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EP0185948A2 - Cooling device with a ducted fan - Google Patents

Cooling device with a ducted fan Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0185948A2
EP0185948A2 EP85114972A EP85114972A EP0185948A2 EP 0185948 A2 EP0185948 A2 EP 0185948A2 EP 85114972 A EP85114972 A EP 85114972A EP 85114972 A EP85114972 A EP 85114972A EP 0185948 A2 EP0185948 A2 EP 0185948A2
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
baffle plate
cooling device
fan
axial
axial fan
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Ceased
Application number
EP85114972A
Other languages
German (de)
French (fr)
Other versions
EP0185948A3 (en
Inventor
Leopold Meyerhofer
Hans Eder
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
MAN Truck and Bus SE
Original Assignee
MAN Maschinenfabrik Augsburg Nuernberg AG
MAN Nutzfahrzeuge AG
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by MAN Maschinenfabrik Augsburg Nuernberg AG, MAN Nutzfahrzeuge AG filed Critical MAN Maschinenfabrik Augsburg Nuernberg AG
Publication of EP0185948A2 publication Critical patent/EP0185948A2/en
Publication of EP0185948A3 publication Critical patent/EP0185948A3/en
Ceased legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F04—POSITIVE - DISPLACEMENT MACHINES FOR LIQUIDS; PUMPS FOR LIQUIDS OR ELASTIC FLUIDS
    • F04D—NON-POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT PUMPS
    • F04D29/00—Details, component parts, or accessories
    • F04D29/40—Casings; Connections of working fluid
    • F04D29/52—Casings; Connections of working fluid for axial pumps
    • F04D29/54—Fluid-guiding means, e.g. diffusers
    • F04D29/541—Specially adapted for elastic fluid pumps
    • F04D29/545—Ducts
    • F04D29/547—Ducts having a special shape in order to influence fluid flow
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01P—COOLING OF MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; COOLING OF INTERNAL-COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01P5/00—Pumping cooling-air or liquid coolants
    • F01P5/02—Pumping cooling-air; Arrangements of cooling-air pumps, e.g. fans or blowers
    • F01P5/06—Guiding or ducting air to, or from, ducted fans

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a cooling device with an axial fan in a capsule design.
  • the object of the invention is to provide a cooling device with an axial fan in a capsule or apron design, in particular for a vehicle engine in which a backflow of part of the conveyed air in the axial fan is avoided with the aid of simple structural means.
  • the object on which the invention is based is achieved by a fixed baffle plate on the outlet side of the axial fan in the area of the fan hub.
  • the baffle plate expediently has a capsule or apron-fixed fastening device which can be adjusted in the axial direction of the fan, and the baffle plate is preferably divided into two or more parts, for example in segment form.
  • the circumference of the baffle plate can have at least one flat and / or a conical or dome-shaped cross section.
  • a planar section is expediently combined with a conical or dome-shaped section in such a way that the planar section lies at the radially inner point of the baffle plate and the conical or dome-shaped section practically adjoins at the radially outer point.
  • the baffle plate is preferably circular on the outer peripheral edge, it can also have a polygonal or polygonal shape.
  • any suitable material with sufficient dimensional stability and temperature resistance can be used as the material of the baffle plate.
  • baffle plate that is basically the same structure can be used for different fans.
  • the most favorable flow conditions are determined by practical experiment.
  • the invention therefore fixes the baffle plate to a fixed part of the capsule, the apron, the fan or the motor, preferably by means of a holder which enables the baffle plate to be set as close as possible to the fan edge.
  • the stationary or stationary baffle plate does not cause any additional forces on the fan drive (dead weight, unbalance, inertia when accelerating or decelerating).
  • the plate can be built comparatively lightweight, since no centrifugal forces act on it during operation. Strict rotational symmetry of the baffle plate is not necessary according to the invention since the unbalance is not important.
  • a divisible baffle plate advantageously enables retrofitting without changing the actual fan.
  • the cooling device 1 of a motor vehicle engine which is of no further interest is encapsulated or shortened in a manner of no further interest for reasons of noise reduction and essentially consists of a cooler 6 and an axial fan 2 arranged downstream in the flow direction, the cooler 6 and the axial fan 2 being circumferentially provided by a conical one Connection shaft 7 are interconnected.
  • the axial fan 2 is driven by a drive shaft 5, the end of which faces the cooler is connected to the fan hub 4 in a rotationally fixed manner.
  • a non-rotatable baffle plate 3 which in the exemplary embodiment of the drawing is designed as a flat circular disk with a central opening through which the drive shaft 5 extends without contact.
  • the radial extent of the baffle plate 3 is such that a backflow of the conveyed air in the area of the blade roots of the axial fan 2 is largely avoided, with the aid of a simply constructed fixed part, which does not necessarily have to have rotational symmetry and can also be retrofitted in cooling systems , especially if it is made up of several parts.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Fluid Mechanics (AREA)
  • Structures Of Non-Positive Displacement Pumps (AREA)
  • Connection Of Plates (AREA)
  • Insertion Pins And Rivets (AREA)

