CN113396661A - Water-heat comprehensive regulation and control method for dry farmland fertilizer in freeze thawing area - Google Patents
Water-heat comprehensive regulation and control method for dry farmland fertilizer in freeze thawing area Download PDFInfo
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01B—SOIL WORKING IN AGRICULTURE OR FORESTRY; PARTS, DETAILS, OR ACCESSORIES OF AGRICULTURAL MACHINES OR IMPLEMENTS, IN GENERAL
- A01B79/00—Methods for working soil
- A01B79/02—Methods for working soil combined with other agricultural processing, e.g. fertilising, planting
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01B—SOIL WORKING IN AGRICULTURE OR FORESTRY; PARTS, DETAILS, OR ACCESSORIES OF AGRICULTURAL MACHINES OR IMPLEMENTS, IN GENERAL
- A01B79/00—Methods for working soil
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A40/00—Adaptation technologies in agriculture, forestry, livestock or agroalimentary production
- Y02A40/10—Adaptation technologies in agriculture, forestry, livestock or agroalimentary production in agriculture
- Y02A40/22—Improving land use; Improving water use or availability; Controlling erosion
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- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
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- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
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Abstract
本发明提供了一种冻融区旱田肥水热综合调控方法，属于农业生产技术领域。在秋季收获农作物后，将农作物秸秆留茬割下就地覆盖在整个田块地表；将田块地表划分为间隔分布的播种带和还田带；在次年春耕前20～30天，将播种带上覆盖的农作物秸秆剥离，播种前粉碎还田至还田带，在播种带施肥播种，秋季收获农作物后，将农作物秸秆留茬割下覆盖在整个田块地表；在第三年春耕前20～30天，将还田带上覆盖的农作物秸秆剥离，播种前粉碎还田至播种带，在还田带施肥播种，以后的种植年份将播种带和还田带年际交替种植农作物。本发明所述调控方法有利于实现田块土壤轮耕休耕，不仅改善土壤温度，提高土壤含水量还能改善土壤理化性状，提升土壤质量。
The invention provides a method for comprehensive regulation of fertilizer, water and heat in dry fields in a freeze-thaw area, and belongs to the technical field of agricultural production. After the crops are harvested in autumn, the crop stubble is cut off and covered on the entire field surface; the field surface is divided into spaced sowing belts and returning fields; 20 to 30 days before the spring ploughing of the following year, the field will be sown. The covered crop straws are peeled off, crushed and returned to the field before sowing, and fertilized and planted in the sowing belt. After the crops are harvested in autumn, the crop straws are cut off and covered on the entire field surface; For ~30 days, the crop stalks covered on the returning belt are peeled off, and the returning fields are smashed to the sowing belt before sowing. Fertilizer is sown in the returning belt. In subsequent planting years, crops will be planted alternately between the sowing belt and the returning belt. The control method of the invention is beneficial to realize the rotation tillage of the field soil, which not only improves the soil temperature and soil water content, but also improves the physical and chemical properties of the soil and improves the soil quality.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of agricultural production, and particularly relates to a water-heat comprehensive regulation and control method for dry farmland fertilizer water in a freeze thawing area.
Background
But the food yield in China has not been increased correspondingly with the continuous increase of the fertilizer consumption for more than 20 years. Excessive fertilization and low fertilizer utilization rate always are outstanding problems disturbing agricultural production in China, and unreasonable fertilization not only causes the reduction of crop yield, but also causes the deterioration of soil fertility and the waste of nutrient resources. Meanwhile, nitrogen and phosphorus nutrient elements in farmland soil are easy to run off through leaching, runoff and other ways, enter the ground surface and underground water, and cause the problems of water eutrophication and the like, and the nitrogen and phosphorus loss is influenced by a plurality of factors such as soil types, fertilizer types, farming modes, irrigation modes, rainfall and the like. Most of the soil in the northeast region is in a medium-deep seasonal frozen soil region, rainfall is mainly concentrated in 5-9 months each year, the rainfall is less from the end of autumn to the beginning of spring, snowfall is in a winter rainfall form and is influenced by seasonal freeze-thaw action, a soil freeze-thaw cycle process of repeated freeze-thaw exists, so that the moisture in the soil is redistributed, the soil structure is changed, and the risk of leaching loss of nitrogen and phosphorus in the soil is increased.
