[go: up one dir, main page]

EP0908665B1 - Conteneur de gaz pour mesurer - Google Patents

Conteneur de gaz pour mesurer Download PDF

Info

Publication number
EP0908665B1
EP0908665B1 EP98117220A EP98117220A EP0908665B1 EP 0908665 B1 EP0908665 B1 EP 0908665B1 EP 98117220 A EP98117220 A EP 98117220A EP 98117220 A EP98117220 A EP 98117220A EP 0908665 B1 EP0908665 B1 EP 0908665B1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
gas
pressure
compressed
measurement
container
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
EP98117220A
Other languages
German (de)
English (en)
Other versions
EP0908665A2 (fr
EP0908665A3 (fr
Inventor
Johann Pongraz
Ulrich Klebe
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Air Liquide Deutschland GmbH
Messer Group GmbH
Original Assignee
Air Liquide Deutschland GmbH
Messer Group GmbH
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Air Liquide Deutschland GmbH, Messer Group GmbH filed Critical Air Liquide Deutschland GmbH
Publication of EP0908665A2 publication Critical patent/EP0908665A2/fr
Publication of EP0908665A3 publication Critical patent/EP0908665A3/fr
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP0908665B1 publication Critical patent/EP0908665B1/fr
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

Links

Images

Classifications

    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
    • F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
    • F17C13/00—Details of vessels or of the filling or discharging of vessels
    • F17C13/02—Special adaptations of indicating, measuring, or monitoring equipment
    • F17C13/025—Special adaptations of indicating, measuring, or monitoring equipment having the pressure as the parameter
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
    • F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
    • F17C1/00—Pressure vessels, e.g. gas cylinder, gas tank, replaceable cartridge
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
    • F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
    • F17C13/00—Details of vessels or of the filling or discharging of vessels
    • F17C13/02—Special adaptations of indicating, measuring, or monitoring equipment
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
    • F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
    • F17C13/00—Details of vessels or of the filling or discharging of vessels
    • F17C13/02—Special adaptations of indicating, measuring, or monitoring equipment
    • F17C13/026—Special adaptations of indicating, measuring, or monitoring equipment having the temperature as the parameter
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
    • F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
    • F17C2201/00—Vessel construction, in particular geometry, arrangement or size
    • F17C2201/01—Shape
    • F17C2201/0104—Shape cylindrical
    • F17C2201/0109—Shape cylindrical with exteriorly curved end-piece
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
    • F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
    • F17C2201/00—Vessel construction, in particular geometry, arrangement or size
    • F17C2201/03—Orientation
    • F17C2201/032—Orientation with substantially vertical main axis
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
    • F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
    • F17C2201/00—Vessel construction, in particular geometry, arrangement or size
    • F17C2201/05—Size
    • F17C2201/056—Small (<1 m3)
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
    • F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
    • F17C2201/00—Vessel construction, in particular geometry, arrangement or size
    • F17C2201/05—Size
    • F17C2201/058—Size portable (<30 l)
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
    • F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
    • F17C2205/00—Vessel construction, in particular mounting arrangements, attachments or identifications means
    • F17C2205/01—Mounting arrangements
    • F17C2205/0123—Mounting arrangements characterised by number of vessels
    • F17C2205/013—Two or more vessels
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
    • F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
    • F17C2205/00—Vessel construction, in particular mounting arrangements, attachments or identifications means
    • F17C2205/03—Fluid connections, filters, valves, closure means or other attachments
    • F17C2205/0302—Fittings, valves, filters, or components in connection with the gas storage device
    • F17C2205/0323—Valves
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
    • F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
    • F17C2221/00—Handled fluid, in particular type of fluid
    • F17C2221/03—Mixtures
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
    • F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
    • F17C2223/00—Handled fluid before transfer, i.e. state of fluid when stored in the vessel or before transfer from the vessel
    • F17C2223/01—Handled fluid before transfer, i.e. state of fluid when stored in the vessel or before transfer from the vessel characterised by the phase
    • F17C2223/0107—Single phase
    • F17C2223/0123—Single phase gaseous, e.g. CNG, GNC
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
    • F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
    • F17C2223/00—Handled fluid before transfer, i.e. state of fluid when stored in the vessel or before transfer from the vessel
