CA1321964C

CA1321964C - Method for culturing pearls

Info

Publication number: CA1321964C
Application number: CA000578599A
Authority: CA
Inventors: Dosuk Lee
Original assignee: ASPC Inc
Current assignee: ASPC Inc
Priority date: 1987-09-28
Filing date: 1988-09-27
Publication date: 1993-09-07
Anticipated expiration: 2010-09-07
Also published as: AU611508B2; JPH02501441A; WO1989002919A1; AU2608188A; EP0335955A1; KR890701006A; EP0335955A4

Abstract

ABSTRACT OF THE DISCLOSURE
Nacre coating of a biocompatible nucleating substrate is achieved by contacting such substrate with mantle tissue explant from a mollusca species under cellular growth promoting conditions. Salt containing media are employed with variations as to the other additives, which may include a source of a steroid material, a source of amino acids, a source of metabolizable energy, or other components. After incubation for sufficient time, nacre coated substrates are formed. By appropriate choice of the nucleus, pearls can be produced.

Description

METHOD FOR CULTURING PEARLS

The subject invention concerns coating of nucleating agents with nacre in vitro using mantle tissue 5 from mollusca.

This invention relates to a methods and compositions of matter utilized therein, for culturing pearls, and in particular to a method of producing pearls by using an in vitro cell culture system to maintain biological and physiochemical activities of the mantle tissues found in pearl forming mollusks and gastropods.
A pearl is a gem most commonly formed by bivalve mollusks, particularly by several marine species known as pearl oysters. Pearls are formed as a protection against the irritation caused by foreign objects, generally parasites, grains of sand, or bits of gravel, which lodge inside the shell. A fold of soft tissue envelops the foreign particle and deposits layer after layer of nacre on it, similar to the mother-of-pearl lining the shell. Any shelled mollusk or gastropod is theoretically capable of producing a pearl, but most pearls exhibiting gem quality are produced by a specific genus of pinctada, haliotis, and certain freshwater bivalves.
Techniques for culturing pearls by using live pearl oysters were developed in Japan during the turn of the century. And today, these methods are still employed in which various saltwater and freshwater bivalves are maintained alive during the pearl forming stages.
30 Cultured pearls are generally produced by manuallyimplanting a nucleus with small pieces of mantle tissue in an oyster for approximately two to three years.
Over the years changes in the ecological environment, such as an increase in water pollution and 35 over harvesting of the pearl producing mollusks, have limited the potential productivity of the pearl . ~
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industries. Furthermore, existing methods of culturing pearls have inherent limitations: 1) Large areas of land and sea must be designated and utilized; 2) Pearl forming oysters must be reared for two to three years before a pearl nucleus can be inserted into the adult oyster; 3) It generally takes another two to three years to produce gem quality pearls themselves; 4) A large work force is needed in pearl producing farms. Consequently, current methods of pearl production have inherent production limitations with resulting limited diversity in the world market and continued high price levels.

The present invention circumvents the use of live oysters for culturing pearls. It is a process based on a cell culture system specifically designed and developed to provide sustenance and nourishment to pearl forming tissues kept in vitro. The process involves sustaining the viability of mantle tissue explants by providing necessary chemical and physical 132196~

components in a culture medium. The composition of the medium to maintain and grow tissues includes a combination of nutrients associated with the naturally available medium in which the tissue grows. Accordingly, t:he present invention provides a method for coating a biocompatible nucleus with nacre in an in-vitro culture medium, said method comprising:
contacting a biocompatible nucleus with live mantle tissue of nacre producing members of the phylum mollusca in an appropriate nutrient medium;
said nutrient medium comprising salts simulating the natural medium of mantle tissue, a source of amino acids, a source of assimilable saccharide and at least one of mollusca blood, mollusca gonadal components, a source of steroid, yeast extract or fetal serum;
incubating said tissue under growth supporting conditions for sufficient time for said tissue to coat said nucleus with nacre; and isolating the resulting nacre coated nucleus.

In a further aspect, the present invention provides a nutrient medium for coating a biocompatible nucleus with nacre using mantle tissue said medium comprising:
a salt solution comprising salts simulating the natural medium associated with said mantle tissue;
a source of amino acids;
a source of assimilable saccharide;
at least one of mollusca blood, mollusca gonadal components, a source of steroid, yeast extract or fetal serum.

