CN101815437A - 氮杂胞苷类似物和其应用 - Google Patents
氮杂胞苷类似物和其应用 Download PDFInfo
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- CN101815437A CN101815437A CN200880108584A CN200880108584A CN101815437A CN 101815437 A CN101815437 A CN 101815437A CN 200880108584 A CN200880108584 A CN 200880108584A CN 200880108584 A CN200880108584 A CN 200880108584A CN 101815437 A CN101815437 A CN 101815437A
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- azacytidine
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Abstract
本发明是关于式(I)的化合物或其药物盐;其中横的虚线表示将R1连接到式(I)分子而形成的键;R2和R3独立地是OH或H,前提是R2和R3不同时是OH;R4是H或R5C(O),前提是R和R4不同时是H;且R5是C3-C26链烯基。还公开了制备这些化合物的方法和使用这些化合物的方法。
Description
本申请要求在2007年9月26日提交的美国临时专利申请序列号60/975,437的权益,其在此通过引用全文并入。
发明领域
本发明涉及氮杂胞苷类似物和其应用。
发明背景
核苷类似物是见于用作DNA和RNA的构件的天然核苷衍生物,其有效用于临床治疗人类癌症或病毒疾病,尽管早年这些化合物被评估为抗肺结核药。这类化合物已在市场上注册超过40年,且目前有大约35种产品用于每天使用。下表1中所示的天然核苷是从两类氮碱基和单糖核糖或脱氧核糖构建,这两类氮碱基即嘌呤类(以腺嘌呤和鸟嘌呤示例)和嘧啶类(以胸腺嘧啶、尿嘧啶和胞嘧啶示例)。
表1
天然核苷都以所谓的β-D构象存在,如下式A所示。糖环上的氮碱基和羟基-甲基侧链都在糖环平面的同侧(顺式)。
式A
为了获得具有抗癌或抗病毒活性的核苷衍生物,已对氮碱基和/或单糖进行了化学修饰。例如在氮碱基中,卤素原子或其它功能基团的添加,另外的氮原子的插入,或单糖环中从核糖到阿拉伯糖的立体化学改变,或羟基基团的去除成为脱氧核糖,可能产生具有可能的治疗益处的产物。许多产物中保留单糖环,而在其它产物中已将糖环改变为链。核苷类似物是小的分子,具有相当到极佳的水溶解度。
由于遍及世界的AIDS的流行、基础知识和对作用机制了解的支持、大量的研究和开发努力投入核苷类似物领域,由化学修饰等对活性特征的改变还与癌症治疗领域相关。
包括核苷类似物的许多药物通常的弱点是治疗所研究的实际疾病时的低活性和差的特异性。一些这种问题可能与药物物质的固有活性有关,一些问题可能与某些抗性机制(患者固有的或在治疗期间获得的,如癌症治疗中的多重抗药性(MDR))有关。一些问题可能与某些差的转运或细胞获取和活化机制有关。一些问题可能与药物快速失活和/或排泄有关。
核苷类似物的效力很大程度上取决于其模拟天然核苷,从而与病毒和/或细胞酶相互作用并干涉或抑制核酸代谢中关键过程的能力。为了发挥其抗病毒或抗癌活性,核苷类似物必须通过病毒和/或细胞激酶的作用经由其单磷酸酯和二磷酸酯被转化为其相应的三磷酸酯。一般原则是三磷酸酯是活性剂,但对于一些产物如吉西他滨,甚至二磷酸酯可能发挥其临床显著的作用。
为了在肠施用或肠胃外施用后到达患病的、癌性或感染病毒的细胞或组织,核苷类似物应具有良好的药物代谢动力学特征。除了快速排泄施用的药物,许多核苷类似物可能在血流和组织中被失活。例如胞嘧啶衍生物,即使以单磷酸酯水平,也可能经由一类称为脱氨基酶的酶作用被快速脱氨基,成为无活性的尿嘧啶类似物。许多核苷类似物的细胞获取以及由此好的治疗效力强烈地取决于膜结合的核苷转运蛋白(称为集中性和平衡性核苷转运体)。因此,寻求不依赖于这种特异性获取机制的化合物。而另一种活性限制因素,特别在抗癌领域中,是细胞修复机制。当抗癌核苷类似物单磷酸酯并入细胞DNA中时,它不应由于与p53蛋白相连的核酸外切酶活性而被从癌细胞DNA除去。然而,为了限制药物的副作用,从健康细胞的DNA除去核苷类似物是有益的。
近年来,已经开发了在很大程度上克服了一些或许多活性限制特征的许多核苷类似物。作为示例,可以提供阿昔洛维(ACV)来示意具有大的特异性的化合物。ACV-单磷酸酯只能被病毒激酶形成,这表示在未感染细胞中ACV不能被活化。尽管如此,ACV不是特别有活性的产品。为了规避活化核苷类似物中通常的限速步骤,已经开发了核苷类似物单磷酸酯、多种膦酸酯,诸如西多福韦或甚至单磷酸酯产物的胞内形成。为了便于口服摄取或确保有利的药物体内分布,已经制备了特殊的前药诸如Hepsera。
