EP1213367A1 - Process for manufacturing light alloy casting pieces, with cooling before forging - Google Patents
Process for manufacturing light alloy casting pieces, with cooling before forging Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- EP1213367A1 EP1213367A1 EP01402944A EP01402944A EP1213367A1 EP 1213367 A1 EP1213367 A1 EP 1213367A1 EP 01402944 A EP01402944 A EP 01402944A EP 01402944 A EP01402944 A EP 01402944A EP 1213367 A1 EP1213367 A1 EP 1213367A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- pressing
- light alloy
- alloy
- parts
- temperature
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
Links
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 45
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 8
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 5
- 238000005266 casting Methods 0.000 title claims description 13
- 229910001234 light alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims description 7
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 title description 28
- 238000005242 forging Methods 0.000 title description 12
- 238000003825 pressing Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 24
- 238000007711 solidification Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 230000008023 solidification Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 238000005496 tempering Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- 239000011159 matrix material Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910045601 alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract description 13
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 abstract description 13
- 229910001092 metal group alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract description 2
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 8
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 4
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000000465 moulding Methods 0.000 description 4
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 description 4
- 238000003303 reheating Methods 0.000 description 4
- 230000035800 maturation Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000010791 quenching Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000000171 quenching effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 229910000838 Al alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910000861 Mg alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- -1 aluminum-silicon-magnesium Chemical compound 0.000 description 2
- 238000007731 hot pressing Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000006872 improvement Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000012423 maintenance Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000032683 aging Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005275 alloying Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005452 bending Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010273 cold forging Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000013078 crystal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004512 die casting Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008034 disappearance Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000006073 displacement reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004090 dissolution Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000009826 distribution Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005265 energy consumption Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000005496 eutectics Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000835 fiber Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000001000 micrograph Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001556 precipitation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000004576 sand Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000035882 stress Effects 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B21—MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
- B21J—FORGING; HAMMERING; PRESSING METAL; RIVETING; FORGE FURNACES
- B21J5/00—Methods for forging, hammering, or pressing; Special equipment or accessories therefor
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B21—MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
- B21J—FORGING; HAMMERING; PRESSING METAL; RIVETING; FORGE FURNACES
- B21J1/00—Preparing metal stock or similar ancillary operations prior, during or post forging, e.g. heating or cooling
- B21J1/06—Heating or cooling methods or arrangements specially adapted for performing forging or pressing operations
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B21—MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
- B21J—FORGING; HAMMERING; PRESSING METAL; RIVETING; FORGE FURNACES
- B21J5/00—Methods for forging, hammering, or pressing; Special equipment or accessories therefor
- B21J5/002—Hybrid process, e.g. forging following casting
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22D—CASTING OF METALS; CASTING OF OTHER SUBSTANCES BY THE SAME PROCESSES OR DEVICES
- B22D31/00—Cutting-off surplus material, e.g. gates; Cleaning and working on castings
- B22D31/002—Cleaning, working on castings
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22F—CHANGING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF NON-FERROUS METALS AND NON-FERROUS ALLOYS
- C22F1/00—Changing the physical structure of non-ferrous metals or alloys by heat treatment or by hot or cold working
- C22F1/04—Changing the physical structure of non-ferrous metals or alloys by heat treatment or by hot or cold working of aluminium or alloys based thereon
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a method for production of castings made of an alloy light, especially in aluminum alloy.
- the parts cast by molding in a sand mold or metallic have a coarse eutectic structure, porosities or inclusions and mainly gas inclusions, and a rough surface finish.
- Document FR-2 614 814 describes a process of this type in which the pressing operation is carried out cold or at low temperature, the matrix prints showing dimensions slightly smaller than those of the room.
- This additional step provides castings with better performance mechanical, especially in terms of elongation and tensile strength.
- document EP-816,042 provides for a cooling and solidification of the part in the mold, the molded part then being subjected to a heating step to obtain liquefaction partial of the alloy, especially at a temperature between 500 and 550 ° C.
- This reheating facilitates the flow of crystals and therefore provides a homogeneous distribution, this which also helps to improve the properties mechanics of the casting obtained.
- the object of the invention is to overcome these disadvantages by proposing a process, very simplified by compared to the processes currently used, this process also allowing parts to be obtained, the mechanical characteristics are optimized.
- the invention relates to a method for manufacture castings, made of light alloy, which consists of filling a mold with a light alloy to liquid state, to unmold the part after solidification and pressing the part in between footprints of a matrix.
- this process includes a step intermediate produced after demolding and before pressing, this intermediate step consisting of rapidly cool the molded part, so that obtain a homogeneous structure, the pressing then being performed at room temperature.
- the invention therefore stands out completely from currently used processes in which the parts are hot pressed, during molding or forging.
- the parts are cold pressed, as in more technical old illustrated for example in document FR-2 614 814 and, moreover, the molded part is cooled quickly and therefore undergoes a quenching treatment before pressing.
- This rapid cooling provides a part of homogeneous structure, thanks to the dissolution of the alloy resulting from the casting process.
- the method according to the invention uses a property particular of light alloys, among others aluminum, in the quenched state: these have a very good forging or forming ability due to increased ductility.
- a light alloy and hardened casting has a ductile structure and can be formed cold.
- the predetermination of dimensions of the final piece is easily achievable by means of modeling simple numerical (calculation in the field of forging cold, depending on the elastoplastic behavior of the material without the need to take effect into account thermal).
- the part obtained by this type of forming presents dimensional accuracy as well as a surface condition, a structure of matter and a reduction of porosities or inclusions very significantly improved by compared to a part obtained by hot forging.
- the process according to the invention hardens the grains on the surface, refines and fiber the structure, which improves the resistance in room service.