The mantle tis~ues found in all shell forming of the phylum Mollusca, including bivalves, and certain gastropods, undergo physiological metabolism to produce intercellular and later to secrete extracelluar matrix components responsible for the precipitation of nacreous (mother-of-pearl) material. In the present invention .

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3a when mantle tissue is extracted from a mollusk and maintained under certain in vitro conditions, the tissue has physiological characteristics and functions duplicating those in normal biological conditions. The present invention uses complex growth media with the appropriate chemical and physical components necessary to simulate the ideal conditions in vitro for mantle tissues. By employing the media described in this invention the chemical and ultrastructural properties of the pearls produced by this invention are substantially identical to the naturally occurring or cultured pearls currently on the market, as has been demonstrated by a series of electron micrographs comparing the ultrastructure and chemical properties of conventionally cultured pearls with those of the pearls produced by the present invention. From transmission electron micrographs illustrating the surface structure of a conventionally produced cultured pearl presently found on the market and a pearl produced from the present invention, it could be seen that crystal size and shape of the nacre as well as general surface topography are substantially identical between the two pearls. Chemical identifications using X-ray diffraction of a conventionally produced cultured pearl and a pearl produced by the present invention showed that calcium carbonate (aragonite) is the predominate phase found in both pearls.

The culture media used in the process of this invention are complex growth media. The media employed may take many forms, normally providing an environment which to varying degrees approaches the natural fluids, cellular or extracelluar. For the most part, the medium will include inorganic salts, a source of amino acids, a source of metabolic energy, normally a metabolizable or assimilable saccharide source, and desirably a source of hormones. For the purposes of the sub~ect disclosure, the v`arious components of the sutrient medium which may be involved may be separated generally into the following components: (i) inorganic salts, (ii) amino acids, (iii) vitamins, (iv) naturally occurring protein containing compositions, (v) antibiotics and antimycotics, (vi) assimilable energy source and (vii) C2~ C3~ and/or 2-The nutrient medium will have the inorganicsalts necessary for growth of the tissue, approximating the natural medium. In addition, various other factors may be included, where some factors may be provided by the presence of other factors. In some instances, where naturally occurring materials are involved, the naturally occurring material may include the factors which are otherwise added to a synthetic medium. In other instances, the naturally occurring material may serve as an alternative to another component. Therefore, there may be wide variation in the media which are employed, and a number of different media may be employed, each with different degrees of success in the rapidity with which the pearls are obtained. For example, when using mollusk tissue as a component of the medium, the tissue ~,.
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may serve as a source of amino acids and hormones.Protein hydrolysates may serve as a source of amino acids, so that individual amino acids may not be :included. Conditioned medium from the growth of mantle tissue may be employed, where the conditioned medium may be replenished to previous levels of certain components such as an energy source and undesirable factors reduced to a desirable level.
The basic medium will have a salt medium approximating the natural medium of the tissue at an appropriate pH, a source of assimilable energy, a source of essential amino acids, and additional factors which promote growth. Such factors may include mollusca tissue, particularly the gonadal tissue components, which may also serve as the source of amino acids, fetal serum, a steroid source such as an androgen extract, yeast extract or the like.
The inorganic salts in the growth medium will usually contain all of the ions that are found in the mollusk mantle tissues themselves during their biological activities. In order to determine the chemical nature of the fluid surrounding the mantle tissue, the ionic concentrations of such fluid were investigated and determined. In Table I, the average concentrations of inorganic elements found are shown.

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6 1321~64 TABLE I
Inorqanic Elements Ion Concentration (a/1) Ca 0.387 Na 9.92 K 0.495 HCO3 0.223 Mg 1.233 C1 18.58 P 0.047 so4 2.69 As a result of the above results, compositions of inorganic salts were formulated for use in the complex growth medium as found in Table II below.

