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EP1687641A2 - Treating neuropathic pain with neuropeptide ff receptor 2 agonists - Google Patents

Treating neuropathic pain with neuropeptide ff receptor 2 agonists

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Publication number
EP1687641A2
EP1687641A2 EP04789062A EP04789062A EP1687641A2 EP 1687641 A2 EP1687641 A2 EP 1687641A2 EP 04789062 A EP04789062 A EP 04789062A EP 04789062 A EP04789062 A EP 04789062A EP 1687641 A2 EP1687641 A2 EP 1687641A2
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
heteroaryl
compound
aryl
straight chained
optionally substituted
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Withdrawn
Application number
EP04789062A
Other languages
German (de)
English (en)
French (fr)
Inventor
Audra L. Scully
Robert E. Davis
Kimberly E. Vanover
Luis Roberto Gardell
Jelveh Lameh
Nicholas Michael Kelly
Fabio Bertozzi
Vladimir Sherbukhin
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Acadia Pharmaceuticals Inc
Original Assignee
Acadia Pharmaceuticals Inc
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Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Acadia Pharmaceuticals Inc filed Critical Acadia Pharmaceuticals Inc
Publication of EP1687641A2 publication Critical patent/EP1687641A2/en
Withdrawn legal-status Critical Current

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    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/13—Amines
    • A61K31/155—Amidines (), e.g. guanidine (H2N—C(=NH)—NH2), isourea (N=C(OH)—NH2), isothiourea (—N=C(SH)—NH2)
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P25/00—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system
    • A61P25/04—Centrally acting analgesics, e.g. opioids
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P43/00—Drugs for specific purposes, not provided for in groups A61P1/00-A61P41/00
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07C281/00—Derivatives of carbonic acid containing functional groups covered by groups C07C269/00 - C07C279/00 in which at least one nitrogen atom of these functional groups is further bound to another nitrogen atom not being part of a nitro or nitroso group
    • C07C281/16—Compounds containing any of the groups, e.g. aminoguanidine
    • C07C281/18—Compounds containing any of the groups, e.g. aminoguanidine the other nitrogen atom being further doubly-bound to a carbon atom, e.g. guanylhydrazones
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12Q—MEASURING OR TESTING PROCESSES INVOLVING ENZYMES, NUCLEIC ACIDS OR MICROORGANISMS; COMPOSITIONS OR TEST PAPERS THEREFOR; PROCESSES OF PREPARING SUCH COMPOSITIONS; CONDITION-RESPONSIVE CONTROL IN MICROBIOLOGICAL OR ENZYMOLOGICAL PROCESSES
    • C12Q1/00—Measuring or testing processes involving enzymes, nucleic acids or microorganisms; Compositions therefor; Processes of preparing such compositions
    • C12Q1/68—Measuring or testing processes involving enzymes, nucleic acids or microorganisms; Compositions therefor; Processes of preparing such compositions involving nucleic acids
    • C12Q1/6876—Nucleic acid products used in the analysis of nucleic acids, e.g. primers or probes
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N33/00—Investigating or analysing materials by specific methods not covered by groups G01N1/00 - G01N31/00
    • G01N33/48—Biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Haemocytometers
    • G01N33/50—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing
    • G01N33/5005—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing involving human or animal cells
    • G01N33/5008—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing involving human or animal cells for testing or evaluating the effect of chemical or biological compounds, e.g. drugs, cosmetics
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N33/00—Investigating or analysing materials by specific methods not covered by groups G01N1/00 - G01N31/00
    • G01N33/48—Biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Haemocytometers
    • G01N33/50—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing
    • G01N33/5005—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing involving human or animal cells
    • G01N33/5008—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing involving human or animal cells for testing or evaluating the effect of chemical or biological compounds, e.g. drugs, cosmetics
    • G01N33/502—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing involving human or animal cells for testing or evaluating the effect of chemical or biological compounds, e.g. drugs, cosmetics for testing non-proliferative effects
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N33/00—Investigating or analysing materials by specific methods not covered by groups G01N1/00 - G01N31/00
    • G01N33/48—Biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Haemocytometers
    • G01N33/50—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing
    • G01N33/53—Immunoassay; Biospecific binding assay; Materials therefor
    • G01N33/566—Immunoassay; Biospecific binding assay; Materials therefor using specific carrier or receptor proteins as ligand binding reagents where possible specific carrier or receptor proteins are classified with their target compounds
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N33/00—Investigating or analysing materials by specific methods not covered by groups G01N1/00 - G01N31/00
    • G01N33/48—Biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Haemocytometers
    • G01N33/50—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing
    • G01N33/68—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing involving proteins, peptides or amino acids
    • G01N33/6893—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing involving proteins, peptides or amino acids related to diseases not provided for elsewhere
    • G01N33/6896—Neurological disorders, e.g. Alzheimer's disease
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N33/00—Investigating or analysing materials by specific methods not covered by groups G01N1/00 - G01N31/00
    • G01N33/48—Biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Haemocytometers
    • G01N33/50—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing
    • G01N33/94—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing involving narcotics or drugs or pharmaceuticals, neurotransmitters or associated receptors
    • G01N33/9406—Neurotransmitters
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12Q—MEASURING OR TESTING PROCESSES INVOLVING ENZYMES, NUCLEIC ACIDS OR MICROORGANISMS; COMPOSITIONS OR TEST PAPERS THEREFOR; PROCESSES OF PREPARING SUCH COMPOSITIONS; CONDITION-RESPONSIVE CONTROL IN MICROBIOLOGICAL OR ENZYMOLOGICAL PROCESSES
    • C12Q2600/00—Oligonucleotides characterized by their use
    • C12Q2600/136—Screening for pharmacological compounds
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N2500/00—Screening for compounds of potential therapeutic value
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N2800/00—Detection or diagnosis of diseases
    • G01N2800/28—Neurological disorders
    • G01N2800/2842—Pain, e.g. neuropathic pain, psychogenic pain

Definitions

  • Aspects of the invention described below relate to methods for treating acute pain and chronic neuropathic pain using compounds that modulate the activity of the neuropeptide FF receptor subtype that mediates acute nociception and chronic neuropathic pain. Aspects of the invention also relates to compounds that selectively interact with this receptor subtype and methods of identifying said compounds.
  • Background of the Invention [0003] Pain is a common human experience. It can range from acute to chronic forms; from mild and moderate to severe intensity. Over 65 million Americans suffer from painful conditions at any given time. The direct and indirect costs of pain exceeds $120 billion each year. Acute pain can be treated with opiates, anti-inflammatory agents and other analgesics; the choice of treatment usually depends on severity.
  • the goal of this form of pain therapy is to block the transmission of sensory signal carrying pain signals and to control the affective response to nociceptive stimuli.
  • Drags that are effective in treating inflammatory and acute pain usually are not effective in treating more chronic forms of pain.
  • One form of chronic pain arises after damage to sensory nerves. The experience can range from mild increased sensitivity to touch or temperature to excruciating pain. This kind of pain is termed neuropathic since it is thought to involve an alteration in nervous system function or a reorganization of nervous system structure.
  • Neuropathic pain is both extremely difficult to manage clinically and remarkably common.
  • neuropathic pain can be associated with nerve damage caused by trauma, disease, and chemical injury.
  • Compounds that alleviate neuropathic pain may not be effective in treating acute pain (for example, gapapentin, tricylic antidepressants).
  • gapapentin, tricylic antidepressants for example, gapapentin, tricylic antidepressants.
  • the cunently available treatments for neuropathic pain were not expressly designed to treat these kinds of pain and therefore, not su ⁇ risingly these drags are not highly efficacious nor do these drags work in all patients.
  • there is pressing need for more effective and better-tolerated treatments for neuropathic pain there is pressing need for more effective and better-tolerated treatments for neuropathic pain.
  • a compound effective in treating pain comprising contacting the compound with an NPFF2 receptor and determining whether the compound binds to the NPFF2 receptor.
  • methods of screening for a compound able to affect one or more activities of an NPFF2 receptor comprising the steps of, a) contacting a recombinant cell with a test compound, wherein said recombinant cell comprises a recombinant nucleic acid expressing said NPFF2 receptor, provided that said cell does not have functional NPFF2 receptor expression from endogenous nucleic acid, and b) detennining the ability of said test compound to affect one or more activities of said NPFF2 receptor, and comparing said ability with the ability of said test compound to affect said one or more NPFF2 receptor activities in a cell not comprising said recombinant nucleic acid; wherein said recombinant nucleic acid comprises an NPFF2 receptor
  • NPFF2 receptor subtype a compound which is an agonist of an NPFF2 receptor
  • methods for identifying a compound which is an agonist of an NPFF2 receptor comprising: contacting said NPFF2 receptor with at least one test compound; and determining any increase in activity level of said NPFF2 receptor so as to identify a test compound which is an agonist of said NPFF2 receptor.
  • identifying a compound which is an agonist of an NPFF2 receptor comprising: culturing cells which express the NPFF2 receptor; incubating the cells or a component extracted from the cells with at least one test compound; and determining any increase in activity of the NPPF2 receptor so as to identify a test compound which is an agonist of a NPFF receptor.
  • methods for treating pain comprising contacting an individual suffering from pain with an effective amount of at least one compound of Formula I, IL, or Lfl, as described herein, whereby one or more symptoms of the pain are reduced.
  • identifying a compound that alleviates hyperalgesia or allodynia in a subject comprising: providing a subject suffering from hyperalgesia or allodynia with at least one compound of Formula I, LI, or HI, as described herein; and determining if said at least one compound reduces hyperalgesia or allodynia in the subject.
  • identifying a compound which is an agonist of a NPFF2 receptor comprising: culturing cells that express the NPFF2 receptor; incubating the cells with at least one compound of Formula I, ⁇ , or LLL, as disclosed herein; and determining any increase in activity of the NPPF2 receptor so as to identify a compound of Formula I, LI, or III, which is an agonist of a NPFF receptor.
  • Figure 1 is a bar graph comparing paw withdrawal latency periods.
  • Figure 2 is a bar graph comparing tactile threshold levels.
  • Figure 3 is a bar graph comparing tail withdrawal latency periods (in seconds).
  • Figure 4 is a bar graph comparing the effect of selective FF2 receptor agonists on formalin-induced flinching. * Indicates p ⁇ 0.05 as compared to the formalin- injected vehicle-treated control group in each phase.
  • Figure 5 is a bar graph comparing dose-dependent reversal of carrageenan-induced thermal hyperalgesia.
  • Figure 6 is a bar graph showing dose-dependent reversal of L 5 /L 6 SNL- induced tactile allodynia. * Indicates p ⁇ 0.05 as compared to the vehicle-treated controls.
  • Figure 7 is a bar graph showing dose-dependent reversal of L 5 /L 6 SNL- induced tactile allodynia using Compound 3099. * Indicates p ⁇ 0.05 as compared to the vehicle-treated controls.
  • Figure 8 is a bar graph showing dose-dependent reversal of L 5 /L 6 SNL- induced tactile allodynia using dPQRamide. * Indicates p ⁇ 0.05 as compared to the vehicle-treated controls.
  • Neuropeptide FF is representative of a family of endogenously- expressed peptides that possess RF-amides at their C-termini and that act as neurotransmitters. NPFF is present in the central nervous system, particularly in the spinal cord, hypothalamus, thalamus and brainstem. One of the functions of this peptide is to modulate pain. In vivo studies suggest that NPFF can exert both pro- and anti-opioid effects in animal models of pain. [0027] These seemingly opposing actions of NPFF could be mediated by actions at multiple receptors. Indeed, two G protein-coupled receptors are known to exist that are activated by NPFF.
  • NPFF1 and NPFF2 are differentially expressed throughout the body and across organisms. It is not known which of these two receptors mediates the actions of NPFF on various forms of pain. Anatomical studies showing NPFF2 binding sites in various brain regions including the spinal cord, dorsal root ganglion, spinal trigeminal nuclei and thalamus suggest that this receptor may mediate the nociceptive activity of NPFF in both forms of pain. However, without compounds that are selective for one NPFF receptor over the other, it is not possible to prove this assertion. [0028] Therefore, compounds that bind to the NPFF2 receptor are prime candidates for further study as antinociceptive compounds. Identification of these compounds is of great interest in the art.
  • NPFF2 neuropeptide FF 2
  • NPFFl neuropeptide FF 1
  • NPFF2 receptor agonists in the treatment of acute pain and neuropathic pain caused by trauma, by diseases such as diabetes, he ⁇ es zoster (shingles), irritable bowel syndrome or late-stage cancer, or by chemical injury, for example, as an unintended consequence of drag therapies including the antiviral drugs.
  • the compounds and methods disclosed herein relate to the treatment of acute and chronic pain.
  • Compounds selective for the NPFF2 receptor are disclosed.
  • Methods for treating pain comprising contacting a subject with a pharmacologically active dose of a compound that interacts with the NPFF2 receptor subtype for the pu ⁇ ose of controlling pain without also causing unwanted and dose limiting side-effects are also disclosed.