除了对核苷类似物进行结构改变以便于增强临床效用以外,还进行了进一步修饰以改进活性。有通过加入脂部分而修饰的核苷类似物的多种实例(美国专利第6,153,594、6,548,486、6,316,425和6,384,019号;欧洲专利申请第EP-A-56265和EP-A-393920号;和WO 99/26958)。这可以通过经由例如酯、酰胺、碳酸酯或氨基甲酸酯键连接脂肪酸来实现。可制备更复杂产物,诸如核苷类似物的磷脂衍生物。参见Eur J Pharm Sci 11b增刊2:15-27(2000);欧洲专利第545966号;加拿大专利第2468099号;以及美国专利第6,372,725和6,670,341号。这种类似物描述为具有特别适于治疗和预防DNA、RNA或逆转录病毒造成的感染的抗病毒活性。它们还适于治疗恶性肿瘤。核苷类似物脂类衍生物可以用作多种目的。它们可被看作不是脱氨基酶底物的前药,从而保护核苷类似物不受血流中转运期间的失活作用。脂类衍生物还可以被更有效地跨细胞膜转运,导致核苷类似物的胞内浓度增强。脂类衍生物还可以更适于在皮肤制品、口服产物(参见美国专利第6,576,636号和WO 01/18013)、或为了肿瘤靶向设计的特殊制剂诸如脂质体(参见美国专利第5,223,263号)中使用。
已经证明,对于保留单糖环β-D构象的核苷类似物,或对于具有无环侧链的核苷类似物,通过形成单-不饱和ω-9C18和C20脂肪酸的脂类衍生物可以最有效地改进抗病毒或抗癌活性。参见Antimicrobial Agents andChemotherapy,Vol.,53-61(1999);Cancer Research 59:2944-2949(1999);Gene Therapy,5:419-426(1998);Antiviral Research,45:157-167(2000);和Biochemical Pharmacology,67:503-511(2004)。优选的单-不饱和衍生物不仅比多-不饱和的对应物更有活性,而且更结晶,和对于脂链的氧化更化学稳定。因此,从化学和药物制备的角度,它们是更有利的化合物。还证明,单-不饱和ω-9 C18和C20脂肪酸适于改进大量非-核苷生物活性化合物的治疗活性(参见欧洲专利第0977725号)。
相当新的核苷类似物亚组是所谓的氮杂胞苷衍生物。这类化合物中,嘧啶碱基中5位置的CH基团被氮原子交换,如下式B所示。
式B
已通过异常DNA甲基化被沉默的肿瘤抑制基因是被这些新型化疗剂再活化的可能靶。DNA甲基化的可能抑制剂和抗白血病药氮杂-胞苷和5-氮杂-2’-脱氧胞苷衍生物(5-氮杂胞苷(5-Aza-C)、5-氮杂-2’-脱氧胞苷(5-Aza-CdR)、地西他滨),可以使沉默的肿瘤抑制基因再活化。这些化合物在高浓度是细胞毒性的,但在低浓度低甲基化导致细胞系分化。这些化合物要求被脱氧胞苷激酶代谢活化,并产生DNA甲基转移酶的抑制。对这些衍生物的治疗潜力的一个阻碍是其被胞苷脱氨基酶(CD)快速体内失活。在水溶液中的不稳定性以及其副作用特征限制了其临床活性。
本发明目标是克服这些缺陷和本领域中的其它缺陷。
发明概述
本发明的一方面是关于一种根据式(I)的化合物或其药物盐:
其中R是H、R5C(O);R1是
其中横的虚线表示将R1连接到式(I)分子而形成的键,R2和R3独立地是OH或H,前提是R2和R3不同时是OH,R4是H或R5C(O),前提是R和R4不同时是H,R5是C3-C26链烯基。
本发明的另一方面是关于一种包含式(I)化合物和药物赋形剂、稀释剂和/或载体的药物组合物。
本发明的进一步方面是关于一种治疗受治疗者的瘤疾患的方法。该方法包括:选择患有瘤疾患的受治疗者并在有效治疗受治疗者的瘤疾患的条件下,向受治疗者施用如上述式(I)的化合物或其药物盐。
本发明的进一步方面是关于一种治疗受治疗者的炎症疾患的方法。该方法包括:选择患有炎症疾患的受治疗者并在有效治疗受治疗者的炎症疾患的条件下,向受治疗者施用如上述式(I)的化合物或其药物盐。
氮杂胞苷在缓冲液和血浆中的不稳定性是公知的(参见Israili等人,Cancer Research 36,1453-1461(1976);Rudek等人,J Clin Oncol,23:17,3906-3911(2005);Rustum等人,J Chromat,421:12,387-91(1987);Zhao等人,J Chromat B,813,81-88(2004),它们在此通过引用全文并入)。对于氮杂胞苷,已报道了在临床血浆样品中1.50±2.30小时的平均终末半衰期(参见Rudek等人,J Clin Oncol,23:17,3906-3911(2005),其在此通过引用全文并入)。在体外,观察到即使在-60℃储存4.5天后失去20%的氮杂胞苷,在室温储存时在0.5小时内失去10%(参见Zhao等人,J Chromat B,813,81-88(2004),其在此通过引用全文并入)。认为氮杂胞苷的基本不稳定性是由于5-氮杂-嘧啶环的快速的(第一步是可逆的)开环,随后甲酸消除(参见Chan等人,J Pharma Sci,68;7,807-12(1979),其在此通过引用全文并入)。认为其它降解途径是4位氨基基团的脱氨基和糖苷键水解产生D-核糖和5-氮杂胞嘧啶。已经令人惊讶地发现,优选的氮杂胞苷脂类衍生物具有比氮杂胞苷本身显著更好的血浆稳定性特性。这些化合物在空白人类血浆基质中在实验条件下在室温稳定(百分比保持初始的≥94%)至少4小时,血浆蛋白沉淀后的提取后上清液中未观察到明显的降解产物。当在37℃储存时,进一步检查了优选脂类化合物的血浆稳定性。显示当脂类侧链连接于氮杂胞苷时,氮杂-部分的开环或化合物的其它降解显著减少。
