CN111909409A - 一种含唑环的低聚硅氧烷复合质子交换膜的制备方法 - Google Patents
一种含唑环的低聚硅氧烷复合质子交换膜的制备方法 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明为一种含唑环的低聚硅氧烷复合的质子交换膜的制备方法。该方法包括以下步骤:将第一单体加入和第二单体反应,得到第三单体;在引发剂作用下,再将第三单体和第四单体反应,得到含唑环的低聚硅氧烷纳米填料PGA;将PGA与基体混合,所得混合液浇铸到玻璃板上,干燥后得到复合膜(SPEEK/PGA‑X)。本发明得到的高性能、低成本质子交换膜,可以实现在燃料电池中的广泛应用,对于降低燃料电池成本、完善燃料电池上游产业链、推动新能源领域的发展具有重要的意义与关键性的作用。
Description
技术领域
本发明属于高质子传导性的纳米复合膜的制备领域,特别涉及到一种同时满足高的质子传导以及优异的尺寸稳定性的含唑环的低聚硅氧烷复合质子交换膜。
背景技术
质子交换膜燃料电池是一种转换效率高,无污染排放的环保型能源装置。质子交换膜作为燃料电池核心部件之一,同时起到分隔燃料和氧化剂,传导质子的双重作用,其优良的综合性能是燃料电池长久、高效运行的保障。截至目前,有文献报道的PEM主要分为四大类:(1)含氟交换膜,其代表的产品主要有美国杜邦公司的Nafion系列膜、比利时Solvay膜;(2)部分氟化质子交换膜,部分氟化一般体现在主链全氟,质子交换基团一般是磺酸基团;(3)新型非氟聚合物膜,其电化学性能与Nafion膜相似,这些交换膜材料是聚芳醚酮、聚苯并咪唑等耐高温的工程塑料的磺化产物;
(4)复合质子交换膜,这类质子交换膜主要是聚合物基体与无机或有机填料采用不同的工艺制备的复合或杂化材料。
全氟磺酸型质子交换膜与部分含氟质子交换膜,其质子传导率强烈依赖水、合成工艺复杂、电池整体综合成本高等缺点严重阻碍了这类膜在燃料电池领域的进一步发展与应用。而非氟的耐高温聚醚砜、酮类工程树脂类质子交换膜如何平衡高质子传导率与尺寸稳定性之间的“Trade off”关系是限制其发展的重要瓶颈。从理论上讲,通过PEM的质子转移遵循一种载体机制(质子通过形成水合物离子如H3O+,H5O2 +和H9O4 +而与水一起扩散)和Grotthuss机制(质子从一个质子载体位置跳跃到相邻的一个),在许多情况下,这两种机制共同控制质子传递速率。对于载体机制,通常水分子作为H+传递的载体,然而在高温低湿的环境,水分子在膜内大量流失,致使膜内的质子传导率大幅降低。一种简便而通用的方法是向膜内引入具备酸性基团的纳米填料以提高膜的保水性能,酸性基团使膜获得高吸水率,具有低化学势和高度结合的水含量,以确保水分流失。增强的保水性为膜提供了额外的水合氢离子,用于载体转移。对于跳跃机制,一种新颖而有效的方法是开发一种酸碱配对复合膜,它通常是酸性聚合物和碱性聚合物的复合物。其中,酸性基团作为质子供体,碱性基团作为质子受体,通过优化质子传递位点,为质子跳跃提供低能量。另外,酸性基团/碱性基团将通过静电作用紧密连接,从而大大减少焓变,增强了材料的尺寸稳定性。但对一些无机物就行简单的官能化,将其掺杂进聚合物基质中时,无机填料可能会进行聚集,从而使复合膜产生相分离,使得质子传导性能下降。
发明内容
本发明的目的为针对当前技术中存在的不足,提供一种含唑环的低聚硅氧烷复合的质子交换膜的制备方法。该方法首先制备出具有笼型结构的无机颗粒-八乙烯基八硅倍半氧烷,然后将其作为填料,在该颗粒上通过自由基聚合反应引入唑环,通过填料上的唑环与基体上的磺酸基团之间的相互作用来形成酸碱离子对,促使质子在界面间跳跃,形成质子传递通道。本发明得到的高性能、低成本质子交换膜,可以实现在燃料电池中的广泛应用,对于降低燃料电池成本、完善燃料电池上游产业链、推动新能源领域的发展具有重要的意义与关键性的作用。