  • the present invention relates to a method of identifying a compound effective in treating pain comprising contacting the compound with an NPFF2 receptor and determining whether the compound binds to the NPFF2 receptor.
  • the present invention also relates to the use of an NPFF2 receptor in identifying compounds that bind to the NPFF2 receptor.
  • the present invention relates to a method of screening for a compound able to affect one or more activities of an NPFF2 receptor comprising the steps of, a) contacting a recombinant cell with a test compound, wherein said recombinant cell comprises a recombinant nucleic acid expressing said NPFF2 receptor, provided that said cell does not have functional NPFF2 receptor expression from endogenous nucleic acid, and b) determining the ability of said test compound to affect one or more activities of said NPFF2 receptor, and comparing said ability with the ability of said test compound to affect said one or more NPFF2 receptor activities in a cell not comprising said recombinant nucleic acid; wherein said recombinant nucleic acid comprises an NPFF2 receptor nucleic acid selected from the group consisting of: a) nucleic acid of SEQ
  • the NPFF2 receptor nucleic acid encodes the amino acid sequence of a SEQ ED NO:2 derivative comprising at least 20 contiguous nucleotides which can hybridize under stringent hybridizations conditions to a complement of at least 20 contiguous nucleotides encoding the amino acid sequence of SEQ LD NO:2.
  • the derivative comprises at least 50, at least 100, at least 150, at least 200, at least 250, at least 300, at least 350, at least 400, at least 450, at least 500, at least 600, at least 700, at least 800, at least 900, at least 1000, at least 1100, at least 1200, at least 1300, at least 1400, or at least 1500 contiguous nucleotides which can hybridize under stringent hybridizations conditions to a complement of contiguous nucleotides encoding the amino acid sequence of SEQ LD NO:2.
  • the present invention relates to a method for treating acute and chronic pain of any type comprising contacting an organism with an effective amount of at least one compound wherein the compound activates an NPFF2 receptor subtype.
  • the pain is associated with diabetes, viral infection, imtable bowel syndrome, amputation, cancer, or chemical injury.
  • the present invention relates to a method of identifying a compound which is an agonist of an NPFF2 receptor, the method comprising contacting said NPFF2 receptor with at least one test compound; and determining any increase in activity level of said NPFF2 receptor so as to identify a test compound which is an agonist of said NPFF2 receptor.
  • the identified agonist activates the NPFF2 but not the NPFFl receptor. Ln other embodiments, the identified agonist is selective for the NPFF2 receptor.
  • the present invention relates to a method of identifying a compound which is an agonist of an NPFF2 receptor, the method comprising culturing cells which express the NPFF2 receptor; incubating the cells or a component extracted from the cells with at least one test compound; and determining any increase in activity of the NPPF2 receptor so as to identify a test compound which is an agonist of a NPFF receptor.
  • the cells of the above culturing step overexpress said NPFF2 receptor.
  • the present invention relates to a compound of Formula I or Formula II
  • Ri is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, Ci-Cjo straight chained or branched alkyl, C 2 -C ⁇ o straight chained or branched alkenyl, C 2 - Cjo straight chained or branched alkynyl, and C -Cj 0 cycloalkyl; each of R 2 , R , R4, R 5 and R 6 is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, Cj-Cio straight chained or branched alkyl, C 2 -C ⁇ o straight chained or branched alkenyl, C 2 -Cj 0 straight chained or branched alkynyl, C -Cj 0 cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl, hydroxy, halogenated ether, nitro, amino, halogen, perhaloalkyl, -OR 7 ,
  • the present invention relates to a compound of Formula ILL or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, ester, amide, or prodmg thereof, wherein Cyi is selected from the group consisting of aryl, fused aryl, heteroaryl, fused heteroaryl, carbocyclic, cycloalkyl, fused heterocycle and heterocycle. Cy 2 is selected from the group consisting of aryl, fused aryl, heteroaryl, fused heteroaryl, carbocyclic, cycloalkyl, fused heterocycle and heterocycle.
  • X is either absent or selected from the group consisting of oxygen, sulfur, NR 7 , ethylene optionally substituted, acetylene, wherein R is as defined above.
  • R is as defined above.
  • methylamine, dimethylamine, and methylpropylamine are all described by "N(R ) 2 .”
  • pharmaceutically acceptable salt refers to a formulation of a compound that does not cause significant irritation to an organism to which it is administered and does not abrogate the biological activity and properties of the compound.
  • Pharmaceutical salts can be obtained by reacting a compound of the invention with inorganic acids such as hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, sulfuric acid, nitric acid, phosphoric acid, methanesulfonic acid, ethanesulfonic acid, p-toluenesulfonic acid, salicylic acid and the like.
  • Pharmaceutical salts can also be obtained by reacting a compound of the invention with a base to form a salt such as an ammonium salt, an alkali metal salt, such as a sodium or a potassium salt, an alkaline earth metal salt, such as a calcium or a magnesium salt, a salt of organic bases such as dicyclohexylamine, N-methyl- D-glucamine, tris(hydroxymethyl)methylamine, and salts with amino acids such as arginine, lysine, and the like.
  • a salt such as an ammonium salt, an alkali metal salt, such as a sodium or a potassium salt, an alkaline earth metal salt, such as a calcium or a magnesium salt, a salt of organic bases such as dicyclohexylamine, N-methyl- D-glucamine, tris(hydroxymethyl)methylamine, and salts with amino acids such as arginine, lysine, and the like.
  • esters refers to a chemical moiety with formula -(R) n -COOR ⁇ where R and R' are independently selected from the group consisting of alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl (bonded through a ring carbon) and heteroalicyclic (bonded through a ring carbon), and where n is 0 or 1.
  • An "amide” is a chemical moiety with formula -(R) n -C(O)NHR' or -(R) n -NHC(O)R ⁇ where R and R' are independently selected from the group consisting of alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl (bonded through a ring carbon) and heteroalicyclic (bonded through a ring carbon), and where n is 0 or 1.
  • An amide may be an amino acid or a peptide molecule attached to a molecule of the present invention, thereby forming a prodrag.
  • Any amine, hydroxy, or carboxyl side chain on the compounds of the present invention can be esterified or amidified.
  • a "prodrug” refers to an agent that is converted into the parent drag in vivo. Prodrugs are often useful because, in some situations, they may be easier to administer than the parent drag. They may, for instance, be bioavailable by oral administration whereas the parent is not. The prodrug may also have improved solubility in pharmaceutical compositions over the parent drag.
  • prodrug a compound of the present invention which is administered as an ester (the "prodrug") to facilitate transmittal across a cell membrane where water solubility is detrimental to mobility but which then is metabolically hydrolyzed to the carboxylic acid, the active entity, once inside the cell where water-solubility is beneficial.
  • prodrug a short peptide (polyaminoacid) bonded to an acid group where the peptide is metabolized to reveal the active moiety.
  • aromatic refers to an aromatic group which has at least one ring having a conjugated pi electron system and includes both carbocyclic aryl (e.g., phenyl) and heterocyclic aryl groups (e.g., pyridine).
  • carbocyclic aryl e.g., phenyl
  • heterocyclic aryl groups e.g., pyridine
  • the term includes monocyclic or fused-ring polycyclic (i.e., rings which share adjacent pairs of carbon atoms) groups.
  • carbocyclic refers to a compound which contains one or more covalently closed ring structures, and that the atoms forming the backbone of the ring are all carbon atoms. The term thus distinguishes carbocyclic from heterocyclic rings in which the ring backbone contains at least one atom which is different from carbon.
  • heteroaryl refers to an aromatic group which contains at least one heterocyclic ring.
  • aryl ring include, but are not limited to, benzene, and substituted benzene, such as toluene, aniline, xylene, and the like.
  • fused aryl ring include, but are not limited to, naphthalene and substituted naphthalene, anthracene, and azulene.
  • heteroaryl ring examples include, but are not limited to, furan, thiophene, pynole, oxazole, thiazole, imidazole, pyrazole, isoxazole, isothiazole, oxadiazole, triazole, thiadiazole, pyridine, pyridazine, pyrimidine, pyrazine, triazine,
  • fused heteroaryl ring examples include, but are not limited to, indolizine, indole, isoindole, benzofuran, benzothiophene, indazole, benzimidazole, benzthiazole, purine, quinoline, isoquinoline, cinnoline, phthalazine, quinoxaline, quinoxaline, naphthyridine, pteridine, acridine, phenazine.
  • heterocyclic refers to a saturated or partially unsaturated ring with from three to fifteen units, in which at least one atom is different from carbon.
  • the term includes monocyclic or fused-ring polycyclic (i.e., rings which share adjacent pairs of carbon atoms) groups.
  • heterocyclic ring include but are not limited to, pyrroline, pyrrolidine, dioxolane, imidazoline, imidazolidine, pyrazoline, pyrazolidine, pyran, piperidine, dioxane, mopholine, dithiane, thiomo ⁇ holine, piperazine.
  • fused heterocyclic ring examples include, but are not limited to, indoline, dihydrobenzofuran, dihydrobenzothiophene, carbazole, phenothiazine, phenoxazine, dihydroindole, dihydrobenzimidazole.
  • carbocyclic ring examples include, but are not limited to, indene, fluorene, adamantane, norbomane.
  • the alkyl moiety may also be an "unsaturated alkyl” moiety, which means that it contains at least one alkene or alkyne moiety.
  • An "alkene” moiety refers to a group consisting of at least two carbon atoms and at least one carbon-carbon double bond
  • an “alkyne” moiety refers to a group consisting of at least two carbon atoms and at least one carbon-carbon triple bond.
  • the alkyl moiety, whether saturated or unsaturated may be branched, straight chain, or cyclic.
  • the alkyl group may have 1 to 20 carbon atoms (whenever it appears herein, a numerical range such as “1 to 20” refers to each integer in the given range; e.g., "1 to 20 carbon atoms” means that the alkyl group may consist of 1 carbon atom, 2 carbon atoms, 3 carbon atoms, etc., up to and including 20 carbon atoms, although the present definition also covers the occunence of the term "alkyl” where no numerical range is designated).
  • the alkyl group may also be a medium size alkyl having 1 to 10 carbon atoms.
  • the alkyl group could also be a lower alkyl having 1 to 5 carbon atoms.
  • the alkyl group of the compounds of the invention may be designated as "C]-C 4 alkyl” or similar designations.
  • C ⁇ -C 4 alkyl indicates that there are one to four carbon atoms in the alkyl chain, i.e., the alkyl chain is selected from the group consisting of methyl, ethyl, propyl, iso-propyl, n-butyl, iso-butyl, sec-butyl, and t-butyl.
  • the alkyl group may be substituted or unsubstituted.
  • the substituent group(s) is(are) one or more group(s) individually and independently selected from cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heteroalicyclic, hydroxy, alkoxy, aryloxy, mercapto, alkylthio, arylthio, cyano, halo, carbonyl, thiocarbonyl, O-carbamyl, N-carbamyl, O-thiocarbamyl, N-thiocarbamyl, C-amido, N-amido, S-sulfonamido, N-sulfonamido, C-carboxy, O-carboxy, isocyanato, thiocyanato, isothiocyanato, nitro, silyl, trihalomethanesulfonyl, and amino, including mono- and di-substituted amino groups, and the protected derivatives thereof.
  • Typical alkyl groups include, but are in no way limited to, methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, isobutyl, tertiary butyl, pentyl, hexyl, ethenyl, propenyl, butenyl, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, and the like.
  • a substituent is described as being "optionally substituted” that substitutent may be substituted with one of the above substituents.
  • R refers to a substituent selected from the group consisting of of alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl (bonded through a ring carbon) and heteroalicyclic (bonded through a ring carbon).
  • a "cyano” group refers to a -CN group.
  • An “isocyanato” group refers to a -NCO group.
  • a "thiocyanato” group refers to a -CNS group.
  • An “isothiocyanato” group refers to a -NCS group.
  • perhaloalkyl refers to an alkyl group where one or more of the hydrogen atoms are independently replaced by halogen atoms.
  • substituents and the carbons to which they are attached form a ring, it is meant that the following structure:
  • Ri and R 2 and the carbons to which they are attached form a six-membered aromatic ring.
  • the subsitutent is a group that may be substituted with one or more group(s) individually and independently selected from cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclic, hydroxy, alkoxy, aryloxy, mercapto, alkylthio, arylthio, cyano, halo, carbonyl, thiocarbonyl, O-carbamyl, N-carbamyl, O-thiocarbamyl, N-thiocarbamyl, C-amido, N-amido, S-sulfonamido, N-sulfonamido, C-carboxy, O-carboxy, isocyanato, thiocyana
  • Ri in the compound of Formula I or II is hydrogen or Ci-Cio straight chained alkyl.
  • Rj is hydrogen or C ⁇ -C straight chained alkyl.
  • Rj is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl, n-pentyl, and isopentyl.
  • R 2 in the compound of Formula I or IL is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, hydroxy, nitro, amino, halogen, -OR 7 , and -N(R 7 ) 2 , and wherein R 7 is hydrogen or Cj-Cio straight chained alkyl.
  • R 2 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, hydroxy, nitro, halogen, and -OR 7 , and wherein R 7 is hydrogen or C ⁇ -C 3 straight chained alkyl.