- the surface finish can be assessed using the roughness. Measurements made on parts obtained by the method according to the invention have given a value about 1.5 ⁇ m. For comparison, the roughness of a gross foundry part is between 8 and 10 ⁇ m while that obtained by a process of the type described in EP-199 365 or EP-955 113 is approximately 3 ⁇ m.
- cold forging presents another significant advantage compared to hot forging, since it reduces the mass of metal required to get the finished piece.
- the application of pressure has intended to move the material to close areas of discontinuity due to inclusions.
- burrs which are used in particular for the regulation of these flows during forging, are greater at hot than cold.
- the part After pressing between the two cavities of the die, the part can be kept at temperature room. It is an aging treatment in natural atmosphere (maturation).
- the metal alloy then tends to find balance, a phenomenon which is responsible for structural hardening by temperature maturation room.
- the part is subject to income treatment.
- Such income processing accelerates the return to alloy balance and it translates generally by a more severe hardening of the alloy.
- the imprints of the matrix can have dimensions slightly smaller than those of the mold which allows to obtain, during pressing, a core pressing and wrought.
- the part is cast at a temperature T 1 at which the alloy is in liquid form, then the part is solidified to a lower temperature T 2 .
- the temperature T 1 is between 740 and 760 ° C.
- period B the quenching treatment is carried out, the temperature of the part changing from temperature T 2 to ambient temperature.
- the process continues during period D, by a tempering treatment, the part is then heated to a temperature T 3 .
- This income treatment optimizes the mechanical characteristics by precipitation of alloying elements, in particular in the case of alloys aluminum.
- Tempering temperatures are included typically between 80 ° C and 200 ° C, depending on the shade for aluminum alloys.
- the temperature T 3 is preferably between 80 ° C and 140 ° C.
- the method according to the invention avoids any heat treatment while improving mechanical characteristics of the parts obtained.
- the method according to the invention does not require reheating of parts and temperature maintenance before forging.
- income treatment can be used to get rid of the time required for maturation.
- income processing lasts between 1 and 3 hours and takes place at a temperature between 80 ° C and 200 ° C.
- the process according to the invention leads to a very high reduction of the manufacturing cycle (around 10 hours) and energy consumption (around 85%).
- the method according to the invention also results in a reduction in the number of treatment facilities thermal.
- the implementation of the process according to the invention will require two ovens and that of a process of the EP-955 113 type will require four ovens.
Landscapes
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Thermal Sciences (AREA)
- Crystallography & Structural Chemistry (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Metallurgy (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Forging (AREA)
- Mounting, Exchange, And Manufacturing Of Dies (AREA)
- Heat Treatments In General, Especially Conveying And Cooling (AREA)
- Continuous Casting (AREA)
Abstract
Description
La présente invention concerne un procédé pour la fabrication de pièces coulées réalisées en un alliage léger, notamment en alliage d'aluminium.The present invention relates to a method for production of castings made of an alloy light, especially in aluminum alloy.
Les pièces coulées par moulage dans un moule sable ou métallique présentent une structure eutectique grossière, des porosités ou inclusions et principalement des inclusions de gaz, et un état de surface grossier.The parts cast by molding in a sand mold or metallic have a coarse eutectic structure, porosities or inclusions and mainly gas inclusions, and a rough surface finish.
Ceci affecte les caractéristiques mécaniques et donc la tenue en service de ces pièces.This affects the mechanical characteristics and therefore the maintenance in service of these parts.
C'est pourquoi de nombreux procédés ont été mis au point pour améliorer les caractéristiques mécaniques des pièces coulées.This is why many processes have been implemented. point to improve the mechanical characteristics of castings.
Ainsi, on connaít de nombreux procédés consistant à remplir un moule avec un alliage à l'état liquide, à démouler la pièce obtenue après solidification et ensuite à soumettre la pièce à un pressage entre deux empreintes métalliques.Thus, we know many processes consisting of fill a mold with a liquid alloy, unmold the part obtained after solidification and then to subject the part to pressing between two impressions metal.
Le document FR-2 614 814 décrit un procédé de ce type dans lequel l'opération de pressage s'effectue à froid ou à basse température, les empreintes de matrice présentant des dimensions légèrement inférieures à celles de la pièce.Document FR-2 614 814 describes a process of this type in which the pressing operation is carried out cold or at low temperature, the matrix prints showing dimensions slightly smaller than those of the room.
Cependant, les procédés de fabrication de pièces coulées proposés plus récemment ont souligné la nécessité de réaliser un pressage à chaud ou encore d'introduire une étape intermédiaire entre le démoulage de la pièce et son pressage, consistant à chauffer cette pièce.However, parts manufacturing processes more recently proposed flows highlighted the need to carry out a hot pressing or to introduce an intermediate stage between the release of the part and its pressing, consisting in heating this part.
On peut notamment citer le document EP-119 365 dans lequel la pièce est démoulée aussitôt après la coulée et encore chaude, puis placée dans les empreintes d'une matrice. Mention may in particular be made of document EP-119,365 in which the part is demolded immediately after casting and still warm, then placed in the imprints of a matrix.
Cette étape supplémentaire permet d'obtenir des pièces coulées présentant de meilleures performances mécaniques, notamment en termes d'allongement et de résistance à la traction.This additional step provides castings with better performance mechanical, especially in terms of elongation and tensile strength.
Par ailleurs, le document EP-816 042 prévoit un refroidissement et une solidification de la pièce dans le moule, la pièce démoulée étant soumise ensuite à une étape de chauffage pour obtenir une liquéfaction partielle de l'alliage, notamment à une température comprise entre 500 et 550°C.Furthermore, document EP-816,042 provides for a cooling and solidification of the part in the mold, the molded part then being subjected to a heating step to obtain liquefaction partial of the alloy, especially at a temperature between 500 and 550 ° C.