Disclosure of Invention
In view of the above, the invention aims to provide a comprehensive water-heat regulation and control method for dry farmland fertilizers in freeze-thaw areas, which can improve the physical and chemical properties of soil and improve the soil quality.
The invention provides a water-heat comprehensive regulation and control method for dry farmland fertilizer in a freeze-thaw area, which comprises the following steps:
after crops are harvested in autumn, crop straws are left for stubble cutting and are covered on the ground surface of the whole field; dividing the field surface into a sowing zone and a returning zone, wherein the sowing zone and the returning zone are distributed at intervals;
the crop straws covered on the sowing belt are peeled 20-30 days before the next spring ploughing, the crop straws are smashed and returned to the field returning belt before sowing, the sowing belt is fertilized and sowed, and after the crops are harvested in autumn, the crop straws are cut off and covered on the surface of the whole field;
and (3) stripping the crop straws covered on the returning belt 20-30 days before the spring ploughing in the third year, crushing and returning the crop straws to the sowing belt before sowing, fertilizing and sowing the crop straws in the returning belt, covering the crop straws on the ground surface of the whole field after harvesting the crops in autumn, and alternately planting the crops in the sowing belt and the returning belt in the later planting year.
Preferably, the width of the sowing belt or the returning belt is 40-50 cm.
Preferably, the height of the crop straw stubble is 20-30 cm.
Preferably, the crop straws are peeled from the sowing belt or the returning belt 22 to 28 days before the spring ploughing.
Preferably, when the crop straws are crushed and returned to the field, the stubble is cut again; the height of the secondary stubble cutting is less than or equal to 8 cm.
Preferably, the length of the crushed crop straws is less than or equal to 10 cm.
Preferably, before said sowing, a turn-over is carried out; the depth of the plowing is 15-20 cm.
Preferably, the fertilization types of fertilizing and seeding in the seeding belt or fertilizing and seeding in the returning belt comprise chemical fertilizers;
the fertilizing amount of N in the chemical fertilizer is 160-180 kg/hm2，P2O5The fertilizing amount is 70-75 kg/hm2，K2The fertilizing amount of O is 80-90 kg/hm2。
Preferably, the crop comprises corn.
Preferably, the freeze-thaw section includes a deep season frozen soil section.
The invention provides a fertilizer, water and heat integrated regulation and control method for dry farmland in freeze thawing areas, which is characterized in that after crops are harvested in autumn, crop straws are left for cutting and are covered on the ground surface of the whole farmland in situ to form a ground surface wind-proof layer and a heat-insulating layer, the number of times of soil wind erosion and freeze thawing alternation is reduced in the freeze thawing period, the scouring strength of snow thawing runoff is weakened, and the leaching of freeze thawing water and runoff loss are reduced; dividing the field surface into a sowing zone and a returning zone, wherein the sowing zone and the returning zone are distributed at intervals; the crop straws covered on the sowing belt are peeled 20-30 days before the next spring tillage, the ground temperature is raised by utilizing solar irradiation, the sowing and the crop emergence are facilitated, the straws are crushed and turned over before the sowing and returned to the field, the soil moisture is facilitated to be stabilized, and the nitrogen and phosphorus leaching loss of the soil in the crop growth season is reduced; after crops are harvested in autumn, crop straws are cut off and covered on the ground surface of the whole field, and a foundation is laid for planting the crops in the third year; and (3) stripping the crop straws covered on the returning-to-field belt to the sowing belt in the last year 20-30 days before the spring ploughing in the third year, crushing the straws and returning the straws to the sowing belt in the last year before sowing, ploughing, fertilizing and sowing in the returning-to-field belt in the last year, and so on, wherein the sowing belt and the returning-to-field belt are planted with crops in turn in the later planting year, so that the alternate ploughing and fallowing of field soil are realized, the physical and chemical properties of the soil are improved, and the soil quality is improved. Experiments show that the comprehensive regulation and control method provided by the invention is adopted to treat the field blocks, the surface soil temperature is reduced in the growth period of crops, the dispersion loss of the surface soil moisture is favorably reduced, the necessary moisture condition is provided for the jointing period and the androgenesis period of the crops, and the root systems of the crops are favorably absorbed by the soil moisture so as to promote the growth of the crops; the method has the advantages that the method is beneficial to reducing the change range of the water content of the soil in the freeze-thaw period, and the result shows that the control method can effectively delay the freeze-thaw date, obviously reduce the freeze-thaw times of the soil and indicate that the straw is covered with good heat preservation effect in the period from 11 months to 3 months of the next year. In addition, the method provided by the invention can also influence the result of leaching loss of soil, and compared with the contrast, the method provided by the invention reduces the total leaching loss of nitrogen and phosphorus, which shows that the method has the effect of improving the soil quality.