  • R 2 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, hydroxy, nitro, chloro, bromo, methoxy, and ethoxy.
  • R 3 in the compound of Formula I or ⁇ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, hydroxy, nitro, amino, halogen, -OR , and -N(R ) 2 , and wherein R 7 is hydrogen or C ⁇ -C ⁇ 0 straight chained alkyl.
  • R 3 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, hydroxy, nitro, halogen, and -OR 7 , and wherein R 7 is hydrogen or C ⁇ -C straight chained alkyl.
  • R 3 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, nitro, chloro, and iodo.
  • Embodiments of the present invention include those in which R in the compound of Formula I or II is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C J -C JO straight chained alkyl, hydroxy, nitro, amino, halogen, -OR 7 , and -N(R 7 ) 2 , and wherein each R 7 is independently C ⁇ -C ⁇ 0 straight chained or branched alkyl optionally substituted with an aryl or heteroaryl.
  • R 4 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C ⁇ -C straight chained alkyl, hydroxy, nitro, amino, halogen, -OR 7 , and -N(R 7 ) 2 , and wherein each R 7 is independently C ⁇ -C 3 straight chained alkyl optionally substituted with an aryl.
  • ⁇ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, hydroxy, nitro, amino, chloro, fluoro, methoxy, ethoxy, methylamino, dimethylamino, diethylamino, and benzyloxy.
  • R 5 in the compound of Formula 1 or LI is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, -C 10 straight chained alkyl, hydroxy, nitro, amino, halogen, perhaloalkyl, -OR 7 , and -N(R 7 ) 2 , and wherein each R 7 is independently C 1 -C 10 straight chained or branched alkyl optionally substituted with an aryl or heteroaryl.
  • R 5 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C ⁇ -C 3 straight chained alkyl, hydroxy, nitro, amino, halogen, perhaloalkyl, -OR 7 , and -N(R 7 ) 2 , and wherein each R 7 is independently C ⁇ -C straight chained alkyl.
  • R 5 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, hydroxy, chloro, bromo, trifluoromethyl, and methoxy.
  • R ⁇ is hydrogen.
  • R 2 and R 3 and the carbons to which they are attached form a fused aryl, heteroaryl, C 5 -C 10 cyclic alkyl or heterocyclic alkyl ring.
  • the ring is a fused aryl ring, which may be a phenyl.
  • Some embodiments include those in which R 3 and R 4 and the carbons to which they are attached form a fused aryl, heteroaryl, C 5 -C J O cyclic alkyl or heterocyclic alkyl ring.
  • the ring may be a fused heteroaryl ring, which may be a pyrrole.
  • R 4 and R 5 and the carbons to which they are attached form a fused aryl, heteroaryl, C 5 -C ⁇ 0 cyclic alkyl or heterocyclic alkyl ring.
  • the ring may be a heterocyclic alkyl ring, which may be a 1,3-dioxolane.
  • R 5 and R 6 and the carbons to which they are attached form a fused aryl, heteroaryl, C 5 -C ⁇ 0 cyclic alkyl or heterocyclic alkyl ring.
  • the ring may be a fused aryl ring, which may be a phenyl.
  • Q is selected from the group consisting of optionally substituted benzene, toluene, aniline, xylene, naphthalene, azulene, furan, thiophene, pyrrole, pyrroline, pynolidine, oxazole, thiazole, imidazole, imidazoline, imidazolidine, pyrazole, pyrazoline, pyrazolidine, isoxazole, isothiazole, triazole, thiadiazole, pyran, pyridine, piperidine, mo ⁇ holine, thiomo ⁇ holine, pyridazine, pyrimidine, pyrazine, piperazine, and triazine.
  • Q is furan.
  • Q is doubly substituted: with an optionally substituted phenyl group and with the aminoguanidine group. It is further recognized that the two substitutions may be at different locations on Q.
  • the two groups thus, may be ortho, meta, or para to each other, i.e., they may be adjacent to each other on Q, or have one or more ring atoms separate the two ring atoms to which the two substituents are attached. All of the various structural isomers thus obtained are contemplated in the present invention.
  • the compound of Formula 1 is selected from the group consisting of
  • the compound of Formula LL is
  • the methods are also directed to methods for treating neuropathic pain.
  • Particular preferred embodiments of compounds for use with the methods of this invention are represented by Compounds 1045, 3027, 3099, 1006, 1005, 3093, and 2616. 1006 1005 3093
  • the present invention may exist as stereoisomers including optical isomers.
  • the invention includes all stereoisomers and both the racemic mixtures of such stereoisomers as well as the individual enantiomers that may be separated according to methods that are well known to those of ordinary skill in the art.
  • the present invention relates to a method for treating acute and chronic pain comprising identifying an individual in need thereof, and contacting said individual with an effective amount of at least one compound of Formula I, U, or HI as defined herein, whereby one or more symptoms of the pain are reduced.
  • Another aspect of the present invention is the discovery that the disclosed NPFF2 compounds are specific agonists of the neuropeptide FF 2 receptor.
  • the agonists are expected to bind to the NPFF2 receptor and induce anti- hyperalgesic and anti-allodynic responses.
  • the agonists of NPFF2 receptor described herein can be used to treat neuropathic pain.
  • the compound of Formula I, IL, or HI activates the NPFF receptor.
  • the compound may selectively activate the NPFF2 receptor subtype, but not NPFFl receptor.
  • the pain treated by the methods of the present invention is associated with diabetes, viral infection, irritable bowel syndrome, amputation, cancer, inflammation or chemical injury. In other embodiments the pain is neuropathic pain.
  • the subject presents hyperalgesia.
  • the hyperalgesia is thermal hyperalgesia.
  • the subject presents allodynia.
  • the allodynia is tactile allodynia.
  • the present invention relates to a method of identifying a compound that alleviates hyperalgesia or allodynia in a subject, comprising identifying a subject suffering from hperalgesia or allodynia; providing the subject with at least one compound of Formula I, LI, or in, as defined herein; and determining if said at least one compound reduces hyperalgesia or allodynia in the subject.
  • the present invention relates to a method of identifying a compound of Formula I, II, or JJI, which is an agonist of the NPFF2 receptor, the method comprising contacting a NPFF2 receptor with at least one compound of Formula I, ⁇ , or HI, as defined herein ; and determining any increase in activity level of the NPFF2 receptor so as to identify a compound of Formula I, H, or IH, which is an agonist of the NPFF2 receptor.
  • an "agonist" is defined as a compound that increases the basal activity of a receptor (i.e. signal trans duction mediated by the receptor).
  • an "antagonist” is defined as a compound which blocks the action of an agonist on a receptor.
  • a “partial agonist” is defined as an agonist that displays limited, or less than complete, activity such that it fails to activate a receptor in vitro, functioning as an antagonist in vivo.
  • subject refers to an animal, preferably a mammal, and most preferably a human, who is the object of treatment, observation or experiment.
  • therapeutically effective amount is used to indicate an amount of an active compound, or pharmaceutical agent, that elicits the biological or medicinal response indicated.
  • the present invention relates to a method of identifying a compound which is an agonist of a NPFF2 receptor, the method comprising culturing cells that express the NPFF2 receptor; incubating the cells with at least one compound of Formula I, H, or LH, as defined herein; and determining any increase in activity of the NPPF2 receptor so as to identify a compound of Formula I which is an agonist of a NPFF receptor.
  • the present invention relates to a method of treating neuropathic or inflammatory pain in a subject comprising contacting the subject with a compound of Formula I, H, or IH, where the compound acts as an antagonist or weak partial agonists at the NPFFl receptor.
  • the present invention relates to a method of treating neuropathic or inflammatory pain in a subject comprising contacting the subject with a combination of a compound of Formula I, H, or LH, which acts as an antagonist or partial agonist to NPFFl receptor, and another compound of Formula 1, H, or III, which acts as a full agonist or a partial agonist to NPFF2 receptor.
  • the present invention relates to a method of treating neuropathic or inflammatory pain in a subject comprising contacting the subject with a compound of Formula I, ⁇ , or IH, where the compound acts as both an NPFF2 agonist and an NPFFl antagonist.
  • the present invention relates to a method of treating neuropathic or inflammatory pain in a subject comprising contacting the subject with a compound of Formula I, H, or IH, where the compound acts as both an NPFF2 partial agonist and an NPFFl antagonist.
  • the present invention relates to a method of treating neuropathic or inflammatory pain in a subject comprising contacting the subject with a compound of Formula I, H, or LH, where the compound acts as both an NPFF2 partial agonist and an NPFFl partial agonist.
  • the present invention relates to a pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of Formula I, H, or HI, as described above, and a physiologically acceptable carrier, diluent, or excipient, or a combination thereof.
  • pharmaceutical composition refers to a mixture of a compound of the invention with other chemical components, such as diluents or carriers.
  • the pharmaceutical composition facilitates administration of the compound to an organism. Multiple techniques of administering a compound exist in the art including, but not limited to, oral, injection, aerosol, parenteral, and topical administration. Pharmaceutical compositions can also be obtained by reacting compounds with inorganic or organic acids such as hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, sulfuric acid, nitric acid, phosphoric acid, methanesulfonic acid, ethanesulfonic acid, p-toluenesulfonic acid, salicylic acid and the like. [0112]
  • carrier defines a chemical compound that facilitates the inco ⁇ oration of a compound into cells or tissues.
  • dimethyl sulfoxide is a commonly utilized carrier as it facilitates the uptake of many organic compounds into the cells or tissues of an organism.
  • DMSO dimethyl sulfoxide
  • the term "diluent” defines chemical compounds diluted in water that will dissolve the compound of interest as well as stabilize the biologically active form of the compound. Salts dissolved in buffered solutions are utilized as diluents in the art.
  • One commonly used buffered solution is phosphate buffered saline because it mimics the salt conditions of human blood. Since buffer salts can control the pH of a solution at low concentrations, a buffered diluent rarely modifies the biological activity of a compound.
  • compositions described herein can be administered to a human patient per se, or in pharmaceutical compositions where they are mixed with other active ingredients, as in combination therapy, or suitable carriers or excipient(s). Techniques for formulation and administration of the compounds of the instant application may be found in "Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences,” Mack Publishing Co., Easton, PA, 18th edition, 1990.
  • Suitable routes of administration may, for example, include oral, rectal, transmucosal, or intestinal administration; parenteral delivery, including intramuscular, subcutaneous, intravenous, intramedullary injections, as well as intrathecal, direct intraventricular, intraperitoneal, intranasal, or intraocular injections.
  • parenteral delivery including intramuscular, subcutaneous, intravenous, intramedullary injections, as well as intrathecal, direct intraventricular, intraperitoneal, intranasal, or intraocular injections.
  • parenteral delivery including intramuscular, subcutaneous, intravenous, intramedullary injections, as well as intrathecal, direct intraventricular, intraperitoneal, intranasal, or intraocular injections.
  • parenteral delivery including intramuscular, subcutaneous, intravenous, intramedullary injections, as well as intrathecal, direct intraventricular, intraperitoneal, intranasal, or intraocular injections.
  • compositions of the present invention may be manufactured in a manner that is itself known, e.g., by means of conventional mixing, dissolving, granulating, dragee-making, levigating, emulsifying, encapsulating, entrapping or tabletting processes.
  • Pharmaceutical compositions for use in accordance with the present invention thus may be formulated in conventional manner using one or more physiologically acceptable carriers comprising excipients and auxiliaries which facilitate processing of the active compounds into preparations which can be used pharmaceutically. Proper formulation is dependent upon the route of administration chosen. Any of the well- known techniques, carriers, and excipients may be used as suitable and as understood in the art; e.g., in Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, above.
  • the agents of the invention may be formulated in aqueous solutions, preferably in physiologically compatible buffers such as Hanks's solution, Ringer's solution, or physiological saline buffer.
  • physiologically compatible buffers such as Hanks's solution, Ringer's solution, or physiological saline buffer.
  • penetrants appropriate to the barrier to be permeated are used in the formulation. Such penetrants are generally known in the art.
  • the compounds can be formulated readily by combining the active compounds with pharmaceutically acceptable earners well known in the art. Such earners enable the compounds of the invention to be formulated as tablets, pills, dragees, capsules, liquids, gels, syrups, slunies, suspensions and the like, for oral ingestion by a patient to be treated.
  • compositions for oral use can be obtained by mixing one or more solid excipient with pharmaceutical combination of the invention, optionally grinding the resulting mixture, and processing the mixture of granules, after adding suitable auxiliaries, if desired, to obtain tablets or dragee cores.
  • suitable excipients are, in particular, fillers such as sugars, including lactose, sucrose, mannitol, or sorbitol; cellulose preparations such as, for example, maize starch, wheat starch, rice starch, potato starch, gelatin, gum tragacanth, methyl cellulose, hydroxypropylmethyl-cellulose, sodium carboxymethylcellulose, and/or polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP).