氮杂胞苷的快速降解是氮杂胞苷用于临床应用的缺点。脂类衍生物超出氮杂胞苷本身的增强的血浆稳定性可能产生高和持久的脂类衍生物患者血浆水平。这首先可能导致比氮杂胞苷本身更好的药物的组织/器官/肿瘤分布、细胞对药物的更好暴露和更好的药物摄取,随后导致细胞内水解氮杂胞苷-5’-酯键后肿瘤细胞DNA对氮杂胞苷的更好暴露。
通过修饰氮杂胞苷和脱氧胞苷(如,5-氮杂-2’-脱氧胞苷),本发明的实施方案产生与氮杂胞苷和脱氧胞苷(如,5-氮杂-2’-脱氧胞苷)相比具有令人惊讶地不同的特征的新型分子。这产生了一系列化合物,其活性完全扩大超出限于血液恶性肿瘤的氮杂胞苷和脱氧胞苷(如,5-氮杂-2’-脱氧胞苷)的抗癌活性。这些新型化合物具有针对包括乳腺癌和宫颈癌的宽范围实体瘤的抗癌效力。这些化合物还令人惊讶地对耐受治疗的癌症有活性,从而在目前的治疗选择有限的实体瘤可提供治疗益处。本发明的实施方案对于治疗选择和效力仍有限的癌症具有治疗用途并完成未满足的需求。
这些化合物在有限暴露后表现更早地起始活性,且因此在临床环境中在仅短的治疗持续时间后有效。这将转变为与母体药物相比,更短、更不频繁的治疗暴露和药物相关的毒性减少。这将提供增强的治疗指数。
随着加入脂类(包括酯类和酰胺类两种)组分,结构的改变保留了吡咯胞苷环,因此保留了分子对后生机制的作用。后生调节提供了在癌症和炎症中改变基因表达的重要机制。这些新型化合物在比氮杂胞苷更低的浓度具有活性,因此更加有效。具有改变的活性谱的这些化合物可调节实体瘤和炎症疾病中的后生靶。
后生机制在炎症前状态中重要,所述状态不排它地包括肺、结缔组织、胃肠道和脉管系统的炎症状态。通过靶向后生机制,这些化合物可减少造成这些疾病的炎症过程或逆转该炎症过程。
附图简述
图1A-B显示比较5-氮杂胞苷5’-反油酸酯(CP)和5-氮杂胞苷对白血病和实体瘤细胞系的细胞毒活性的图。在WST-I测定中确定细胞毒性。使用CalcySyn软件计算IC50。处理细胞24小时(图1A)或处理细胞24、48和72小时(图1B)。
图2A-B显示5-氮杂胞苷5’-反油酸酯在白血病细胞中凋亡诱导的图。图2A中,HL60、K562和U937细胞未处理或以5-氮杂胞苷5’-反油酸酯(CP)(0.5-4μM)处理24小时。凋亡细胞的百分比在吖啶橙和溴化乙锭染色后借助荧光显微镜来确定。图2B中,HL60和K562两者未处理或以5-氮杂胞苷5’-反油酸酯(1、2或4μM)处理24小时。凋亡细胞的百分比使用膜联蛋白-V和PI染色由流式细胞计量术确定。
图3显示5-氮杂胞苷5’-反油酸酯(CP)暴露对细胞周期的作用的图。将细胞培养所示的时间长度,随后处理以用于由流式细胞计量术分析DNA含量。图中的数值表示具有亚-G1(sub-G1)DNA含量的门控细胞群体。
图4A-B显示5-氮杂胞苷5’-反油酸酯和5-氮杂胞苷的分化诱导作用的图。将K562和U937暴露于5-氮杂胞苷5’-反油酸酯(CP)或5-氮杂胞苷(0.125-1μM)14天。在第0天初始处理后,在第4天、第7天和第10天将细胞暴露于新的药物部分。由NBT(U937)(图4A)或联苯胺染色(K562)(图4B)评价分化。
图5是显示在暴露于氮杂胞苷或5’-氮杂胞苷-5’-反油酸酯的U937细胞中测量的脂多糖(LPS)刺激的NFκB萤光素酶活性的图。
发明详述
本发明的一方面是关于一种根据式(I)的化合物或其药物盐:
其中R是H、R5C(O);R1是
其中横的虚线表示将R1连接到式(I)分子而形成的键,R2和R3独立地是OH或H,前提是R2和R3不同时是OH,R4是H或R5C(O),前提是R和R4不同时是H,R5是C3-C26链烯基。
在某些实施方案中,R5可以是C9-C26链烯基。
在优选实施方案,R是R5C(O),R1是
本发明的更宽方面是关于一种根据式(I)’的化合物或其药物盐:
其中R是H、R5C(O)、R5CH2OC(O)或R5CH2NHC(O),R1是
其中横的虚线表示将R1连接到式(I)’分子而形成的键,R2和R3独立地是OH或H,前提是R2和R3不同时是OH,R4是H、R5C(O)、R5CH2OC(O)或R5CH2NHC(O),前提是R和R4不同时是H,R5是C3-C26链烯基。
在根据式(I)’化合物的优选实施方案中,k是7且n是7。在某些实施方案中,R1是
其中横的虚线表示将R1连接到式(I)’分子而形成的键。在一些实施方案中,R4可以是H。在某些实施方案中,R是R5C(O),k是7,m是0,n是7,R2是H,且R3是OH。在某些实施方案中,R5是C9-C26链烯基。
本发明的另一方面是关于一种包含式(I)化合物和药物赋形剂、稀释剂和/或载体的药物组合物。