Furthermore, the invention specifically limits the height of stubble, which is beneficial to stably covering crops on the ground surface of the field and preventing the crops from being blown away by strong wind, and is necessary for freezing and melting areas with much strong wind in winter and spring.
Furthermore, the application amount of the fertilizer is reduced by returning the straws to the field. Experiments show that compared with the treatment method of returning the straws to the field, the method provided by the invention reduces the application amount of the fertilizer after returning the straws to the field, so that the crop yield is not reduced.
Drawings
FIG. 1 shows different treatments and soil temperature changes of different soil layers in the growth period of corn;
FIG. 2 shows the change of soil moisture content in different soil layers and different treatments in a growth period;
FIG. 3 shows different treatments and different soil layer moisture content changes during the freeze-thaw period;
FIG. 4 shows freeze-thaw dates of soil for different treatments;
FIG. 5 shows the change of the freezing and thawing times of soils treated differently;
FIG. 6 shows the change in the flow rate of the leaching solution month by month;
fig. 7 shows different treatment eluviation water amounts and nitrogen and phosphorus loss amounts in a freeze-thaw period, wherein fig. 7a shows a comparison result of total eluviation water amounts with straw coverage treatment in 2019 and 2020, fig. 7b shows a change result of nitrogen loss amounts in different modes in the freeze-thaw period in 2019-2020, and fig. 7c shows a change result of phosphorus loss amounts in different modes in the freeze-thaw period in 2019-2020;
FIG. 8 shows the results of biomass and yield in the aerial parts of the corn treated differently.
Detailed Description
The invention provides a water-heat comprehensive regulation and control method for dry farmland fertilizer in a freeze-thaw area, which comprises the following steps:
after crops are harvested in autumn, crop straws are left for stubble cutting, and the crop straws are covered on the ground surface of the whole field in situ;
dividing the field surface into a sowing zone and a returning zone, wherein the sowing zone and the returning zone are distributed at intervals;
the crop straws covered on the sowing belt are peeled 20-30 days before the next spring ploughing, the crop straws are smashed and returned to the field returning belt before sowing, the sowing belt is fertilized and sowed, and after the crops are harvested in autumn, the crop straws are cut off and covered on the surface of the whole field;
and (3) stripping the crop straws covered on the returning belt 20-30 days before the spring ploughing in the third year, crushing and returning the crop straws to the sowing belt before sowing, fertilizing and sowing the crop straws in the returning belt, covering the crop straws on the ground surface of the whole field after harvesting the crops in autumn, and alternately planting the crops in the sowing belt and the returning belt in the later planting year.
The method provided by the invention is suitable for freezing and thawing areas, preferably including deep season frozen soil areas, such as northeast Sanzhou planting areas. The planting area of the northeast Sanzhou province is a one-year one-season planting mode, the growing period of crops is 4-10 months, the precipitation is less in 6 and 7 months, and the precipitation is strong in 8 months; the freezing period is from 11 months to 3 months of the following year. The freeze-thaw zone is preferably a dry land. The crop planted is preferably corn.
After crops are harvested in autumn, crop straws are left for stubble cutting, and the crop straws are covered on the ground surface of the whole field.