  • fillers such as sugars, including lactose, sucrose, mannitol, or sorbitol
  • cellulose preparations such as, for example, maize starch, wheat starch, rice starch, potato starch, gelatin, gum tragacanth, methyl cellulose, hydroxy
  • disintegrating agents may be added, such as the cross-linked polyvinyl pyrrolidone, agar, or alginic acid or a salt thereof such as sodium alginate.
  • Dragee cores are provided with suitable coatings.
  • suitable coatings For this pu ⁇ ose, concentrated sugar solutions may be used, which may optionally contain gum arabic, talc, polyvinyl pyrrolidone, carbopol gel, polyethylene glycol, and/or titanium dioxide, lacquer solutions, and suitable organic solvents or solvent mixtures.
  • Dyestuffs or pigments may be added to the tablets or dragee coatings for identification or to characterize different combinations of active compound doses.
  • compositions which can be used orally include push-fit capsules made of gelatin, as well as soft, sealed capsules made of gelatin and a plasticizer, such as glycerol or sorbitol.
  • the push-fit capsules can contain the active ingredients in admixture with filler such as lactose, binders such as starches, and/or lubricants such as talc or magnesium stearate and, optionally, stabilizers.
  • the active compounds may be dissolved or suspended in suitable liquids, such as fatty oils, liquid paraffin, or liquid polyethylene glycols.
  • stabilizers may be added. All formulations for oral administration should be in dosages suitable for such administration.
  • compositions may take the form of tablets or lozenges formulated in conventional manner.
  • the compounds for use according to the present invention are conveniently delivered in the form of an aerosol spray presentation from pressurized packs or a nebulizer, with the use of a suitable propellant, e.g., dichlorodifluoromethane, trichlorofluoromethane, dichlorotetrafluoroethane, carbon dioxide or other suitable gas.
  • a suitable propellant e.g., dichlorodifluoromethane, trichlorofluoromethane, dichlorotetrafluoroethane, carbon dioxide or other suitable gas.
  • the dosage unit may be determined by providing a valve to deliver a metered amount.
  • gelatin for use in an inhaler or insufflator may be formulated containing a powder mix of the compound and a suitable powder base such as lactose or starch.
  • the compounds may be formulated for parenteral administration by injection, e.g., by bolus injection or continuous infusion.
  • Formulations for injection may be presented in unit dosage form, e.g., in ampoules or in multi-dose containers, with an added preservative.
  • the compositions may take such forms as suspensions, solutions or emulsions in oily or aqueous vehicles, and may contain formulatory agents such as suspending, stabilizing and/or dispersing agents.
  • compositions for parenteral administration include aqueous solutions of the active compounds in water-soluble form. Additionally, suspensions of the active compounds may be prepared as appropriate oily injection suspensions. Suitable lipophilic solvents or vehicles include fatty oils such as sesame oil, or synthetic fatty acid esters, such as ethyl oleate or triglycerides, or liposomes. Aqueous injection suspensions may contain substances which increase the viscosity of the suspension, such as sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, sorbitol, or dextran. Optionally, the suspension may also contain suitable stabilizers or agents which increase the solubility of the compounds to allow for the preparation of highly concentrated solutions.
  • the active ingredient may be in powder form for constitution with a suitable vehicle, e.g., sterile pyrogen-free water, before use.
  • a suitable vehicle e.g., sterile pyrogen-free water
  • the compounds may also be formulated in rectal compositions such as suppositories or retention enemas, e.g., containing conventional suppository bases such as cocoa butter or other glycerides.
  • the compounds may also be formulated as a depot preparation. Such long acting formulations may be administered by implantation (for example subcutaneously or intramuscularly) or by intramuscular injection.
  • the compounds may be formulated with suitable polymeric or hydrophobic materials (for example as an emulsion in an acceptable oil) or ion exchange resins, or as sparingly soluble derivatives, for example, as a sparingly soluble salt.
  • suitable polymeric or hydrophobic materials for example as an emulsion in an acceptable oil
  • ion exchange resins for example, ion exchange resins
  • sparingly soluble derivatives for example, as a sparingly soluble salt.
  • a pharmaceutical canier for the hydrophobic compounds of the invention is a cosolvent system comprising benzyl alcohol, a nonpolar surfactant, a water- miscible organic polymer, and an aqueous phase.
  • VPD co-solvent system is a solution of 3% w/v benzyl alcohol, 8% w/v of the nonpolar surfactant Polysorbate 80TM , and 65% w/v polyethylene glycol 300, made up to volume in absolute ethanol.
  • VPD co-solvent system is a solution of 3% w/v benzyl alcohol, 8% w/v of the nonpolar surfactant Polysorbate 80TM , and 65% w/v polyethylene glycol 300, made up to volume in absolute ethanol.
  • proportions of a co-solvent system may be varied considerably without destroying its solubility and toxicity characteristics.
  • co-solvent components may be varied: for example, other low-toxicity nonpolar surfactants may be used instead of POLYSORBATE 80TM; the fraction size of polyethylene glycol may be varied; other biocompatible polymers may replace polyethylene glycol, e.g., polyvinyl pyrrolidone; and other sugars or polysaccharides may substitute for dextrose.
  • other delivery systems for hydrophobic pharmaceutical compounds may be employed. Liposomes and emulsions are well known examples of delivery vehicles or carriers for hydrophobic drags. Certain organic solvents such as dimethylsulfoxide also may be employed, although usually at the cost of greater toxicity.
  • the compounds may be delivered using a sustained-release system, such as semipermeable matrices of solid hydrophobic polymers containing the therapeutic agent.
  • sustained-release materials have been established and are well known by those skilled in the art.
  • Sustained-release capsules may, depending on their chemical nature, release the compounds for a few weeks up to over 100 days.
  • additional strategies for protein stabilization may be employed.
  • Many of the compounds used in the pharmaceutical combinations of the invention may be provided as salts with pharmaceutically compatible counterions.
  • Pharmaceutically compatible salts may be formed with many acids, including but not limited to hydrochloric, sulfuric, acetic, lactic, tartaric, malic, succinic, etc.
  • compositions suitable for use in the present invention include compositions where the active ingredients are contained in an amount effective to achieve its intended pmpose. More specifically, a therapeutically effective amount means an amount of compound effective to prevent, alleviate or ameliorate symptoms of disease or prolong the survival of the subject being treated. Determination of a therapeutically effective amount is well within the capability of those skilled in the art, especially in light of the detailed disclosure provided herein.
  • the exact formulation, route of administration and dosage for the pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention can be chosen by the individual physician in view of the patient's condition. (See e.g., Fingl et al.
  • the dose range of the composition administered to the patient can be from about 0.5 to 1000 mg/kg of the patient's body weight, or 1 to 500 mg/kg, or 10 to 500 mg/kg, or 50 to 100 mg/kg of the patient's body weight.
  • the dosage may be a single one or a series of two or more given in the course of one or more days, as is needed by the patient. Note that for almost all of the specific compounds mentioned in the present disclosure, human dosages for treatment of at least some condition have been established.
  • the present invention will use those same dosages, or dosages that are between about 0.1% and 500%, or between about 25% and 250%, or between 50% and 100% of the established human dosage.
  • a suitable human dosage can be inferred from ED 50 or ID 50 values, or other appropriate values derived from in vitro or in vivo studies, as qualified by toxicity studies and efficacy studies in animals. [0136] Although the exact dosage will be determined on a drug-by-drug basis, in most cases, some generalizations regarding the dosage can be made.
  • the daily dosage regimen for an adult human patient may be, for example, an oral dose of between 0.1 mg and 500 mg of each ingredient, preferably between 1 mg and 250 mg, e.g. 5 to 200 mg or an intravenous, subcutaneous, or intramuscular dose of each ingredient between 0.01 mg and 100 mg, preferably between 0.1 mg and 60 mg, e.g. 1 to 40 mg of each ingredient of the pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof calculated as the free base, the composition being administered 1 to 4 times per day.
  • the compositions of the invention may be administered by continuous intravenous infusion, preferably at a dose of each ingredient up to 400 mg per day.
  • the total daily dosage by oral administration of each ingredient will typically be in the range 1 to 2000 mg and the total daily dosage by parenteral administration will typically be in the range 0.1 to 400 mg.
  • the compounds will be administered for a period of continuous therapy, for example for a week or more, or for months or years.
  • Dosage amount and interval may be adjusted individually to provide plasma levels of the active moiety which are sufficient to maintain the modulating effects, or minimal effective concentration (MEC).
  • MEC minimal effective concentration
  • the MEC will vary for each compound but can be estimated from in vitro data. Dosages necessary to achieve the MEC will depend on individual characteristics and route of administration. However, HPLC assays or bioassays can be used to determine plasma concentrations.
  • compositions should be administered using a regimen which maintains plasma levels above the MEC for 10-90% of the time, preferably between 30-90% and most preferably between 50-90%.
  • the effective local concentration of the drug may not be related to plasma concentration.
  • the amount of composition administered will, of course, be dependent on the subject being treated, on the subject's weight, the severity of the affliction, the manner of administration and the judgment of the prescribing physician.
  • the compositions may, if desired, be presented in a pack or dispenser device which may contain one or more unit dosage forms containing the active ingredient.
  • the pack may for example comprise metal or plastic foil, such as a blister pack.
  • the pack or dispenser device may be accompanied by instmctions for administration.
  • the pack or dispenser may also be accompanied with a notice associated with the container in form prescribed by a governmental agency regulating the manufacture, use, or sale of pharmaceuticals, which notice is reflective of approval by the agency of the form of the drag for human or veterinary administration.
  • Such notice for example, may be the labeling approved by the U.S. Food and Drag Administration for prescription drags, or the approved product insert.
  • Compositions comprising a compound of the invention formulated in a compatible pharmaceutical carrier may also be prepared, placed in an appropriate container, and labeled for treatment of an indicated condition.
  • an initial alkylation step is required prior to forming the imino guandidine group, as shown in scheme 3 below:
  • CombiFlash Method 3 [0169] The sample was dry loaded onto celite then purified on the CombiFlash using a 4g silica column and eluting with heptane (3 min), 0-25% EtOAc in heptane (25 min) then 25% EtOAc in heptane (8 min) at 15 mL/min.
  • CombiFlash Method 4 (CF4) [0170] The sample was dry loaded onto celite then purified on the CombiFlash using a 4g silica column and eluting with heptane (3 min), 0-15% EtOAc in heptane (25 min) then 15% EtOAc in heptane (10 min) at 15 mL/min.
  • CombiFlash Method 5 (CF5 [0171] The sample was dry loaded onto celite then purified on the CombiFlash using a 4g silica column and eluting with heptane (3 min), 0-10% EtOAc in heptane (25 min) then 10% EtOAc in heptane (8 min) at 15 mL/min.
  • CombiFlash Method 6 (CF6 [0172] The sample was dry loaded onto celite then purified on the CombiFlash using a lOg silica column and eluting with DCM (15 min), 0-10% MeOH in DCM (40 min) then 10% MeOH in DCM (10 min) at 15 mL/min.
  • Example 1 l- ⁇ -Fluorobenzylideneaminolguanidine hydrochloride (2001) [0181] 4-Fluorobenzaldehyde (5.0 mmol, 621 mg) was used according to GP1 to give the title compound (2001) as a white powder (534 mg, 49%).
  • 1H NMR (CD 3 OD) ⁇ 8.13 (s, IH), 7.85 (m, 2H), 7.17 (m, 2H); HPLC-MS (ammonium acetate) [M+H] + 181.1.
  • Example 2 l-[3-(TrifluoromethvDber ⁇ zylideneamino1guanidine hydrochloride (20021 [0182] 3-(Trifluoromethyl)benzaldehyde (5.0 mmol, 871 mg) was used according to GP1 to give the title compound (2002) as a white powder (643 mg, 48%).
  • 1H NMR (CD 3 OD) ⁇ 8.22 (s, IH), 8.17 (m, IH), 8.05 (m, IH), 7.74 (m, IH), 7.65 (m, IH); HPLC-MS (ammonium acetate) [M+H] + 231.1.
  • Example 3 l-ri-(3-Bromophenyl)ethylideneamino1guanidine hydrochloride (2003) [0183] 3'-Bromoacetophenone (5.0 mmol, 995 mg) was used according to GPl to give the title compound (2003) as a white powder (977 mg, 67%).
  • Example 5 l-r(Benzo[l,31dioxol-5-yl)methylideneamino1guanidine hydrochloride (2005) [0185] Benzo[l,3]dioxole-5-carbaldehyde (5.0 mmol, 751 mg) was used according to GPl to give the title compound (2005) as a white powder (737 mg, 61%).
  • Example 9 l-(3-Fluoro-4-methoxybenzylideneamino)guanidine hydrochloride (2009) [0189] 3-Fluoro-4-methoxybenzaldehyde (2.0 mmol, 308 mg) and aminoguanidine hydrochloride (2.0 mmol, 220 mg) were used according to GP2 to give the title compound (2009) as a white powder (449 mg, 91%).
  • Example 10 l-(3-Bromo-4-fluorobenzylideneamino)guanidine hydrochloride (2010) [0190] 3-Bromo-4-fluorobenzaldehyde (2.0 mmol, 406 mg) and aminoguanidine hydrochloride (2.0 mmol, 220 mg) were used according to GP2 to give the title compound (2010) as a white powder (445 mg, 75%).