本发明的技术方案为:
一种含唑环的低聚硅氧烷复合的质子交换膜的制备方法,包括以下步骤:
(1)在10℃-35℃下将第一单体加入到第一溶剂中均匀分散;然后加入第二单体,反应12-24h,再蒸发除去溶剂,得到第三单体;
其中,质量配比为,第一单体:第二单体=1:1-2;每升第一溶剂加入30-50克第一单体;第一溶剂具体为异丙醇或乙醇;
(2)在30℃-100℃下将第三单体分散于第二溶剂中,加入引发剂开始反应,反应0.5-2.5小时后加入第四单体,再反应5.5-7.5小时后,将所得产物在甲醇溶液中沉淀,随后在真空烘箱中烘干,得到含唑环的低聚硅氧烷纳米填料(PGA);
其中,每升第二溶剂加入70-120克第三单体;第二溶剂具体为去离子水或无水乙醇;质量比为,第三单体与第四单体=80-120:1;引发剂的质量为第三单体与第四单体质量之和的1-2%;
(3)将含唑环的低聚硅氧烷纳米填料(PGA)与基体混合,搅拌24-72小时,得到混合液;将上述所得混合液浇铸到玻璃板上,在60-120℃下干燥12-48小时,之后自然冷却后得到复合膜(SPEEK/PGA-X);
其中,质量比为,含唑环的低聚硅氧烷纳米填料PGA:基体=1-4:20;每平方厘米玻璃板浇注溶液为1.5-2.5毫升浇注混合液;
所述步骤(1)中的第一单体为Atri或Tri,第二单体为甲基丙烯酸缩水甘油酯。
所述步骤(2)中的第四单体为八乙烯基八硅倍半氧烷,引发剂为AIBN;
所述步骤(3)中的基体是SPEEK、SPES或SPTES。
一种含唑环的烯类单体,该单体为GMA-Atri,其分子式为:
本发明的实质性特点为:
本发明制备含唑环的低聚硅氧烷有机-无机复合物为填料;该物质为无机颗粒,具有笼型的结构,并且每个由硅氧键组成的“笼子”直径只有1.5nm,远远地小于一般改性所使用的二氧化硅和氧化石墨烯等;并且这种无机颗粒笼型的每个顶点均有一个碳碳双键,这省去了对无机填料进行官能化引入功能键的步骤。相比于常规使用的无机填料,使用该种无机颗粒可使制备的无机填料与聚合物相容性更好;
本发明通过填料上的唑环与基体上的磺酸基团之间的相互作用来形成酸碱离子对,促使质子在界面间跳跃,形成质子传递通道,减少膜在传递质子的过程中对水的依赖性,同时也增加了填料在聚合物基体之间的分散性,从而使膜在保证机械稳定性的同时获得高的质子传导性。
本发明的有益效果为:
在燃料电池产业,杜邦公司发明的全氟磺酸膜(Nafion膜)具有高的质子传导率、优异的化学稳定性等优点,但其高温低湿环境下质子传导率低且尺寸稳定性差等问题成为PEM进一步发展的瓶颈,除了具有高效的质子传导率和良好的机械性能以及较为适中的吸水率与溶胀度之外,还要求具有良好的尺寸稳定性。为此,本发明拟以含唑环的低聚硅氧烷聚合物为填料,通过唑环与磺酸基团之间的相互作用来使膜在保证机械稳定性的同时获得高的质子传导性。
质子“跳跃机理”是比“运载机理”更为快速有效的质子传递方式,质子在膜内的传递是一个复杂过程,绝大多数情况下跳跃机理和运载机理同时存在,因此高效质子传递应具备以下三个条件:质子通道、质子载体、水分子。酸性基团(-SO3H)和碱性基团(咪唑基团)可形成酸碱对。当质子从-SO3H解离时,咪唑基团会产生吸引力,促进质子解离并接受质子形成+H3N-;解离形成的-SO3H又可促进临近+H3N-基团质子的解离,并接质子,以此方式质子在载体间传递时均会被引力促进,跳跃能垒降低。因此酸碱对作为质子载体可能会成为一种新型高效的质子传递载体。受此启发,本课题设计了一种含唑环的低聚硅氧烷有机-无机复合物为填料,通过填料上的唑环与基体上的磺酸基团之间的相互作用来形成酸碱离子对,促使质子在界面间跳跃,形成质子传递通道,减少膜在传递质子的过程中对水的依赖性,同时也增加了填料在聚合物基体之间的分散性,从而使膜在保证机械稳定性的同时获得高的质子传导性。实验证明,所制备的含唑环的低聚硅氧烷有机-无机复合填料已经成功制备。