Abstract

A cooling device with a ducted or skirted axial fan, especially of a motor vehicle engine, comprises a fixed impact plate (3) on the outlet side (8) of the axial fan (2) in the region of the fan hub (4), the impact plate (3) preferably being mounted via an attachment device which can be adjusted in the axial direction of the fan (2). The impact plate (3) has a circumference which is at least partially plane and/or conical or cup-shaped, consists in particular of a plurality of sections, and is preferably suitable for subsequent installation.

Description

Die Erfindung betrifft eine Kühlvorrichtung mit Axiallüfter in Kapselbauweise.The invention relates to a cooling device with an axial fan in a capsule design.

Im heutigen Fahrzeugbau wird aufgrund strenger Geräuschvorschriften die Schallabstrahlung des Kraftfahrzeugmotors samt zugehöriger Kühlanlage durch Anbringen von Schürzen, Teilkapseln oder Vollkapseln reduziert. Durch diese Maßnahmen werden die Öffnungen, durch die die vom Lüfter geförderte Luft abströmen konnte, weitestgehend geschlossen bzw. verkleinert. Um die erforderliche Kühlleistung beizubehalten, ist die gleiche Menge Luft durchzusetzen. Durch die verkleinerten Öffnungen entsteht im Betrieb in nachteiliger Weise ein höherer austrittsseitiger Staudruck, gegen den der Lüfter arbeiten muß. Der Staudruck bewirkt eine Rückströmung eines Teils der geförderten Luft im Bereich der Blattwurzeln des Lüfters, leistet somit keinen Beitrag zur Wärmeabfuhr aus dem vorgebauten Kühler.In today's vehicle construction, due to strict noise regulations, the sound radiation of the motor vehicle engine and associated cooling system are reduced by attaching aprons, partial capsules or full capsules. As a result of these measures, the openings through which the air conveyed by the fan could flow out are largely closed or reduced. In order to maintain the required cooling capacity, the same amount of air must be passed through. The reduced openings disadvantageously result in a higher outlet-side dynamic pressure during operation, against which the fan has to work. The dynamic pressure causes a backflow of part of the air conveyed in the area of the blade roots of the fan, and thus makes no contribution to heat dissipation from the pre-installed cooler.

Aufgabe der Erfindung ist die Schaffung einer Kühlvorrichtung mit Axiallüfter in Kapsel- oder Schürzenbauweise, insbesondere für einen Fahrzeugmotor, bei der mit Hilfe einfacher baulicher Mittel eine Rückströmung eines Teils der geförderten Luft beim Axiallüfter vermieden wird.The object of the invention is to provide a cooling device with an axial fan in a capsule or apron design, in particular for a vehicle engine in which a backflow of part of the conveyed air in the axial fan is avoided with the aid of simple structural means.

