NL2014015B1 - Compacted plant growth substrate. - Google Patents
Compacted plant growth substrate. Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- NL2014015B1 NL2014015B1 NL2014015A NL2014015A NL2014015B1 NL 2014015 B1 NL2014015 B1 NL 2014015B1 NL 2014015 A NL2014015 A NL 2014015A NL 2014015 A NL2014015 A NL 2014015A NL 2014015 B1 NL2014015 B1 NL 2014015B1
- Authority
- NL
- Netherlands
- Prior art keywords
- growth substrate
- plant growth
- providing
- vermicast
- organic waste
- Prior art date
Links
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 54
- 230000008635 plant growth Effects 0.000 title claims abstract description 40
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 28
- 230000012010 growth Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 15
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 14
- 238000005520 cutting process Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 13
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 241000196324 Embryophyta Species 0.000 claims description 34
- 239000010815 organic waste Substances 0.000 claims description 31
- 239000003415 peat Substances 0.000 claims description 16
- 239000002002 slurry Substances 0.000 claims description 16
- 239000002699 waste material Substances 0.000 claims description 11
- 244000060011 Cocos nucifera Species 0.000 claims description 10
- 235000013162 Cocos nucifera Nutrition 0.000 claims description 10
- 235000015097 nutrients Nutrition 0.000 claims description 9
- 238000001035 drying Methods 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000002023 wood Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- -1 bark Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 241001233061 earthworms Species 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000013049 sediment Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000004062 sedimentation Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000007873 sieving Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000003825 pressing Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 230000000366 juvenile effect Effects 0.000 claims 2
- 239000007952 growth promoter Substances 0.000 claims 1
- 239000010802 sludge Substances 0.000 description 7
- 239000010903 husk Substances 0.000 description 6
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 6
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 6
- 238000009265 vermicomposting Methods 0.000 description 5
- 239000002361 compost Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000009264 composting Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000002689 soil Substances 0.000 description 4
- 235000013311 vegetables Nutrition 0.000 description 4
- 241000243686 Eisenia fetida Species 0.000 description 3
- 235000013365 dairy product Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- 239000000428 dust Substances 0.000 description 3
- 241000426529 Eisenia andrei Species 0.000 description 2
- 241001495098 Lumbricus rubellus Species 0.000 description 2
- 241000424792 Perionyx excavatus Species 0.000 description 2
- 239000006227 byproduct Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000005266 casting Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000006835 compression Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000007906 compression Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000029142 excretion Effects 0.000 description 2
- 210000003608 fece Anatomy 0.000 description 2
- 238000003898 horticulture Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000010871 livestock manure Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 235000013372 meat Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 244000005700 microbiome Species 0.000 description 2
- 239000005416 organic matter Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000001737 promoting effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000000926 separation method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000000725 suspension Substances 0.000 description 2
- 244000025254 Cannabis sativa Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000083505 Eisenia hortensis Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000440348 Eudrilus eugeniae Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000361919 Metaphire sieboldi Species 0.000 description 1
- 241001465754 Metazoa Species 0.000 description 1
- 238000009825 accumulation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005273 aeration Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000013019 agitation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002154 agricultural waste Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000009286 beneficial effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 235000013399 edible fruits Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 238000000605 extraction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000835 fiber Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002657 fibrous material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000945 filler Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000013305 food Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000010794 food waste Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000012055 fruits and vegetables Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000000446 fuel Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000035784 germination Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000008241 heterogeneous mixture Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000005556 hormone Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229940088597 hormone Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 239000003864 humus Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000002262 irrigation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000003973 irrigation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000010806 kitchen waste Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000000813 microbial effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000011490 mineral wool Substances 0.000 description 1
