices and methods of operating lift systems with safety devices |
| CN107848745B (zh) * | 2015-06-22 | 2020-09-08 | 蒂森克虏伯电梯股份公司 | 升降机系统的安全装置 |
| WO2018010991A1 (fr) * | 2016-07-14 | 2018-01-18 | Inventio Ag | Ascenseur doté d'une unité de commande de recouvrement de chaîne de sécurité comprenant un automate programmable industriel de sécurité surveillant séparément divers interrupteurs de sécurité pour augmenter un niveau d'intégrité de sécurité |
| US11305965B2 (en) | 2016-07-14 | 2022-04-19 | Inventio Ag | Elevator with safety chain overlay control unit with a safety PLC separately monitoring various safety switches for increasing a safety integrity level |
| EP3366626B1 (fr) | 2017-02-22 | 2021-01-06 | Otis Elevator Company | Système de sécurité d'ascenseur et procédé de surveillance d'un système d'ascenseur |
| WO2020245495A1 (fr) * | 2019-06-07 | 2020-12-10 | Kone Corporation | Commande d'un système d'ascenseur |
| CN113874310A (zh) * | 2019-07-02 | 2021-12-31 | 株式会社日立制作所 | 电梯设备 |
| CN113874310B (zh) * | 2019-07-02 | 2022-11-29 | 株式会社日立制作所 | 电梯设备 |
| WO2022058276A1 (fr) * | 2020-09-17 | 2022-03-24 | Inventio Ag | Dispositif de sécurité pour la commande de fonctions ucm et udm relatives à la sécurité dans un système d'ascenseur |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| EP2457860B1 (fr) | 2015-01-07 |
| DE102010062154A8 (de) | 2012-09-27 |
| DE102010062154A1 (de) | 2012-05-31 |
| ES2532969T3 (es) | 2015-04-06 |
| EP2457860A3 (fr) | 2013-10-16 |
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