  • Example 11 l-(3A5-Trimethoxybenzylideneamino)guanidine hydrochloride (2011) [0191] 3,4,5-Trimethoxybenzaldehyde (2.0 mmol, 392 mg) and aminoguanidine hydrochloride (2.0 mmol, 220 mg) were used according to GP3 to give the title compound (2011) as a white powder 565 (mg, 97%).
  • Example 12 l-(4-Fluoro-3-methylbenzylideneamino)guanidine hydrochloride (2012) [0192] 4-Fluoro-3-methylbenzaldehyde (2.0 mmol, 276 mg) and aminoguanidine hydrochloride (2.0 mmol, 220 mg) were used according to GP3 to give the title compound (2012) as a white powder (433 mg, 93%).
  • Example 14 l-(3-Bromo-4-methoxybenzylideneamino)guanidine hydrochloride (2014) [0194] 3-Bromo-4-methoxybenzaldehyde (2.0 mmol, 430 mg) and aminoguanidine hydrochloride (2.0 mmol, 220 mg) were used according to GP2 to give the title compound (2014) as a pale yellow powder (568 mg, 92%).
  • Example 18 l-(4-Bromo-2-fluorobenzylideneamino)guanidine hydrochloride (2016) [0198] 4-Bromo-2-fluorobenzaldehyde (2.0 mmol, 406 mg) and aminoguanidine hydrochloride (2.0 mmol, 220 mg) were used according to GP2 to give the title compound (2016) as a white powder (441 mg, 74%).
  • Example 19 l-(4-Phenylbenzylideneamino)guanidine hydrochloride (2019) [0199] 4-Biphenylcarboxaldehyde (2.0 mmol, 364 mg) and aminoguanidine hydrochloride (2.0 mmol, 220 mg) were used according to GP2 to give the title compound (2019) as a white powder (440 mg, 80%).
  • Example 20 l-(4-Phenoxybenzylideneamino)guanidine hydrochloride (2020) [0200] 4-Phenoxybenzaldehyde (2.0 mmol, 396 mg) and aminoguanidine hydrochloride (2.0 mmol, 220 mg) were used according to GP4 to give the title compound
  • Example 21 l-(3-Phenoxybenzylideneamino)guanidine hydrochloride (2021) [0201] 3-Phenoxybenzaldehyde (2.0 mmol, 396 mg) and aminoguanidine hydrochloride (2.0 mmol, 220 mg) were used according to GP4 to give the title compound
  • Example 22 l-(3.5-Di-tert-butyl-2-hydroxybenzylideneamino)guanidine (2022) [0202] 3,5-Di-tert-butyl-2-hydroxybenzaldehyde (2.0 mmol, 469 mg) and aminoguanidine hydrochloride (2.0 mmol, 220 mg) were used according to GP4 to give the title compound (2022) as a pale yellow/brown powder (501 mg, 86%).
  • Example 23 l-(2.3.5-Trichlorobenzylideneamino)guanidine hydrochloride (2023) [0203] 2,3,5-Trichlorobenzaldehyde (2.0 mmol, 419 mg) and aminoguanidine hydrochloride (2.0 mmol, 220 mg) were used according to GP2 to give the title compound (2023) as a white powder (410 mg, 68%).
  • Example 25 l-(4-Isopropoxybenzylideneamino)guanidine (2025) [0205] 4-Isopropoxybenzaldehyde (2.0 mmol, 328 mg) and aminoguanidine hydrochloride (2.0 mmol, 220 mg) were used according to GP4 to give the title compound (2025) as a cream powder (295 mg, 67%).
  • Example 27 l-(3,5-Difluorobenzylideneamino)guanidine hydrochloride (2027) [0207] 3,5-Difluorobenzaldehyde (2.0 mmol, 284 mg) and aminoguanidine hydrochloride (2.0 mmol, 220 mg) were used according to GP2 to give the title compound
  • Example 28 l-(3,4-Dibromobenzylideneamino)guanidine hydrochloride (2028) [0208] Fluorene-2-carboxaldehyde (2.0 mmol, 388 mg) and aminoguanidine hydrochloride (2.0 mmol, 220 mg) were used according to GP2 to give the title compound
  • Example 29 l-(3,4-Dibromobenzylideneamino)guanidine hydrochloride (3093) [0209] 3,4-Dibromobenzaldehyde (2.0 mmol, 528 mg) and aminoguanidine hydrochloride (2.0 mmol, 220 mg) were used according to GP2 to give the title compound (3093) as a white powder (655 mg, 92%).
  • Example 30 l-(4-Chloro-3-fluorobenzylideneamino)guanidine hydrochloride (2030) [0210] 4-Chloro-3-fluorobenzaldehyde (2.0 mmol, 317 mg) and aminoguanidine hydrochloride (2.0 mmol, 220 mg) were used according to GP2 to give the title compound (2030) as white crystals (466 mg, 93%).
  • Example 31 l-(3-Chloro-4-hydroxybenzylideneamino)guanidine hydrochloride (2031) [0211] 3-Chloro-4-hydroxybenzaldehyde (2.0 mmol, 313 mg) and aminoguanidine hydrochloride (2.0 mmol, 220 mg) were used according to GP2 to give the title compound (2031) as a yellow powder (468 mg, 94%).
  • Example 32 l-(4-Fluoro-3-nitrobenzylideneamino)guanidine hydrochloride (2032) [0212] 2-Fluoro-5-formylbenzonitrile (2.0 mmol, 298 mg) and aminoguanidine hydrochloride (2.0 mmol, 220 mg) were used according to GP2 to give the title compound (2032) as white crystals (452 mg, 93%).
  • Example 33 l-(3.5-Dimethyl-4-hydroxybenzylideneamino)guanidine hydrochloride (2033) [0213] 3,5-Dimethyl-4-hydroxybenzaldehyde (2.0 mmol, 300 mg) and aminoguanidine hydrochloride (2.0 mmol, 220 mg) were used according to GP2 to give the title compound (2033) as a yellow powder (462 mg, 95%).
  • Example 34 l-(4-Methoxy-2.3-dimethylbenzylideneamino)guanidine hydrochloride (2034) [0214] 4-Methoxy-2,3-dimethylbenzaldehyde (2.0 mmol, 328 mg) and aminoguanidine hydrochloride (2.0 mmol, 220 mg) were used according to GP2 to give the title compound (2034) as a yellow powder (461 mg, 89%).
  • Example 35 l-r4-Chloro-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzylideneamino]guanidine hydrochloride (2035) [0215] 4-Chloro-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzaldehyde (2.0 mmol, 417 mg) and aminoguanidine hydrochloride (2.0 mmol, 220 mg) were used according to GP2 to give the title compound (2035) as a white powder (524 mg, 87%).
  • Example 36 l-(3-Bromo-4,5-dimethoxybenzylideneamino)guanidine hydrochloride (3099) [0216] 3-Bromo-4,5-dimethoxybenzaldehyde (2.0 mmol, 490 mg) and aminoguanidine hydrochloride (2.0 mmol, 220 mg) were used according to GP3 to give the title compound (3099) as a white powder (588 mg, 87%).
  • Example 37 l-r3,4-Dihydro-2H-benzo[biri.41dioxepin-7-yl)methylideneamino guanidine hydrochloride (2038) [0217] 3,4-Dihydro-2H-benzo[b][l,4]dioxepine-7-carbaldehyde (1.0 mmol, 178 mg) and aminoguanidine hydrochloride (1.0 mmol, 110 mg) were used according to GP3 to give the title compound (2038) as a white powder (206 mg, 76%).
  • Example 38 [(Cvclohexylphenylmethylideneamino]guanidine (2039) [0218] Benzoylcyclohexane (2.0 mmol, 377 mg) and aminoguanidine hydrochloride (2.0 mmol, 220 mg) were used according to GP4. The crade material was purified on the CombiFlash using method CF1 to give the title compound (2039) as a cream powder (109 mg, 22%).
  • Example 39 l-[l-(2.3-Dihvdro-benzo l ,41dioxin-6-yl)ethylideneamino1guanidine hydrochloride (2040) [0219] l-(2,3-Dihydro-benzo[l,4]dioxin-6-yl)ethanone (2.0 mmol, 356 mg) and aminoguanidine hydrochloride (2.0 mmol, 220 mg) were used according to GP3 to give the title compound (2040) as a yellow powder (492 mg, 91%). !
  • Example 41 l-(4-Allyloxy-3-chlorobenzylideneamino)guanidine hydrochloride (2042) [0222] Allyl bromide (1.0 mmol, 121 mg) was used according to GP5 and the crude material was purified using CF2 to give 4-allyloxy-3-chlorobenzaldehyde as pale yellow crystals (181 mg, 92%).
  • 1H NMR (CDC1 3 ) ⁇ 9.85 (s, IH), 7.91 (d, J-2.0 Hz, IH),
  • Example 43 l-[3-Chloro-4-(4-cvanobutoxy)benzylideneamino1guanidine hydrochloride (2044) [0226] 5-Bromopentanenitrile (1.0 mmol, 162 mg) was used according to GP5 and the crade material was purified using CF3 to give 5-(2-chloro-4-formylphenoxy)- pentanenitrile as a colourless oil (151 mg, 63%).
  • Example 44 1 -[3 -Chloro-4-(3 -phenoxypropoxylbenzylideneamino guanidine hydrochloride (2045) [0228] 3-(Bromopropoxy)benzene (1.0 mmol, 215 mg) was used according to GP5 and the crade material was purified using CF4 to give 3-chloro-4-(3- phenoxypropoxy)benzaldehyde as a white powder (140 mg, 48%).
  • Example 45 l-[3-Chloro-4-(2-phenylethoxy)benzylideneamino]guanidine hydrochloride (2046) [0230] 2-Bromoethyl benzene (1.0 mmol, 185 mg) was used according to GP5 and the crade material was purified using CF4 to give 3-chloro-4-(2- phenylethoxy)benzaldehyde as a colourless oil (146 mg, 56%).
  • Example 46 l-(3-Chloro-4-hexyloxybenzylideneamino)guanidine hydrochloride (2047) [0232] 1-Iodohexane (1.0 mmol, 212 mg) was used according to GP5 and the crade material was purified using CF5 to give 3-chloro-4-hexyloxybenzaldehyde as a white solid (208 mg, 86%).
  • Example 47 l-(3-Chloro-4-propoxyobenzylideneamino)guanidine hydrochloride (2048) [0234] 1-lodopropane (1.0 mmol, 170 mg) was used according to GP5 and the crade material was purified using CF5 to give 3-chloro-4-propoxybenzaldehyde as a white solid (211 mg, 100%).
  • Example 48 l- 3-Chloro-4-(2-methylpropoxy)benzylideneamino]guanidine acetate (2049) [0236] l-Bromo-2-methylpropane (1.0 mmol, 137 mg) was used according to GP5 and the crade material was purified using CF5 to give 3-chloro-4-(2- methylpropoxy)benzaldehyde as a colourless oil (5 mg, 2%).
  • the crade material was dissolved in CH 3 CH:H 2 O (3:7, 300 ⁇ L) and purified by preparative LC/MS. The fractions containing the desired compound were concentrated in vacuo to give the title compound (2049) as a white powder (6 mg, 94%).
  • Example 49 l-[3-Chloro-4-(4-methylpentoxy)benzylideneamino]guanidine hydrochloride (2050) [0238] l-Bromo-4-methylpentane (1.0 mmol, 165 mg) was used according to GP5 and the crade material was purified using CF4 to give 3-chloro-4-(4- methylpentoxy)benzaldehyde as a white solid (162 mg, 67%).
  • Example 51 l-[3-Chloro-4-(2-ethylbutoxy)benzylideneamino])guanidine acetate (2052) [0242] l-Bromo-2-ethylbutane (1.0 mmol, 165 mg) was used according to GP5 and the crude material was purified using CF5 to give 3-chloro-4-(2- ethylbutoxy)benzaldehyde as a colourless oil (13 mg, 5%).
  • Example 52 l-(3-Chloro-4-octyloxybenzylideneamino)guanidine hydrochloride (2053) [0244] 1-Iodooctane (1.0 mmol, 240 mg) was used according to GP5 and the crade material was purified using CF5 to give 3-chloro-4-octyloxybenzaldehyde as a white solid (229 mg, 85%).
  • Example 53 l-[3-Chloro-4-(2-ethoxy-ethoxy)benzylideneamino])guanidine acetate (2054) [0246] l-Bromo-2-ethoxyethane (1.0 mmol, 153 mg) was used according to GP5 and the crade material was purified using CF4 to give 3-chloro-4-(2-ethoxy- ethoxyjbenzaldehyde as a white solid (28 mg, 12%).
  • the crade material was dissolved in CH CH:H 2 O (3:7, 600 ⁇ L) and purified by preparative LC/MS. The fractions containing the desired compound were concentrated in vacuo to give the title compound (2054) as a pale yellow oil (22 mg, 52%).