- 210000003097 mucus Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 239000003895 organic fertilizer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000002786 root growth Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000012056 semi-solid material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000010801 sewage sludge Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003516 soil conditioner Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002910 solid waste Substances 0.000 description 1
- 241000894007 species Species 0.000 description 1
- 238000009368 vermiculture Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005406 washing Methods 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G24/00—Growth substrates; Culture media; Apparatus or methods therefor
- A01G24/40—Growth substrates; Culture media; Apparatus or methods therefor characterised by their structure
- A01G24/44—Growth substrates; Culture media; Apparatus or methods therefor characterised by their structure in block, mat or sheet form
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G24/00—Growth substrates; Culture media; Apparatus or methods therefor
- A01G24/20—Growth substrates; Culture media; Apparatus or methods therefor based on or containing natural organic material
- A01G24/22—Growth substrates; Culture media; Apparatus or methods therefor based on or containing natural organic material containing plant material
- A01G24/25—Dry fruit hulls or husks, e.g. chaff or coir
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G24/00—Growth substrates; Culture media; Apparatus or methods therefor
- A01G24/20—Growth substrates; Culture media; Apparatus or methods therefor based on or containing natural organic material
- A01G24/22—Growth substrates; Culture media; Apparatus or methods therefor based on or containing natural organic material containing plant material
- A01G24/23—Wood, e.g. wood chips or sawdust
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G24/00—Growth substrates; Culture media; Apparatus or methods therefor
- A01G24/20—Growth substrates; Culture media; Apparatus or methods therefor based on or containing natural organic material
- A01G24/28—Growth substrates; Culture media; Apparatus or methods therefor based on or containing natural organic material containing peat, moss or sphagnum
Landscapes
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Environmental Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Biodiversity & Conservation Biology (AREA)
- Ecology (AREA)
- Forests & Forestry (AREA)
- Wood Science & Technology (AREA)
- Cultivation Of Plants (AREA)
- Fertilizers (AREA)
Abstract
The present invention relates to compacted, compressed or pressed plant growth substrates and to methods for obtaining the present compacted plant growth substrates. Specifically, the present invention relates to compacted, compressed or pressed plant growth substrates obtainable by a method comprising: a)providing vermicast; b) mixing said vermicast with a carrier, preferably in a ratio of vermicast to carrier of 70% to 30% (wt) vermicast to 30% to 70% (wt) carrier, for providing a plant growth substrate; and c)compressing said plant growth substrate into blocks with a water content of 50% to 80% (wt) capable of providing a growth substrate for one or more plants, preferably seedlings and/ or young plants and/or cuttings.
Description
COMPACTED PLANT GROWTH SUBSTRATE
Description
The present invention relates to compacted, compressed or pressed plant growth substrates and to methods for obtaining the present compacted plant growth substrates.
Presently, compacted, compressed or pressed plant growth substrates blocks capable of providing a growth substrate for one or more plants are made of pressed blocks of peat and especially black peat.
Peat, or turf, is an accumulation of partially decayed vegetation or organic matter that is unique to natural areas called peatlands or mires. Peatlands, also known as mires are the most important source of peat. Peat can be harvested as a source of fuel or can be used in agriculture and horticulture as a plant growth substrate especially in the form pressed blocks being the standard growth substrate for a range of vegetable seedbng.
Peat, although organic in origin, is not generally regarded as a renewable source as its extraction rate in industrialized countries far exceeds its slow regrowth rate of generally 1 mm per year. Accordingly, there is a need in the art of agriculture and horticulture to provide an alternative for pressed peat blocks. Present alternatives for pressed peat blocks, such as Rockwool blocks cannot be used in, for example, the organic certified vegetable production systems or do not provide adequate growth characteristics, especially for seedlings or young plants and/or plant cuttings.
Considering the above need in the art it is an object, amongst other object, of the present invention to provide an alternative for pressed peat blocks. A requirement of such alternative is that, after compression, the pressed blocks will holds form and do not crumble.
The above object, amongst other objects, is met by the present invention as outlined in the appended claims.
Specifically, the above object, amongst other objects, is, according to a first aspect of the present invention, met by a method for providing a compacted plant growth substrate comprising: a) providing vermicast; b) mixing said vermicast with a carrier, preferably in a ratio of vermicast to carrier of 70% to 30% (wt.) vermicast -to 30% to 70% (wt.) carrier, for providing a plant growth substrate; c) compressing said plant growth substrate into blocks with a water content of 50% to 80% (wt.) capable of providing a growth substrate for one or more plants, preferably seedlings and/ or young plants and/or plant cuttings.
