WO2025223454A1 - A curable coating composition and its curing method - Google Patents
A curable coating composition and its curing methodInfo
- Publication number
- WO2025223454A1 WO2025223454A1 PCT/CN2025/090661 CN2025090661W WO2025223454A1 WO 2025223454 A1 WO2025223454 A1 WO 2025223454A1 CN 2025090661 W CN2025090661 W CN 2025090661W WO 2025223454 A1 WO2025223454 A1 WO 2025223454A1
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- coating composition
- curable coating
- composition according
- hydroxyl
- aza
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Pending
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Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
- C08G18/00—Polymeric products of isocyanates or isothiocyanates
- C08G18/06—Polymeric products of isocyanates or isothiocyanates with compounds having active hydrogen
- C08G18/70—Polymeric products of isocyanates or isothiocyanates with compounds having active hydrogen characterised by the isocyanates or isothiocyanates used
- C08G18/72—Polyisocyanates or polyisothiocyanates
- C08G18/77—Polyisocyanates or polyisothiocyanates having heteroatoms in addition to the isocyanate or isothiocyanate nitrogen and oxygen or sulfur
- C08G18/78—Nitrogen
- C08G18/79—Nitrogen characterised by the polyisocyanates used, these having groups formed by oligomerisation of isocyanates or isothiocyanates
- C08G18/791—Nitrogen characterised by the polyisocyanates used, these having groups formed by oligomerisation of isocyanates or isothiocyanates containing isocyanurate groups
- C08G18/792—Nitrogen characterised by the polyisocyanates used, these having groups formed by oligomerisation of isocyanates or isothiocyanates containing isocyanurate groups formed by oligomerisation of aliphatic and/or cycloaliphatic isocyanates or isothiocyanates
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
- C08G18/00—Polymeric products of isocyanates or isothiocyanates
- C08G18/06—Polymeric products of isocyanates or isothiocyanates with compounds having active hydrogen
- C08G18/08—Processes
- C08G18/16—Catalysts
- C08G18/18—Catalysts containing secondary or tertiary amines or salts thereof
- C08G18/1875—Catalysts containing secondary or tertiary amines or salts thereof containing ammonium salts or mixtures of secondary of tertiary amines and acids
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
- C08G18/00—Polymeric products of isocyanates or isothiocyanates
- C08G18/06—Polymeric products of isocyanates or isothiocyanates with compounds having active hydrogen
- C08G18/08—Processes
- C08G18/16—Catalysts
- C08G18/18—Catalysts containing secondary or tertiary amines or salts thereof
- C08G18/1883—Catalysts containing secondary or tertiary amines or salts thereof having heteroatoms other than oxygen and nitrogen
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
- C08G18/00—Polymeric products of isocyanates or isothiocyanates
- C08G18/06—Polymeric products of isocyanates or isothiocyanates with compounds having active hydrogen
- C08G18/28—Polymeric products of isocyanates or isothiocyanates with compounds having active hydrogen characterised by the compounds used containing active hydrogen
- C08G18/40—High-molecular-weight compounds
- C08G18/62—Polymers of compounds having carbon-to-carbon double bonds
- C08G18/6212—Polymers of alkenylalcohols; Acetals thereof; Oxyalkylation products thereof
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08L—COMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
- C08L75/00—Compositions of polyureas or polyurethanes; Compositions of derivatives of such polymers
- C08L75/04—Polyurethanes
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08L—COMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
- C08L75/00—Compositions of polyureas or polyurethanes; Compositions of derivatives of such polymers
- C08L75/04—Polyurethanes
- C08L75/14—Polyurethanes having carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09D—COATING COMPOSITIONS, e.g. PAINTS, VARNISHES OR LACQUERS; FILLING PASTES; CHEMICAL PAINT OR INK REMOVERS; INKS; CORRECTING FLUIDS; WOODSTAINS; PASTES OR SOLIDS FOR COLOURING OR PRINTING; USE OF MATERIALS THEREFOR
- C09D175/00—Coating compositions based on polyureas or polyurethanes; Coating compositions based on derivatives of such polymers
- C09D175/04—Polyurethanes
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09D—COATING COMPOSITIONS, e.g. PAINTS, VARNISHES OR LACQUERS; FILLING PASTES; CHEMICAL PAINT OR INK REMOVERS; INKS; CORRECTING FLUIDS; WOODSTAINS; PASTES OR SOLIDS FOR COLOURING OR PRINTING; USE OF MATERIALS THEREFOR
- C09D175/00—Coating compositions based on polyureas or polyurethanes; Coating compositions based on derivatives of such polymers
- C09D175/04—Polyurethanes
- C09D175/14—Polyurethanes having carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
Definitions
- the present disclosure relates to a coating composition, and in particular relates to a curable coating composition and its curing method.