  • Example 55 l-(3,4-Dichlorophenyl)-l-(propylideneaminoguanidine) hydrochloride (2056) [0249] l-(3,4-Dichlorophenyl)propan-l-one (2.0 mmol, 406 mg) and aminoguanidine hydrochloride (1.9 mmol, 209 mg) were used according to GP6 to give the title compound (2056) as a white powder (534 mg, 90%).
  • Example 56 l-[4-(2-Fluorophenyl)benzylideneamino]guanidine hydrochloride (2057) [0250] 2'-Fluoro-biphenyl-4-carbaldehyde (0.144 mmol, 36 mg) and aminoguanidine hydrochloride (0.13 mmol, 14 mg) in EtOH (2 mL) were heated in a microwave at 120°C for 10 minutes then cooled to room temperature. Water (20 mL) and NaOH (2M, 5 mL) were added and the product was extracted with EtOAc (2x20 mL). The organic layer was washed with water (10 mL), brine (10 mL), dried over MgSO 4 and filtered.
  • Example 57 l-[ " 3-(2-Trifluoromethylphenyl)benzylideneamino]guanidine hydrochloride (2058) [0251] 2'-Trifluoromethyl-biphenyl-3-carbaldehyde (0.132 mmol, 33 mg) and aminoguanidine hydrochloride (0.12 mmol, 13 mg) in EtOH (2 mL) were heated in a microwave at 120°C for 10 minutes then cooled to room temperature. Water (20 mL) and NaOH (2M, 5 mL) were added and the product was extracted with EtOAc (2x20 mL). The organic layer was washed with water (10 mL), brine (10 mL), dried over MgSO 4 and filtered.
  • Example 58 l-(5-Chloro-2,3-dimethoxybenzylideneamino)guanidine hydrochloride (2059) [0252] 5-Chloro-2,3-dimethoxybenzaldehyde (2.0 mmol, 401 mg) and aminoguanidine hydrochloride (1.9 mmol, 210 mg) were used according to GP3 to give the title compound (2059) as a white powder (449 mg, 80%). 1H NMR (CD 3 OD) ⁇ 8.38 (d,
  • Example 62 l-[3-Fluoro-4-(trifluoromethyl)benzylideneamino]guanidine hydrochloride (2063) [0256] 3-Fluoro-4-(trifluoromethyl)benzaldehyde (2.0 mmol, 384 mg) and aminoguanidine hydrochloride (1.9 mmol, 210 mg) were used according to GP3 to give the title compound (2063) as a white powder (469 mg, 86%).
  • Example 63 l-[3-Nitro-4-(trifluoromethyl)benzylideneamino]guanidine hydrochloride (2064) [0257] 3-Nitro-4-(trifluoromethyl)benzaldehyde (2.0 mmol, 438 mg) and aminoguanidine hydrochloride (1.9 mmol, 210 mg) were used according to GP2 to give the title compound (2064) as a pale yellow powder (493 mg, 83%). ⁇ NMR (CD 3 OD) ⁇ 8.66 (s, IH), 8.50 (m, IH), 8.42 (m, IH), 8.07 (m, IH); HPLC-MS (ammonium acetate)
  • Example 65 l-r2-Fluoro-5-(trifluoromethyl)benzylideneamino]guanidine hydrochloride (2066) [0259] 2-Fluoro-5-(trifluoromethyl)benzaldehyde (2.0 mmol, 384 mg) and aminoguanidine hydrochloride (1.9 mmol, 210 mg) were used according to GP3 to give the title compound (2066) as a white powder (410 mg, 75%).
  • Example 66 l-[3-Fluoro-5-(trifluoromethyl)benzylideneaminolguanidine hydrochloride (2067) [0260] 3-Fluoro-5-(trifluoromethyl)benzaldehyde (2.0 mmol, 384 mg) and aminoguanidine hydrochloride (1.9 mmol, 210 mg) were used according to GP3 to give the title compound (2067) as a white powder (458 mg, 84%).
  • Example 67 l-[4-Fluoro-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzylideneaminolguanidine hydrochloride (2068) [0261] 4-Fluoro-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzaldehyde (2.0 mmol, 384 mg) and aminoguanidine hydrochloride (1.9 mmol, 210 mg) were used according to GP3 to give the title compound (2068) as a white powder (459 mg, 84%).
  • Example 68 l-[2-Chloro-5-(trifluoromethyl)benzylideneaminolguanidine hydrochloride (2069) [0262] 2-Chloro-5-(trifluoromethyl)benzaldehyde (2.0 mmol, 417 mg) and aminoguanidine hydrochloride (1.9 mmol, 210 mg) were used according to GP3 to give the title compound (2069) as a white powder (486 mg, 85%).
  • Example 69 l-[2-Chloro-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzylideneamino1guanidine hydrochloride (2070) [0263] 2-Chloro-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzaldehyde (2.0 mmol, 417 mg) and aminoguanidine hydrochloride (1.9 mmol, 210 mg) were used according to GP3 to give the title compound (2070) as a white powder (518 mg, 90%).
  • Example 70 1 -[3-Chloro-2-fluoro-5-(trifluoromethyl)benzylideneamino] guanidine hydrochloride (2071) [0264] 3-Chloro-2-fluoro-5-(trifluoromethyl)benzaldehyde (2.0 mmol, 453 mg) and aminoguanidine hydrochloride (1.9 mmol, 210 mg) were used according to GP3 to give the title compound (2071) as a white powder (527 mg, 86%).
  • Example 71 l-[(4-Fluoro-l-naphthalen-l-yl)methylideneamino] uanidine hydrochloride (2072) [0265] 4-Fluoro-l-naphthalenecarboxaldehyde (2.0 mmol, 348 mg) and aminoguanidine hydrochloride (1.9 mmol, 210 mg) were used according to GP3 to give the title compound (2072) as a white powder (439 mg, 86%).
  • Example 72 l-[4-Methoxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzylideneamino]guanidine hydrochloride (2073) [0266] 4-Methoxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzaldehyde (2.0 mmol, 408 mg) and aminoguanidine hydrochloride (1.9 mmol, 210 mg) were used according to GP3 to give the title compound (2073) as a white powder (313 mg, 55%).
  • Example 73 l-r2-Methoxy-5-(trifluoromethyl)benzylideneamino] guanidine hydrochloride (2074) [0267] 2-Methoxy-5-(trifluoromethyl)benzaldehyde (2.0 mmol, 408 mg) and aminoguanidine hydrochloride (1.9 mmol, 210 mg) were shaken at 70°C for 18 hours then cooled to room temperature. The reaction was concentrated, the cmde was dissolved in minimum amount of MeOH, Et 2 O was added and the title compound (2074) crystallised out over a couple of days as white crystals (477 mg, 84%).
  • Example 74 l-[Naphthalen-2-yl-methylideneamino]guanidine hydrochloride (2075) [0268] 2-Naphthaldehyde (2.0 mmol, 312 mg) and aminoguanidine hydrochloride (1.9 mmol, 210 mg) were used according to GP2 to give the title compound (2075) as a white powder (428 mg, 90%). ⁇ NMR (CD 3 OD) ⁇ 8.27 (s, IH), 8.12 (br.
  • Example 75 l-[5-Bromo-2-ethoxybenzylideneamino] guanidine hydrochloride (2076) [0269] 5-Bromo-2-ethoxybenzaldehyde (2.0 mmol, 458 mg) and aminoguanidine hydrochloride (1.9 mmol, 210 mg) were used according to GP6 to give the title compound (2076) as a white powder (363 mg, 59%).
  • Example 77 l- 4-Chloro-3-nitrobenzylideneamino] uanidine hydrochloride (2078) [0271] 4-Chloro-3-nitrobenzaldehyde (2.0 mmol, 371 mg) and aminoguanidine hydrochloride (1.9 mmol, 210 mg) were used according to GP2 to give the title compound
  • Example 78 l-(4-Benzyloxy-2-hydroxybenzylideneamino)guanidine hydrochloride (3001) [0272] 4-Benzyloxy-2-hydroxybenzaldehyde (2.0 mmol, 456 mg) was used according to GP7 to give the title compound (3001) as a white powder (358 mg, 64%).
  • Example 79 l-[(lH-Indol-5-yl)methylideneamino] guanidine hydrochloride (3002) [0273] Indole-5-carboxaldehyde (2.0 mmol, 290 mg) was used according to GP8 to give the title compound (3002) as a red powder (266 mg, 65%).
  • Example 80 l-(4-Butoxybenzylideneamino)guanidine hydrochloride (3003) [0274] 4-Butoxybenzaldehyde (2.0 mmol, 356 mg) was used according to GP7 to give the title compound (3003) as a white powder (355 mg, 76%).
  • Example 81 l-(4-Cvanobenzylideneamino) uanidine hydrochloride (3004)
  • 4-Cyanobenzaldehyde 2.0 mmol, 262 mg was used according to GP8 to give the title compound (3004) as a white powder (343 mg, 92%).
  • Example 82 l-(2,5-Dimethoxybenzylideneamino)guanidine hydrochloride (3005) [0276] 2,5-Dimethoxybenzaldehyde (2.0 mmol, 332 mg) was used according to GP7 to give the title compound (3005) as a yellow powder (355 mg, 69%).
  • Example 83 l-(2-Benzyloxy-3-methoxybenzylideneamino)guanidine hydrochloride (3006) [0277] 2-Benzyloxy-3-methoxybenzaldehyde (2.0 mmol, 484 mg) was used according to GP7 to give the title compound (3006) as a white powder (460 mg, 69%).
  • Example 84 l- ⁇ -(2-Methoxy-naphthalen-l-yl)methylideneamino1 guanidine hydrochloride (3007) [0278] 2-Methoxy-l-naphthaldehyde (2.0 mmol, 372 mg) was used according to GP7 to give the title compound (3007) as a pale green powder (275 mg, 49%).
  • Example 85 l-(4-Hvdroxy-3-methoxy-5-nitrobenzylideneamino)guanidine hydrochloride (3008) [0279] 4-Hydroxy-3-methoxy-5-nitrobenzaldehyde (2.0 mmol, 394 mg) was used according to GP7 to give the title compound (3008) as a yellow powder (509 mg, 88%).
  • Example 86 l-(3,4-Dihydroxybenzylideneamino)guanidine hydrochloride (3009) [0280] 3,4-Dihydroxybenzaldehyde (2.0 mmol, 276 mg) was used according to GP8 to give the title compound (3009) as a pale yellow powder (375 mg, 81%).
  • Example 87 l-(3-Bromobenzylideneamino)guanidine hydrochloride (3010) [0281] 3-Bromobenzaldehyde (2.0 mmol, 370 mg) was used according to GP8 to give the title compound (3010) as a white powder (363 mg, 66%).
  • Example 90 l-(4- «-Hexyloxybenzylideneamino)guanidine hydrochloride (3013) [0284] 4-H-hexyloxybenzaldehyde (2.0 mmol, 412 mg) was used according to GP7 to give the title compound (3013) as a white powder (386 mg, 65%).
  • Example 91 l-(3.4-Dibenzyloxybenzylideneamino)guanidine hydrochloride (3014) [0285] 3,4-Dibenzyloxybenzaldehyde (2.0 mmol, 636 mg) was used according to GP7 to give the title compound (3014) as a white powder (583 mg, 72%).
  • Example 93 l-[l-(4-Bromophenyl)ethylideneamino] guanidine hydrochloride (3016) [0287] 4-Bromoacetophenone (2.0 mmol, 398 mg) was used according to GP3 to give the title compound (3016) as a white powder (455 mg, 79%).
  • 1H NMR (CD 3 OD) ⁇ 7.88 (m, 2H), 7.63 (m, 2H), 2.42 (s, 3H); HPLC-MS (ammonium bicarbonate) [M+H] + 255.1, 257.1.
  • Example 94 l-[l-(3-Methylphenyl)ethylideneamino] uanidine hydrochloride (3017) [0288] 3-Methylacetophenone (2.0 mmol, 268 mg) was used according to GP2 to give the title compound (3017) as a white powder (316 mg, 70%).
  • Example 95 l-(3-Methylbenzylideneamino)guanidine hydrochloride (3018) [0289] 3-Methylbenzaldehyde (2.0 mmol, 240 mg) was used according to GP7 to give the title compound (3018) as a pale yellow powder (259 mg, 62%).
  • Example 96 l-(3.4-Dimethylbenzylideneamino)guanidine hydrochloride (3019) [0290] 3,4-Dimethylbenzaldehyde (2.0 mmol, 268 mg) was used according to GP7 to give the title compound (3019) as a white powder (355 mg, 78%).
  • Example 97 l-[l-(4-Ethylphenyl)ethylideneaminol uanidine hydrochloride (3020) [0291] 4-Ethylacetophenone (2.0 mmol, 296 mg) was used according to GP2 to give the title compound (3020) as a white powder (209 mg, 44%).
  • Example 98 l-[l-(3,4-Dimethylphenyl)ethylideneamino]guanidine hydrochloride (3021) [0292] 3,4-Dimethylacetophenone (2.0 mmol, 296 mg) was used according to GP2 to give the title compound (3021) as a white powder (415 mg, 87%).