Vermicompost is organic waste composted by worms, such as red wigglers, white worms, or other earthworms and is composed of a heterogeneous mixture of decomposed organic waste, such as vegetable or food waste, bedding materials, and vermicast. Vermicast, also designated as worm castings, worm humus or worm manure, is the excretion of a worm when predating on organic waste. These excretions have been shown to contain high levels of nutrients some of which are water-soluble. Containing water-soluble nutrients, vermicompost is generally regarded as an excellent, nutrient-rich organic fertilizer and soil conditioner. The process of producing vermicompost is also designated as vermicomposting.
Vermicompost has been shown to be richer in many nutrients than compost produced by other composting methods. Vermicompost is rich in microbial life capable of converting nutrients present in soil. Unlike other compost, vermicompost comprises worm mucus helping to prevent nutrients from washing away with the first watering and, additionally, retains moisture better than plain soil. Benefits of vermicompost are, amongst others, improved soil aeration, enriched soil with micro-organisms, improved water holding capacity, enhanced germination, plant growth, and crop yield and improved root growth and structure.
An earthworm species which can be used for vermicompositing is Eisenia fetida or Eisenia andrei. Eisenia hortensis, Eudrilus eugeniae, Lumbricus rubellus, and Perionyx excavatus are other suitable examples of worm species which can be used to provide vermicast.
Two main methods of large-scale vermiculture are known. The first method uses large bins, sacks or any other organic waste container comprising bedding materials and organic waste. The second method of large-scale vermicomposting system is a raised bed or flow-through system. In this system, the worms are fed a layer of "worm chow" across the top of the bed, and an layer of castings is harvested from below by pulling a breaker bar across the large mesh screen which forms the base of the bed.
The most common worms used in composting systems, redworms {Eisenia fetida, Eisenia andrei and Lumbricus rubellus) feed most rapidly at temperatures of 15-25 °C. Other worms like Perionyx excavatus are suitable for warmer climates.
There are few organic wastes that vermicomposting cannot compost, although meat waste and dairy products are likely to putrefy instead of composting and, when present in outdoor bins, can attract vermin. Green waste can be added to facilitate composting of meat waste and dairy products. Suitable organics waste for vermicomposting includes fruits and vegetables, vegetable and fruit peels and ends, dairy cow or pig manure, sewage sludge, agricultural waste, food processing and grocery waste or grass clippings and wood chips although other organic waste source can be contemplated.
Within the context of the present invention, it is essential that the present pressed or compressed plant growth substrate blocks have a water content of 50% to 80% (wt.) to allow the blocks hold form and to prevent crumbling.
According to a preferred embodiment of this first aspect of the present invention, the present carrier is selected from the group consisting of coco coir, bark, peat, husk and combination thereof and according a more preferred embodiment, the present carrier is coco coir. Coir is a natural fiber extracted from the husk of coconut and used in products such as floor mats, doormats, brushes, mattresses, etc. Coir is the fibrous material found between the hard, internal shell and the outer coat of a coconut.
According to another preferred embodiment of this first aspect of the present invention, the present step of providing vermicast comprises: growing earthworms in a substrate comprising organic waste during a period a period of 3 to 10 weeks thereby providing composted organic waste; mixing said composted organic waste with water to provide a slurry; separating from said slurry worms, cocoons and juveniles partially composted solid organic waste and organic waste thereby providing a sludge; drying said sludge thereby providing vermicast.
Earths worms are generally put into a container and organic waste material is added on top optionally mixed with carrier or filler materials. The organic waste material can be a wide variety of products such as kitchen waste; garden cuttings; wood production side products such as bark stripping; animal feaces or slurry of biogas plants. The container can be of any given size or material, as long as it holds the waste material and worms. After about 3 to 10 weeks such as 6 to 8 week the vermicast is formed, i.e. the organic waste is composted by the worms.
Subsequently, the content of the container can be transferred into a tank containing water and an agitator. In this tank, the vermicast is processed into a suspension or slurry. This step generally requires about one hour of agitation. Then, as an example of separation, the tank is emptied onto a sieve, where the solids, mature worms, worm cocoons, and juveniles and the non-composted, or partially composted, organic waste are separated. Subsequently, the sludge obtained can be pumped up in to separation tanks and the worms (cocoons juveniles and mature) can be recycled for further vermicomposting or sold separately for other purposes.