TABLE II
Inorqanic Salts Concentration (g/1) 20 Com~ound Limits Preferred NaC1 16.0 - 35.0 22.5 KCl 0.4 - 1.2 0.76 CaC12 0.8 - 1.4 1.08 MgC12-6H2O 0.7 - 14 10.3 Na2SO4 2.9 - 4.9 4.05 KHCO3 0.25 - 0.75 0.35 NaH2PO4-H2O 0.15 - 0.50 0.25 NaHCO3 0.1 - 0.2 0.12 The ~alt media proposed above are convenient, but other salt media may be formulated which would provide the desired ionic composition and normalities of the essential ions.
An amino acid analysis was also performed to identify and determine the concentrations of amino acids associated during pearl formation. Although ~r , ~

7 1 321~64 concentrations of the amino acids varies from mollusk to mollusk, the consistency of the amino acid concentrations for a given type of mollusk was noted. The average composition and concentration of amino acids found are shown in Table III below.

TABLE III
Amino Acids CompoundConcentration (residue/1000) 10 Alanine 221 Glycine 232 Aspartic Acid 132 Leucine 81.7 Arginine 71.7 15 Serine 57.8 Tyrosine 35.5 Phenylalanine 31.9 Glutamic Acid 33.5 Lysine 28.9 20 Valine 25~8 Proline 14.8 Isoleucine 14.5 Cysteine 11.5 Threonine 8.1 25 Methionine 6.2 Histidine 0.8 Cystine 0.2 -While the mollusk can produce most of the amino acids, in order to enhance growth, it is desirable to provide a supply of those amino acids which enhance the growth of the cells. As a result, certain amino acid components in similar concentrations may be used in the complex growth medium and are shown in Table IV below.

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i, 8 ~321964 TABLE IV
Amino Acids Concentration (g/1) 5 Compound Limits Preferred Glycine 0.75 - 5.5 4-5 L-alanine 2.5 - 4.6 2.8 L-arginine 0.8 - 2.5 2.4 L-asparagine 0.05 - 0.3 0.05 10 L-aspartic acid 0.32 - 0.95 0.6 L-cystine 0.1 - 0.15 0.1 L-glutamic acid 0.6 - 1.2 0.8 L-glutamine 0.1 - 1.0 0.25 L-histidine 0.50 - 2.8 2.1 15 L-isoleucine 0.01 - 0.075 0.05 L-leucine 0.01 - 0.1 0.05 L-lysine 0.2 - 0.4 0.2 L-methionine 0.01 - 0.75 0.05 L-phenylalanine 0.05 - 0.2 0.10 20 L-proline 0.1 - 1.5 0.25 L-serine 0.55 - 1.4 1.0 L-threonine 0.01 - 0.05 0.03 L-tryptophan 0.01 - 0.02 ~.01 L-tyrosine 0.05 - 0.15 0.1 25 L-valine 0.01 - 0.075 0.05 -Of particular interest as a source of individual amino acids are the amino acids serine, alanine, arginine, aspartic acid, glycine, histidine, leucine, methionine, and phenylalanine. In referring to amino acids, it is understood that the naturally occurring L-stereoisomer i8 intended. However, instead of individual amino acids, protein hydrolysates or extracts may be employed, by themselves or in conjunction with individual amino acids, where the protein hydrolysates or extracts may provide for a more economical source of amino acids.

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Vitamins are optional. If included, the vitamins present in the complex growth medium are similar to those used for other cell and tissue cultures with some variations in concentration. Specific vitamins and concentrations are shown in Table V below. None some or all may actually be used in the complex growth medium.