本发明的药剂可口服施用,肠胃外例如皮下、静脉内、肌内、腹膜内施用,通过鼻内滴注施用或通过施用于粘膜诸如鼻、咽喉和支气管的粘膜。本发明的药剂可单独施用或连同合适的药物载体施用,并可以是固体形式或液体形式,诸如片剂、胶囊、粉剂、溶液剂、悬液剂或乳剂。
本发明的活性剂可以口服施用,例如连同惰性稀释剂或连同可吸收的可食性载体口服施用,或可以包封在硬壳胶囊或软壳胶囊中,或可以压制成片剂,或可以直接掺入饮食的食物中。对于口服治疗施用,这些活性剂可以掺入赋形剂,并以片剂、胶囊、酏剂、悬液剂、糖浆剂和类似剂型的形式使用。这样的组合物和制剂应包含至少0.1%的活性剂。当然,这些组合物中药剂的百分比可以变化,方便地可以在单位重量的约2%至约60%之间。这样的治疗有用的组合物中,活性剂的量是使得将获得合适的剂量的量。制备根据本发明的优选组合物以使口服剂量单位包含约1至250mg活性剂。
片剂、胶囊和类似剂型还可包含粘合剂诸如黄蓍胶、阿拉伯胶、玉米淀粉或明胶;赋形剂诸如磷酸二钙;崩解剂诸如玉米淀粉、马铃薯淀粉、藻酸;润滑剂诸如硬脂酸镁;甜味剂诸如蔗糖、乳糖或糖精。当单位剂型是胶囊时,除了上述类型的材料以外,其还可以包含液体载体诸如脂肪油。
可以存在各种其它材料,作为包衣或用以修改剂量单位的物理形式。例如,片剂可被紫胶、糖或两者包衣。除了活性成分以外,糖浆剂还可包含作为甜味剂的蔗糖、作为防腐剂的尼泊金甲酯和尼泊金丙酯、染料、和调味剂诸如樱桃味食用香料或橙味食用香料。
这些活性剂还可以肠胃外施用。可以在水中制备这些活性剂的溶液或悬液,适当地与表面活性剂诸如羟丙基纤维素混合。还可在甘油、液态聚乙二醇、和其在油类中的混合物中制备分散体。示例性的油类是石油、动物、植物或合成来源的油,例如花生油、豆油或矿物油。一般,水、盐水、葡萄糖水溶液和相关的糖溶液、和二醇类诸如丙二醇或聚乙二醇是优选的液态载体,尤其是对于注射用溶液。在普通的储存和使用条件下,这些制剂包含防腐剂以阻止微生物生长。
适于注射使用的药物形式包括无菌水溶液或悬液和用于临时制备无菌注射用溶液或悬液的无菌粉剂。在所有情形,该形式必须是无菌的,且流动性必须达到存在容易通针性的程度。其必须在制造和储存的条件下稳定,并必须被保护不受微生物诸如细菌和真菌的污染作用。载体可以是溶剂或包含以下的分散介质:例如水、乙醇、多元醇(如,甘油、丙二醇和液态聚乙二醇)、其合适的混合物、和植物油。
本发明的药剂还可以以气雾剂的形式直接施用到气道。对于作为气雾剂使用,在溶液或悬液中的本发明的药剂可以与合适的推进剂和常规佐剂一起被包装在加压气雾剂容器中,所述合适的推进剂例如烃类推进剂如丙烷、丁烷或异丁烷。本发明的材料还可以以非加压形式施用,诸如在喷雾器或雾化器中。
本发明的进一步方面是关于一种治疗受治疗者的瘤疾患的方法。该方法包括:选择患有瘤疾患的受治疗者并在有效治疗受治疗者的瘤疾患的条件下,向受治疗者施用如上述式(I)的化合物或其药物盐。
在某些实施方案中,该瘤疾患是癌性疾病。该癌性疾病可以是实体瘤或血液癌或恶性肿瘤。该癌性疾病可以是白血病、淋巴瘤、多发性骨髓瘤或骨髓增生异常综合征。
在某些实施方案中,该实体瘤可以是组织诸如乳腺、卵巢、前列腺、脑、膀胱和肺组织的癌症。
本发明的进一步方面是关于一种治疗受治疗者的炎症疾患的方法。该方法包括:选择患有炎症疾患的受治疗者并在有效治疗受治疗者的炎症疾患的条件下,向受治疗者施用如上述式(I)的化合物或其药物盐。
在某些实施方案中,该炎症疾患是肺、结缔组织、胃肠道或脉管系统的炎症状态。
除非在本文另外界定,否则关于本申请所用的科学术语和技术术语应具有本领域普通技术人员通常理解的含义。进一步地,除非上下文另外要求,否则单数措词应包括多数,多数措词应包括单数。
实施例
实施例1-试剂、细胞系和细胞培养
5-氮杂胞苷5’-反油酸酯(CP或CP-4200)从Clavis Pharma AS Company获得,细胞增殖剂WST-1从Roche Applied Science(Manheim,Germany)获得,PI和膜联蛋白V-FITC凋亡试剂盒购自BD Biosciences,Palo Alto,CA,5-氮杂胞苷(5-AzaC)、溴化乙锭(EB)、吖啶橙(AO)、四唑硝基蓝(NBT)、佛波醇12-十四酸酯13-乙酸酯(TPA)购自Sigma Chemical Co(St.Lous,MO)。
人类前髓细胞白血病细胞系HL60、人类组织细胞淋巴瘤U937、人类慢性骨髓性白血病K562、人类急性T细胞Jurkat、乳腺癌MCF-7、膀胱癌5637、前列腺癌DU-145购自美国典型培养物保藏中心。Jurkat以外的所有细胞系保持在5%CO2的空气和37℃下,补充10%热灭活胎牛血清(FCS)、100U/ml青霉素和100mg/ml链霉素的RPMI 1640培养基(Gibco,Glasgow,UK)中。Jurkat细胞培养在补充1.5g/L碳酸氢钠、4.5g/L葡萄糖、10mM丙酮酸钠、10%FCS、100U/ml青霉素、和100mg/ml链霉素的RPMI 1640培养基中。
实施例2-细胞毒性测定