- Automotive coating is facing stricter environmental regulations from regional/global legislation while meeting requirement including appearance, physical properties, durability, application effi-ciency etc. from OEM (Original Equipment Manufacturer) .
- OEM Olet Equipment Manufacturer
- Low VOC volatile organic content
- the current VOC regulation (GB 24409) for OEM passenger car for solvent-borne clear coat is 550 g/L (1 K, one-component) and 500 g/L (2K, two-component) respectively.
- the VOC requirement is largely decreased to 480 g/L (1 K) and 420 g/L (2K) respectively.
- the substrate coated with electrodeposition coating is further coated with primer coating, basecoat and clearcoat.
- the clearcoat layer needs to have a protective and decorative function, which has higher requirements for gloss, hardness, scratch resistance and solvent resistance. Because waterborne coatings may not match solvent-borne coatings in certain key performance areas such as hardness and drying properties, clearcoatings are mostly solvent-borne coatings.
- Patent Document 1 discloses a high solid based clearcoat composition for vehicles and it comprises (a) thermosetting hydroxylated acrylic resin; (b) polymers that contain hydroxyl groups and one or more of the following groups: propylene diester, ethyl acetate, and acetone; (c) an unsaturated acrylate group-containing polymer; (d) crosslinking agent.
- the patent requires the preparation of polymers (b) with hydroxyl groups and special functional groups such as malonate, acetoacetate and acetylacetone. Componet (b) and component (c) can undergo a Michael addition reaction to form carbon-carbon covalent bonds, improving the construction solid content of clearcoat and reducing VOC emissions.
- the preparation of polymers containing special functional groups increases the process complexity in the production process. And the VOC content of products needs to be further reduced.
- Patent Document 2 discolses a dual cure coating composition comprising: (a) a melamine-group containing polyethylenically unsaturated compound; and (b) an acrylate-containing composition comprising: (i) a urethane acrylate, (ii) an epoxy acrylate, and (iii) a multi-functional acrylate monomer.
- a dual cure coating composition comprising: (a) a melamine-group containing polyethylenically unsaturated compound; and (b) an acrylate-containing composition comprising: (i) a urethane acrylate, (ii) an epoxy acrylate, and (iii) a multi-functional acrylate monomer.
- Patent Document 1 CN104387821A
- Patent Document 2 US8513321 B2
- the present disclosure provides a curable coating composition comprising:
- a catalyst for catalyzing an aza-Michael addition reaction wherein the catalyst comprises at least one ammonium halide and/or organic ammonium halide compound.
- curable coating composition of the/this/present disclosure is hereinafter also referred to as “curable coating composition of the/this/present disclosure” , “curable coating composition according to the/this/present disclosure” , “the coating composition of the/this/present disclosure” , or “the coating composition according to the/this/present disclosure” .
- the present disclosure provides a coating film or an article obtained from the curable coating composition of the disclosure.
- the present disclosure provides a kit-of-parts of the curable coating composition of the disclosure.
- the present disclosure provides a method of curing the curable coating composition, comprising:
- the present disclosure provides a method for forming multilayer coating film, comprising:
- the present disclosure provides the use of at least one ammonium halide and/or organic ammonium halide, especially one ammonium fluoride and/or organic ammonium fluoride, in catalyzing the aza-Michael addition reaction of a curable coating composition according to the present disclosure.