在加入本发明所制备的含唑环的低聚硅氧烷有机-无机复合填料之后,复合膜的质子传导率在高温下可超越SPEEK基体膜。说明本发明所合成的含唑环的低聚硅氧烷有机-无机复合填料使得复合膜在高温下的应用能力要大于未改性的基质膜,在80℃下,SPEEK基质膜的完全水和下垂直方向质子传导率仅为26.2mS/cm,而加入填料后的复合膜的质子传导率达到了28.4mS/cm。此外,在80℃下,SPEEK基质膜基本已经溶于水中,而复合膜还可保持稳定的尺寸,并具有较高的吸水率。
该专利的发明研究可为复合质子交换膜的制备提供新的思路和方法,同时也为酸碱两性质子交换膜的应用领域提供理论依据和实验数据。该综合性能优异质子交换膜的制备,实现了高性能、低成本质子交换膜在燃料电池中的广泛应用,对于降低燃料电池成本、完善燃料电池上游产业链、推动新能源领域的发展具有重要的意义与关键性的作用。
附图说明
图1为实施例1的SPEEK的1HNMR图;
图2为实施例1的GMA与GMA-Atri的FTIR图;
图3为实施例1的GMA-Atri与PGA的FTIR图;
图4为实施例1的PGA纳米填料的EDX图,其中,图4(a)为C元素的含量分布图;图4(b)为N元素的含量分布图;图4(c)为O元素的含量分布图;图4(d)为Si元素的含量分布图;
图5为实施例1的膜的PEM图,其中,图5(a)为SPEEK的PEM图片;图5(b)为SPEEK/PGA-10的PEM图片;
图6为实施例1的SPEEK及复合膜的温度依赖性质子传导率曲线。
图7为实施例1的SPEEK及复合膜的温度依赖性吸水率曲线
图8为实施例1的SPEEK及复合膜的温度依赖性溶胀率曲线
具体实施方式
下面结合具体实施例,进一步阐述本发明。为了制备综合性能优异的质子交换膜,我们做了一系列探究实验,总结出了复合PEM制备的适宜条件。所有实施例中用到的化学试剂皆为分析纯,保证了所制的样品的纯度。
实施例1
(1)在25℃下将3-氨基-1,2,4-三唑(Atri)加入到异丙醇中均匀分散,然后加入甲基丙烯酸缩水甘油酯(GMA),反应24h后,再通过蒸发除去溶剂,得到甲基丙烯酸缩水甘油酯-3-氨基-1,2,4-三唑(GMA-Atri);
其中,3-氨基-1,2,4-三唑(Atri)与甲基丙烯酸缩水甘油酯(GMA)的质量比为8:11;每升异丙醇加入34克Atri;
(2)在70℃下将GMA-Atri分散于去离子水中,加入引发剂AIBN开始反应,反应1小时后加入八乙烯基八硅倍半氧烷(OVPOSS),再反应6小时后,将所得产物在甲醇中沉淀,随后在真空烘箱中烘干,得到所需含唑环的低聚硅氧烷纳米填料PGA;
其中,GMA-Atri与OVPOSS的质量比为90:1;加入引发剂的质量为单体3与单体4质量之和的1%;每升去离子水加入75克GMA-Atri;
(3)将步骤(2)中得到的产物与基体磺化聚醚醚酮(SPEEK)以质量比为1:10的配比混合,通过磁力搅拌48小时,将上述所得混合液浇铸到水平玻璃板上,浇筑量为每平方厘米玻璃板浇筑2毫升混合液,在100℃下干燥36小时,之后自然冷却后得到复合膜(SPEEK/PGA-X),复合膜厚度为0.97mm。
表征测试1磺化聚醚醚酮(SPEEK)的核磁1H谱图
选用SPEEK(磺化聚醚醚酮)作为基体材料,通过采用控制变量法对反应条件进行调控,以制备合适磺化度的SPEEK。具体步骤为:称取7g PEEK(聚醚醚酮)粒料,将其在常温下缓慢溶于125ml浓硫酸中,完全溶解后,在50℃水浴下保温8h,将反应溶液缓慢倒入到冰水混合物中,将产物水洗到中性,风干48h后,60℃下真空干燥24h,得到SPEEK。