TABLE V
Vitamins Concentration (mg/l) Compound Limits Preferred Biotin 0.01 - 1 0.1 Riboflavin 0.01 - 1 0.01 I-Inositol 0.1 - 10 1.0 15 Thiamine 0.1 - 10 1.0 Niacin 0.1 - 10 1.0 Choline Chloride 0.1 - 10 1.0 Folic Acid 0.1 - 10 1.0 Ascorbic Acid 0.1 - 1 0.1 20 Vitamin A (acetate) 0.1 - 1 0.1 Pyridoxine 0.1 - 10 1.0 The hormones found associated at or near the activities of the mantle tissues were determined and may be classified as corticosteroids, androgens or modified versions of estrogen. These hormonal components or metabolic intermediates were added to the medium to facilitate biosynthesis of these hormones. Androgen extract may be obtained from commercial sources and may be used in amounts varying from 0.005 to 0.2 mg/L. It has been observed that a growth medium containing serum ~ extracts from the reproductive organs of the same mollusk ; was observed to yield the most success in proliferating the growth of the mantle tissues. The serum extracts were found to provide the levels of hormones necessary to sustain mantle tissue growth. Without the presence of this reproductive organ serum, however, the hormone additives, although not essential in maintaining tissue culture, were found to be desirable in enhancing tissue growth.
Of particular interest is to use tissue from the mantle explant source or other related species, particularly comprising gonadal tissue or lyophilized gonadal tissue. The tissue may be minced or ground either before or after lyophilization to provide the tissue in easily dispersible form~ e.g. a powder. The tissue when employed will be composed of cells, fragments of the cells and other materials present in the tissue when removed from the source. The lyophilized tissue may be dispersed in the nutrient medium under mild conditions with agitation, and may be incorporated in biocompatible gels, such as agar or collagen gels. The amount of the lyophilized tissue may be varied widely and may be optimized in accordance with the other components of the nutrient medium. Beneficial results may be obtained by using a ratio of from about 0.1 to 2 of the volume of the 2~ tissue prior to lyophilization to the volume of medium.
Antibiotics and antimycotics such as penicillin and streptomycin may also be used during tissue extraction procedures and may also be used to control contamination levels during mantle tissue culture. The antibiotics and antimycotics used in the complex growth medium are listed below in Table VI.

TABLE VI
Antibiotics and Antimycotics 30 Compound Concentration Streptomycin 50 - 200 yg/ml Penicillin G, Sodium 100 - 2,000 U/ml Although growth and maintenance of the mantle tissues were successful without the addition of a source of energy, at least one saccharide was added to the growth medium to provide an additional source of energy ~ , . ~

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Other components which were employed in one ox more formulated growth media are listed in Table VII
below. The lactalbumin hydrolysate provided significant benefits in the absence of other protein sources.

TABLE VII
Other Components Concentration Compound Limits Preferred Lactalbumin Hydrolysate 1.00 - 20.0 g/1 5.00 g/1 Mollusk/gastropod 1.00 - 100~ Volume 5% Volume own blood Fetal calf serum 0.01 - 10% Volume 0.05% Volume Yeast extract 1.0 - 20.0 g/1 10.00 g/1 Galactose 0.05 - 0.7 g/1 0.05 g/1 Glucose 1.00 - 5.0 g/1 2.00 g/1 Phenol red 5 mg/ml The system is buffeted to provide a physiologically acceptable pH. Sodium bicarbonate (inorganic salt) and phenol red were added to control and monitor the pH of the solution. The preferred pH range is 7.2 to 7.9. However, a pH as low as 6.5 and as high as 9.3 have been observed to sustain viability of the mantle tissues. Carbon dioxide enriched air or a carbonated source was added to the growth medium to keep the pH of the medium within the overall range of 6.6 to 8.9.
Commercially available cell culture media, e.g.
Gibco, Inc., New York, were modified and tested for culturing mantle tissues. The modifications made were generally: (i) addition of sodium bicarbonate and glucose, (ii) addition of appropriate concentrations of NaC1 to obtain the correct osmolality in the solutions, and (iii) 1 M NaOH solutions were often added to bring the pH in the solution to 7.4 or above.

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Various complex growth media compositions were used successfully in producing pearls. Specific examples are listed below in Tables VIIIA, VIIIB, AND VIIIC.

TABLE VIIIA
Complex Growth Medium "A"
Compound Concentration norganic Salts:
NaCl . 17.3 g/l 10 CaCl2 1.55 g/l KCl 0.85 g/l Mgcl2-6h2o 10.45 g/l NaHP04-H2O 0.20 g/1 NaHC03 0.12 g/1 Amino Acids:
Serine 10.5 g/1 Alanine 2.8 g/1 Aspartic Acid 0.6 g/1 Cystine 0.1 g/l 20 Glycine 7.5 g/l Glutamine 0.25 g/l Leucine 0.25 g/1 Other Components:
Galactose 0.7 mg/l 25 Glucose 1.0 mg/l Fetal Calf Serum (Gibco Lab., NY) 10~ Volume Niacin 1.0 mg/l Penicillin 100 U/ml Phenol Red 5.0 mg/ml , .. :