- the present disclosure is based on the classic polyurethane network, using specific catalysts to catalyze the aza-Michael nucleophilic addition reaction between component c) and the N-H of the carbamate group in the system to form new N-C covalent bonds. Due to the low reactivity of aza-Michael addition reaction between aliphatic carbamate and acrylate double bond, catalyst has to be carefully selected. In this disclosure, ammonium halide and/or organic ammonium halide com-pound has been identified as an efficient catalyst.
- component c) is added to the system as a reactive diluent, which replaces commonly used organic solvents to dissolve all components to form a homogeneous system.
- the addition of trace amounts of free radical initiators eliminates unreacted component c) , and the combination of aza-Michael addition and free radical polymerization processes significantly reduces the VOC of automotive coatings.
- the VOC of the automotive coating composition is less than or equal to 150 g/L.
- Figure 1 is a schematic diagram of the reaction principle of an embodiment of the present disclosure.
- Figure 2 is the HSQC spectrum of the dry film hydrolyzate of example 1 (E1) .
- the terms “comprise” , “comprising” , etc. are used interchangeably with “contain” , “containing” , etc. and are to be interpreted in a non-limiting, open manner. That is, e.g., further components or elements may be present.
- polymer and “resin” are used interchangeably to encompass resins, oligomers, and polymers.
- number average molecular weight is determined by gel permeation chromatography of a sample dissolved in tetrahydrofuran using polystyrene or poly (methyl methacrylate) standards.
- solid content refers to a proportion of non-volatile material contained in a coating, paint or other suspension that is the material left after the volatile solvent and water has vaporized.
- polyacrylic includes polyacrylic and polymethacrylic
- polyacrylate includes polyacrylate and polymethacrylate
- (meth) acrylate means acrylate and methacrylate
- (meth) acrylic means acrylic acid and methacrylic acid.
- Diacrylate means diacrylate and dimethacrylate.
- Triacrylate means triacrylate and trimethacrylate.
- curing refers to a process in which a compo-sition undergoes a cross-linking chemical reaction, thereby changing from a liquid, fluid, or gel state to a solid state.
- curable refers to an uncured material having the potential to be cured or solidified, such as for example by the application of a suitable en-ergy source.
- aza-Michael addition involves the 1, 4-addi-tion (conjugate addition) of a nitrogen nucleophile to a Michael acceptor.
- the prefix aza indicates, that the nucleophile in the Michael addition reaction is a primary or a secondary amine.
- the term “2K” or “two-component” refers to a composi-tion comprising two components, each of which may also be a mixture of several compounds. The two components can be blended together if needed. And the two components may also be two independent packages that can be mixed on the spot for applications.
- the present disclosure provides a curable coating composition
- a curable coating composition comprising
- the catalyst comprises at least one ammonium halide and/or organic ammonium halide compound.
- each component of the curable coating composition may be used in one alone or in a combination of two or more thereof in a desired ratio.
- the curable coating composition is a two-component (or two package type) coating composition and at least component a) and component b) are stored separately.
- the present disclosure provides a kit-of-parts, comprising at least two separate containers C1 and C2, wherein the container C1 contains at least a hydroxyl-containing resin and an ⁇ , ⁇ -unsaturated carbonyl compound and the container C2 contains at least a compound containing isocyanate groups and a catalyst for catalyzing an aza-Michael addition reaction, wherein the catalyst comprises at least one ammonium halide.
- the curable coating composition of the disclosure is a solvent-borne, it is environment-friendly and it has a low volatile organic content, which is less than or equal to 250 g/L, preferably less than or equal to 200 g/L, more particularly less than or equal to 150 g/L.
- the component a) of the present disclosure is a hydroxyl-containing resin and is the main film-forming resin in the curable coating composition.
- the hydroxyl group of component a) can react with the isocyanate group to form a carbamate bond, and some of the N-H bonds in the carbamate group will subsequently participate in the aza-Michael addition.
- there is no particular limitation on the types of hydroxyl groups in the hydroxyl-containing resin which, for example, include secondary hydroxyl groups, primary hydroxyl groups, etc.