    • F17C2223/03—Handled fluid before transfer, i.e. state of fluid when stored in the vessel or before transfer from the vessel characterised by the pressure level
    • F17C2223/033—Small pressure, e.g. for liquefied gas
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
    • F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
    • F17C2223/00—Handled fluid before transfer, i.e. state of fluid when stored in the vessel or before transfer from the vessel
    • F17C2223/03—Handled fluid before transfer, i.e. state of fluid when stored in the vessel or before transfer from the vessel characterised by the pressure level
    • F17C2223/035—High pressure (>10 bar)
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
    • F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
    • F17C2223/00—Handled fluid before transfer, i.e. state of fluid when stored in the vessel or before transfer from the vessel
    • F17C2223/03—Handled fluid before transfer, i.e. state of fluid when stored in the vessel or before transfer from the vessel characterised by the pressure level
    • F17C2223/036—Very high pressure (>80 bar)
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
    • F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
    • F17C2227/00—Transfer of fluids, i.e. method or means for transferring the fluid; Heat exchange with the fluid
    • F17C2227/01—Propulsion of the fluid
    • F17C2227/0128—Propulsion of the fluid with pumps or compressors
    • F17C2227/0135—Pumps
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
    • F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
    • F17C2227/00—Transfer of fluids, i.e. method or means for transferring the fluid; Heat exchange with the fluid
    • F17C2227/01—Propulsion of the fluid
    • F17C2227/0128—Propulsion of the fluid with pumps or compressors
    • F17C2227/0157—Compressors
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
    • F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
    • F17C2227/00—Transfer of fluids, i.e. method or means for transferring the fluid; Heat exchange with the fluid
    • F17C2227/04—Methods for emptying or filling
    • F17C2227/044—Methods for emptying or filling by purging
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
    • F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
    • F17C2227/00—Transfer of fluids, i.e. method or means for transferring the fluid; Heat exchange with the fluid
    • F17C2227/04—Methods for emptying or filling
    • F17C2227/045—Methods for emptying or filling by vacuum
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
    • F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
    • F17C2250/00—Accessories; Control means; Indicating, measuring or monitoring of parameters
    • F17C2250/04—Indicating or measuring of parameters as input values
    • F17C2250/0404—Parameters indicated or measured
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
    • F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
    • F17C2250/00—Accessories; Control means; Indicating, measuring or monitoring of parameters
    • F17C2250/04—Indicating or measuring of parameters as input values
    • F17C2250/0404—Parameters indicated or measured
    • F17C2250/043—Pressure
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
    • F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
    • F17C2250/00—Accessories; Control means; Indicating, measuring or monitoring of parameters
    • F17C2250/04—Indicating or measuring of parameters as input values
    • F17C2250/0404—Parameters indicated or measured
    • F17C2250/0439—Temperature
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
    • F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
    • F17C2250/00—Accessories; Control means; Indicating, measuring or monitoring of parameters
    • F17C2250/04—Indicating or measuring of parameters as input values
    • F17C2250/0404—Parameters indicated or measured
    • F17C2250/0447—Composition; Humidity
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
    • F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
    • F17C2250/00—Accessories; Control means; Indicating, measuring or monitoring of parameters
    • F17C2250/04—Indicating or measuring of parameters as input values
    • F17C2250/0486—Indicating or measuring characterised by the location
    • F17C2250/0491—Parameters measured at or inside the vessel
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
    • F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
    • F17C2250/00—Accessories; Control means; Indicating, measuring or monitoring of parameters
    • F17C2250/04—Indicating or measuring of parameters as input values
    • F17C2250/0486—Indicating or measuring characterised by the location
    • F17C2250/0495—Indicating or measuring characterised by the location the indicated parameter is a converted measured parameter
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
    • F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
    • F17C2260/00—Purposes of gas storage and gas handling
    • F17C2260/02—Improving properties related to fluid or fluid transfer
    • F17C2260/024—Improving metering
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
    • F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
    • F17C2265/00—Effects achieved by gas storage or gas handling
    • F17C2265/02—Mixing fluids
    • F17C2265/025—Mixing fluids different fluids