In the invention, the height of the crop straw stubble is preferably 20-30 cm, more preferably 21-28 cm, and further preferably 23-26 cm. The covering is preferably to uniformly cover the whole of the field with the non-crushed crop straws, so that the field forms a heat-insulating layer.
The field surface is divided into a sowing zone and a returning zone, and the sowing zone and the returning zone are distributed at intervals.
In the invention, the width of the sowing belt or the returning belt is preferably 40-50 cm, more preferably 42-48 cm, and more preferably 45 cm. The seeding belt and the returning belt are preferably distributed in parallel, which is beneficial to subsequent mechanized seeding.
And (3) stripping the crop straws covered on the sowing belt 20-30 days before the next spring ploughing, crushing and returning the crop straws to the field returning belt before sowing, fertilizing and sowing the crop straws in the sowing belt, and cutting the crop straws to cover the surface of the whole field after harvesting the crops in autumn.
In the present invention, the crop straw is peeled from the sowing belt preferably 22 to 28 days before spring cultivation, more preferably 24 to 27 days, and most preferably 25 days. Cutting the crop straws again when the crop straws are crushed and returned to the field; the height of the secondary stubble cutting is less than or equal to 8cm, more preferably 2-6 cm, and most preferably 4 cm. The length of the crushed crop straws is preferably less than or equal to 10cm, more preferably 2-8 cm, and further preferably 4-6 cm. The depth of the plowing is preferably 15-20 cm, and more preferably 18 cm.
In the invention, the row spacing of the seeding is 40-50 cm, more preferably 42-48 cm, and more preferably 45 cm. The row spacing of the seeding is consistent with the width of the interval returning belt, so that the seeding is completely carried out on the seeding belt. The planting distance of the sowing is preferably 20-30 cm, more preferably 22-28 cm, and most preferably 25 cm.
In the present invention, the kind of fertilizer to be applied to the sowing section preferably includes a chemical fertilizer. The fertilizing amount of N in the chemical fertilizer is 160-180 kg/hm2，P2O5The fertilizing amount is 70-75 kg/hm2，K2The fertilizing amount of O is 80-90 kg/hm2(ii) a More preferably 170kg/hm2，P2O5The fertilizing amount is 73kg/hm2，K2The fertilizing amount of O is 85kg/hm2. Experiments show that the fertilizer application amount is 228kg/hm compared with the conventional fertilizer application amount (the fertilizer application amount of N is 228 kg/hm)2，P2O5The fertilizing amount of the fertilizer is 82kg/hm2，K2The fertilizing amount of O is 108kg/hm2) Compared with the prior art, the yield of crops is not reduced after the fertilizer is applied to the straw returning field.
And (3) stripping the crop straws covered on the returning belt 20-30 days before the spring ploughing in the third year, crushing and returning the crop straws to the sowing belt before sowing, fertilizing and sowing the crop straws in the returning belt, covering the crop straws on the ground surface of the whole field after harvesting the crops in autumn, and alternately planting the crops in the sowing belt and the returning belt in the later planting year.
In the present invention, the operation method and the time for crushing the crop straws are the same as the operation method and the time for crushing the crop straws in the next year, which are not described herein again. The fertilizing and seeding method on the returning belt is the same as the fertilizing and seeding method on the seeding belt, and the detailed description is omitted here.
The method for comprehensively regulating and controlling the water and heat of the dry farmland fertilizer in the freeze-thaw area is described in detail with reference to the following examples, but the method should not be construed as limiting the scope of the invention.
Example 1
Water-heat comprehensive regulation and control method for dry farmland fertilizer in freeze thawing area
1. General description of test area
The test area is located in the Chani cattle town of TieLing county, Liaoning province, 123 degrees 28 'to 124 degrees 33' at east longitude and 41 degrees 59 'to 42 degrees 33' at north latitude, belongs to the seasonal style continental climate of the sub-humid region in the middle temperate zone, has sufficient heat, and has the average annual illumination of about 2600 hours and the average annual temperature of 7.3 ℃. The average temperature in one month is-13.5 ℃, and the lowest temperature is-34.3 ℃; the average temperature of July is 24.4 deg.C, and the maximum temperature is 35.8 deg.C. The average annual precipitation is 675 mm, the rain and heat are in the same season, and the frost-free period is about 146 days.