- component a) has a weight average molecular weight (Mw) mass-average molecular weights of 500 to 50,000 g/mol, preferably 1,000 to 20,000 g/mol, more preferably 2,000 to 10,000 g/mol.
- the glass transition temperature, as measured by DSC (differential thermoanalysis) , of the hydroxyl-containing resin is preferably between -120 °C and 100 °C, more preferably between -80°C and 80°C and most preferably between -30°C and 50°C.
- the hydroxyl-containing resin comprises at least one selected from hydroxyl functional poly (meth) acrylate, hydroxyl functional polyester, hydroxyl functional polyurethane and polysiloxane polyol. These resins may be used alone or in combination of two or more. Such resins or polymers are well-known in the art.
- the hydroxyl-containing resin comprises at least one hydroxyl functional poly (meth) acrylate. More preferably, the mass fraction of hydroxyl functional poly (meth) acrylate in the hydroxyl-containing resin is not less than 50wt%, preferably more than 80wt%, or even 100wt%.
- the hydroxyl functional poly (meth) acrylate of the present disclosure can be obtained, for example, by copolymerization of a hydroxyl-containing polymerizable unsaturated monomer and other copolymerizable monomers.
- the hydroxyl-containing polymerizable unsaturated monomer refers to a compound having at least one hydroxyl group and at least one polymerizable unsaturated bond per molecule.
- examples of the hydroxyl-containing polymerizable unsaturated monomer include hydroxyalkyl esters of acrylic acid or of methacrylic acid, and non-limiting examples include hydroxyalkyl (meth) acrylate with an alkyl carbon number of C1-C10 (preferably C2-C8) , such as one or more selected from the group consisting of hydroxyethyl (meth) acrylate, hydroxypropyl (meth) acrylate, hydroxybutyl (meth) acrylate, hydroxypentyl (meth) acrylate, hydroxyhexyl (meth) acrylate, hydroxyheptyl (meth) acrylate, and hydroxyoctyl (meth) acrylate.
- the hydroxyl-containing polymerizable unsaturated monomer also includes one or more selected from the group consisting of N-methylol (meth) acrylamide, allyl alcohol, and (meth) acrylates with a hydroxyl-terminated polyoxyethylene chain.
- the hydroxyl-containing polymerizable unsaturated monomer includes one or more selected from the group consisting of 2-hydroxyethyl acrylate (2-HEA) , 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (2-HEMA) , 3-hydroxypropyl acrylate (3-HPA) , 3-hydroxypropyl methacrylate (3-HPMA) , 4-hydroxybutyl acrylate (4-HBA) , 4-hydroxybutyl methacrylate (4-HBMA) , 1-hydroxyethyl acrylate (1-HEA) , 1-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (1-HEMA) , 1-or 2-hydroxypropyl acrylate (1-or 2-HPA) , 1-or 2-hydroxypropyl methacrylate (1-or 2-HPMA) , 1-, 2-, or 3-hydroxybutyl acrylate (1-, 2-, or 3-HBA) and 1-, 2-or 3-hydroxybutyl methacrylate (1-, 2-or 3-HBMA) .
- 2-HEA 2-hydroxyethyl acryl
- the other copolymerizable monomers that can be polymerized with the hydroxyl-containing polymerizable unsaturated monomer.
- the other copolymerizable monomers include C1-C20 alkyl (meth) acrylate, preferably C1-C10 alkyl (meth) acrylate, such as methyl (meth) acrylate, ethyl (meth) acrylate, n-propyl (meth) acrylate, isopropyl (meth) acrylate, n-butyl (meth) acrylate, isobutyl (meth) acrylate, tert-butyl (meth) acrylate, amyl (meth) acrylate, hexyl (meth) acrylate, cyclohexyl (meth) acrylate, n-octyl (meth) acrylate, 2-ethylhexyl (meth) acrylate
- carboxyl-containing polymerizable unsaturated monomers such as (meth) acrylic acid, maleic acid, crotonic acid, ⁇ -carboxyethyl acrylate etc. ; alkoxysilyl-containing polymerizable unsaturated monomers such as vinyltrimethoxysilane, vinyltriethoxysilane, ⁇ -(meth) acryloyloxypropyltrimethoxysilane etc. ; vinyl compounds such as N-vinylpyrrolidone, ethylene, butadiene, chloroprene, vinyl propionate, vinyl acetate etc.