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a compressed gas container with one or more openings for connection of sensors.
  • the manometric method is based on the measurement of the pressure change after addition of the individual gas components.
  • the gas components are successively filled up to a defined pressure in the compressed gas cylinder, wherein the pressure increase in a filling step is at least several bar.
  • Gas mixtures with a component in the trace range are prepared by means of mother mixtures, which are presented in the compressed gas cylinder in overpressure and filled with the main component to the final pressure.
  • the pressure measurement was previously in front of the compressed gas cylinder in the gas line. Due to pressure drops at constrictions in the gas line, especially at the gas cylinder valve, the measured pressure may differ significantly from the pressure in the gas cylinder (when applying an overpressure or a negative pressure). Precise pressure measurement during gas filling is therefore not possible with the desired reliability.
  • the invention has for its object to provide conditions for accurate pressure measurement when filling gases in compressed gas tank and in the production of gas mixtures in pressurized gas containers.
  • the compressed gas container is preferably a compressed gas cylinder, for. B. a commercial compressed gas cylinder with 50, 40, 20, 10, 5, 2, 1 or 0.5 liter bottle volume, which is provided with one or more openings adjacent to the opening for the cylinder valve. The openings are used to hold z. B. valves, temperature sensors adapters, pressure sensors or pressure gauges.
  • Compressed gas containers according to the invention in particular compressed gas cylinders and pressure cans, are referred to below as measuring containers.
  • Compressed gas cylinders are usually not provided with additional openings (eg holes) for safety reasons.
  • the modification of compressed gas containers according to the invention in consideration of safety precautions or safety requirements is acceptable for measurement purposes.
  • the use of modified gas cylinders under appropriate security arrangements is possible.
  • the measuring container is advantageously connected in parallel with other compressed gas containers. It is particularly advantageous if the measuring container is produced from a pressurized gas container which corresponds to the compressed gas containers connected in parallel. If the containers are of the same type, then the same conditions prevail in the measuring container as in the compressed gas containers of the gas filling.
  • the measuring container can be easily integrated into a filling level.
  • the measuring container is suitable, for example, for measuring pressure and / or temperature. Through several openings with connections for temperature sensors, which extend into the compressed gas cylinder and z. B. are arranged along the longitudinal axis, z. B. a temperature gradient that may occur during gas filling, are determined. Temperature sensors (eg thermocouples) are used for. As for the detection of temperature profiles on or in the bottle. In particular, the gas temperature can be measured directly.
  • Openings can also be used for guest extraction for analysis purposes, eg. B. in conjunction with high-pressure metering valves or shut-off valves.
  • the local gas composition can be determined, in particular for testing the homogeneity of gas mixtures or for determining gas layers in the gas mixture production.
  • Gas composition can be determined from sampled gas samples or online. Analytical methods are z. As mass spectrometry or infrared spectroscopy, in particular FT-IR spectroscopy.
  • the openings may also be used to receive probes for examining the inner surface of pressurized gas containers (eg, endoscope, spectroscopic surface investigations, gas analysis by mass spectrometry). For example, adsorption and desorption processes for quality control can be detected (eg, change in gas composition by mass spectrometry).
  • probes for examining the inner surface of pressurized gas containers eg, endoscope, spectroscopic surface investigations, gas analysis by mass spectrometry.
  • adsorption and desorption processes for quality control can be detected (eg, change in gas composition by mass spectrometry).
  • the openings in the compressed gas container wall are provided with a thread, for.
  • a thread for example, tapered threads such as NPT 1/16 inch to NPT 1 ⁇ 4 inch. 1/16 and 1/4 inch thread can z. B. be mounted at least 5 mm wall thickness. Threaded openings are particularly suitable for use in high pressure applications. Brazed or welded connections are generally used in the low pressure range (eg in thin-walled containers such as pressure cans).
  • the measuring container can be used particularly advantageously for precise pressure measurement in manometric processes for the production of gas mixtures.
  • Gasdosieruben with partial pressure measurement z.
  • the measuring container with pressure measuring ensures accurate and transferable readings for the compressed gas tank in the gas filling.
  • the partial pressure of the minor component in the compressed gas containers must be precisely determined.
  • the vacuum measuring tubes are arranged at the filling levels relatively close to the suction of the vacuum pumps.
  • Overpressure gauges are usually in the filling piping system.
  • the pressure in the compressed gas cylinder is not measured with sufficient accuracy.
  • the parallel connected to the filling gas cylinders measuring container (“dummy bottle"), which is preferably equipped with one or more gasartuncontactingen Absoluttikmeßröhren and thus reflects the real pressure in each gas cylinder.
  • the measuring container can be shut off from the filling gas line or it can be a shut-off valve between the measuring container and meter attached, which is closed as soon as the allowable Meß réelle Symposium is exceeded. It may be advantageous to use several measuring container, z. B. a measuring container for measurement in the low pressure region and a measuring container in the middle and high pressure area.
  • the normally used vacuum measuring tubes, z. B. Thermovac, Pirani or Penning measuring tubes have a strong gasartvideoe pressure measurement due to the measuring principle.
  • the pressure gauge is not linear in these meters. In connection with the measuring container measuring systems are preferred, which allow a gasartunmultie, absolute pressure measurement.
  • a gas-independent, absolute pressure measurement can (eg device called 600 Barocel ® from Edwards, USA; measuring ranges.: Mbar 0-10, 0-100, 0-1000), for example, pressure gauges as Kapazticiansmanometem respectively.
  • the input pressure deflects a thin diaphragm welded radially in the housing with respect to a fixed electrode, in which case both electrodes form a capacitor. This leads to a change in capacitance, which is directly proportional to the pressure after electronic signal processing via the control and display electronics.
  • the output signal is a linear DC voltage.
  • the reference electrode is located in a reference ultra-high vacuum chamber, which is stable for a long time due to chemical getters.