13 ~3219S4 TABLE VIIIB
Complex Growth Medium "B"
CompoundConcentration 5 Inorqanic Salts:
NaCl 22.8 g/l KC1 1.15 g/1 Na2HPO4-H20 g/l CaC12 1.5 g/1 10 NaHCO3 0.72 g/1 Amino Acids:
Serine 0.75 g/1 Alanine 2.8 g/1 Arginine 1.0 g/l 15 Aspartic Acid 0.5 g/1 Glycine 5.5 g/l Histidine 1.5 g/1 Leucine 0.1 g/1 Methionine 0.05 gll 20 Phenylalanine 0.03 g/1 Other Components:
Glucose 25 mg/1 Fetal Calf Serum 20% Volume Biofin 0.1 mg/1 25 Niacin 1.0 mg/1 Ascorbic Acid 0.1 mg/1 Vitamin A (acetate) 0.1 mg/1 Penicillin 100 U/ml Streptomycine 50 ~g/ml 30 Phenol Red 5 mg/ml _ TABLE VIIIC
Complex Growth Medium "C"
Compound Concentration Modified version of commercially available medium, i.e., Medium 199: Gibco Laboratories, Inc., Grand Island, NY.
Plus following additives:
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Yeast Extraction 10 g/l (Yeastolate: Gibco Lab) Penicillin 100 U/ml Phenol Red 5 mg/ml Formulations were prepared for growth media using distilled water containing the salt composition of Medium A or sea water and gonad organ extracts, where the gonad organ extracts were obtained by isolating the gonads from the body mass of the mollusc, lyophilizing the gonadal tissue and grinding the tissue to form a powder. The powder was then uniformly dispersed in the water by stirring. The amount of gonadal tissue was based on the original volume of the tissue and was in a volume ratio to water of 0.25 to 1. Other formulations combined the above formulation or used androgen extract (Sigma) in place of the gonadal tissue. The androgen extract ranged in the amount of 0.01 to 0.lmg/L.
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A portion or all of a mantle tissue is explanted from a mollusk or gastropod which belong to genus thereof which produce mother-of-pearl material in their shells, such as the genera Pinctada, Isognomon, ; Pteria, Pinna, Haliotis, Atrima, etc., e.g., Pinctada martensii, Pinctada margritifera, Pinctada maxima, Pinctada fucata, Pteria macroptera, Cristaria plicata, Tridacna gigas, Haliotis gigantea, Hypriopsis schlegeli, Haliotis fulgens, Haliotis corrugata, Haliotis cracherodii, Haliotis discus hannai, Ligumia nasuta, Elliptio complanata, Strophitus undulatus, Anodonta caturacta, and Lamsilis radiata, for the purpose of in -` vitro cultivation so as to produce nacreous material for pearl formation.
~ The pieces of the mantle tissue fragments are ; optionally washed in sea water containing antibiotics and/or antimycotics, e.g., 100 Units penicillin G (sodium ` ~

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. , salt)/ml and 100 yg/ml streptomycin. The sea water may be prepared in the laboratory and would consist generally of water with inorganic salts in concentrations thereof as indicated in Table II above.
The tissue part(s) or intact mantle tissue(s) are transferred into a carbon dioxide or oxygen enriched complex growth medium comprised of inorganic salts, amino acids, vitamins and growth factors, hormones, antibiotics and antimycotics~ animal serum extracts and glucose.
Biocompatible material such as glass, porcelain, old shells containing calcite and/or the aragonite phase(s) of calcium carbonate, and/or calcium phosphates in the form of spheres or hemispheres are introduced into the medium for nacre deposition. The material which serves as a nucleating substrate may be of any shape, normally being round or ellipsoid for pearl formation. Usually, the smallest dimension of the material which serves as the substrate will be usually at least about lmm, usually at least about 2mm and may be a~
large as 20mm or larger. For pearls, the substrate will usually have a diameter from about 2 to 15, usually 7 to lOmm.
In one successful embodiment of the invention process, small, i.e., less than 1 mm3 pieces of mantle tissue were sectioned and removed from a pearl forming adult mollusk. Each piece was washed in salt water containing the inorganic salt components described above and placed in pre-sterilized culture dishes. Sterilized complex growth medium, filtered through a 0.22 ym millepore filter (Millepore Corp., Bedford, MA 01730) was immediately added to each dish containing the tissue fragments. Small nuclei, i.e., glass beads or ~pheres made from clam shells, were then placed in each dish and positioned so that maximal physical contact was made with the tissue. The cultures were maintained between 14C and 23C in the dark by incubation means. However, experimentation has shown that the invention process will , - . :