Ce réchauffage facilite l'écoulement des cristaux et permet donc d'obtenir une distribution homogène, ce qui contribue également à améliorer les propriétés mécaniques de la pièce coulée obtenue.This reheating facilitates the flow of crystals and therefore provides a homogeneous distribution, this which also helps to improve the properties mechanics of the casting obtained.
On citera encore le document EP-955 113, présenté comme un perfectionnement apporté au procédé décrit dans le document EP-119 365, dans lequel on prévoit également de placer la pièce coulée dans un four assurant sa mise en solution, avant de réaliser le pressage de la pièce.We will also cite the document EP-955 113, presented as an improvement to the process described in document EP-119 365, in which provision is also made to place the cast in an oven ensuring its setting in solution, before pressing the part.
On connaít également un procédé consistant à remplir un moule avec un alliage à l'état liquide, à effectuer un moulage sous pression à chaud, pendant la phase de solidification après coulée.We also know a method of fill a mold with a liquid alloy, perform hot pressure molding during solidification phase after casting.
Ainsi, les procédés actuels prévoient l'application d'une pression afin notamment de réduire les espaces occupés par les inclusions dans la matière moulée. L'application de cette pression s'effectue par ailleurs à chaud, certains procédés prévoyant même une opération de réchauffage de la pièce avant pressage. Ceci permet sans doute d'améliorer les propriétés mécaniques des pièces coulées obtenues mais rend ces procédés relativement complexes, notamment lorsqu'il faut prévoir un four tunnel entre le poste de moulage et le poste de pressage pour réchauffer les pièces.Thus, current methods provide for the application pressure in particular to reduce spaces occupied by inclusions in the molded material. The application of this pressure is also carried out at hot, some processes even provide for an operation of reheating of the part before pressing. This allows without doubt of improving the mechanical properties of the parts castings obtained but makes these processes relatively complex, especially when an oven is required tunnel between the molding station and the pressing station to warm the rooms.
Ces procédés sont donc nécessairement complexes et coûteux.These processes are therefore necessarily complex and expensive.
L'invention a pour objet de pallier ces inconvénients en proposant un procédé, très simplifié par rapport aux procédés utilisés actuellement, ce procédé permettant par ailleurs d'obtenir des pièces dont les caractéristiques mécaniques sont optimisées.The object of the invention is to overcome these disadvantages by proposing a process, very simplified by compared to the processes currently used, this process also allowing parts to be obtained, the mechanical characteristics are optimized.
Ainsi, l'invention concerne un procédé pour fabriquer des pièces coulées, réalisées en alliage léger, qui consiste à remplir un moule avec un alliage léger à l'état liquide, à démouler la pièce après solidification et à soumettre la pièce à un pressage entre les deux empreintes d'une matrice.Thus, the invention relates to a method for manufacture castings, made of light alloy, which consists of filling a mold with a light alloy to liquid state, to unmold the part after solidification and pressing the part in between footprints of a matrix.
De plus, ce procédé comporte une étape intermédiaire réalisée après le démoulage et avant le pressage, cette étape intermédiaire consistant à refroidir rapidement la pièce démoulée, de façon à obtenir une structure homogène, le pressage étant ensuite réalisé à température ambiante.In addition, this process includes a step intermediate produced after demolding and before pressing, this intermediate step consisting of rapidly cool the molded part, so that obtain a homogeneous structure, the pressing then being performed at room temperature.
L'invention se démarque donc complètement des procédés actuellement utilisés dans lesquels les pièces sont pressées à chaud, lors du moulage ou du forgeage.The invention therefore stands out completely from currently used processes in which the parts are hot pressed, during molding or forging.
Dans le procédé selon l'invention, les pièces sont pressées à froid, comme dans les techniques plus anciennes illustrées par exemple dans le document FR-2 614 814 et, de surcroít, la pièce démoulée est refroidie rapidement et subit donc un traitement du type trempe avant le pressage. In the process according to the invention, the parts are cold pressed, as in more technical old illustrated for example in document FR-2 614 814 and, moreover, the molded part is cooled quickly and therefore undergoes a quenching treatment before pressing.
Ce refroidissement rapide permet d'obtenir une pièce de structure homogène, grâce à la mise en solution de l'alliage résultant du processus de coulée.This rapid cooling provides a part of homogeneous structure, thanks to the dissolution of the alloy resulting from the casting process.
Le procédé selon l'invention utilise une propriété particulière des alliages légers, entre autres d'aluminium, à l'état trempé: ceux-ci présentent une très bonne aptitude au forgeage ou au formage en raison d'un accroissement de leur ductilité.The method according to the invention uses a property particular of light alloys, among others aluminum, in the quenched state: these have a very good forging or forming ability due to increased ductility.
Ainsi, une pièce coulée en alliage léger et trempée présente une structure ductile et peut être formée à froid.Thus, a light alloy and hardened casting has a ductile structure and can be formed cold.
De plus, avec un formage ou un forgeage à froid, la prédétermination des dimensions de la pièce finale est facilement réalisable par le moyen d'une modélisation numérique simple (calcul dans le domaine du forgeage à froid, en fonction du comportement élasto-plastique du matériau sans nécessité de prise en compte d'effet thermique).In addition, with cold forming or forging, the predetermination of dimensions of the final piece is easily achievable by means of modeling simple numerical (calculation in the field of forging cold, depending on the elastoplastic behavior of the material without the need to take effect into account thermal).