  • Gas-independent measuring tubes for capacitive measurement are available for pressures of, for example, 0.0001 mbar to 1000 mbar.
  • the measuring container advantageously contains a connection an external Evakuier mecanickeit for faster calibration of vacuum measuring tubes:
  • the connection is mounted for example on the side of the wall of a compressed gas cylinder.
  • the use of the measuring container is advantageous in all manometric processes for the preparation of gas mixtures, in particular in the pressure measurement in processes for the preparation of gas mixtures in compressed gas tanks, where in at least one step initially a pressure of a gas is roughly specified (coarse pressure) and then a smaller precise pressure (Fine pressure) is set in the gas cylinder by means of a vacuum.
  • the fine pressure is for example in the range of 0.0001 to 1000 mbar at 15 ° C.
  • the use of the measuring container is particularly advantageous in the preparation of a gas mixture having a main component and a minor component, which in a small concentration, for. B. in the trace range, is present.
  • the filling and metering is advantageously carried out first with the gas component to be produced in the Gas mixture in the lowest concentration is present (minor component), since the first metering step can be performed in the process with the greatest accuracy.
  • the rinsed, conditioned and evacuated compressed gas container is filled with the first gas component.
  • the filling with the first gas component is initially up to a coarse pressure which is greater than the actual metering pressure, by which the amount of the gas component is determined.
  • the coarse pressure is generally at a pressure in the range of 0.1 to 10 bar, preferably in the range of 0.1 to 5 bar and more preferably in the range of 0.8 to 1.5 bar, depending on the Feintik to be set.
  • the fine pressure and the coarse pressure should be so far apart that a dosage can be performed well by vacuum. This is for example given when the fine pressure is about 10 percent below the value of the coarse pressure.
  • the fine pressure is below 100 millibars, especially below 10 millibars, the change in pressure upon application of the vacuum is slow, so that the desired value of the fine pressure can be set very accurately.
  • the adjustment of the fine pressure can be facilitated by throttling (valve) in the vacuum line.
  • the metering of other gas components is additive as in conventional manometric processes by filling up to a predetermined metering pressure.
  • the filling with the proportionally largest gas component (main component) is advantageously carried out as a last step, while this gas component is filled up to the last metering pressure, which is the filling pressure of the pressure vessel with the finished gas mixture.
  • the measuring container also permits a direct gas metering (additive gas metering) in a vacuum (that is to say at a pressure below one bar) on account of the precise pressure measurement.
  • Conditioning and filling of the compressed gas containers with the gas components can take place simultaneously with several compressed gas containers (eg 1 to 100 compressed gas containers) at the filling level. It is possible to dispense with the storage of mother mixtures and complicated gravimetric dosing so that gas mixtures with gas components of low concentration can be prepared directly.
  • a compressed gas cylinder which has been thermally conditioned and filled with a preserving gas (eg nitrogen gas) at a pressure of up to 3 bar, is brought to an internal pressure of about atmospheric pressure by releasing gas. Subsequently, the compressed gas cylinder is evacuated with a vacuum pump (eg oil-free membrane pump) to a pressure of about 10 millibars. This corresponds to a pressure reduction of about 2 orders of magnitude.
  • the evacuated compressed gas cylinder is flooded with the gas of the secondary component to be fed to a pressure in the range of 800 to about 1000 millibar.
  • the rinsing as well as the subsequent steps are preferably carried out at room temperature (20 to 25 ° C).
  • the compressed gas cylinder is now filled with the gas of the minor component at about atmospheric pressure and the inner surface is brought into equilibrium with the gas of the minor component.
  • the compressed gas cylinder is thus conditioned.
  • the actual metering of the secondary component takes place by evacuation (removal of gas) to the desired fine pressure, which corresponds to the partial pressure of the secondary component in the finished, compressed gas mixture.
  • the required pressure can be determined theoretically (eg using a gas equation such as ideal gas law or using a calculation model) or empirically (eg based on gas analyzes). If the fine pressure of the secondary component is set, the dosing of the secondary component is completed. In this way, minor components z. B. be submitted very accurately between 10 -4 and 1000 millibar.
  • the main component of the gas mixture is now on the final pressure (filling pressure) in the compressed gas cylinder, for example, 200 bar, pressed. This can be done by means of a compressor or by connecting a reservoir of a gas supply (gas of the main component) at a higher pressure (eg 350 bar). The filling with the main component can also be controlled gravimetrically.
  • the figure shows schematically a measuring container 1 with examples of measuring devices 2 (2a, 2b, 2c and 2d: temperature sensor) and 3 (3a, 3b: gas line with shut-off valve and pressure gauge, eg manometer), gas sampling device 4 and connecting piece 7.
  • Der Measuring container is arranged parallel to a second compressed gas container 5 (or further compressed gas containers).
  • the Temperature sensors 2a to 2d are arranged, for example, in a row for the measurement of the temperature profile along the measuring points.
  • the Temperaturmeßrefers can z. B. in the longitudinal direction (here vertical) a compressed gas cylinder or circular (horizontal here) may be arranged.
  • the pressure measuring devices 3a and 3b are advantageously provided with a shut-off valve.
  • a capacitance gauge for the vacuum measurement and a pressure gauge for higher pressure ranges can be connected.
  • the gas sampling point 4 is used for taking gas samples for analysis or on-line connection of analysis equipment (eg mass spectrometer or IR spectrometer).
  • the connecting piece 7 is preferably used for separate evacuation of the measuring container for calibration of Vakuummeßtechnikn.
  • Measuring container 1 and compressed gas container 5 are connected via a line to a vacuum pump 6 (arrows show the direction of the gas flow when vacuum is applied) and / or a gas source 6 (eg compressor with storage gas containers).
  • Another object of the invention is a method for filling compressed gas containers with gas or the production of gas mixtures in compressed gas containers, wherein a physical or chemical examination is carried out by means of a measuring container.
  • Physical investigations are z. B. pressure or temperature measurement. Chemical investigations are z. B. Analyzes to determine the gas composition, which may include physical methods. As a chemical analysis also analyzes by infrared spectroscopy or mass spectrometry are considered.