  • Example 99 l-(4-M-pentylbenzylideneamino)guanidine hydrochloride (3022) [0293] 4- «-pentylbenzaldehyde (2.0 mmol, 362 mg) was used according to GP8 to give the title compound (3022) as a white powder (247 mg, 47%).
  • Example 100 l-[l-(4-n-Heptylphenyl)ethylideneamino1 guanidine hydrochloride (3023) [0294] 4-n-Hexylacetophenone (2.0 mmol, 408 mg) was used according to GP3 to give the title compound (3023) as a white powder (162 mg, 29%).
  • Example 101 l-[l-(5,6.7,8-Tetrahydronaphthalen-2-yl)ethylideneamino]guanidine hydrochloride (3024) [0295] 6-Acetyl-l,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene (2.0 mmol, 348 mg) was used according to GP2 to give the title compound (3024) as a white powder (374 mg, 70%). ⁇ NMR (CD 3 OD) ⁇ 7.64 (m, IH), 7.62 (br.
  • Example 102 l-(4-Ethylbenzylideneamino)guanidine hydrochloride (3025) [0296] 4-Ethylbenzaldehyde (2.0 mmol, 268 mg) was used according to GP7 to give the title compound (3025) as a pale yellow oil (272 mg, 60%).
  • Example 103 l- l-(2-Bromophenyl)ethylideneamino guanidine hydrochloride (3026) [0297] 2-Bromoacetophenone (2.0 mmol, 398 mg) was used according to GP2 to give the title compound (3026) as a pale pink powder (355 mg, 61%) in a 7:3 mixture of two isomers.
  • Example 104 l-(l-( " 3-(Trifluoromethyl)phenyl1ethylideneamino ⁇ uanidine hydrochloride (3027) [0298] 3-(Trifluoromethyl)acetophenone (2.0 mmol, 376 mg) was used according to GP3 to give the title compound (3027) as a white powder (356 mg, 64%). ⁇ NMR (CD 3 OD) ⁇ 8.24 (br.
  • Example 105 1 - ⁇ 1 -[3.5-Bis-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]ethylideneammo) guanidine hydrochloride (3028) [0299] 3,5-Bis-(trifluoromethyl)acetophenone (2.0 mmol, 512 mg) was used according to GP3 to give the title compound (3028) as a white powder (606 mg, 87%).
  • Example 106 l-ri-(2.5-Dimethoxyphenyl)ethylideneaminol guanidine hydrochloride (3029) [0300] 2',5'-Dimethoxyacetophenone (2.0 mmol, 360 mg) was used according to GP2 to give the title compound (3029) as a pale yellow powder (402 mg, 75%) in a ca. 4:1 mixture of two isomers.
  • Example 107 1 -[ 1 -(2-Hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)ethylideneaminol guanidine hydrochloride (3030) [0301] 2'-Hydroxy-4'-methoxyacetophenone (2.0 mmol, 332 mg) was used according to GP3 to give the title compound (3030) as a white powder (473 mg, 92%) in a 9:1 mixture of two isomers.
  • Example 108 1 - 1 -(4-Benzyloxy-2-hydroxy-3-methylphenyl)ethylideneamino] guanidine hydrochloride (3031) [0302] 4'-Benzyloxy-2'-hydroxy-3'-methylacetophenone (2.0 mmol, 512 mg) was used according to GP3 to give the title compound (3031) as a white powder (586 mg, 84%).
  • Example 109 l-[l-(Benzo[l,3]dioxol-5-yl)ethylideneaminolguanidine hydrochloride (3032) [0303] 3',4'-(Methylenedioxy)acetophenone (2.0 mmol, 328 mg) was used according to GP3 to give the title compound (3032) as a pale yellow powder (478 mg, 93%).
  • Example 110 l-(3.4-Dichlorobenzylideneamino)guanidine hydrochloride (1045) [0304] 3,4-Dichlorobenzaldehyde (4.0 mmol, 700 mg) was used according to GP7 to give the title compound (1045) as a white powder (695 mg, 65%).
  • Example 111 l-[l-(4-Dimethylaminophenyl)pentylideneamino] uanidine (3035) [0305] l-(4-Dimethylaminophenyl)-pentan-l-one (0.5 mmol, 102 mg) was used according to GP8 to give a crade mixture which was purified by prep. HPLC. The desired combined fractions were concentrated, diluted with 20% Na CO 3 solution and extracted with EtOAc. The organic phase was dried over Na 2 SO 4 , filtered and concentrated in vacuo to afford the title compound (3035) as a white powder (32 mg, 25%) in a ca. 3:1 mixture of two isomers.
  • Example 112 l- ⁇ 4-[Ethyl-(2-hvdroxyethyl)aminol-2-methylbenzylideneamino
  • Example 113 l-(4-Diethylamino-2-hydroxybenzylideneamino)guanidine hydrochloride (3037) [0307] 4-Diethylamino-2-hydroxybenzaldehyde (2.0 mmol, 386 mg) was used according to GP7 to give the title compound (3037) as a pink powder (538 mg, 94%).
  • Example 114 l-(4-Diethylaminobenzylideneamino)guanidine hydrochloride (3038) [0308] 4-Diethylaminobenzaldehyde (2.0 mmol, 354 mg) was used according to GP8 to give the title compound (3038) as a pale yellow powder (285 mg, 53%).
  • Example 115 l-ri-(4-Piperidin-l-yl-phenyl)ethylideneamino1 guanidine hydrochloride (3039) [0309] 4'-Piperidinoacetophenone (2.0 mmol, 406 mg) was used according to GP3 to give the title compound (3039) as a pale yellow powder (493 mg, 84%).
  • Example 116 1 - ⁇ 4-[Methyl-(2-cvanoethyl)amino]benzylideneaminol guanidine hydrochloride (3040) [0310] 3-[(4-Formylphenyl)-methylamino]propionitrile (2.0 mmol, 376 mg) and aminoguanidine hydrochloride (2.0 mmol, 220 mg) were used according to GP7 to give the title compound (3040) as a pale yellow powder (509 mg, 91%).
  • Example 117 1 - ⁇ 4-[Methyl-(2-hydroxyethyl)aminolbenzylideneamino
  • Example 119 l-(2-Methoxy-4-N,N-diethylaminobenzylideneamino)guanidine hydrochloride (3043) [0313] 2-Methoxy-4-NN-diethylaminobenzaldehyde (1.0 mmol, 207 mg) was used according to GP8 to give the title compound (3043) as a yellow powder (152 mg, 57%) in a ca. 9:1 mixture of two isomers.
  • Example 120 l-(3-Cyanobenzylideneamino)guanidine hydrochloride (4001) [0314] 3-Cyanobenzaldehyde (2.0 mmol, 260 mg) and aminoguanidine hydrochloride (2.0 mmol, 220 mg) were used according to GP3 to give the title compound (4001) as a powder (250 mg, 56%).
  • Example 121 l-[(4-Trifluoromethyl)benzylideneaminol guanidine hydrochloride (4002) [0315] 4-(Trifluoromethyl)benzaldehyde (2.0 mmol, 250 mg) and aminoguanidine hydrochloride (2.0 mmol, 220 mg) were used according to GP3 to give the title compound (4002) as a powder (400 mg, 75%).
  • 1H ⁇ MR (CD 3 OD) ⁇ 8.23 (s, IH), 8.01 (br. d, J 8.2 Hz, 2H), 7.72 (br.
  • Example 122 l-(2.4-Dimethoxybenzylideneamino)guanidine hydrochloride (4003) [0316] 2,4-Dimethoxybenzaldehyde (2.0 mmol, 332 mg) and aminoguanidine hydrochloride (2.0 mmol, 220 mg) were used according to GP3 to give the title compound
  • Example 124 l-(4-Ethoxybenzylideneamino)guanidine hydrochloride (4005) [0318] 4-Ethoxybenzaldehyde (2.0 mmol, 300 mg) and aminoguanidine hydrochloride (2.0 mmol, 220 mg) were used according to GP3 to give the title compound (4005) as a powder (290 mg, 60%).
  • Example 125 l-(4-w-Propoxybenzylideneamino)guanidine hydrochloride (4006) [0319] 4-rt-Propoxybenzaldehyde (2.0 mmol, 328 mg) and aminoguanidine hydrochloride (2.0 mmol, 220 mg) were used according to GP3 to give the title compound
  • Example 126 l-(2.3.6-Trichlorobenzylideneamino)guanidine hydrochloride (4007) [0320] 2,3,6-Trichlorobenzaldehyde (2.0 mmol, 209 mg) and aminoguanidine hydrochloride (2.0 mmol, 220 mg) were used according to GP3 to give the title compound
  • Example 127 l-(4-Chlorobenzylideneamino)guanidine hydrochloride (4008) [0321] 4-Chlorobenzaldehyde (2.0 mmol, 281 mg) and aminoguanidine hydrochloride (2.0 mmol, 220 mg) were used according to GP3 to give the title compound
  • Example 128 l-(5-Bromo-2-fluorobenzylideneamino)guanidine hydrochloride (4009) [0322] 5-Bromo-2-fluorobenzaldehyde (2.0 mmol, 406 mg) and aminoguanidine hydrochloride (2.0 mmol, 220 mg) were used according to GP3 to give the title compound (4009) as a powder (410 mg, 69%).
  • Example 129 l-(2-Bromo-5-fluorobenzylideneamino)guanidine hydrochloride (4010) [0323] 2-Bromo-5-fluorobenzaldehyde (2.0 mmol, 406 mg) and aminoguanidine hydrochloride (2.0 mmol, 220 mg) were used according to GP3 to give the title compound (4010) as a powder (450 mg, 76%).
  • Example 130 l-(3-Chlorobenzylideneamino)guanidine hydrochloride (4011) [0324] 3-Chlorobenzaldehyde (2.0 mmol, 281 mg) and aminoguanidine hydrochloride (2.0 mmol, 220 mg) were used according to GP3 to give the title compound
  • Example 131 1 -(3 -Fluorobenzylideneamino) guanidine hydrochloride (4012) [0325] 3-Fluorobenzaldehyde (2.0 mmol, 248 mg) and aminoguanidine hydrochloride (2.0 mmol, 220 mg) were used according to GP3 to give the title compound
  • Example 132 1 -(2, 3,4-Trimethoxybenzylideneamino)guanidine hydrochloride (4013) [0326] 2,3,4-Trimethoxybenzaldehyde (2.0 mmol, 392 mg) and aminoguanidine hydrochloride (2.0 mmol, 220 mg) were used according to GP3 to give the title compound
  • Example 133 l-(3.5-Bistrifluoromethylbenzylideneamino)guanidine hydrochloride (4014) [0327] 3,5-Bistrifluoromethylbenzaldehyde (2.0 mmol, 484 mg) and aminoguanidine hydrochloride (2.0 mmol, 220 mg) were used according to GP3 to give the title compound (4014) as a powder (360 mg, 54%).
  • Example 135 l-[(5-(2-(Trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-furan-2-yl)-methyleneaminolguanidine hydrochloride (2616) [0329] 5-(2-(Trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-2-furancarboxaldehyde (2.0 mmol, 480 mg) and aminoguanidine hydrochloride (2.0 mmol, 220 mg) were used according to GP8. The crade material was purified on the CombiFlash using method CF6 to give the title compound (137FB59-8-HC1) as a pale yellow powder (318 mg, 48%) in a 9:1 mixture of two isomers.
  • R-SAT Receptor Selection and Amplification Technology Assay
  • the functional receptor assay, Receptor Selection and Amplification Technology (R-SAT) was used to investigate the pharmacological properties of known and novel NPFF agonists.
  • R-SAT is disclosed in U.S. Patent Nos. 5,707,798, 5,912,132, and 5,955,281, all of which are hereby inco ⁇ orated herein by reference in their entirety, including any drawings.
  • NIH3T3 cells were grown in 96 well tissue culture plates to 70- 80% confluence. Cells were transfected for 16-20 h h with plasmid DNAs using Polyfect (Qiagen Inc.) as per manufacturer's protocols.
  • R-SAT' s were generally performed with 40 ng/well of receptor and 20 ng/well of ⁇ -galactosidase plasmid DNA. All receptor and G- protein constructs used were in the pSI-derived mammalian expression vector (Promega Inc) as described previously.
  • the NPFF receptor gene was amplified by PCR from testes cDNA using oligodeoxynucleotide primers based on the published sequence (GenBank Accession # AF257210). For large-scale transfections, cells were transfected for 16-20 h, then trypsinized and frozen in DMSO.
  • Frozen cells were later thawed, plated at -20,000 cells per well of a 96 half-area well plate that contained drag. With both methods, cells were then grown in a humidified atmosphere with 5% ambient CO for five days. Media was then removed from the plates and marker gene activity was measured by the addition of the ⁇ -galactosidase substrate o-nitrophenyl ⁇ -D-galactopyranoside (ONPG, in PBS with 0.5% NP-40). The resulting colorimetric reaction was measured in a spectrophotometric plate reader (Titertek Inc.) at 420 nm. All data were analyzed using the computer program XLFit (LDBSm).
  • LDBSm computer program XLFit
  • Efficacy is the percent maximal response compared to the maximum response elicited by a control compound (e.g. NPFF in the case of NPFF2).