Gelöst wird die der Erfindung zugrundeliegende Aufgabe durch eine feststehende Prallplatte auf der Austrittsseite des Axiallüfters im Bereich der Lüfternabe.The object on which the invention is based is achieved by a fixed baffle plate on the outlet side of the axial fan in the area of the fan hub.

Zweckmäßigerweise weist die Prallplatte eine in Axialrichtung des Lüfters verstellbare kapsel- oder schürzenfeste Befestigungseinrichtung auf, und es ist die Prallplatte vorzugsweise zwei- oder mehrgeteilt, beispielsweise in Segmentform aufgebaut,The baffle plate expediently has a capsule or apron-fixed fastening device which can be adjusted in the axial direction of the fan, and the baffle plate is preferably divided into two or more parts, for example in segment form.

Der Umfang der Prallplatte kann zumindest einen planen und/ oder einen kegel- oder kalottenförmigen Querschnitt aufweisen. Zweckmäßigerweise ist ein planer Abschnitt mit einem kegeligen oder kalottenförmigen Abschnitt so kombiniert, daß der plane Abschnitt an radial innerer Stelle der Prallplatte liegt und sich der kegelförmige oder kalottenförmige Abschnitt an radial äußerer Stelle praktisch stetig anschließt.The circumference of the baffle plate can have at least one flat and / or a conical or dome-shaped cross section. A planar section is expediently combined with a conical or dome-shaped section in such a way that the planar section lies at the radially inner point of the baffle plate and the conical or dome-shaped section practically adjoins at the radially outer point.

Obgleich bevorzugt die Prallplatte kreisrund am Außenumfangsrand ausgebildet ist, kann diese auch Mehr- oder Vieleckform aufweisen.Although the baffle plate is preferably circular on the outer peripheral edge, it can also have a polygonal or polygonal shape.

Als Werkstoff der Prallplatte kommt jeder geeignete Werkstoff mit ausreichender Formstabilität und Temperaturfestigkeit in Frage.Any suitable material with sufficient dimensional stability and temperature resistance can be used as the material of the baffle plate.

Besonders gute Anpassung an die Strömungsverhältnisse ist möglich, wenn die Außenumfangskante der Prallplatte bezüglich der Radialebene im Winkel und/oder in radialer Richtung nach außen nach Art einer fotographischen Blende verstellbar ist. Dadurch kann eine grundsätzlich gleich aufgebaute Prallplatte für unterschiedliche Lüfter verwendet werden. Die günstigsten Strömungsverhältnisse werden durch praktischen Versuch ermittelt.Particularly good adaptation to the flow conditions is possible if the outer peripheral edge of the baffle plate can be adjusted in the angle and / or in the radial direction to the outside in the manner of a photographic aperture is. This means that a baffle plate that is basically the same structure can be used for different fans. The most favorable flow conditions are determined by practical experiment.

Durch die Erfindung wird mithin die Prallplatte an einem feststehenden Teil der Kapsel, der Schürze, des Lüfters oder des Motors befestigt, und zwar bevorzugt durch eine Halterung, die ein Einstellen der Prallplatte in einem möglichst geringen Abstand zur Lüfterkante ermöglicht. Die feststehende bzw. im Betrieb stillstehende Prallplatte verursacht keine zusätzlichen Kräfte auf den Lüfterantrieb (Eigengewicht, Unwucht, Massenträgheit bei Beschleunigung bzw. Verzögerung). Die Platte kann vergleichsweise leichtgewichtig gebaut werden, da keine Fliehkräfte im Betrieb auf diese einwirken. Strenge Rotationssymmetrie der Prallplatte ist erfindungsgemäß nicht notwendig, da es auf die Unwucht nicht ankommt. Eine teilbar ausgeführte Prallplatte ermöglicht vorteilhafterweise einen nachträglichen Einbau ohne Änderung des eigentlichen Lüfters.The invention therefore fixes the baffle plate to a fixed part of the capsule, the apron, the fan or the motor, preferably by means of a holder which enables the baffle plate to be set as close as possible to the fan edge. The stationary or stationary baffle plate does not cause any additional forces on the fan drive (dead weight, unbalance, inertia when accelerating or decelerating). The plate can be built comparatively lightweight, since no centrifugal forces act on it during operation. Strict rotational symmetry of the baffle plate is not necessary according to the invention since the unbalance is not important. A divisible baffle plate advantageously enables retrofitting without changing the actual fan.

