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EP0143364A1 - Procédé et four pour éliminer les déchets radioactifs - Google Patents

Procédé et four pour éliminer les déchets radioactifs Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0143364A1
EP0143364A1 EP84113300A EP84113300A EP0143364A1 EP 0143364 A1 EP0143364 A1 EP 0143364A1 EP 84113300 A EP84113300 A EP 84113300A EP 84113300 A EP84113300 A EP 84113300A EP 0143364 A1 EP0143364 A1 EP 0143364A1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
furnace
tubular body
waste
gases
metal housing
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Granted
Application number
EP84113300A
Other languages
German (de)
English (en)
Other versions
EP0143364B1 (fr
Inventor
Horst Dipl.-Ing. Queiser
Siegfried Dipl.-Ing. Meininger
Karl-Heinz Dipl.-Ing. Kleinschroth
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Siemens AG
Original Assignee
Kraftwerk Union AG
Siemens AG
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Kraftwerk Union AG, Siemens AG filed Critical Kraftwerk Union AG
Publication of EP0143364A1 publication Critical patent/EP0143364A1/fr
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP0143364B1 publication Critical patent/EP0143364B1/fr
Expired legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • G—PHYSICS
    • G21—NUCLEAR PHYSICS; NUCLEAR ENGINEERING
    • G21F—PROTECTION AGAINST X-RADIATION, GAMMA RADIATION, CORPUSCULAR RADIATION OR PARTICLE BOMBARDMENT; TREATING RADIOACTIVELY CONTAMINATED MATERIAL; DECONTAMINATION ARRANGEMENTS THEREFOR
    • G21F9/00—Treating radioactively contaminated material; Decontamination arrangements therefor
    • G21F9/28—Treating solids
    • G21F9/30—Processing
    • G21F9/32—Processing by incineration
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10S159/00—Concentrating evaporators
    • Y10S159/12—Radioactive
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10S422/00—Chemical apparatus and process disinfecting, deodorizing, preserving, or sterilizing
    • Y10S422/903—Radioactive material apparatus