  • pEC50 is the negative of the log(EC50), where EC50 is the calculated concentration in molar that produces a 50% maximal response.
  • NA No activity detectable at the highest dose tested (20 ⁇ M)
  • Example 137 CCI/Thermal Hyperalgesia
  • Rats were anesthetized with isoflurane under aseptic and heated conditions. The left quadriceps was shaved and scrubbed thoroughly with an iodine solution. The sciatic nerve was exposed at the level of the sciatic notch distally to the sciatic trifurcation. The nerve was very carefully freed from the underlying muscle and connective tissue without causing trauma to the nerve itself. Using 4-0 chromic catgut suture material, four semi-loose ligatures were tied around the sciatic nerve starting at the most proximal level, next to the sciatic notch, spaced roughly 1 mm apart and ending proximal to the sciatic trifurcation.
  • the heat source was moveable beneath the glass and had a radiant beam of approximately 3 mm in diameter that could be positioned under the plantar surface of the rat hind paw.
  • rats were placed in the tinted boxes and allowed 10- 20 minutes to acclimate to the new environment.
  • the radiant heat source was then positioned under the plantar surface of the hind paw.
  • a timer was simultaneously triggered.
  • a motion sensor was activated stopping the timer and inactivating the heat source.
  • the thermal source was adjusted so that the average response latency for an uninjured animal is no greater than 20 seconds.
  • Each rat had two days of pre-operative baseline latency measurements in which the left rear hind paw plantar surface was measured three to four times. Two to three left postoperative baseline latency measurements were taken before and after the treatment was given. Postoperative day 2 and 4 measurements yielded the greatest degree of hyperalgesia and thus were utilized in this assay. Each animal was tested twice with at least 48 hours separating each test.
  • Thermal hyperalgesia developed in the surgical-treated left paw as evidenced by a decrease in paw withdrawal latencies to a thermal stimulus. The maximal hyperalgesia occurred on post-operative days 2 through 4. Paw withdrawal latencies on the surgically-treated left side gradually returned to baseline levels over the course of 5 to 12 days post-surgery.
  • Example 139 Acute Thermal Analgesia
  • Example 140 NPFF Receptor Binding Assay [0341] Using the following reagents, supplies, and methods, the ability of the compounds of the invention to bind to the NPFF receptors can be readily determined in a receptor binding assay. [0342] 1.
  • NPFF receptor-transfected COS cells or another transfected cell line that does not endogenously express the NPFF receptors may be substituted
  • a suitable growth medium in 24-well culture plates.
  • 2. Prepare radiolabeled assay solutions by mixing 245 ⁇ L of 0.25 nM [ 125 I]NPFF working solution with 5 ⁇ L of the following (one per solution): 50 ⁇ M unlabeled NPFF working solution, 0.25 nM [ 125 I]NPFF working solution, HEPES buffer only, or 50 ⁇ test compound.
  • 4. 4.
  • Example 142 Other experiments Assessment of intrathecally administered NPFF in the 52°C water tail flick test [0349] Rats were implanted with chronically indwelling intrathecal catheters (PE-10; 7.5cm) allowing for the delivery of compounds to the lumbar spinal cord. As a positive control, rats were treated with various doses of mo ⁇ hine (3, 10 and 30 ⁇ g). Mo ⁇ hine produced dose-related antinociception resulting in a calculated A 0 of 9.8 ⁇ g (8.1-12.0; 95% CL). Administration of NPFF (100 ⁇ g) failed to elicit antinociception.
  • PE-10 chronically indwelling intrathecal catheters
  • Example 143 Formalin flinching [0356] Na ⁇ ve male Sprague-Dawley rats (175-200 g) were injected with a test compound followed by an injection of 50 ⁇ l of a 5.0% formalin solution into the dorsal surface of a hind paw and then placed in individual plastic cages for observation. The number of nociceptive responses (i.e., paw flinches/licks/bites) was counted for a period of 60 min following formalin injection. Rats were treated with vehicle or with 10 mg/kg (i.p.) of either mo ⁇ hine, Compound 3093 or Compound 3099. Compounds were administered 15 min prior to formalin injection. The results are depicted in Figure 4.
  • a model of tonic pain was created in rats by administering an injection of 5.0% formalin solution (50 ⁇ l) into the dorsal surface of a hind paw and then placing the rat in an individual plastic cage for observation. Paw flinches/licks/bites are counted for a period of 60 min. Rats received either vehicle or Compound 3099 (10 mg/kg, i.p.) 15 min prior to the formalin injection. Compound 3099 was inactive across phase I (0-10 min post-formalin injection), suggesting that this NPFF2 receptor selective compound is not acutely analgesic. This finding is consistent with our previous data.
  • a model of tonic pain was created in rats by administering an injection of 5.0% formalin solution (50 ⁇ l) into the dorsal surface of a hind paw and then placing the rat in an individual plastic cage for observation. Paw flinches/licks/bites are counted for a period of 60 min. Rats received either vehicle or Compound 3093 (10 mg/kg, i.p.) 15 min prior to the formalin injection. Compound 3093 was inactive across phase I (0-10 min post-formalin injection), suggesting that this NPFF2 receptor selective compound is not acutely analgesic. This finding is consistent with our previous data.
  • NPFF2 receptor agonists may be efficacious in states of chronic pain (i.e., neuropathic and/or inflammatory).
  • Example 144 Canageenan-induced thermal hyperalgesia
  • Na ⁇ ve male Sprague-Dawley rats (175-200 g) were assessed for their responsiveness to a noxious thermal stimulus. Response latencies were measured using the hot plate test. Rats were placed in a plexiglass enclosure on a thermostatically controlled metal plate maintained at 52°C. The time elapsed until the animal demonstrated an obvious nociceptive response (i.e., jumping, licking, stomping, elevating a hind paw) was measured. Following testing, an animal model of acute inflammatory pain was created by injecting 100 ⁇ l of 2% ⁇ -carrageenan ion to a hind paw.
  • %MPE ((test-post- inflammatory) / (na ⁇ ve-post-inflammatory))*100, where the test score is the hot plate latency obtained after compound administration, the post-inflammatory score is the average response obtained 3 hr post-carrageenan, and the na ⁇ ve score is the average response obtained prior to manipulation. Additionally, paw thickness was measured (with a micrometer) following testing in order to quantify edema.
  • Rats were then treated with various doses of Compound 1045 (1, 3 and 10 mg/kg, i.p.) and hot plate latencies were tested across a period of 3 hours.
  • Compound 1045 produced a dose- related reversal of thermal hyperalgesia in the carrageenan-treated rats. This compound achieved a maximum efficacy of 57.6% with a calculated A 50 of 7.8 mg/kg (3.9-16.0; 95%C1).
  • Administration of Compound 1045 (10 mg/kg) to vehicle-treated rats did not significantly alter sensitivity to noxious thermal stimulation, i.e., not analgesic. This compound did not significantly alter edema formation in the hind paw produced by carrageenan.
  • Rats were then treated with various doses of Compound 3093 (1, 3 and 10 mg/kg, i.p.) and hot plate latencies were tested across a period of 3 hours.
  • Compound 3093 produced a dose- related reversal of thermal hyperalgesia induced by 2% carrageenan.
  • the peak effect for Compound 3093 was observed at 30-60 min after administration and the calculated A 50 was 1.6 mg (1.1-2.3; 95% CI).
  • Compound 3093 (10 mg/kg) did not significantly alter the hot plate latencies in the vehicle-treated rats.
  • Rats were injected (i.paw.) with 100 ⁇ l of 2% canageenan or vehicle (dH 2 O) in order to produce a state of acute inflammatory pain. Following 3 hours after canageenan, but not vehicle, administration rats demonstrated a significant increase in sensitivity to noxious thermal stimulation (i.e., decreases in the hot plate latencies). Rats were then treated with various doses of Compound 3099 (1, 3 and 10 mg/kg, i.p.) and hot plate latencies were tested across a period of 3 hours. Compound 3099 produced a dose- related reversal of thermal hyperalgesia induced by 2% carrageenan.
  • Example 145 Ls/L ⁇ SNL-induced tactile allodynia
  • This model of neuropathic pain was developed by Kim and Chung (Kim SH, Chung JM., "An experimental model for peripheral neuropathy produced by segmental spinal nerve ligation in the rat," Pain, 1992 Sep;50(3):355-63). This model requires the ligation of the L and L 6 spinal nerves between the spinal cord and the entry point into the sciatic nerve.
  • mice Seven to fourteen days following SNL surgery rats will be reassessed for their response thresholds to mechanical stimuli.
  • rats were allowed to acclimate within plexiglass enclosures for approximately 20 min.
  • a series of calibrated von Frey filaments (1.56-15.0 g, logarithmically spaced) were applied to the plantar aspect of the injured hind paw until a response was elicited.
  • Paw withdrawal thresholds to probing were determined according to a previously described method (Chaplan SR, Bach FW, Pogrel JW, Chung JM, Yaksh TL., "Quantitative assessment of tactile allodynia in the rat paw," J Neurosci Methods, 1994 Jul;53(l):55-63). Paw withdrawal thresholds were determined to the nearest 0.1 g before surgery, then before and at multiple time points following compound administration. A significant reduction in the paw withdrawal threshold was inte ⁇ reted as the presence of tactile allodynia. The results are shown in Figure 6.
  • Paw withdrawal thresholds were determined to the nearest 0.1 g before surgery, then before and at multiple time points following compound administration. A significant reduction in the paw withdrawal threshold was inte ⁇ reted as the presence of tactile allodynia. The results are shown in Figure 8. [0367] Administration of dPQR produced a dose-dependent reversal of L 5 /L 6 SNL-induced tactile allodynia. These data suggest that following peripheral nerve injury there may be an inappropriate level of supraspinal FF1 receptor activation that may promote neuropathic pain. [0368] According to the literature, spinal administration NPFF elicits acute antinociception. However, following ICV administration, NPFF results in pronociception.
  • FF2 receptors are located in both brain and spinal cord whereas FF1 receptors are located in brain but not in spinal cord.
  • FF2 receptor agonists such as Compounds 3093 and 3099
  • supraspinal FFl receptors Since a) following peripheral nerve injury there appears to be an increased activity of supraspinal FFl receptors; b) supraspinal FFl receptors oppose the actions of supraspinal FF2 receptors and c) tactile allodynia is mediated via supraspinal mechanisms, blockade of supraspinal FFl receptors allow for the unopposed activity of FF2 receptors to be unmasked.
  • Compound 2616 produced a dose-related potentiation of tactile allodynia in the SNL rats. Furthermore, 10 mg/kg of this compound produced a significant reduction in the paw withdrawal thresholds of sham-operated rats. [0377] Additionally, following administration of Compound 2616 (10 mg/kg, i.p.), rats demonstrated writhing behavior and appeared lethargic. These effects persisted between 60 and 90 minutes and were shown by both sham-operated and SNL rats. These effects were not observed in rats that received doses less than 10 mg/kg.
  • Rats were then treated with various doses of Compound 3099 (1, 3 and 10 mg/kg, i.p.) and paw withdrawal thresholds were tested across a period of 3 hours.
  • the selective NPFF2 receptor agonist, Compound 3099 produced a dose-related reversal of tactile allodynia induced by L 5 /L 6 SNL.
  • the peak effect for Compound 3099 was observed at 30 min after administration and the calculated A 50 was 4.1 mg (3.0-5.5; 95% CL). Ptosis and lethargy were the only side effects noted in the rats that received 10 mg/kg.
  • rats demonstrated one or more of the following behaviors: immobility and staring, ataxia, splayed hind limbs, body swaying, lying on one side with spastic limb abduction and body distortions. Again, these behaviors were episodic and did not interfere with the behavioral measures. Further, these behaviors were also transient, such that, by the end of the testing period these effects appeared to have resolved.
  • Assessment of orally administered Compound 3099 in the SNL model [0382] A model of neuropathic pain was created in rats by tight ligation of the L 5 and L 6 spinal nerves.
  • Rats were then treated with various doses of Compound 3099 (6, 60 and 200 mg/kg, p.o.) and paw withdrawal thresholds were tested across a period of 3 hours.
  • the selective NPFF2 receptor agonist, Compound 3099 produced a dose-related reversal of tactile allodynia induced by L 5 /L 6 SNL.
  • the peak effect for Compound 3099 was observed at 60-90 min after administration and the calculated A 50 was 50.5 mg (22.1-115.5; 95% CI).
  • Example 146 cAMP Assay: [0383] An assay was established for measuring cAMP in transiently transfected cells that takes advantage of the fact that most cells that are transfected with one gene, can be simultaneously transfected with other genes. Thus, the NPFFl and NPFF2 receptors were transfected along with a Gs-coupled receptor (EP2) at a ratio of 5:1. In un-transfected HEK-T cells there is no response to PGE2 (agonist for EP2) at doses as high lO ⁇ M. The cells were routinely stimulated with PGE2 at about 300 nM, which is 2X its EC 50 (1 0 nM) at EP2 receptor.
  • EP2 Gs-coupled receptor

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