In the separating tanks the suspension is generally left overnight allowing the semi-solid material to settle, or sediment at the bottom of the tank. The water is then pumped out and this water, also designated as compost thee, can be used for irrigation purposes. The semi-solid can dried and either stored or directly used to fabricate all sizes of blocks. The drying can be done naturally or forced, but not at high temperatures, i.e. generally above 40°C, in order to preserve the beneficial microorganisms from in the vermicompost.
The vermicast is mixed with a carrier such as coco coir, a byproduct of the coco matting industry and is made from the husk of the coco nut. The pressing, compacting or compression to produce the present blocks is generally performed using a machine used for producing peat blocks.
Considering the above, yet another preferred embodiment of this first aspect of the present invention comprises: sieving said slurry thereby separating from said slurry said worms, cocoons juveniles and mature and partially composted solid organic waste and solid waste.
Considering the above, still another preferred embodiment of this first aspect of the present invention comprises sedimentation of said sludge and drying the sediment obtained.
Although the present method provides an excellent growth substrate, it is contemplated within the context of the present invention that during or after step (b) but before step (c) plant nutrients and/or plant growth promoting agents are added such as macro elements, spore elements or hormones.
According to a second and third aspect, the present invention relates to compacted plant growth substrate blocks obtainable by the method as outlined above or compacted plant growth substrate blocks capable of providing a growth substrate for one or more plants, preferably seedling and/or young plants and/or plant cuttings, comprised of vermicast and a carrier, preferably in a ratio of vermicast to carrier of 70% to 30% (wt.) vermicast to 30% to 70% (wt.) carrier, and having a water content of 50% to 80% (wt.).
The present compacted plant growth substrate blocks preferably comprise a carrier selected from the group consisting of coconut waste, coco coir, bark, peat, husk, saw dust, wood chips and combinations thereof although other organic matter is contemplated within the context of the present invention.
According to a fourth aspect, the present inventions relates to the use of vermicast for providing compacted plant growth substrate blocks capable of providing a growth substrate for one or more plants, preferably seedlings and/or young plants and/or plant cuttings.
An illustrative example of the present compacted plant growth substrate blocks capable of providing a growth substrate for one or more plants, preferably seedlings and/or young plants and/or plant cuttings is provided in Figure 1. An illustrative example of a machine for compressing the present plant growth substrate into blocks is provided in Figure 2.
CLAUSES 1. Method for providing a compacted plant growth substrate block comprising: a) providing vermicast; b) mixing said vermicast with a carrier for providing a plant growth substrate; c) compressing said plant growth substrate into blocks with a water content of 50% to 80% (wt.) capable of providing a growth substrate for one or more plants, preferably seedlings and/ or young plants and/or plant cuttings. 2. Method according to claim 1, wherein said carrier is selected from the group consisting of coco coir, coconut waste, bark, peat, husk, saw dust, wood chips and combinations thereof. 3. Method according to claim 1 or claim 2, wherein step (a) comprises: al) growing earthworms in a substrate comprising organic waste during a period a period of 3 to 10 weeks thereby providing composted organic waste; a2) mixing said composted organic waste with water to provide a slurry; a3) separating from said slurry mature worms, juveniles and cocoons partially composted solid organic waste and non-composted organic waste thereby providing a sludge; a4) drying said sludge thereby providing vermicast. 4. Method according claim 3, wherein step (a3) comprises: sieving said slurry thereby separating from said slurry said worms, cocoons, juveniles and partially composted solid organic waste and non-composted organic waste. 5. Method according to claim 3 or claim 4, wherein step (a4) comprises sedimentation of said sludge and drying the sediment obtained. 6. Method according to any of the claims 1 to 5, wherein after during or after step (b) but before step (c) plant nutrients and/or plant growth promoting agents are added. 7. Compacted plant growth substrate blocks obtainable by a method according to any of the claims 1 to 6. 8. Compacted plant growth substrate block capable of providing a growth substrate for one or more plants, preferably seedling and/or young plants and/or plant cuttings, comprised of vermicast and a carrier having a water content of 50% to 80% (wt.). 9. Compacted plant growth substrate block according to claim 8, wherein said carrier is selected from the group consisting of coco coir, coconut waste, bark, peat, husk, saw dust, wood chips and combinations thereof. 10. Use of vermicast for providing a compacted plant growth substrate block capable of providing a growth substrate for one or more plants, preferably seedlings and/or young plants and/or plant cuttings. 11. Plant growth substrate obtainable by a method comprising steps (a) and (b) of a method according to any of the claims 1 to 6.