5-氮杂胞苷脂类的细胞毒性由基于活细胞中线粒体脱氢酶裂解四唑盐WST-1(4-[3-(4-碘苯基)-2-(4-硝基苯基)-2H-5-四唑鎓]-1,3-苯二磺酸盐)的比色测定来确定。将细胞以1×106/ml(HL60细胞)或1.25×105/ml(U937、K562和Jurkat)的初始浓度接种到96孔平底微量培养板中带有或不带有不同浓度的5-氮杂胞苷脂类的培养基,并培养24至72小时。将MCF-7、DU-145和5637细胞(1×104ml)铺板并允许粘附和扩展24小时。加入不同浓度的5-氮杂胞苷脂类并将培养物保持另外的24至72小时。将培养物与WST-1试剂一起培养1小时。由微板读板器(Bio-Tek Instruments,E1x800)在450nm测量甲的产生,参考波长是650nm。与未处理细胞比较,确定生长抑制(%)。使用CalcuSyn软件(Biosoft)计算IC50值。
实施例3-对凋亡细胞的定量
用膜联蛋白V-FITC染色后,使用形态学标准和荧光激活细胞分类术(FACS)界定凋亡细胞。对于形态学分析,将包含100μg/ml AO和100μg/mlEB的1μl母液加至25μl细胞悬液。借助荧光显微镜分析凋亡细胞和凋亡小体。计数共300个细胞后计算凋亡细胞的百分比。对于FACS分析,用PBS洗涤2×105至5×106细胞,随后按照制造商提供的膜联蛋白V-FITC凋亡检测试剂盒的说明书,用结合培养基的试剂中的膜联蛋白V-FICS和碘化丙锭(PI)标记细胞。在FACSCAN(Becton Dickinson,San Jose,CA)上分别在518nm和在620nm检测FITC和PI的荧光信号。膜联蛋白V-FITC荧光的log值展示在X-轴,PI荧光的log值展示在Y轴。由CellQuest程序(Becton Dickinson)分析数据。对每次分析,记录10,000个细胞事件。
实施例4-细胞周期
细胞由离心而沉淀,用PBS洗涤两次,用70%(v/v)冰乙醇(-20℃)固定,并在4℃储存至少24小时。在PBS中洗涤细胞。用PI/RNA酶染色溶液染色细胞沉淀。在黑暗中在室温培养细胞悬液30min。使用FACSCalibur流式细胞计量计(Becton Dickinson,Mount View,CA)确定DNA含量。用DNA柱状图拟合程序(Becton Dickinson)确定处于细胞周期的亚-G1、G1、S和G2/M阶段的细胞的百分比。记录每种样品的至少10,000个事件。
实施例5-氮杂胞苷-5’-油酸酯的合成
将油酸(1.77mmol,500mg)溶于甲苯(3ml)中。在室温加入DMF(10μl),随后经10min加入草酰氯(3.6mmol,457mg)。3h后,真空除去甲苯。
将氮杂胞苷(1.75mmol,427mg)悬浮在DMA(6ml)中,加入HCl(Et2O中1M,2,0mmol,2.0ml),在室温5min后真空除去Et2O。在冰水浴中冷却所得的浑浊溶液,经2h加入溶于DMA(2ml)中的酰基氯。将反应混合物搅拌过夜,同时温度缓慢地达到室温,随后将其在30℃加热2h。冷却到室温后,将反应混合物在饱和的NaHCO3水溶液与EtOAc(各25ml)之间分配。用另外的3×25ml EtOAc萃取水相。合并有机相,用盐水洗涤,并干燥(MgSO4)。真空除去溶剂后,以快速色谱法(SiO2、CH2Cl2与2.5%、5%和10%MeOH)纯化粗制的油状产物。产率:110mg(13%)。
实施例6-5-氮杂胞苷5’-反油酸酯的合成
将5-氮杂胞苷(4.1mmol,1.00g)悬浮在无水DMA(15ml)中,在室温缓慢加入乙醚中的HCl溶液(4.9mmol,1M,4.9ml)以获得澄清溶液。随后真空除去乙醚,获得略浑浊的溶液。在室温经1h加入反油酰氯(4.8mmol,1.44g)的无水DMA(8ml)溶液。随后在30℃加热反应混合物过夜,冷却到室温,用甲醇(0.05ml)终止反应。至少1h后,在大约10-2mbar浓缩反应混合物,将剩余物在饱和NaHCO3水溶液与乙酸乙酯之间分配。用乙酸乙酯萃取水相。随后合并有机相,洗涤(盐水),干燥(Na2SO4),并真空浓缩。以快速色谱法(SiO2、CH2Cl2与0-10%甲醇)纯化获得0.9g(43%)产物。
实施例7-5-氮杂胞苷5’-反油酸酯对肿瘤细胞的体外作用
比较了5-氮杂胞5’-反油酸酯和5-氮杂胞苷对白血病和实体瘤细胞系的细胞毒活性。与5-氮杂胞苷相比,5-氮杂胞苷5’-反油酸酯的细胞毒作用在研究的所有细胞系中更高。与实体瘤相比,白血病细胞系对5-氮杂胞苷5’-反油酸酯(CP)和5-氮杂胞苷两者更敏感。参见表2(下表)和图1A-B。
| 24小时(μM) | 48小时(μM) | 72小时(μM) | ||
| U937 | CP | 0.44 | 0.60 | 0.87 |
| 5-氮杂胞苷 | 1.63 | 2.37 | 4.77 | |
| K502 | CP | 1.26 | 0.92 | 0.42 |
| 5-氮杂胞苷 | 8.27 | 15.51 | 5.83 | |
| HL00 | CP | 3.19 | 3.00 | 2.68 |