为了测量SPEKK的磺化度,采用核磁共振法对SPEEK的磺化度进行计算。SPEEK结构单元上对应不同位置的氢分别用Ha,Ha’,Hb,Hb’,Hc,Hd,Hd’,He,Hf,Hf’进行标识。每个重复单元的氢为12个,Hc在苯环上所处的位置是独一无二的,其个数等同于磺酸基团数。设n为SPEEK每个重复单元的磺酸基团数,其他苯环位置的氢的总数(12-2n),可通过磺化度计算公式得到n,即为磺化度,为67.8%。
表征测试2GMA(甲基丙烯酸缩水甘油酯)与GMA-Atri(甲基丙烯酸缩水甘油酯–3-氨基-1,2,4-三唑)以及GMA-Atri与PGA(含唑环低聚硅氧烷纳米填料)的红外光谱图
图2和图3分别为GMA(甲基丙烯酸缩水甘油酯)与GMA-Atri(甲基丙烯酸缩水甘油酯–3-氨基-1,2,4-三唑)以及GMA-Atri与PGA(含唑环低聚硅氧烷纳米填料)的红外光谱图,可表征纳米填料的功能基团。图2中,GMA-Atri在红外光谱中出现三个明显的特征吸收峰,在3317.7cm-1处的特征峰是O-H的伸缩振动峰。在1530.1cm-1和1564.2cm-1处的特征波段对应于C-N伸缩和弯曲振动峰,说明了开环聚合的成功发生,得到了GMA-Atri(甲基丙烯酸缩水甘油酯-3-氨基-1,2,4-三唑),其分子式为:
图3中,PGA相比于GMA-Atri,其红外光谱在590和1111.5cm-1处显示出两个特征峰,对应-Si-O-Si-的伸缩振动峰。而1639.6cm-1处C=C振动峰值的明显减弱,说明了加成聚合的成功反应。
表征测试3PGA的EDX图
图4为PGA的EDX图,通过C、N、O、Si元素的分布,通过几种元素的均匀分布,可以看出PGA的成功制备,其分子式为:
其中,波折线代表的是图上加成聚合的GMA-Atri单体。
表征测试4SPEEK及复合膜的PEM图
图5为SPEEK及复合膜的PEM图,可以看出SPEEK为透明的膜,掺杂PGA填料后,制得的膜虽然略微发黄,但依然是均匀透明的,说明填料与基质相容良好,不存在明显的相分离。
表征测试5SPEEK和复合膜的质子传导性能测试
质子传导率是质子交换膜最主要的性能,其测试采用交流阻抗法,膜的交流阻抗通过电化学工作站(Compactstat,IVIUM Tech.)来测试,扫描频率为105-1Hz,扫描电压为0.005V。膜测试前先用2M盐酸浸泡24h,然后用水洗涤至中性备用。而质子交换膜在实际应用中,H+传递路径是通过膜的垂直方向距离,因此垂直方向的质子传导率能够更加确切地表征质子交换膜的质子传导率。其测试步骤如下:将膜裁剪成1cm×1cm的方形膜,夹在膜的夹具中,将膜压在铂电极上,拧紧螺母,固定住膜,将夹具置于超纯水中,通过电化学工作站来测量不同温度下的阻抗R,通过公式可计算出膜的质子传导率。
图6为SPEEK和复合膜的质子传导率曲线,通过曲线可知,含唑环的低聚硅氧烷有机-无机复合填料的掺入有利于质子传导率的提高,虽然在60℃之前复合膜膜的质子传导率低于SPEEK基体膜,但在60℃之后,复合膜的质子传导率开始超越SPEEK基体膜。复合膜在低温下略低的原因可能是由于唑环这种碱性基团没有磺酸基的吸水率高,从而使膜内的质子载体较少,但在高温下随着水的流失,复合膜可借助酸碱对进行质子跳跃,对水的依赖性较低,所以质子传导率要高于SPEEK基体膜。
表征测试6SPEEK和复合膜的吸水率与溶胀率测试
膜的吸水率和溶胀度测试步骤:取面积为3×3cm的膜,在60℃烘箱中干燥24h,充分干燥后,称取样品膜的质量记为Wdry并量取干膜状态下的长度记为Ldry。将膜置于不同温度下的去离子水中(30℃、40℃、50℃、60℃、80℃)浸泡12h以充分达到水合状态。从水中取出后快速擦去膜表面的水分,称取质量Wwet,并量取长度尺寸Lwet来计算膜的吸水率及溶胀度。