La pièce obtenue par ce type de formage, présente une précision dimensionnelle ainsi qu'un état de surface, une structure de la matière et une réduction des porosités ou inclusions très sensiblement améliorés par rapport à une pièce obtenue par un forgeage à chaud.The part obtained by this type of forming, presents dimensional accuracy as well as a surface condition, a structure of matter and a reduction of porosities or inclusions very significantly improved by compared to a part obtained by hot forging.
La réduction, voire la disparition, des porosités ressort notamment de l'examen comparé de micrographies de l'alliage brut de fonderie et de l'alliage après forgeage à froid.Reduction, even disappearance, of porosities emerges in particular from the comparative examination of micrographs of the foundry raw alloy and the alloy after forging Cold.
On a pu également constater que le procédé selon l'invention écrouit les grains en surface, affine et fibre la structure, ce qui améliore ainsi la tenue en service de la pièce. It has also been observed that the process according to the invention hardens the grains on the surface, refines and fiber the structure, which improves the resistance in room service.
L'état de surface peut être apprécié au moyen de la rugosité. Les mesures effectuées sur des pièces obtenues par le procédé selon l'invention ont donné une valeur d'environ 1,5 µm. A titre de comparaison, la rugosité d'une pièce brute de fonderie est comprise entre 8 et 10 µm tandis que celle obtenue par un procédé du type décrit dans EP-199 365 ou EP-955 113 est d'environ 3 µm.The surface finish can be assessed using the roughness. Measurements made on parts obtained by the method according to the invention have given a value about 1.5 µm. For comparison, the roughness of a gross foundry part is between 8 and 10 µm while that obtained by a process of the type described in EP-199 365 or EP-955 113 is approximately 3 µm.
Par ailleurs, le forgeage à froid présente un autre avantage important par rapport au forgeage à chaud, puisqu'il permet de réduire la masse de métal nécessaire pour obtenir la pièce finie.Furthermore, cold forging presents another significant advantage compared to hot forging, since it reduces the mass of metal required to get the finished piece.
De façon générale, l'application d'une pression a pour but de déplacer la matière pour fermer des zones de discontinuité dues aux inclusions.In general, the application of pressure has intended to move the material to close areas of discontinuity due to inclusions.
L'expression de l'énergie à apporter pour déplacer
la matière est de la forme:
Lors de pressage à chaud, la contrainte est plus faible qu'à froid. Pour obtenir la même énergie de déformation, les déplacements et écoulements de matière à chaud sont donc plus importants.During hot pressing, the stress is more weak than cold. To get the same energy from deformation, displacements and flows of matter to hot are therefore more important.
Il en résulte d'un point de vue pratique que les bavures, qui servent en particulier à la régulation de ces écoulements lors du forgeage, sont plus importantes à chaud qu'à froid.It follows from a practical point of view that the burrs, which are used in particular for the regulation of these flows during forging, are greater at hot than cold.
A titre d'exemple, pour une pièce industrielle de
masse 1 Kg à l'état fini, on obtient les résultats
suivants qui sont regroupés dans le Tableau 1:
Après le pressage entre les deux empreintes de la matrice, la pièce peut être maintenue à température ambiante. Il s'agit d'un traitement de vieillissement en ambiance naturelle (maturation).After pressing between the two cavities of the die, the part can be kept at temperature room. It is an aging treatment in natural atmosphere (maturation).
L'alliage métallique a alors tendance à retrouver l'équilibre, phénomène qui est responsable du durcissement structural par maturation à la température ambiante.The metal alloy then tends to find balance, a phenomenon which is responsible for structural hardening by temperature maturation room.
De façon préférée, après le pressage, la pièce est soumise à un traitement de revenu.Preferably, after pressing, the part is subject to income treatment.
Un tel traitement de revenu permet d'accélérer le retour à l'équilibre de l'alliage et il se traduit généralement par un durcissement plus important de l'alliage. Such income processing accelerates the return to alloy balance and it translates generally by a more severe hardening of the alloy.
Il permet également de diminuer partiellement les tensions internes. Cette diminution est fonction de l'alliage, mais également de la température de traitement.It also partially reduces the internal tensions. This decrease is a function of the alloy, but also the temperature of treatment.
De façon générale, ce traitement de revenu ou de maturation permet de donner à la pièce de bonnes caractéristiques mécaniques.Generally speaking, this income or maturing gives the room good mechanical characteristics.
Des mesures ont été réalisées sur différentes pièces pour déterminer leur résistance mécanique (Rm)(limite de rupture de la pièce sollicitée en traction), leur limite élastique (Re), leur capacité d'allongement (A%) ainsi que leur limite de fatigue en flexion à 1 million de cycles (LF).Measurements have been made on different parts to determine their mechanical strength (Rm) (breaking limit of the part requested in traction), their elastic limit (Re), their capacity elongation (A%) and their fatigue limit in bending at 1 million cycles (LF).
Elles montrent que le procédé selon l'invention améliore l'ensemble de ces caractéristiques des pièces qui ont été soumises à ce procédé, par rapport à des pièces brutes de fonderie, qu'elles aient ou non été soumises à un traitement thermique postérieur.They show that the process according to the invention improves all of these parts characteristics that have been subjected to this process, compared to raw foundry parts, whether or not they were subjected to a posterior heat treatment.
Ces mesures montrent que le procédé selon l'invention améliore également les caractéristiques Re, Rm et LF par rapport à des pièces obtenues par un procédé de moulage sous pression à chaud ou un procédé selon EP-199 365 ou EP-955 153 qui prévoit un forgeage à chaud.These measurements show that the method according to the invention also improves the characteristics Re, Rm and LF compared to parts obtained by a process hot die casting or a process according to EP-199 365 or EP-955 153 which provides for hot forging.