| 24小时(μM) | 48小时(μM) | 72小时(μM) | ||
| 5-氮杂胞苷 | 7.28 | 4.92 | 4.71 | |
| Jurk-4 | CP | 1.19 | 5.88 | 0.64 |
| 5-氮杂胞苷 | 8.5 | 5.38 | 4.77 | |
| MCF-7 | CP | 13.10 | 9.32 | 9.99 |
| 5-氮杂胞苷 | >160 | 93.7 | 53.00 | |
| DU145 | CP | 6.79 | 0.31 | 5.88 |
| 5-氮杂胞苷 | 20 84 | 7.11 | 7.20 | |
| 5637 | CP | 9.39 | 5.95 | 3.52 |
| 5-氮杂胞苷 | 24.58 | 8.72 | 5.21 |
表2
表2.比较5-氮杂胞苷5’-反油酸酯(CP)和5-氮杂胞苷对白血病和实体瘤细胞系的细胞毒活性。(IC50值)。处理细胞24、48和72小时并在WST-1测定中确定细胞毒性。使用CalcuSyn软件计算IC50。
对5-氮杂胞苷5’-反油酸酯的活性的早期起始是个令人惊讶的结果,在氮杂胞苷未观察到。
实施例8-在白血病细胞中的凋亡诱导
HL60、K562和U937细胞未处理或用5-氮杂胞苷5’-反油酸酯(0.5-4μM)处理24小时。用吖啶橙和溴化乙锭染色后,借助荧光显微镜确定凋亡细胞的百分比(参见图2A)。另一组试验中,HL60和K562未处理或以5-氮杂胞苷5’-反油酸酯(1、2或4μM)处理24小时。由流式细胞计量术使用膜联蛋白-V和PI染色确定凋亡细胞的百分比。两种方法都证明,5-氮杂胞苷5’-反油酸酯诱导凋亡细胞数目的浓度依赖性增加。(参见图2A和2B)。
实施例9-细胞周期进展
研究了暴露于5-氮杂胞苷5’-反油酸酯对细胞周期的作用。将细胞培养所示的时间长度,随后处理以用于由流式细胞计量术分析DNA含量。图中的数值表示具有亚-G1DNA含量的门控细胞群体。在处理24小时后观察到最显著的变化。与对照(8.3%)相比,用5-氮杂胞苷5’-反油酸酯2μM处理的细胞中处于亚-G1期(凋亡细胞)的百分比增加高达33.6%,处于G1、S和G2/M期的百分比减少。结果概述在图3和下表3。这些结果证实5-氮杂胞苷5’-反油酸酯的凋亡诱导并证明,5-氮杂胞苷5’-反油酸酯以浓度依赖性方式影响细胞周期。
%细胞
| 24小时 | 剂量(μM) | 亚G1 | G1 | S | G2/M | |
| 1 | 对照 | 0 | 8.26 | 38.61 | 33.35 | 127 |
| 2 | cp | 0.5 | 9.41 | 43.66 | 28.15 | 11.05 |
| 3 | 1 | 21.02 | 36.17 | 18.98 | 8.82 | |
| 4 | 2 | 33.59 | 23.45 | 9.14 | 2.64 | |
| 48小时 | ||||||
| 1 | 对照 | 0 | 4.8 | 41.1 | 31.14 | 18.34 |
| 2 | cp | 0.5 | 15.14 | 34.79 | 42.96 | 2.53 |
| 3 | 1 | 14.34 | 28.07 | 30.06 | 17.91 | |
| 4 | 2 | 24.34 | 22.51 | 15.62 | 7.78 | |
| 72小时 | ||||||
| 1 | 对照 | 0 | 9.28 | 47.72 | 27.39 | 14.64 |
| 2 | cp | 0.25 | 10.88 | 40.14 | 28.13 | 18.25 |
| 3 | 0.5 | 10.54 | 38.72 | 29.18 | 18.82 | |
| 4 | 1 | 10.75 | 40.67 | 28.77 | 18.26 |
表3
表3.5-氮杂胞苷5’-反油酸酯(CP)暴露对细胞周期的作用。将细胞培养所示的时间长度,随后处理以用于由流式细胞计量术分析DNA含量。显示的数字是处于各期的细胞百分比。
实施例10-分化诱导
以形态学方式研究细胞分化。由于单一暴露(96小时)没有作用,将细胞暴露于5-氮杂胞苷5’-反油酸酯或5-氮杂胞苷持续11天(HL60细胞)或14天(U937和K562细胞)。在第0天初始处理后,在第4、7和10天将细胞暴露于新的药物部分。由NBT还原测定(U937和HL60)或由联苯胺染色(K562)评价分化。尽管5-氮杂胞苷5’-反油酸酯略微更有效,但两种药剂都不诱导显著的分化。参见图4A-B。
实施例11-5-氮杂-5’-反油酸酯在人混合血浆中的代谢稳定性
将5-氮杂胞苷-5’-反油酸酯以五种浓度水平(分别是0.1、1、3、10和30μM)加入人混合血浆。在37℃,在摇动的水浴中培养混合物。在设计的培养时期(0、15、30、60和120分钟)三份地(n=3)取出培养溶液的等份(100μl),使用包含0.1%甲酸(300μl)的乙腈立即沉淀血浆蛋白。以一个培养浓度(1μM)的试验化合物和氮杂胞苷在测定缓冲液(PBS,pH7.4)中制备阴性对照。离心后,直接引入上清液用于LC-MS-MS分析。参见表4。