The test area is flat in terrain, the main planting crops are spring corns in one year and one season, the corn planting variety is Tie Ming 58, and the soil type to be tested is brown soil.
2. Design of experiments
The test was carried out by repeating the S treatment and the control treatment three times for 6 cells each having an area of 60m2(4 m.times.15 m). The method of S processing is as follows: in the first season, corns are sown in 2018 in 4 and 22 days, and are harvested in 10 and 1 days, the harvested corns are high in straw height and are covered and returned to the field, the stubble height is 25cm, and the straws are not crushed and are integrally covered on the ground surface. 30 days before sowing in 2019 spring, removing the straws covered by the sowing belt (with the width of 50cm), crushing the corn stalks harvested in the cell before sowing, returning the crushed corn stalks to the field returning belt (with the width of 50cm), turning over for 20cm, and applying fertilizer (the total fertilizer application amount is N: 170 kg/hm)2，P2O5：73kg/hm2，K2O：85kg/hm2) The second-season corn is sowed in 2019 in 4-month and 18-day period, the corn is harvested in 9-month and 30-day period, the corn stalks harvested in the plot are cut off and uniformly covered on the field, the stalks on the returning belt are removed in 2020 spring, the corn stalks are smashed and returned to the sowing belt before sowing, the sowing belt is ploughed by 20cm, the third-season corn is sowed in 2020 in 4-month and 28-day period to the returning belt (the row spacing is 50cm, the plant spacing is 25cm), and the corn is harvested in 10-month and 8-day period. The control group (CK) did not divide the sowing zone and the returning zone, did not perform the straw returning treatment, and performed the conventional fertilization according to the fertilizing amount in table 2.
TABLE 2 control group fertilizing amount
| Treatment of | N(kg/hm2) | P2O5(kg/hm2) | K2O(kg/hm2) | Straw returning mode |
| T1 | 228 | 82 | 108 | Straw-free returning to field |
3. Soil index determination for different treatment groups and years
3.1 soil temperature and moisture monitoring
Before the test, one cell is randomly selected in each process, a wireless soil temperature sensor (model T100) and a wireless soil moisture sensor (model C200A) are arranged, and real-time monitoring of the soil temperature and the water content is carried out through a KB-Base Internet of things wireless monitoring microcomputer station (KB-IOTS-11). Monitoring the temperature and the water content of soil layers of 0-20 cm, 20-40 cm and 40-60 cm in two growth periods (5-10 months) in 2019 and 2020; in a freezing and thawing period from 11 months to 2020 and 4 months in 2019, soil temperature, soil moisture content, freezing date and thawing date of 0-20 cm, 20-40 cm and 40-60 cm soil layers are monitored. In order to understand the freeze-thaw rule in detail, 10cm is taken as a measurement level, and the freeze-thaw times of each soil layer of 0-60 cm are recorded.
3.2 monitoring of soil nitrogen phosphorus leaching loss
Embedding eluviation barrels in all cells at the positions where no straw is treated and 100% straw covers the treated part before the test, collecting CK and S treated soil eluviation solution of 0-60 cm month by month in the growth period of 2019, the freeze-thaw period of 2019 and the growth period of 2020, mixing eluviation water samples of the three cells treated with the same, and measuring the total nitrogen, the total phosphorus, the nitrate nitrogen, the ammonium nitrogen loss and the total eluviation water amount of the soil solution. Determining leaching total nitrogen by adopting an alkaline potassium persulfate digestion-ultraviolet spectrophotometry; measuring the leaching nitrate nitrogen by adopting a phenoldisulfonic acid spectrophotometry; measuring the eluviated ammonium nitrogen by adopting a flow injection-salicylic acid spectrophotometry; the leaching total phosphorus is measured by ammonium molybdate spectrophotometry.