Landscapes

  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Filling Or Discharging Of Gas Storage Vessels (AREA)
  • Sampling And Sample Adjustment (AREA)
  • Other Investigation Or Analysis Of Materials By Electrical Means (AREA)
  • Measuring Fluid Pressure (AREA)

Claims (6)

  1. Procédé pour remplir au moins un réservoir de gaz sous pression avec un mélange de gaz, dans quel cas un réservoir jaugeur est réalisé qui a une ouverture de soupape et outre l'ouverture de soupape, une ou une pluralité d'ouvertures, dans quel cas un mélange de gaz comportant un premier et au moins un composant de gaz supplémentaire, est produit dans l'au moins un réservoir de gaz sous pression et l'au moins une ouverture sert à raccorder des dispositifs de mesure pour un examen physique ou chimique, caractérisé en ce que le réservoir jaugeur est raccordé parallèlement par rapport à l'au moins un réservoir de gaz sous pression.
  2. Procédé selon la revendication 1, dans lequel l'au moins une ouverture sert à raccorder un capteur, un appareil de mesure ou un appareil d'analyses ou à prélever des échantillons ou à loger une sonde et/ou à raccorder un ou une pluralité de thermoéléments, un ou une pluralité d'appareils de mesure du vide ou un ou une pluralité d'indicateurs de pression, et/ou à fixer ou à positionner un ou une pluralité de capteurs ou de sondes à l'intérieur du réservoir de gaz sous pression.
  3. Procédé selon la revendication 1 ou 2, dans lequel un ou une pluralité de composants de gaz secondaires est dosée si directement que leur concentration se trouve dans une gamme de concentration entre 10 ppb et 5000 ppm, en particulier dans une gamme de concentration entre 10 ppb et 100 ppm.
  4. Procédé selon l'une des revendications précédentes, dans lequel le dosage du gaz est effectué à l'aide de vide ou de façon additive.
  5. Procédé selon l'une des revendications précédentes, dans lequel un composant de gaz, qui proportionnellement est le plus grand, est introduit en dernier lieu dans le réservoir de gaz sous pression
  6. Procédé selon l'une des revendications précédentes, dans lequel un gradient de température ou une composition de gaz est déterminée ou une mesure de pression est effectuée ou une homogénéité du mélange de gaz est examinée ou une disposition par couches de gaz est détectée dans la fabrication du mélange.
EP98117220A 1997-10-09 1998-09-11 Conteneur de gaz pour mesurer Expired - Lifetime EP0908665B1 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE19744559 1997-10-09
DE19744559A DE19744559C2 (de) 1997-10-09 1997-10-09 Meßgasbehälter