Claims (11)
Priority Applications (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| NL2014015A NL2014015B1 (en) | 2014-12-19 | 2014-12-19 | Compacted plant growth substrate. |
| PCT/EP2015/080510 WO2016097301A1 (en) | 2014-12-19 | 2015-12-18 | Substrate for plant growth |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| NL2014015A NL2014015B1 (en) | 2014-12-19 | 2014-12-19 | Compacted plant growth substrate. |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| NL2014015B1 true NL2014015B1 (en) | 2016-10-12 |
Family
ID=52596570
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| NL2014015A NL2014015B1 (en) | 2014-12-19 | 2014-12-19 | Compacted plant growth substrate. |
Country Status (2)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| NL (1) | NL2014015B1 (en) |
| WO (1) | WO2016097301A1 (en) |
Families Citing this family (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN106106079A (en) * | 2016-06-24 | 2016-11-16 | 北京工业大学 | A kind of fruits and vegetables of greenhouse implantation methods of multiple-unit organic substrate |
| NL2026050B1 (en) * | 2020-07-13 | 2022-03-15 | Damgro Bv | PRESSED PROVIDING BLOCKS OR PROVIDING PLUGS FOR USE AS A SUBSTRATE FOR PLANTING PLANTS AND METHOD FOR PROVIDING THEM |
| CN112913673B (en) * | 2021-04-13 | 2024-02-02 | 曾佳 | Disposable degradable soilless culture basal body and preparation method thereof |
| CN119404734A (en) * | 2024-10-31 | 2025-02-11 | 山东省农业科学院 | A compressed matrix block for improving crop emergence in saline soil, and preparation method and application thereof |
Citations (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| WO2002046127A2 (en) * | 2000-12-06 | 2002-06-13 | Melissa's Heat, Bug And Worm Company Limited | Method and apparatus for processing waste |
| US20080287295A1 (en) * | 2007-05-18 | 2008-11-20 | Rubin Patti D | Compressed Growing Medium Including Castings |
| US20120214223A1 (en) * | 2011-02-21 | 2012-08-23 | Hughes Kenneth D | Worm Culture Systems |
| US20130316903A1 (en) * | 2012-04-20 | 2013-11-28 | Kenneth D. Hughes | Solid Plant Nutrient Compositions |
-
2014
- 2014-12-19 NL NL2014015A patent/NL2014015B1/en not_active IP Right Cessation
-
2015
- 2015-12-18 WO PCT/EP2015/080510 patent/WO2016097301A1/en not_active Ceased
Patent Citations (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| WO2002046127A2 (en) * | 2000-12-06 | 2002-06-13 | Melissa's Heat, Bug And Worm Company Limited | Method and apparatus for processing waste |
| US20080287295A1 (en) * | 2007-05-18 | 2008-11-20 | Rubin Patti D | Compressed Growing Medium Including Castings |
| US20120214223A1 (en) * | 2011-02-21 | 2012-08-23 | Hughes Kenneth D | Worm Culture Systems |
| US20130316903A1 (en) * | 2012-04-20 | 2013-11-28 | Kenneth D. Hughes | Solid Plant Nutrient Compositions |
Non-Patent Citations (1)
| Title |
|---|
| ANONYMOUS: "Soil Blocker Recipes", 26 March 2010 (2010-03-26), XP002743865, Retrieved from the Internet <URL:http://green-change.com/2010/03/26/soil-blocker-recipes/> [retrieved on 20150902] * |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| WO2016097301A1 (en) | 2016-06-23 |
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Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| MM | Lapsed because of non-payment of the annual fee |
Effective date: 20200101 |