表4
5-氮杂-5’-反油酸酯在人混合血浆中的代谢稳定性
实施例12-氮杂胞苷和5-氮杂胞苷-5’-反油酸的细胞毒性
确定氮杂胞苷和5-氮杂胞苷-5’-反油酸在乳腺癌细胞系MT-3和多柔比星抗性细胞系MT-3/ADR中的细胞毒性。MT-3/ADR过表达MDR-1/p-糖蛋白。将细胞以每孔5×103细胞接种到96孔板的带有2mM谷氨酰胺和10%FBS的RPMI 1640培养基中。培养细胞24小时。将试验化合物溶于DMSO中,在使用前用培养基进一步稀释。每个测试浓度使用六个孔。将细胞与试验化合物培养24小时。向每个孔加入20μl新制备的MTT溶液并培养4小时。由基于从0.01μM至100μM变化的8个不同浓度绘图表示的生长曲线确定IC50值。结果表示在表5。在MT-3乳腺癌细胞系中对氮杂胞苷和5-氮杂胞苷-5’-反油酸获得相似活性,但在MT-3/ADR抗性细胞系中没有氮杂胞苷的活性。在测试的高达100μM的浓度范围未观察到活性,而5-氮杂胞苷-5’-反油酸是有活性的,在抗性细胞系和非抗性MT-3细胞系中具有相似的IC50值。这在抗性癌症的治疗中可能重要。参见表5。
表5
实施例13-核苷转运体抑制对氮杂胞苷和5-氮杂胞苷-5’-反油酸的作用
对于氮杂胞苷和5-氮杂胞苷-5’-反油酸,在Hela突变宫颈癌细胞评价了核苷转运体抑制对细胞毒活性的作用。双嘧达莫用作平衡性核苷转运体hENT1和hENT2的抑制剂。将细胞以每孔5×103细胞接种到96孔板的带有2mM谷氨酰胺和10%FBS的RPMI 1640培养基中。预培养细胞24小时。将双嘧达莫(10μM)加入细胞30分钟,随后加入试验化合物。将试验化合物溶于DMSO中,在使用前用培养基进一步稀释。每个测试浓度使用六个孔。将细胞与试验化合物培养72小时。向每个孔加入20μl新制备的MTT溶液并培养4小时。由基于从0.01μM至100μM变化的8个不同浓度绘图表示的生长曲线确定IC50值。结果表示在表6。通过加入核苷转运抑制剂双嘧达莫,氮杂胞苷的活性减少3倍,表示氮杂胞苷的流入和流出部分地依赖于核苷转运体hENT1和hENT2。当hENT1和hENT2核苷转运体被双嘧达莫的使用封闭时,5-氮杂胞苷-5’-反油酸的细胞毒活性不仅保持而且增加50倍。其中核苷转运体被双嘧达莫封闭的细胞中活性增加是令人惊讶的,并可能表示在由缺少核苷转运体导致的对治疗抗性的患者中甚至更高的活性。参见表6。
表6
实施例14-核转录因子-κB(NFκB)的活化
为了评估对炎症的作用,评价了核转录因子-κB(NFκB)的活化。NFκB牵涉在大量免疫响应和炎症响应两者、发育过程、细胞生长和凋亡的控制中。
NFκB-萤光素酶报道基因用于确定在稳定转染了包含三个NFκB结合位点的萤光素酶报道基因的人单核细胞系U937中,氮杂胞苷和5-氮杂胞苷-5’-反油酸对NFκB诱导的萤光素酶活性的影响。使用1μg/ml的脂多糖(LPS)进行诱导NFκB 30分钟,随后以浓度10nM向培养基加入氮杂胞苷或5-氮杂胞苷-5’-反油酸。将细胞培养在包含10%胎牛血清的RPMI-1640培养基。用LPS刺激之前,将细胞转移到仅含2%胎牛血清的培养基。通过1、3或6小时后在IVIS成像系统100(Xenogen Corp.,USA)中成像而测量萤光素酶活性。在DMSO处理的对照细胞中,LPS刺激随着时间增加经6小时。与DMSO处理的对照相比,暴露于10nM氮杂胞苷进一步增加LPS诱导的NFκB活化。在LPS刺激的NFκB活性方面,5-氮杂胞苷-5’-反油酸酯与DMSO对照没有区别。一般,对氮杂胞苷观察到阳性刺激NFκB不是确定的,且LPS刺激没有被5’氮杂胞苷-5’-反油酸进一步增加是确定的。参见图5。
实施例15-用氮杂胞苷或5-氮杂胞苷5’-反油酸酯处理后乳腺癌细胞系中雌激素受体β(ERβ)的基因表达
由定量实时PCR(TaqMan)确定雌激素受体β的基因表达(在RNA水平确定)。将MCF-7乳腺癌细胞生长在雌激素缺乏的培养基(无酚磺酞的RPMI,带有2%谷氨酰胺和10%活性碳-葡聚糖处理的胎牛血清)。将细胞接种到25cm2烧瓶,使之粘附24小时,随后用1μM氮杂胞苷或5-氮杂胞苷5’-反油酸酯处理。包括一个未处理的对照作为对照。将细胞暴露于化合物5天后收集细胞;将其用胰蛋白酶处理、洗涤并在液氮中速冻来收集。
从大约106速冻的MCF-7细胞提取总RNA。测量RNA浓度和纯度,使用TaqMan逆转录试剂(N808-0234)将RNA转录为cDNA。使用标准实验方案和预混合的PCR反应物进行实时定量。引物-探针混合物ERβ(IDHs00230957ml)和看家基因羟甲基胆色烷-合酶HMBS(ID Hs00609297_ml)从Applied Biosystems订购。使用比较性Δ-ΔCt方法计算基因表达。ERβ表达的诱导在暴露于5-氮杂胞苷5’-反油酸酯之后是5.26倍,与之相比在暴露于氮杂胞苷之后是仅2.51倍。参见表7。这可能对激素难治性肿瘤有高的关联,可以在这种肿瘤恢复激素敏感性。参见表7。
| Ct ERβ | CtHMBS | Δ | ΔΔ | 诱导ERβ基因的倍数 | |