Publications (3)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0908665A2 EP0908665A2 (fr) 1999-04-14
EP0908665A3 EP0908665A3 (fr) 1999-09-01
EP0908665B1 true EP0908665B1 (fr) 2006-11-02

Family

ID=7845022

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP98117220A Expired - Lifetime EP0908665B1 (fr) 1997-10-09 1998-09-11 Conteneur de gaz pour mesurer

Country Status (3)

Country Link
EP (1) EP0908665B1 (fr)
AT (1) ATE344419T1 (fr)
DE (2) DE19744559C2 (fr)

Families Citing this family (9)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE19915779B4 (de) * 1999-04-08 2007-10-31 Air Liquide Deutschland Gmbh Abfüllstand zur Herstellung von Präzisionsgasgemischen
DE19959102A1 (de) * 1999-12-08 2001-06-21 Messer Griesheim Gmbh Innenbesichtigung von Gasflaschen
FR2884592B1 (fr) * 2005-04-13 2007-08-03 Air Liquide Procede de controle du remplissage de bouteilles de gaz
DE102006016554A1 (de) * 2006-04-07 2007-10-11 L'Air Liquide, S.A. a Directoire et Conseil de Surveillance pour l'Etude et l'Exploitation des Procédés Georges Claude Verfahren zum Befüllen mindestens eines Druckgasbehälters mit mindestens einem Gas, Zwischenstück zum Verbinden mit einer Öffnung eines Druckgasbehälters und Druckgasflaschenarmatur
DE102008015395A1 (de) * 2008-03-20 2009-09-24 L'Air Liquide, S.A. pour l'Etude et l'Exploitation des Procédés Georges Claude Verfahren und Vorrichtung zur Herstellung eines Gasgemisches aus mindestens einer ersten und einer zweiten Komponente
CN103041724B (zh) * 2012-12-13 2014-10-08 西南化工研究设计院有限公司 静态体积法配气装置及其配气的方法
CN112344211A (zh) * 2020-11-26 2021-02-09 中国特种设备检测研究院 长管拖车监测系统
CN112881105B (zh) * 2021-01-28 2023-09-12 江苏普朗睿恩生物科技有限公司 一种室内土壤微生物呼吸连续测定装置
JP7757897B2 (ja) * 2022-07-29 2025-10-22 トヨタ自動車株式会社 水素充填方法

Family Cites Families (7)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE1708712U (de) * 1954-12-03 1955-10-13 Mannessmann Ag Transportbehaelter fuer fluessiggase.
FR1159016A (fr) * 1956-10-08 1958-06-23 Bouteille à gaz
FR1352976A (fr) * 1963-01-09 1964-02-21 Commissariat Energie Atomique Perfectionnements apportés aux moyens d'obtention et de régulation de températures, notamment de basses températures, dans une enceinte
FR2302479A1 (fr) * 1975-02-25 1976-09-24 Air Liquide Dispositif pour la distribution controlee de fluide cryogenique
AT394460B (de) * 1989-09-11 1992-04-10 Sitte Hellmuth Vorrichtung zum nachfuellen von fluessigstickstoff
US5370269A (en) * 1990-09-17 1994-12-06 Applied Chemical Solutions Process and apparatus for precise volumetric diluting/mixing of chemicals
US5388720A (en) * 1994-04-15 1995-02-14 Essef Corporation Flanged diffuser and air cell retainer for pressure vessel

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
ATE344419T1 (de) 2006-11-15
EP0908665A2 (fr) 1999-04-14
DE59813783D1 (de) 2006-12-14
DE19744559A1 (de) 1999-04-15
EP0908665A3 (fr) 1999-09-01
DE19744559C2 (de) 2003-03-27