Ces mesures sont indiquées dans le tableau ci-dessous:
L'amélioration de ces caractéristiques mécaniques est essentielle pour des pièces de construction mécanique telles que, par exemple, les pièces de liaison au sol de véhicules automobiles.Improvement of these mechanical characteristics is essential for mechanical parts such as, for example, the ground connection parts of motor vehicles.
Enfin, les empreintes de la matrice peuvent présenter des dimensions légèrement inférieures à celles du moule ce qui permet d'obtenir, lors du pressage, un pressage à coeur et un corroyage.Finally, the imprints of the matrix can have dimensions slightly smaller than those of the mold which allows to obtain, during pressing, a core pressing and wrought.
On se réfère maintenant à la figure unique qui illustre très schématiquement, sous forme d'un graphique donnant la température de la pièce en fonction du temps, les différentes étapes du procédé selon l'invention.We now refer to the single figure which illustrates very schematically, in the form of a graph giving the room temperature as a function of time, the different stages of the process according to the invention.
Pendant la période A, est réalisée la coulée de la pièce à une température T1 à laquelle l'alliage se présente sous forme liquide, puis la solidification de la pièce jusqu'à une température inférieure T2.During period A, the part is cast at a temperature T 1 at which the alloy is in liquid form, then the part is solidified to a lower temperature T 2 .
A titre d'exemple, pour des pièces réalisées en un alliage aluminium-silicium-magnésium, la température T1 est comprise entre 740 et 760° C. For example, for parts made of an aluminum-silicon-magnesium alloy, the temperature T 1 is between 740 and 760 ° C.
Pendant la période B, est effectué le traitement de trempe, la température de la pièce passant de la température T2 à la température ambiante.During period B, the quenching treatment is carried out, the temperature of the part changing from temperature T 2 to ambient temperature.
Pendant la période C, est effectué le pressage à température ambiante de la pièce. Ce pressage est effectué entre deux empreintes de la matrice de façon à écrouir le matériau et, par création de dislocations, à augmenter ses caractéristiques mécaniques.During period C, pressing is carried out room temperature. This pressing is made between two impressions of the matrix so as to harden the material and, by creating dislocations, to increase its mechanical characteristics.
Dans l'exemple illustré sur la figure, le procédé se poursuit pendant la période D, par un traitement de revenu, la pièce est alors chauffée à une température T3.In the example illustrated in the figure, the process continues during period D, by a tempering treatment, the part is then heated to a temperature T 3 .
Ce traitement de revenu permet d'optimiser les caractéristiques mécaniques par précipitation des éléments d'alliage, notamment dans le cas des alliages d'aluminium.This income treatment optimizes the mechanical characteristics by precipitation of alloying elements, in particular in the case of alloys aluminum.
Les températures de revenu sont comprises typiquement entre 80°C et 200°C, selon la nuance pour des alliages d'aluminium.Tempering temperatures are included typically between 80 ° C and 200 ° C, depending on the shade for aluminum alloys.
A titre d'exemple, pour des pièces réalisées en un alliage aluminium-silicium-magnésium, la température T3 est comprise, de préférence, entre 80° C et 140 ° C.For example, for parts made of an aluminum-silicon-magnesium alloy, the temperature T 3 is preferably between 80 ° C and 140 ° C.
Ainsi, de façon générale, ce procédé de fabrication permet d'optimiser la qualité des pièces coulées obtenues, et grâce à sa simplicité, il permet également d'en optimiser le coût.So, generally speaking, this manufacturing process optimizes the quality of castings obtained, and thanks to its simplicity, it also allows to optimize the cost.
En effet, par rapport au procédé du type décrit dans le brevet EP-955 113 qui prévoit un traitement thermique de durée importante consistant en pratique en un réchauffage et en un maintien à une température d'environ 540° C et pendant une durée de l'ordre de 6 heures, suivi d'une trempe et d'un revenu à environ 160° C pendant 6 heures, le procédé selon l'invention évite tout traitement thermique tout en améliorant les caractéristiques mécaniques des pièces obtenues. En effet, le procédé selon l'invention ne nécessite pas de réchauffage des pièces et de maintien en température avant forgeage.Indeed, compared to the process of the type described in patent EP-955 113 which provides for treatment thermal of significant duration consisting in practice in reheating and maintaining at a temperature about 540 ° C and for a period of the order of 6 hours, followed by quenching and tempering at about 160 ° C for 6 hours, the method according to the invention avoids any heat treatment while improving mechanical characteristics of the parts obtained. In Indeed, the method according to the invention does not require reheating of parts and temperature maintenance before forging.
Dans la mise en oeuvre du procédé selon l'invention, on peut recourir à un traitement de revenu pour s'affranchir de la durée requise par la maturation.In implementing the method according to the invention, income treatment can be used to get rid of the time required for maturation.
Cependant, le traitement de revenu dure entre 1 et 3 heures et s'effectue à une température comprise entre 80° C et 200° C.However, income processing lasts between 1 and 3 hours and takes place at a temperature between 80 ° C and 200 ° C.
Ainsi, même avec un traitement de revenu, le procédé selon l'invention conduit à une très forte réduction du cycle de fabrication (de l'ordre de 10 heures) et de la consommation d'énergie (de l'ordre de 85%).So even with income treatment, the process according to the invention leads to a very high reduction of the manufacturing cycle (around 10 hours) and energy consumption (around 85%).
Le procédé selon l'invention entraíne également une réduction du nombre d'installations de traitement thermique. A titre comparatif, la mise en oeuvre du procédé selon l'invention nécessitera deux fours et celle d'un procédé du type EP-955 113 nécessitera quatre fours.The method according to the invention also results in a reduction in the number of treatment facilities thermal. By way of comparison, the implementation of the process according to the invention will require two ovens and that of a process of the EP-955 113 type will require four ovens.