3.3 soil background index determination
Measuring the pH value of the soil by adopting a potentiometric method; calculating soil organic matters by using a TOC analyzer through empirical conversion coefficients of the organic matters and the TOC; measuring the total nitrogen of the soil by adopting a Kjeldahl azotometer method; measuring the soil alkaline hydrolysis nitrogen by an alkaline hydrolysis diffusion method; soil full phosphorus adopts H2SO4-HClO4Digesting, and measuring by a molybdenum-antimony colorimetric resistance method; the effective phosphorus of the soil is determined by a sodium bicarbonate method; soil total potassium adopts H2SO4-HClO4Digesting and measuring by a flame photometer; the quick-acting potassium is determined by an ammonium acetate extraction method.
(4) Corn yield above ground and biomass determination
In the 10-month corn harvesting period of 2019 and 2020, the aboveground biomass and yield are measured by dividing the cells according to the local conventional harvesting mode.
4 results and analysis
4.1 influence of straw returning on Long-term soil hydrothermal conditions
The soil temperature for different treatments and different soil layers is shown in figure 1. As can be seen from FIG. 1, in the soil layer of 0-20 cm, the daily average temperature of S treatment at the time point of early (5 days) of each month in 2019 is respectively reduced by 1.6 ℃, 2.2 ℃, 0.3 ℃, 0.7 ℃, 0.3 ℃ and 0.4 ℃ compared with that of CK treatment, and the daily average temperature of S treatment is reduced by 1.5 ℃, 2.1 ℃, 2.3 ℃, 0.7 ℃, 1.2 ℃ and 0.4 ℃ compared with that of CK treatment in 2020. The average water content of the surface soil in the whole growth period is 20.8 ℃ in 2019, is reduced by 0.9 ℃ compared with CK (CK), is 19.6 ℃ in 2020 and is reduced by 1.4 ℃ compared with CK; reducing the temperature of a 20-40 cm soil layer by 0.9 ℃ and 0.8 ℃ respectively; reducing the temperature of a soil layer of 40-60 cm by 0.7 ℃ and 0.6 ℃ respectively. In the whole growth period of the corn, the temperature of the surface soil (0-20 cm) of the straw returning treatment is wholly lower than that of the straw-free returning CK treatment, and the straw coverage has a cooling effect on the soil.
The rainfall in the test field is less in 6 and 7 months, the temperature is increased in summer to accelerate the water loss of the surface soil, and in the jointing stage and the tasseling stage of the corn, a large amount of water is absorbed by the root system for the growth and development of plants, so that the water content of the soil is lower; in the heavy rainfall weather of 8 months, the water is accumulated, and the water content of the soil is increased. As can be seen from figure 2, the daily average water content of 0-20 cm soil layers and S treatment is respectively increased by 2.70%, 1.79%, 2.72%, 4.03%, 2.69% and 5.61% compared with CK treatment at the time point of early month in 2019, and is increased by 2.52%, 1.68%, 2.50%, 2.11%, 2.63% and 7.28% compared with CK treatment in 2020. The average water content of the surface soil in the whole growth period is 26.58% in 2019, which is improved by 3.3% compared with CK, and is 26.92% in 2020, which is improved by 3.12%; soil layers of 20-40 cm are respectively improved by 3.1% and 2.8%; soil layers of 40-60 cm are respectively improved by 3.1% and 2.6%. In conclusion, in 2019 and 2020, 5 months to 9 months, the soil moisture content of each soil layer treated by S is integrally higher than that of CK in the whole growth period of the corn; in the corn harvesting period of 10 months, the harvested farmland is lack of the shielding of crops, and the water content of the soil treated by the CK without straw coverage is greatly reduced.
4.2 influence of straw returning on hydrothermal conditions of soil in freeze-thaw period
Different treatments and different soil layer water content changes in the freeze-thaw period are shown in figure 3. As can be seen from fig. 3, the water content of each soil layer is higher in the initial freezing period (11 months) and the thawing period (3 months) than in the winter freezing period. The water content of the soil is frozen in 12 months, the water content is greatly reduced, the change amplitude of S treatment is obviously reduced compared with CK treatment, and the water content of each soil layer is respectively increased by 5.02%, 4.77% and 4.31% compared with CK. After the soil is completely frozen in 1 month, the change of the water content of the soil is gradual until the soil is melted. The water content of each soil layer processed by S in the freeze-thaw period in winter can be kept above 16%, and the change range of the water content of the soil is greatly reduced by adopting a straw covering mode.