| 未处理的 | 35.36 | 25.91 | 9.45 | ||
| 1μM 5’氮杂胞苷-5’-反油酸 | 32.97 | 25.92 | 7.06 | -2.40 | 5.26 |
| 1μM氮杂胞苷 | 34.31 | 26.18 | 8.13 | -1.32 | 2.51 |
表7
尽管本文已经详细描绘和描述了优选实施方案,对相关领域技术人员明显的是,可进行各种修改、增加、代替等等而不偏离本发明的主旨,因此,认为这些修改、增加、代替等等在本发明范围中,本发明范围由随后的权利要求书界定。
Claims (16)
2.根据权利要求1所述的化合物,其中R5是C9-C26链烯基。
4.一种药物组合物,包含:权利要求1所述的化合物和药物赋形剂、稀释剂和/或载体。
6.根据权利要求5所述的方法,其中R5是C9-C20链烯基。
7.根据权利要求5所述的方法,其中所述瘤疾患是癌性疾病。
8.根据权利要求7所述的方法,其中所述癌性疾病是实体瘤或血液癌或恶性肿瘤。
9.根据权利要求7所述的方法,其中所述癌性疾病是白血病、淋巴瘤、多发性骨髓瘤或骨髓增生异常综合征。
10.根据权利要求8所述的方法,其中所述实体瘤是选自乳腺、卵巢、前列腺、脑、膀胱和肺组成的组的组织的癌症。
13.根据权利要求12所述的方法,其中R5是C9-C26链烯基。
14.根据权利要求12所述的方法,其中所述炎症疾患是肺、结缔组织、胃肠道或脉管系统的炎症状态。
16.R2是H,R3是OH,R4是H,且R5是CH3-(CH2)7-CH=CH-(CH2)7-。
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- 2008-09-25 CA CA2700267A patent/CA2700267A1/en not_active Abandoned
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- 2008-09-25 UA UAA201004927A patent/UA99308C2/ru unknown
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| EP2197274A1 (en) | 2010-06-23 |
| NZ583824A (en) | 2012-06-29 |
| JP2010540555A (ja) | 2010-12-24 |
| ZA201001660B (en) | 2011-05-25 |
| EP2205073A4 (en) | 2013-03-06 |
| RU2488591C2 (ru) | 2013-07-27 |
| JP2010540556A (ja) | 2010-12-24 |
| EP2205073A1 (en) | 2010-07-14 |
| IL204690A0 (en) | 2010-11-30 |
| CN101877964A (zh) | 2010-11-03 |
| EP2197274A4 (en) | 2013-03-06 |
| RU2010116274A (ru) | 2011-11-10 |
| KR20100102092A (ko) | 2010-09-20 |
| CA2700267A1 (en) | 2009-04-02 |
| WO2009042767A1 (en) | 2009-04-02 |
| US20090209477A1 (en) | 2009-08-20 |
| MX2010003002A (es) | 2010-07-05 |
| RU2010116154A (ru) | 2011-11-10 |
| US8158605B2 (en) | 2012-04-17 |
| US20090209482A1 (en) | 2009-08-20 |
| WO2009042766A9 (en) | 2009-05-28 |
| BRPI0817269A2 (pt) | 2014-10-07 |
| MX2010003261A (es) | 2010-08-18 |
| WO2009042766A1 (en) | 2009-04-02 |
| AU2008304381A1 (en) | 2009-04-02 |
| KR20100072230A (ko) | 2010-06-30 |
| AU2008304380A1 (en) | 2009-04-02 |
| US8399420B2 (en) | 2013-03-19 |
| NZ583923A (en) | 2012-05-25 |
| CA2700207A1 (en) | 2009-04-02 |
| UA99836C2 (en) | 2012-10-10 |
| BRPI0817234A2 (pt) | 2014-09-30 |
| UA99308C2 (ru) | 2012-08-10 |
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