Die Erfindung wird nachfolgend anhand eines Ausführungsbeispiels unter Bezugnahme auf die Zeichnung näher beschrieben, deren einzige Figur in einem schematischen Axialschnitt die Kühlvorrichtung eines Kraftfahrzeugs zeigt.The invention is described in more detail below using an exemplary embodiment with reference to the drawing, the single figure of which shows the cooling device of a motor vehicle in a schematic axial section.

Die Kühlvorrichtung 1 eines weiter nicht näher interessierenden Kraftfahrzeugmotors ist in nicht weiter interessierender Weise aus Gründen einer Geräuschreduzierung gekapselt oder beschürzt und setzt sich im wesentlichen aus einem Kühler 6 und einem in Strömungsrichtung nachgeordneten Axiallüfter 2 zusammen, wobei Kühler 6 und Axiallüfter 2 umfangsmäßig durch einen konischen Anschlußschacht 7 miteinander verbunden sind.The cooling device 1 of a motor vehicle engine which is of no further interest is encapsulated or shortened in a manner of no further interest for reasons of noise reduction and essentially consists of a cooler 6 and an axial fan 2 arranged downstream in the flow direction, the cooler 6 and the axial fan 2 being circumferentially provided by a conical one Connection shaft 7 are interconnected.

Der Axiallüfter 2 wird durch eine Antriebswelle 5 angetrieben, deren dem Kühler zugewandtes Ende mit der Lüfternabe 4 drehfest verbunden ist.The axial fan 2 is driven by a drive shaft 5, the end of which faces the cooler is connected to the fan hub 4 in a rotationally fixed manner.

Erfindungsgemäß liegt auf der Austrittsseite 8 des Axiallüfters 2 in unmittelbarer Nähe des Lüfters an radial innerer Stelle eine drehfeste Prallplatte 3, die im Ausführungsbeispiel der Zeichnung als plane kreisrunde Scheibe mit zentraler öffnung ausgebildet ist, durch welche sich die Antriebswelle 5 berührungsfrei erstreckt. Die Radialerstreckung der Prallplatte 3 ist so getroffen, daß ein Rückströmen der geförderten Luft im Bereich der Blattwurzeln des Axiallüfters 2 weitestgehend vermieden ist, und zwar mit Hilfe eines einfach aufgebauten feststehenden Teils, das nicht unbedingt Rotationssymmetrie aufweisen muß und auch nachträglich in Kühlanlagen angebracht werden kann, insbesondere dann, wenn es mehrteilig aufgebaut ist.According to the invention, on the outlet side 8 of the axial fan 2 in the immediate vicinity of the fan at a radially inner point there is a non-rotatable baffle plate 3, which in the exemplary embodiment of the drawing is designed as a flat circular disk with a central opening through which the drive shaft 5 extends without contact. The radial extent of the baffle plate 3 is such that a backflow of the conveyed air in the area of the blade roots of the axial fan 2 is largely avoided, with the aid of a simply constructed fixed part, which does not necessarily have to have rotational symmetry and can also be retrofitted in cooling systems , especially if it is made up of several parts.