图7为SPEEK和复合膜的吸水率曲线。图8为SPEEK和复合膜的溶胀率曲线,结合膜的吸水率与溶胀率曲线,在80℃下,复合膜的吸水率可以达到194.38%,溶胀率仅为26%,而SPEEK基质膜于80℃已经溶解,由此可见,与SPEEK基质膜相比,复合膜具有较高的吸水率与良好的尺寸稳定性,可在高温下长时间的使用。
在这项研究中,合成了一种含唑环的低聚硅氧烷有机-无机复合填料,其中的唑环与基体上的磺酸基团之间的相互作用来形成酸碱离子对,促使质子在界面间跳跃,形成质子传递通道,减少膜在传递质子的过程中对水的依赖性,同时也可增加了填料在聚合物基体之间的分散性,从而使膜在保证机械稳定性的同时获得高的质子传导性。选择磺化聚(醚醚酮)(SPEEK)作为本体聚合物,因为其具有低成本和低燃料渗透率等交叉特征。通过将不同比例的PGA复合到聚合物基体中,研究PGA对复合膜性能的影响。通过系统测试和表征,为碱性纳米填料增强复合膜性能,强化质子传递机制提供思路和理论基础。
实施例2
其他步骤同实施例1,不同之处为Atri换为Tri(1H-1,2,4-三唑)。得到单体3为GMA-Tri(甲基丙烯酸缩水甘油酯-1H-1,2,4-三唑),最后得到PGT(含唑环的低聚硅氧烷有机-无机复合填料)。得到的复合膜的性能与实施例1接近。
实施例3
其他步骤同实施例1,不同之处为SPEEK换为SPES(磺化聚芳醚砜),最终得到复合膜为SPES/PGA-X。得到的复合膜的性能与实施例1接近。
实施例4
其他步骤同实施例1,不同之处为SPEEK换为SPTES(磺化聚芳硫醚砜),最终得到复合膜为SPTES/PGA-X。得到的复合膜的性能与实施例1接近。
本发明未尽事宜为公知技术。
Claims (6)
1.一种含唑环的低聚硅氧烷复合的质子交换膜的制备方法,其特征为该方法包括以下步骤:
(1)在10℃-35℃下将第一单体加入到第一溶剂中分散;然后加入第二单体,反应12-24h,再蒸发除去溶剂,得到第三单体;
其中,质量配比为,第一单体:第二单体=1:1-2;每升第一溶剂加入30-50克第一单体;
(2)在30℃-100℃下将第三单体分散于第二溶剂中,加入引发剂开始反应,反应0.5-2.5小时后加入第四单体,再反应5.5-7.5小时后,将所得产物在甲醇溶液中沉淀,随后在真空烘箱中烘干,得到含唑环的低聚硅氧烷纳米填料(PGA);
其中,每升第二溶剂加入70-120克第三单体;质量比为,第三单体与第四单体=80-120:1;引发剂的质量为第三单体与第四单体质量之和的1-2%;
(3)将含唑环的低聚硅氧烷纳米填料(PGA)与基体混合,搅拌24-72小时,得到混合液;将上述所得混合液浇铸到玻璃板上,在60-120℃下干燥12-48小时,之后自然冷却后得到复合膜;
其中,质量比为,含唑环的低聚硅氧烷纳米填料PGA:基体=1-4:20;每平方厘米玻璃板浇注溶液为1.5-2.5毫升浇注混合液;
所述步骤(1)中的第一单体为Atri或Tri,第二单体为甲基丙烯酸缩水甘油酯;所述步骤(2)中的第四单体为八乙烯基八硅倍半氧烷。
2.如权利要求1所述的含唑环的低聚硅氧烷复合的质子交换膜的制备方法,其特征为第一溶剂具体为异丙醇或乙醇。
3.如权利要求1所述的含唑环的低聚硅氧烷复合的质子交换膜的制备方法,其特征为第二溶剂具体为去离子水或无水乙醇。
4.如权利要求1所述的含唑环的低聚硅氧烷复合的质子交换膜的制备方法,其特征为所述步骤(3)中的基体是SPEEK、SPES或SPTES。
5.如权利要求1所述的含唑环的低聚硅氧烷复合的质子交换膜的制备方法,其特征为所述的引发剂为AIBN。
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