Similar Documents

Publication Publication Date Title
EP3198251B1 (fr) Dispositif et procédé d&#39;étalonnage une chambre à membrane pour la détection de fuite
US4847493A (en) Calibration of a mass spectrometer
DE19915779B4 (de) Abfüllstand zur Herstellung von Präzisionsgasgemischen
EP2005057B1 (fr) Procede de remplissage d&#39;au moins un recipient a gaz sous pression par au moins un gaz
EP0908665B1 (fr) Conteneur de gaz pour mesurer
WO2017108754A1 (fr) Mesure approximative de fuite d&#39;un échantillon incompressible dans une chambre à film
EP2914944B1 (fr) Procédé de contrôle d&#39;une installation de contrôle d&#39;étanchéité
WO1990008299A1 (fr) Procede de mesure de la superficie de regulation d&#39;un ajutage
DE102009026744A1 (de) Verfahren und Vorrichtung zur Dichtheitsprüfung von Bauteilen
DE19652832A1 (de) Leckagemeßvorrichtung
DE19704868C1 (de) Manometrisches Füllverfahren
DE4013373C1 (en) Pneumatic method ascertaining vol. of hollow chamber - subjecting sample to pressure corresp. to atmos. for comparison with reference vol. in reference vessel
DE102019109682B4 (de) Verfahren zur Kalibration eines Druckmessinstrumentes mittels einer Druckkalibriereinrichtung
EP2820401A1 (fr) Dispositif et procédé de mesure calorimétrique de processus de sorption
DE19535832C1 (de) Verfahren und Vorrichtung zum Nachweis eines leichten Spürgases
WO2023051945A1 (fr) Procédé et système d&#39;étalonnage de mesure de débit
DE3505490A1 (de) Sauersoffanalysengeraet und verfahren zur bestimmung des sauerstoffanteils in gasdichten verpackungen
CH689148A5 (de) Verfahren und Messeinrichtung zur Messung der Sauerstoffpermeabilitaet eines Prueflings.
DE10149219B4 (de) Verfahren zur Partialdruck-Kalibrierung von Quadrupol-Massenspektrometern und Kalibriereinrichtung dazu
DE1930528A1 (de) Verfahren zur Pruefung der Dichtheit von Pruefobjekten
EP1790965A1 (fr) Procédé de mise à disposition de gaz libérés dans des liquides d&#39;installations à haute tension pour l&#39;analyse externe et dispositif pour la réalisation du procédé
DE1923683C3 (de) Verfahren und Vorrichtung zur Bestimmung des Volumens eines irregulären Materials
DE3409985A1 (de) Vorrichtung zum befluten einer poroesen materialprobe mit einer menge eines gases, insbesondere zur ermittlung der spezifischen oberflaeche
WO2025021251A1 (fr) Dispositif d&#39;analyse manométrique de sorption de gaz et de détermination de la masse volumique du solide, et procédé l&#39;utilisant
EP2102574A1 (fr) Dispositif ainsi que procede pour la commande de traitements de sechage pour la fabrication de composants semi-conducteurs

Legal Events

Date Code Title Description
PUAI Public reference made under article 153(3) epc to a published international application that has entered the european phase

Free format text: ORIGINAL CODE: 0009012

AK Designated contracting states

Kind code of ref document: A2

Designated state(s): AT BE CH DE FR GB IT LI

AX Request for extension of the european patent

Free format text: AL;LT;LV;MK;RO;SI

PUAL Search report despatched

Free format text: ORIGINAL CODE: 0009013

AK Designated contracting states

Kind code of ref document: A3

Designated state(s): AT BE CH CY DE DK ES FI FR GB GR IE IT LI LU MC NL PT SE

AX Request for extension of the european patent

Free format text: AL;LT;LV;MK;RO;SI

RIC1 Information provided on ipc code assigned before grant

Free format text: 6F 17C 13/02 A, 6F 17C 13/00 B, 6F 17C 1/00 B

17P Request for examination filed

Effective date: 20000301

AKX Designation fees paid

Free format text: AT BE CH DE FR GB IT LI

RAP1 Party data changed (applicant data changed or rights of an application transferred)

Owner name: MESSER GRIESHEIM GMBH

RAP1 Party data changed (applicant data changed or rights of an application transferred)

Owner name: AIR LIQUIDE DEUTSCHLAND GMBH

RAP1 Party data changed (applicant data changed or rights of an application transferred)