Claims (4)
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| FR0014856 | 2000-11-17 | ||
| FR0014856A FR2816858B1 (en) | 2000-11-17 | 2000-11-17 | METHOD FOR MANUFACTURING PARTS OF METAL ALLOYS WITH COOLING BEFORE PRESSING |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| EP1213367A1 true EP1213367A1 (en) | 2002-06-12 |
| EP1213367B1 EP1213367B1 (en) | 2008-05-28 |
Family
ID=8856590
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| EP01402944A Expired - Lifetime EP1213367B1 (en) | 2000-11-17 | 2001-11-16 | Process for manufacturing light alloy casting pieces, with cooling before forging |
Country Status (4)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| EP (1) | EP1213367B1 (en) |
| AT (1) | ATE397102T1 (en) |
| DE (1) | DE60134207D1 (en) |
| FR (1) | FR2816858B1 (en) |
Cited By (5)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| GB2386576A (en) * | 2002-03-06 | 2003-09-24 | Adcock Tech Ltd | Deforming a component with a die tool |
| FR2864459A1 (en) * | 2003-12-24 | 2005-07-01 | Peugeot Citroen Automobiles Sa | Fabrication of light alloy components by casting with cooling prior to a pressing operation, to produce a product without burrs |
| WO2009006939A1 (en) * | 2007-07-09 | 2009-01-15 | Bharat Forge Aluminiumtechnik Gmbh & Co. Kg | Casting-forging of wrought alloys |
| EP2286941A1 (en) * | 2009-07-30 | 2011-02-23 | Benteler Automobiltechnik GmbH | Undercarriage component for a motor vehicle and method for its production |
| EP2332671A1 (en) * | 2009-11-24 | 2011-06-15 | Benteler Automobiltechnik GmbH | Method for manufacturing a motor vehicle part |
Citations (6)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US1711000A (en) * | 1925-07-02 | 1929-04-30 | Gen Motors Res Corp | Method of making wrought-metal articles |
| EP0119365A1 (en) * | 1983-03-14 | 1984-09-26 | Thomas Di Serio | Method of producing pieces of aluminium or aluminium alloy |
| US4775426A (en) * | 1986-04-03 | 1988-10-04 | Richards Medical Company | Method of manufacturing surgical implants from cast stainless steel and product |
| FR2614814A3 (en) * | 1987-05-04 | 1988-11-10 | Serio Thomas Di | Method for manufacturing components made from aluminium, various alloys and all alloys in general |
| EP0816042A1 (en) * | 1996-07-03 | 1998-01-07 | GUIDO BAGGIOLI S.N.C. DI BAGGIOLI GIUSEPPE & PELLEGRINI CLEMENTINA | A process for manufacturing alloy castings |
| EP0955113A1 (en) * | 1998-05-04 | 1999-11-10 | Emile Di Serio | Process for manufacturing pieces of casting alloys, especially of aluminium |
-
2000
- 2000-11-17 FR FR0014856A patent/FR2816858B1/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
2001
- 2001-11-16 EP EP01402944A patent/EP1213367B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2001-11-16 AT AT01402944T patent/ATE397102T1/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2001-11-16 DE DE60134207T patent/DE60134207D1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
Patent Citations (6)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US1711000A (en) * | 1925-07-02 | 1929-04-30 | Gen Motors Res Corp | Method of making wrought-metal articles |
| EP0119365A1 (en) * | 1983-03-14 | 1984-09-26 | Thomas Di Serio | Method of producing pieces of aluminium or aluminium alloy |
| US4775426A (en) * | 1986-04-03 | 1988-10-04 | Richards Medical Company | Method of manufacturing surgical implants from cast stainless steel and product |
| FR2614814A3 (en) * | 1987-05-04 | 1988-11-10 | Serio Thomas Di | Method for manufacturing components made from aluminium, various alloys and all alloys in general |
| EP0816042A1 (en) * | 1996-07-03 | 1998-01-07 | GUIDO BAGGIOLI S.N.C. DI BAGGIOLI GIUSEPPE & PELLEGRINI CLEMENTINA | A process for manufacturing alloy castings |
| EP0955113A1 (en) * | 1998-05-04 | 1999-11-10 | Emile Di Serio | Process for manufacturing pieces of casting alloys, especially of aluminium |
Cited By (7)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| GB2386576A (en) * | 2002-03-06 | 2003-09-24 | Adcock Tech Ltd | Deforming a component with a die tool |
| GB2386576B (en) * | 2002-03-06 | 2004-02-25 | Adcock Tech Ltd | A method of manufacture of a metallic component, apparatus when used in the method and a method of finishing a metallic component |
| FR2864459A1 (en) * | 2003-12-24 | 2005-07-01 | Peugeot Citroen Automobiles Sa | Fabrication of light alloy components by casting with cooling prior to a pressing operation, to produce a product without burrs |
| EP1550522A1 (en) * | 2003-12-24 | 2005-07-06 | Peugeot Citroen Automobiles SA | Process of forming burrless light alloy workpieces with a step of cooling before pressing |
| WO2009006939A1 (en) * | 2007-07-09 | 2009-01-15 | Bharat Forge Aluminiumtechnik Gmbh & Co. Kg | Casting-forging of wrought alloys |
| EP2286941A1 (en) * | 2009-07-30 | 2011-02-23 | Benteler Automobiltechnik GmbH | Undercarriage component for a motor vehicle and method for its production |
| EP2332671A1 (en) * | 2009-11-24 | 2011-06-15 | Benteler Automobiltechnik GmbH | Method for manufacturing a motor vehicle part |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| EP1213367B1 (en) | 2008-05-28 |
| FR2816858B1 (en) | 2003-07-11 |
| DE60134207D1 (en) | 2008-07-10 |
| ATE397102T1 (en) | 2008-06-15 |
| FR2816858A1 (en) | 2002-05-24 |
Similar Documents
| Publication | Publication Date | Title |
|---|---|---|
| EP2274454B1 (en) | Alloy composition and preparation thereof | |
| US20100319820A1 (en) | Process for producing aluminum alloy material and heat treated aluminum alloy material | |