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a method for eliminating toxic, in particular radioactive, waste by ashing in an electrically heated furnace with the supply of an oxidizing agent, gaseous end products being further treated in an exhaust system and solid residues being poured into containers. It is also directed to an oven for radioactive waste disposal by heating in a housing with a refractory material shaft which communicates with two electrodes, with a waste fill opening at the top of the housing and an outlet for the bottom of the housing Slag substances is provided.
  • Heating can take place in an oven in various ways, for example by the exothermic reaction of normal combustion.
  • electrical heating using two electrodes is also provided, as described, for example, in the journal "Atomtechnisch", July 1976, pages 352 to 356 in the article "Treatment of highly radioactive waste”. This involves glazing highly radioactive waste.
  • the waste is first degassed in a first temperature zone of 200 to 400 ° C, that the degassed waste is passed through a second temperature zone with more than 800 0 C, that the gases from the first temperature zone through the second temperature zone and that the exhaust gases are burned outside the furnace with an excess of oxygen.
  • the invention is based on the fact that the activity carriers are usually in the form of solids, so that the removal of the radioactive waste then results in the lowest volume for safe disposal if the remaining solids can be concentrated to the extreme.
  • gasification is used in the invention, with which large proportions of the waste materials are removed in gaseous form after a pyrolytic conversion.
  • the combustion ensures that the gasified components, which can be toxic per se or pose an explosion hazard when not burned, do not require secure storage but can be released outdoors.
  • the radioactivity remains in the solids, the residual volume of which is only a few percent of the original amount of waste.
  • the gases should be in an exhaust system before burning be cleaned, in particular washed, because this can hold back entrained solid particles that could still act as an activity carrier.
  • Such solid parts are particularly advantageously eliminated by passing the washing water through the first into the second temperature zone of the furnace. Its activity carriers can thus be released to the solids in the furnace, so that no problems can arise from wastewater disposal.
  • the wash water can also influence pyrolysis there, for example contribute to the conversion of carbon to water gas (Co + H 2 ).
  • the burned gases can at least partially be returned to the furnace. In this way, for example, one can influence the pressure conditions in a furnace jacket surrounding the temperature zones and thus form a layer shielding the interior of the furnace, which prevents the escape of radioactivity or the undesired penetration of oxygen.
  • the burned gases can also be passed through the furnace jacket for cooling.
  • other inert gases for example nitrogen, can also be used for the same purpose.
  • the returned gases can also be used to preheat the gases to be burned. This is particularly advantageous if the preheated gases are then passed through aerosol filters, the effectiveness of which increases due to the reduced relative humidity.
  • the invention is also concerned with furnaces of the type mentioned in the introduction and has the aim of such furnaces also for the treatment of radioactive waste. Problems arise because the waste can lead to a concentration of radioactivity in the furnace area, so that the maintenance and repair of the furnace, which is unreliable due to the wear caused by the combustion process, can be severely impaired.
  • the new furnace is said to be suitable for a large number of radioactive waste materials which do not play a role in the known, for example also for liquid or in any case liquid-containing, sludge-like waste materials.
  • the furnace is designed so that the shaft comprises a self-supporting tubular body which is detachably arranged in a metal housing, and that at the upper end of the shaft in the metal housing there is an opening which can be closed with a lid and which has a larger cross section than the cross section of the tubular body.
  • the part of the furnace which is most stressed by the waste materials and by the heating can be easily replaced. This can limit the radioactive pollution of the personnel.
  • the self-supporting tubular body is lifted out of the oven and either safely removed or made ready for further use by decontamination treatment.
  • the removal is particularly easy to accomplish if the tubular body according to the further invention with its outer dimensions is smaller than the inner dimensions of a standardized storage container (standard barrel). It is then inserted as a whole into this storage container when it is replaced with a hoist and can thus be temporarily or finally stored after fixing with cement or the like.
  • the tubular body which is preferably designed as a ceramic body, is retained even when loaded into the metal housing of the furnace, but above all during lifting and removal
  • the tubular body can additionally be encased and / or reinforced with a sheet metal jacket, for example with steel - or fiberglass inserts.
  • An annular gap which is provided with thermal insulation, can advantageously be provided between the metal housing and the tubular body.
  • This can be a gas atmosphere, for example nitrogen. You can also work with a vacuum or provide mirroring.
  • the annular gap can advantageously be connected to an exhaust pipe of the metal housing, so that the exhaust gas forms the inert atmosphere.
  • the annular gap enables the tubular body to be replaced quickly. It can be dimensioned according to the fact that the exchange by remote control is possible to avoid radiation exposure. If necessary, the thermal insulation in the annular gap can also be brought about by known insulating materials, for example glass wadding, foil insulation or the like, which allow the tubular body to be fixed at the side and are preferably also designed to be easily detachable.
  • the tubular body can be advantageous on inner consoles of the metal housing.
  • the brackets are designed so that they form the smallest possible thermal bridges.
  • An electrode can be designed as a ring electrode and arranged under the brackets. It is thus relieved of the weight of the tubular body. This is particularly advantageous if the ring electrode is seated in a pot that can be inserted into the metal housing from below. The pot forms this electrode if necessary and ensures its gap-free connection to the tubular body.
  • the tubular body can be pressurized by means of deformable intermediate members for the mechanical fixing of the cover forming the top of the metal housing.
  • a sealing ring for example in the form of an asbestos fabric, is particularly suitable as such an intermediate member.
  • An electrode which can be displaced transversely to the surface of the cover can also be provided in the cover.
  • the displaceability is intended to enable a uniform introduction of energy to compensate for erosion of the electrode. It is advantageous if the electrode sits eccentrically in the cover and is arranged inclined or curved so that its lower end lies in the axis of the tubular body. As a result, the space for charging the furnace is increased in contrast to the case in which the entire electrode is arranged in the furnace axis.
  • a movable grate is provided below the tubular body.
  • the grate can also serve as a lockable outlet of the metal housing. He but can also be supplemented with a sealing closure connected downstream in the outlet direction, for example a slide or even with a lock chamber.
  • the movable grate allows the goods treated in the oven to be loosened, which prevents them from sticking. This is important because in the treatment of radioactive waste according to the invention the accessibility is restricted, so that a loosening of the furnace contents is only conceivable with special precautionary measures.
  • FIG. 1 shows a device for waste disposal according to the invention in a schematic representation.
  • Fig. 2 shows a vertical section through the furnace belonging to the device on a larger scale.
  • the device comprises, as an essential element, a furnace 1. It is supplied with combustible radioactive waste, crushed if necessary in a mill 3 shown in broken lines, via a line 2 from a store (not shown). The waste is dosed into a hopper 4. Its outlet 5 leads into a lock 6 with the two lock locks 7 and 8. A continuous operation in the furnace is desired, the amount of waste mainly depending on the size of the furnace, but less on the type of waste. In the exemplary embodiment, weak to medium-active waste of any consistency is processed at about 50 kg / h.