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withstand temperatures ranging from 8C to 29C. Carbon dioxide enriched air , ~
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" 1321964 1~
was introduced and withdrawn in sufficient quantities to effectively keep the pH o the medium in a range from 6.6 to 8.9. The medium was replenished using syringes when the pH indicating phenol red changed color~. The bright p~henol red changes to a bluish red as the pH rise~ from 7.4 to 8. The bright phenol red changes shade toward pink or yellow as the pH drops from 7.4 to 6.5. The pH
of this medium tended, however, to ri~e. The removal of old medium and substitution of fresh medium took place every one to three days and continued until production of a pearl of desired quality and size was achieved.
Optionally, the medium is changed every two days or when the medium pH rises above 7.8, whichever occurs sooner and depending on tissue ma~s to medium content ratio.
Precise measurement of pH may be done with a pH measuring apparatus. After the pearl reached its desired quality and/or ~ize, it was removed from the dish and the attached tissue removed. The removed tissue was di~sected and fragments thereof used again in the production of additional pearls.

It is understood that the above described embodiment i~ merely illustrative of the application. Other embodiments, therefore, may be readily devised by those Ykilled in the art which will embody the principles of the invention and fall within the spirit and scope thereof. The appended claims are intended to cover such modifications and variations which are within the true scope and ~pirit of this invention.

Although the foregoing invention has been described in some detail by way of illustration and example for purposes of clarity of underxtanding, it will be readily apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art in light of the teachings of this invention that certain changes and modifications may be made thereto witho~t departing from the spirit or ~cope of the appended claim~.
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Claims

1. A method for coating a biocompatible nucleus with nacre in an in-vitro culture medium, said method comprising:
contacting a biocompatible nucleus with live mantle tissue of nacre producing members of the phylum mollusca in an appropriate nutrient medium;
said nutrient medium comprising salts simulating the natural medium of mantle tissue, a source of amino acids, a source of assimilable saccharide and at least one of mollusca blood, mollusca gonadal components, a source of steroid, yeast extract or fetal serum;
incubating said tissue under growth supporting conditions for sufficient time for said tissue to coat said nucleus with nacre; and isolating the resulting nacre coated nucleus.

2. A method according to claim 1, wherein said nucleus is comprised of calcium carbonate.

3. A method according to any of claims 1, or 2 wherein said mollusca is Phinctada martensii, Pincatada margritifera, Pinctada maxima, Pinctada fucate, Pteria macroptera, Atrima japonica, Ostrea gigas, Unio margritifera, Cristaria plicata, Tridacna gigas, Haliotis gigantea, Hypriopsis schlegeli, Haliotis fulgens, Halictis corrugata, Haliotis cracherodii, Haliotis discus hannai, Ligumia nasuta, Elliptio complanata, Strophitus undulatus, Anodonta caturacta, or Lamsilis radiata.

4. A nacre coated nucleus produced according to the method of any of claims 1 or 2.

5. A nutrient medium for coating a biocompatible nucleus with nacre using mantle tissue said medium comprising:
a salt solution comprising salts simulating the natural medium associated with said mantle tissue;
a source of amino acids;
a source of assimilable saccharide;
at least one of mollusca blood, mollusca gonadal components, a source of steroid, yeast extract or fetal serum.

6. A nutrient medium according to claim 5, wherein said source of amino acids includes at least one individual amino acid, said assimilable saccharide comprises at least one of glucose or galactose, and further comprises mollusca gonadal components.

7. A nutrient medium according to claim 5, wherein said source of amino acids includes at least one individual amino acid, said assimilable saccharide comprises at least one of glucose or galactose, and further comprises a source of steroid.

8. A composition comprising live mantle tissue incapable of developing into a mature mollusca from a nacre producing mollusca and, a biocompatible nucleus and a nutrient medium according to any of claims 5, 6 or 7.