| FR2573777A1 (en) | HEAT-RESISTANT HEAT-RESISTANT ALUMINUM ALLOY AND METHOD FOR MANUFACTURING CARRIER COMPONENT THEREOF | |
| FR2969176A1 (en) | Manufacturing part e.g. cylindrical casing of motor vehicle, comprises molding aluminum-silicon-copper alloy in mold, removing molded part, placing molded part in heat treatment furnace, and quenching molded part at a given temperature | |
| EP0743372B1 (en) | Method and apparatus for simplified production of heat-treatable aluminum alloy | |
| JP6176425B1 (en) | α + β type titanium alloy extrusion | |
| FR2968675A1 (en) | 7XXX THICK-ALLOY PRODUCTS AND METHOD OF MANUFACTURE | |
| FR2839727A1 (en) | Production and hot forming of components of spheroidal graphite iron with elevated mechanical characteristics with an essentially bainitic structure | |
| EP0362086B1 (en) | Process for producing items made from an aluminium alloy retaining a good fatigue resistance after a prolonged stay at a high temperature | |
| JP2019206748A (en) | Manufacturing method of high strength aluminum alloy extrusion material | |
| JPH11104800A (en) | Material for plastic working light metal alloy and manufacture of plastic working member | |
| US20190360083A1 (en) | Method For Producing High-Strength Aluminum Alloy Extruded Product | |
| JP2018202479A (en) | Solid-liquid transition controlled double-phase casting forging of aluminum alloys | |
| EP1213367A1 (en) | Process for manufacturing light alloy casting pieces, with cooling before forging | |
| EP0904875A1 (en) | Mold structure for injection molding of a light alloy and method of injection molding a light alloy using the same | |
| EP0320417B1 (en) | Mechanical parts, such as piston connecting rods, made from an aluminium alloy with improved fatigue resistance, and process for their manufacture | |
| CN107199321B (en) | A kind of time-varying control semi-solid-state shaping technique | |
| US20020170697A1 (en) | Method of manufacturing lightweight high-strength member | |
| DK3250722T3 (en) | Process for preparing a low silicon aluminum alloy component | |
| KR20190030296A (en) | Methods of treating aluminum alloy | |
| EP1566459A2 (en) | Process for producing cast pieces of spheroidal graphite with high geometrical and dimensional precision and improved mechanical properties | |
| JPH055148A (en) | High strength and high toughness aluminum alloy casting and method for producing the same | |
| JP2003191056A (en) | Casting roll for twin roll casting apparatus | |
| JPH08225903A (en) | Method for producing high pressure cast aluminum alloy casting | |
| JP2022179398A (en) | Manufacturing method of column housing for steering device |
Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| PUAI | Public reference made under article 153(3) epc to a published international application that has entered the european phase |
Free format text: ORIGINAL CODE: 0009012 |
|
| AK | Designated contracting states |
Kind code of ref document: A1 Designated state(s): AT BE CH CY DE DK ES FI FR GB GR IE IT LI LU MC NL PT SE TR |
|
| AX | Request for extension of the european patent |
Free format text: AL;LT;LV;MK;RO;SI |
|
| 17P | Request for examination filed |
Effective date: 20021209 |
|
| AKX | Designation fees paid |
Designated state(s): AT BE CH CY DE DK ES FI FR GB GR IE IT LI LU MC NL PT SE TR |
|
| 17Q | First examination report despatched |
Effective date: 20070301 |
|
| RIC1 | Information provided on ipc code assigned before grant |
Ipc: B22D 30/00 20060101ALI20071025BHEP Ipc: C22F 1/04 20060101AFI20071025BHEP Ipc: B21J 5/00 20060101ALI20071025BHEP |
|
| GRAP | Despatch of communication of intention to grant a patent |
Free format text: ORIGINAL CODE: EPIDOSNIGR1 |
|
| GRAS | Grant fee paid |
Free format text: ORIGINAL CODE: EPIDOSNIGR3 |
|
| GRAA | (expected) grant |
Free format text: ORIGINAL CODE: 0009210 |
|
| AK | Designated contracting states |
Kind code of ref document: B1 Designated state(s): AT BE CH CY DE DK ES FI FR GB GR IE IT LI LU MC NL PT SE TR |
|
| REG | Reference to a national code |
Ref country code: GB Ref legal event code: FG4D Free format text: NOT ENGLISH |
|
| REG | Reference to a national code |
Ref country code: CH Ref legal event code: EP |
|
| REF | Corresponds to: |
Ref document number: 60134207 Country of ref document: DE Date of ref document: 20080710 Kind code of ref document: P |
|
| REG | Reference to a national code |
Ref country code: IE Ref legal event code: FG4D Free format text: LANGUAGE OF EP DOCUMENT: FRENCH |
|
| PG25 | Lapsed in a contracting state [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo] |
Ref country code: ES Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF FAILURE TO SUBMIT A TRANSLATION OF THE DESCRIPTION OR TO PAY THE FEE WITHIN THE PRESCRIBED TIME-LIMIT Effective date: 20080908 Ref country code: FI Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF FAILURE TO SUBMIT A TRANSLATION OF THE DESCRIPTION OR TO PAY THE FEE WITHIN THE PRESCRIBED TIME-LIMIT Effective date: 20080528 |
|
| PG25 | Lapsed in a contracting state [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo] |
Ref country code: AT Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF FAILURE TO SUBMIT A TRANSLATION OF THE DESCRIPTION OR TO PAY THE FEE WITHIN THE PRESCRIBED TIME-LIMIT Effective date: 20080528 Ref country code: NL Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF FAILURE TO SUBMIT A TRANSLATION OF THE DESCRIPTION OR TO PAY THE FEE WITHIN THE PRESCRIBED TIME-LIMIT Effective date: 20080528 |