The freeze-thaw dates of the soils for the different treatments are shown in figure 4. As can be seen from fig. 4, the CK treatment plot was initially frozen in late 11 months, soil freezing proceeded from top to bottom with the continuous decrease in air temperature and the accumulation of negative accumulated temperature, soil at the bottom of 12 months began to freeze rapidly, the thickness of the frozen layer steadily increased, soil steadily frozen in mid 1 month, affected by solar radiation, frozen layer thawed from the top, and frozen layer at the bottom of 3 months was completely thawed. The freeze thawing date is obviously delayed by S treatment of straw coverage, the date of soil starting to freeze (starting from 0-20 cm soil layer) and the date of complete freezing (freezing from 40-60 cm soil layer) are respectively delayed by 9 days and 11 days, and the date of soil starting to melt (starting from 0-20 cm soil layer) and the date of complete melting (melting from 40-60 cm soil layer) are respectively delayed by 13 days and 19 days.
As can be seen from fig. 5, the freezing and thawing times of the soil show a gradually decreasing trend as the depth of the soil layer increases under different treatment conditions. The S of the straw covering treatment at the surface soil of 0-10 cm is reduced by 6 times compared with the CK, the freezing and thawing times at the soil of 40-50 cm are reduced most obviously, the number of times is reduced by 7 times, and the straw covering treatment reaches 50.0%, so that the straw covering effect is good.
4.3 influence of straw returning on soil leaching loss
FIG. 6 shows the flow rate of the eluviation water for different treatments. After the straw is covered, the leaching amount tends to be stable in each month, the rainfall is increased rapidly due to the influence of typhoon in 8 months in 2019, and the leaching amount of CK treatment is close to 400m3·hm-2Although the S treatment reduces the leaching amount, the effect is not obvious under the condition of a large amount of precipitation, and the difference of other months is not large. Compared with CK, the leaching water flow of S treatment is respectively reduced by 1.47%, 1.56%, 0.78%, 1.90% and 2.27% in each month from 5 months to 9 months in 2019; the leaching water flow in each month from 5 to 9 in 2020 is respectively reduced by 9.26%, 4.38%, 3.53% and 5.94%.
The change of the leaching water amount and the leaching loss of nitrogen and phosphorus in different modes in the freeze-thaw period of 2019-2020 is shown in FIG. 7. The leaching loss of CK treatment is 3.63m3·hm-2The leaching loss in S treatment is 2.22m3·hm-238.84% reduction compared to CK (see FIG. 7 a). As can be seen from FIG. 7b, the total nitrogen leaching loss during CK treatment was 0.033 kg. hm-2The total nitrogen leaching loss amount in S treatment is 0.027kg hm-2As can be seen from FIG. 7c, the total leaching loss of phosphorus in CK treatment is 0.799 g.hm-2The total leaching loss of phosphorus in S treatment is 0.067 g.hm-2. Compared with CK treatment, S treatment reduces the total leaching loss of nitrogen and phosphorus by 20.49%.
4.4 influence of straw returning on corn yield and aboveground Biomass
From the biomass and yield of the overground part of the corn shown in fig. 8, the biomass of the overground part treated by straw returning S in 2019 and 2020 is obviously improved compared with CK treatment, and is respectively increased by 21.41% and 10.03% compared with CK, and the difference is obvious. The yield variation is similar to that of the overground biomass, and is increased by 28.16% and 20.01% compared with CK respectively, and the difference is obvious.
The foregoing is only a preferred embodiment of the present invention, and it should be noted that, for those skilled in the art, various modifications and decorations can be made without departing from the principle of the present invention, and these modifications and decorations should also be regarded as the protection scope of the present invention.
Claims (10)
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