Claims (9)

1. Kühlvorrichtung mit Axiallüfter in Kapselbauweise, gekennzeichnet durch eine feststehende Prallplatte (3) auf der Austrittsseite (8) des Axiallüfters (2) im Bereich der Lüfternabe (4).1. Cooling device with axial fan in capsule design, characterized by a fixed baffle plate (3) on the outlet side (8) of the axial fan (2) in the area of the fan hub (4). 2. Kühlvorrichtung nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Prallplatte (3) eine in Axialrichtung des Lüfters (2) verstellbare kapselfeste Befestigungseinrichtung aufweist.2. Cooling device according to claim 1, characterized in that the baffle plate (3) has an adjustable capsule-fixed fastening device in the axial direction of the fan (2). 3. Kühlvorrichtung nach Anspruch 1 oder 2, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Prallplatte (3) geteilt aufgebaut ist.3. Cooling device according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that the baffle plate (3) is divided. 4. Kühlvorrichtung nach Anspruch 1 bis 3, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Prallplatte (3) zumindest teilweise einen planen Umfang aufweist.4. Cooling device according to claim 1 to 3, characterized in that the baffle plate (3) at least partially has a flat circumference. 5. Kühlvorrichtung nach Anspruch 1 bis 4, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Prallplatte (3) zumindest teilweise einen Kegel- oder Kalottenquerschnitt aufweist.5. Cooling device according to claim 1 to 4, characterized in that the baffle plate (3) at least partially has a conical or spherical cross-section. 6. Kühlvorrichtung nach Anspruch 3 bis 5, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Prallplatte (3) aus mehreren Segmenten aufgebaut ist.6. Cooling device according to claim 3 to 5, characterized in that the baffle plate (3) is constructed from several segments. 7. Kühlvorrichtung nach Anspruch 1 bis 6, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß der Außenumfang der Prallplatte (3) kreisrund ist.7. Cooling device according to claim 1 to 6, characterized in that the outer circumference of the baffle plate (3) is circular. 8. Kühlvorrichtung nach Anspruch 1 bis 7, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Außenumfangskante der Prallplatte (3) bezüglich einer Radialebene im Winkel verstellbar ist.8. Cooling device according to claim 1 to 7, characterized in that the outer peripheral edge of the baffle plate (3) is adjustable in angle with respect to a radial plane. 9. Kühlvorrichtung nach Anspruch 1 bis 8, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Außenumfangskante der Prallplatte (3) in radialer Richtung nach Art einer fotographischen Blende verstellbar ist.9. Cooling device according to claim 1 to 8, characterized in that the outer peripheral edge of the baffle plate (3) is adjustable in the radial direction in the manner of a photographic aperture.
EP85114972A 1984-12-22 1985-11-26 Cooling device with a ducted fan Ceased EP0185948A3 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE19843447195 DE3447195A1 (en) 1984-12-22 1984-12-22 COOLING DEVICE WITH AXIAL FAN IN CAPSULE DESIGN
DE3447195 1984-12-22

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0185948A2 true EP0185948A2 (en) 1986-07-02
EP0185948A3 EP0185948A3 (en) 1987-08-12

Family

ID=6253750

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP85114972A Ceased EP0185948A3 (en) 1984-12-22 1985-11-26 Cooling device with a ducted fan

Country Status (2)

Country Link
EP (1) EP0185948A3 (en)
DE (1) DE3447195A1 (en)

Cited By (8)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
GB2261470A (en) * 1991-11-15 1993-05-19 Daimler Benz Ag Air guide housing for a fan of internal combustion engines
GB2354552A (en) * 1999-09-20 2001-03-28 Mitsubishi Electric Corp Axial flow fan with transverse flow outlet
EP0947706A4 (en) * 1997-09-19 2004-11-17 Hitachi Construction Machinery COOLING DEVICE FOR CONSTRUCTION MACHINES AND CONSTRUCTION MACHINES
EP1959111A3 (en) * 2007-02-14 2010-03-24 Behr GmbH & Co. KG Cooling system for a motor vehicle
CN102852856A (en) * 2011-06-29 2013-01-02 依必安-派特穆尔芬根股份有限两合公司 Axial fan with flow guidance body
CN102878117A (en) * 2012-06-29 2013-01-16 中国船舶重工集团公司第七0九研究所 Exhaust blower with outlet air guiding plate
CN104245383A (en) * 2012-01-31 2014-12-24 卡特彼勒公司 Cooling system having anti-recirculation feature
CN110296091A (en) * 2018-03-22 2019-10-01 台达电子工业股份有限公司 fan