|
| NLV1 | Nl: lapsed or annulled due to failure to fulfill the requirements of art. 29p and 29m of the patents act | ||
| REG | Reference to a national code |
Ref country code: IE Ref legal event code: FD4D |
|
| REG | Reference to a national code |
Ref country code: GB Ref legal event code: 746 Effective date: 20081219 |
|
| PG25 | Lapsed in a contracting state [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo] |
Ref country code: DK Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF FAILURE TO SUBMIT A TRANSLATION OF THE DESCRIPTION OR TO PAY THE FEE WITHIN THE PRESCRIBED TIME-LIMIT Effective date: 20080528 Ref country code: PT Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF FAILURE TO SUBMIT A TRANSLATION OF THE DESCRIPTION OR TO PAY THE FEE WITHIN THE PRESCRIBED TIME-LIMIT Effective date: 20081028 Ref country code: SE Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF FAILURE TO SUBMIT A TRANSLATION OF THE DESCRIPTION OR TO PAY THE FEE WITHIN THE PRESCRIBED TIME-LIMIT Effective date: 20080828 Ref country code: IE Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF FAILURE TO SUBMIT A TRANSLATION OF THE DESCRIPTION OR TO PAY THE FEE WITHIN THE PRESCRIBED TIME-LIMIT Effective date: 20080528 |
|
| PLBE | No opposition filed within time limit |
Free format text: ORIGINAL CODE: 0009261 |
|
| STAA | Information on the status of an ep patent application or granted ep patent |
Free format text: STATUS: NO OPPOSITION FILED WITHIN TIME LIMIT |
|
| 26N | No opposition filed |
Effective date: 20090303 |
|
| BERE | Be: lapsed |
Owner name: PROCESS CONCEPTION INGENIERIE S.A. Effective date: 20081130 |
|
| PG25 | Lapsed in a contracting state [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo] |
Ref country code: MC Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF NON-PAYMENT OF DUE FEES Effective date: 20081130 |
|
| PGFP | Annual fee paid to national office [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo] |
Ref country code: GB Payment date: 20081029 Year of fee payment: 8 |
|
| REG | Reference to a national code |
Ref country code: CH Ref legal event code: PL |
|
| PG25 | Lapsed in a contracting state [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo] |
Ref country code: IT Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF FAILURE TO SUBMIT A TRANSLATION OF THE DESCRIPTION OR TO PAY THE FEE WITHIN THE PRESCRIBED TIME-LIMIT Effective date: 20080528 |
|
| PG25 | Lapsed in a contracting state [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo] |
Ref country code: BE Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF NON-PAYMENT OF DUE FEES Effective date: 20081130 |
|
| PG25 | Lapsed in a contracting state [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo] |
Ref country code: LI Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF NON-PAYMENT OF DUE FEES Effective date: 20081130 Ref country code: CH Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF NON-PAYMENT OF DUE FEES Effective date: 20081130 |
|
| GBPC | Gb: european patent ceased through non-payment of renewal fee |
Effective date: 20091116 |
|
| PG25 | Lapsed in a contracting state [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo] |
Ref country code: CY Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF FAILURE TO SUBMIT A TRANSLATION OF THE DESCRIPTION OR TO PAY THE FEE WITHIN THE PRESCRIBED TIME-LIMIT Effective date: 20080528 Ref country code: LU Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF NON-PAYMENT OF DUE FEES Effective date: 20081116 |
|
| PG25 | Lapsed in a contracting state [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo] |
Ref country code: TR Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF FAILURE TO SUBMIT A TRANSLATION OF THE DESCRIPTION OR TO PAY THE FEE WITHIN THE PRESCRIBED TIME-LIMIT Effective date: 20080528 |
|
| PG25 | Lapsed in a contracting state [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo] |
Ref country code: GR Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF FAILURE TO SUBMIT A TRANSLATION OF THE DESCRIPTION OR TO PAY THE FEE WITHIN THE PRESCRIBED TIME-LIMIT Effective date: 20080829 |
|
| PG25 | Lapsed in a contracting state [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo] |
Ref country code: GB Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF NON-PAYMENT OF DUE FEES Effective date: 20091116 |
|
| PGFP | Annual fee paid to national office [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo] |
Ref country code: DE Payment date: 20121025 Year of fee payment: 12 |
|
| PGFP | Annual fee paid to national office [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo] |
Ref country code: FR Payment date: 20130107 Year of fee payment: 12 |
|
| REG | Reference to a national code |
Ref country code: FR Ref legal event code: ST Effective date: 20140731 |
|
| PG25 | Lapsed in a contracting state [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo] |
Ref country code: DE Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF NON-PAYMENT OF DUE FEES Effective date: 20140603 |
|
| REG | Reference to a national code |
Ref country code: DE Ref legal event code: R119 Ref document number: 60134207 Country of ref document: DE Effective date: 20140603 |
|
| PG25 | Lapsed in a contracting state [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo] |
Ref country code: FR Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF NON-PAYMENT OF DUE FEES Effective date: 20131202 |