Owner name: AIR LIQUIDE DEUTSCHLAND GMBH

RAP1 Party data changed (applicant data changed or rights of an application transferred)

Owner name: AIR LIQUIDE DEUTSCHLAND GMBH

RAP1 Party data changed (applicant data changed or rights of an application transferred)

Owner name: MESSER GROUP GMBH

RAP1 Party data changed (applicant data changed or rights of an application transferred)

Owner name: MESSER GROUP GMBH

Owner name: AIR LIQUIDE DEUTSCHLAND GMBH

GRAP Despatch of communication of intention to grant a patent

Free format text: ORIGINAL CODE: EPIDOSNIGR1

RAP1 Party data changed (applicant data changed or rights of an application transferred)

Owner name: MESSER GROUP GMBH

Owner name: AIR LIQUIDE DEUTSCHLAND GMBH

GRAS Grant fee paid

Free format text: ORIGINAL CODE: EPIDOSNIGR3

GRAA (expected) grant

Free format text: ORIGINAL CODE: 0009210

AK Designated contracting states

Kind code of ref document: B1

Designated state(s): AT BE CH DE FR GB IT LI

PG25 Lapsed in a contracting state [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo]

Ref country code: IT

Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF FAILURE TO SUBMIT A TRANSLATION OF THE DESCRIPTION OR TO PAY THE FEE WITHIN THE PRE;WARNING: LAPSES OF ITALIAN PATENTS WITH EFFECTIVE DATE BEFORE 2007 MAY HAVE OCCURRED AT ANY TIME BEFORE 2007. THE CORRECT EFFECTIVE DATE MAY BE DIFFERENT FROM THE ONE RECORDED.SCRIBED TIME-LIMIT

Effective date: 20061102

REG Reference to a national code

Ref country code: GB

Ref legal event code: FG4D

Free format text: NOT ENGLISH

REG Reference to a national code

Ref country code: CH

Ref legal event code: EP

REF Corresponds to:

Ref document number: 59813783

Country of ref document: DE

Date of ref document: 20061214

Kind code of ref document: P

GBT Gb: translation of ep patent filed (gb section 77(6)(a)/1977)

Effective date: 20070208

EN Fr: translation not filed
PLBE No opposition filed within time limit

Free format text: ORIGINAL CODE: 0009261

STAA Information on the status of an ep patent application or granted ep patent

Free format text: STATUS: NO OPPOSITION FILED WITHIN TIME LIMIT

26N No opposition filed

Effective date: 20070803

BERE Be: lapsed

Owner name: MESSER GROUP G.M.B.H.

Effective date: 20070930

Owner name: AIR LIQUIDE DEUTSCHLAND G.M.B.H.

Effective date: 20070930

PG25 Lapsed in a contracting state [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo]

Ref country code: FR

Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF FAILURE TO SUBMIT A TRANSLATION OF THE DESCRIPTION OR TO PAY THE FEE WITHIN THE PRESCRIBED TIME-LIMIT

Effective date: 20070615

REG Reference to a national code

Ref country code: CH

Ref legal event code: PL

PG25 Lapsed in a contracting state [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo]

Ref country code: LI

Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF NON-PAYMENT OF DUE FEES

Effective date: 20070930

Ref country code: CH

Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF NON-PAYMENT OF DUE FEES

Effective date: 20070930

PG25 Lapsed in a contracting state [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo]

Ref country code: BE

Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF NON-PAYMENT OF DUE FEES

Effective date: 20070930

PG25 Lapsed in a contracting state [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo]

Ref country code: FR

Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF FAILURE TO SUBMIT A TRANSLATION OF THE DESCRIPTION OR TO PAY THE FEE WITHIN THE PRESCRIBED TIME-LIMIT

Effective date: 20061102

Ref country code: AT

Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF NON-PAYMENT OF DUE FEES

Effective date: 20070911

PGFP Annual fee paid to national office [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo]

Ref country code: DE

Payment date: 20170928

Year of fee payment: 20

Ref country code: GB

Payment date: 20170921

Year of fee payment: 20

REG Reference to a national code

Ref country code: DE

Ref legal event code: R071

Ref document number: 59813783

Country of ref document: DE

REG Reference to a national code

Ref country code: GB

Ref legal event code: PE20

Expiry date: 20180910

PG25 Lapsed in a contracting state [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo]

Ref country code: GB

Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF EXPIRATION OF PROTECTION

Effective date: 20180910