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
GB191201381A (en) * 1911-01-17 1913-01-16 Clarence Ormond Bretherick Improvements in and relating to Rotary Fans, Blowers and the like.
DE679935C (en) * 1938-02-20 1939-08-18 Daimler Benz Akt Ges Device for regulating the fan effect, especially for lubricating oil cooling systems in railcars
CH233935A (en) * 1942-02-16 1944-08-31 Maschf Augsburg Nuernberg Ag Centrifugal compressor with axial conveying material passage.
FR909841A (en) * 1944-11-03 1946-05-20 Heat exchanger device for cooling motor vehicle engines and other applications
US2742226A (en) * 1952-12-19 1956-04-17 Frederick J Mason Air distributor for fans
DE1045590B (en) * 1957-10-16 1958-12-04 Lundy Mfg Corp Fan with shut-off by an iris diaphragm
CA1036447A (en) * 1974-03-01 1978-08-15 Harold D. Beck Recirculation barrier for a heat transfer system
DE3024999A1 (en) * 1980-07-02 1982-01-28 Daimler-Benz Ag, 7000 Stuttgart ENGINE COMPARTMENT OF A MOTOR VEHICLE WITH A PARTLY ENCLOSED ENGINE
DE3202592A1 (en) * 1982-01-27 1983-08-04 M.A.N. Maschinenfabrik Augsburg-Nürnberg AG, 8000 München FLOW-FRIENDLY CONSTRUCTION OF A CAPSULE FOR THE INSULATION OF FAN AND ENGINE NOISE IN COMBUSTION ENGINES WITH LIQUID COOLING

Cited By (14)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
GB2261470A (en) * 1991-11-15 1993-05-19 Daimler Benz Ag Air guide housing for a fan of internal combustion engines
US5224447A (en) * 1991-11-15 1993-07-06 Mercedes-Benz Ag Air guide housing for a fan impeller of an internal combustion engine
GB2261470B (en) * 1991-11-15 1995-04-19 Daimler Benz Ag Air guide housing for a fan impeller of a fan of internal combustion engines
EP0947706A4 (en) * 1997-09-19 2004-11-17 Hitachi Construction Machinery COOLING DEVICE FOR CONSTRUCTION MACHINES AND CONSTRUCTION MACHINES
GB2354552A (en) * 1999-09-20 2001-03-28 Mitsubishi Electric Corp Axial flow fan with transverse flow outlet
GB2354552B (en) * 1999-09-20 2002-04-17 Mitsubishi Electric Corp Blower and fan,blower and fan system,and method for supplying wind using the blower and fan system
EP1959111A3 (en) * 2007-02-14 2010-03-24 Behr GmbH & Co. KG Cooling system for a motor vehicle
CN102852856A (en) * 2011-06-29 2013-01-02 依必安-派特穆尔芬根股份有限两合公司 Axial fan with flow guidance body
EP2541068A1 (en) * 2011-06-29 2013-01-02 ebm-papst Mulfingen GmbH & Co. KG Axial ventilator with flow guidance body
US9097261B2 (en) 2011-06-29 2015-08-04 Ebm-Papst Mulfingen Gmbh & Co. Kg Axial fan with flow guide body
CN104245383A (en) * 2012-01-31 2014-12-24 卡特彼勒公司 Cooling system having anti-recirculation feature
CN104245383B (en) * 2012-01-31 2017-05-24 卡特彼勒公司 Cooling system having anti-recirculation feature
CN102878117A (en) * 2012-06-29 2013-01-16 中国船舶重工集团公司第七0九研究所 Exhaust blower with outlet air guiding plate
CN110296091A (en) * 2018-03-22 2019-10-01 台达电子工业股份有限公司 fan

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
EP0185948A3 (en) 1987-08-12
DE3447195A1 (en) 1986-07-03

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