  • the outlet of the lock 6 leads to a filling opening 12 in a metallic furnace housing 13.
  • the Ge housing 13 comprises a cylindrical steel jacket 14 with vertical ribs 15 on the outside (Fig. 2).
  • the smooth inside of the jacket 14 has a diameter of 700 to 750 mm.
  • a flange 16 is provided, onto which a flat cover 17 is screwed. In this, the filling opening 12 is left out.
  • the filling opening 12 can be curved around a central graphite electrode 20, as indicated by dash-dotted lines at 21.
  • the electrode 20, which is displaceably arranged in a guide 22, can, however, also be arranged outside the axis 24 of the housing 13 shown in dash-dot lines, so that a large cross section of the filling opening 12 in the cover 17 is possible.
  • brackets 25 are attached distributed around the circumference. They carry a ceramic tubular body 26 with a cylindrical outer wall, which is provided with a sheet metal casing 27, and with an inner profile 28, which can be seen in FIG. 2 and tapers downwards in steps.
  • the diameter of the cylinder is 650 mm and its height is approximately 800 mm .
  • the tubular body 26 delimits a shaft 30 into which the electrode 20 projects.
  • a ring electrode 31 is provided at the lower end of the shaft 30. It is designed as a coal-iron ramming compound and is arranged in a pot 32, which can be inserted in the underside 33 of the housing 13. The electrode 31 is pressed with the pot 32 from below against the tubular body 26, so that a connection that is as gap-free as possible is produced.
  • the inner diameter of the ring electrode 31 is smaller than the smallest diameter of the tubular body 26.
  • an outlet pipe 35 is connected to the pot 32. It leads into an enlarged outlet funnel 36 which forms an annular space 37 surrounding the outlet pipe 35.
  • a movable grate 38 is attached to the lower end of the funnel 36. It serves as a closable outlet for waste products which can be discharged into a barrel 42 via an outlet lock 39 with the gate valves 40 and 41.
  • An exhaust pipe 43 is attached to the top of the funnel 36. It leads via a cooler 44 into a centrifugal separator 45. About 110 Nm 3 / h are drawn off from the exhaust line.
  • the centrifugal separator 45 is followed by two gas scrubbers 46 and 47 in series, each with about 150 l of washing liquid, which are connected via a liquid line 48.
  • the line 48 leads from the underside of the gas scrubber 47 to the upper region of the liquid in the gas scrubber 46, while the gas line starts from the top of the gas scrubber 46 and opens into the lower part of the gas scrubber 47.
  • the gas scrubber 47 is refilled with washing liquid, for example fresh water, from a line 49, because the washing liquid is conveyed from the gas scrubber 46 via a line 50 with a pump 51 into the furnace 1 in an amount of up to approximately 15 l / h. This results in gas washing in countercurrent to the washing liquid.
  • the gas is drawn off from the gas scrubber 47 with a water ring pump 55 and into a combustion chamber via a preheater 56 and a fine filter 57 (aerosol filter) 58 funded.
  • the water ring pump 55 results from its intimate mixing of the exhaust gases with the ring water a further gas cleaning.
  • the combustion chamber 58 is supplied with about 165 Nm 3 / h of combustion air via a pump 59.
  • the approximately 400 Nm 3 / h exhaust gases thus formed are mixed for cooling with the air supplied by a pump 60 in a ratio of 1: 3.
  • a pump 60 in a ratio of 1: 3.
  • a line 66 leads from the combustion chamber 58 via the preheater 56, a cooler 67 and a pump 68 into the annular gap 70 between the outside 27 of the tubular body 26 and the mirrored inside of the jacket 14.
  • the annular gap 70 thus forms a thermal insulation surrounding the tubular body, which also ensures that no air can enter the shaft 30, which forms an ignitable mixture with combustible gases.
  • a sealing ring 71 sits on the top of the tubular body 26 as a flexible intermediate layer. It provides a downward force in the vertical direction. It arises from the fact that the cover 17 presses the tubular body 26 onto the brackets 25 when it is screwed on.
  • the line 50 for the supply of process water opens into the cover 17.
  • a nozzle 73 can be directed from the underside of the cover 17 into the interior of the shaft 30.
  • the nozzle 73 can be designed such that a uniform loading of the shaft 30 is possible, in particular at the edge in the vicinity of the tubular body 26.
  • a further line 75 which leads from above into the shaft 30 via the cover 17, is provided for the feeding of liquid waste materials, for example organic liquids, oils, solvents or the like, which are to be treated with the new device.
  • liquid waste materials for example organic liquids, oils, solvents or the like, which are to be treated with the new device.
  • the shaft 30 is normally filled up to the lower end 76 of the electrode 20 with a carbon filling 77, the curved top of which is indicated at 78.
  • the coal serves as an electrically conductive material for the initiation of heating by electric current.
  • a voltage of, for example, 40 V is applied to the pot 32 with the ring electrode 31 on the one hand with a transformer 80 via a line 81.
  • the other end of the transformer is connected to electrode 20 via line 82.
  • the voltage is regulated depending on the furnace temperature.
  • the electrical heating in the coal filling in the form of a resistance heater is used in the invention in two temperature zones.
  • the first temperature zone 84 above the carbon filling 77 carried out at temperatures of 200 to 400 0 C to a degassing of the radioactive waste. Organic compounds disintegrate down to the carbon skeleton (Schwelkoks).
  • the residues (coke, metals, minerals, etc.) up to the incombustible residue is gasified in the second temperature zone 85 at temperatures of more than 1000 0th
  • the process water via line 50 which passes into this temperature zone as water vapor to supplement the water accumulating with the waste, the be known water gas reaction can be achieved (C + H 2 O ⁇ CO + H 2 ).
  • the water gas, together with the gas released in zone 84, which is passed through zone 85 and converted there, is drawn off via line 4 2 .
  • the remaining solid content of the waste of 1 to 1.5 kg / h is drawn off via the movable grate 38, with the grate movement advantageously loosening the material contained in the shaft 30.
  • the slide 41 When the slide 41 is opened, it falls into the standard barrel 42, which can contain a concrete insert for shielding higher activities or is provided with a shield on the outside.
  • the new process reduces combustible radioactive waste to a few percent of the original volume.
  • the activity is bound almost exclusively in the low volume of solids. If the water used for gas scrubbing should be heavily contaminated by acid residues, for example with chlorine or sulfur, which accumulate in the circuit, an alkalization can be carried out to remedy the situation, in which the salts formed are deposited in the solids, so that they are deposited these can be carried out.
  • Such pollutants can also be bound by adding lime to the combustion chamber, possibly together with the waste.
  • the furnace 1 described is particularly suitable because of its flexible mode of operation for the disposal of different radioactive waste, especially since it itself, but also the ones to be connected with it Components for gas cleaning have only small dimensions and weights, so that the entire device can be accommodated with a supporting frame in a container and thus be made mobile. Nevertheless, it is conceivable that the new furnace with its easily replaceable tubular body can also be used elsewhere, for example for heating aggressive chemicals, which can be of interest for environmental protection.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Environmental & Geological Engineering (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • High Energy & Nuclear Physics (AREA)
  • Gasification And Melting Of Waste (AREA)
  • Treating Waste Gases (AREA)
EP84113300A 1983-11-18 1984-11-05 Procédé et four pour éliminer les déchets radioactifs Expired EP0143364B1 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE19833341748 DE3341748A1 (de) 1983-11-18 1983-11-18 Verfahren und ofen zur beseitigung radioaktiver abfaelle
DE3341748 1983-11-18

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0143364A1 true EP0143364A1 (fr) 1985-06-05
EP0143364B1 EP0143364B1 (fr) 1988-05-18

Family

ID=6214667

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP84113300A Expired EP0143364B1 (fr) 1983-11-18 1984-11-05 Procédé et four pour éliminer les déchets radioactifs

Country Status (5)

Country Link
US (2) US4655968A (fr)
EP (1) EP0143364B1 (fr)
JP (1) JPS60120300A (fr)
DE (2) DE3341748A1 (fr)
ES (1) ES8604001A1 (fr)

Cited By (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
FR2620560A1 (fr) * 1987-09-16 1989-03-17 Doryokuro Kakunenryo Appareil de traitement par decomposition thermique des dechets radioactifs
RU2148865C1 (ru) * 1998-02-05 2000-05-10 Васильев Михаил Георгиевич Способ обработки радиоактивных металлических отходов и печь для его осуществления
FR3002075A1 (fr) * 2013-02-14 2014-08-15 Areva Nc Panier en fibre de verre et procede d'incineration de dechets

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FR2620560A1 (fr) * 1987-09-16 1989-03-17 Doryokuro Kakunenryo Appareil de traitement par decomposition thermique des dechets radioactifs
RU2148865C1 (ru) * 1998-02-05 2000-05-10 Васильев Михаил Георгиевич Способ обработки радиоактивных металлических отходов и печь для его осуществления
FR3002075A1 (fr) * 2013-02-14 2014-08-15 Areva Nc Panier en fibre de verre et procede d'incineration de dechets
WO2014125030A1 (fr) * 2013-02-14 2014-08-21 Areva Nc Panier en fibre de verre et procede d'incineration de dechets
US9719679B2 (en) 2013-02-14 2017-08-01 Areva Nc Waste incineration method

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US4760585A (en) 1988-07-26
DE3341748A1 (de) 1985-05-30
ES537748A0 (es) 1986-01-01
JPS60120300A (ja) 1985-06-27
DE3471395D1 (en) 1988-06-23
US4655968A (en) 1987-04-07
EP0143364B1 (fr) 1988-05-18
ES8604001A1 (es) 1986-01-01

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