- nitrogen-containing polymerizable unsaturated monomers such as aminoalkyl (meth) acrylate, (meth) acrylamide or derivatives thereof; carbonyl-containing polymerizable unsaturated monomers such as acrolein, acetoacetoxyethyl methacrylate, formyl styrene, vinyl alkyl ketones having 4 to 7 carbon atoms, etc.
- epoxy group-containing polymerizable unsaturated monomers such as glycidyl (meth) acrylate, ⁇ -methylglycidyl (meth) acrylate, 3, 4-epoxycyclohexylmethyl (meth) acrylate, allyl glycidyl ether, etc; (meth) acrylate having a polyoxyethylene chain with an alkoxy group at the molecular terminal; phosphoric acid group-containing polymerizable unsaturated monomers such as 2-acryloyloxyethyl acid phosphate, 2-methacryloyloxyethyl acid phosphate, 2-acryloyloxypropyl acid phosphate, 2-methacryloyloxypropyl acid phosphate, etc; and fluoroalkyl-containing polymerizable unsaturated monomers such as perfluoroalkyl (meth) acrylate, fluoroolefin, etc.
- epoxy group-containing polymerizable unsaturated monomers such as gly
- the other copolymerizable monomers may be used singly or in combination of two or more monomers to react with the hydroxyl-containing polymerizable unsaturated monomer in the polymerization.
- the other copolymerizable monomers are one or more selected from monomers with ⁇ , ⁇ -unsaturated double bonds, such as methyl (meth) acrylate, ethyl (meth) acrylate, n-propyl (meth) acrylate, isopropyl (meth) acrylate, n-butyl (meth) acrylate, isobutyl (meth) acrylate, tert-butyl (meth) acrylate, amyl (meth) acrylate, hexyl (meth) acrylate, cyclohexyl (meth) acrylate, n-octyl (meth) acrylate, 2-ethylhexyl (meth) acrylate, (meth) acrylic
- the hydroxyl functional poly (meth) acrylate of the present disclosure can be prepared and synthesized by a known method such as free radical polymerization.
- radical polymerization initiators include azo compounds, such as 2, 2'-azobisisobutyronitrile, 2, 2'-azobis-2, 4-dimethylvaleronitrile, etc.
- radical polymerization initiators may be used singly or in combination of two or more types.
- the amount of the radical polymerization initiator is not particularly limited.
- organic solvents used for polymerization include hydrocarbon solvents such as cyclohexane, ethylcyclohexane, toluene, xylene, and solvent naphtha; ketone solvents such as acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, methyl isobutyl ketone, and cyclohexanone; ester solvents such as ethyl acetate, n-butyl acetate, isobutyl acetate and ethyl 3-ethoxypropionate; ether solvents such as dibutyl ether and tetrahydrofuran; and nitrogen-containing solvents such as acetonitrile, valeronitrile, and N, N-dimethylformamide.
- the organic solvent may be one type of solvent or a mixed solvent of two or more types.
- the hydroxyl functional poly (meth) acrylate has a glass transition temperature of -50°C to 80°C, preferably, -30°C to 50°C.
- the hydroxyl functional poly (meth) acrylate has a weight average molecular weight (Mw) of 2,000 to 20,000 g/mol, preferably 3,000 to 10,000 g/mol, and more preferably 4,000 to 8,000 g/mol. Where the weight average molecular weight is within this range, the resulting coating film can achieve both the advantages of good appearance and durability.
- the weight average molecular weight can be determinedby gel permeation chromatography (GPC) .
- the glass transition temperature can be determined by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) .
- the hydroxyl functional poly (meth) acrylate has a solids content of 40%to 85%, preferably, 50%to 80%.
- the hydroxyl-containing resin also includes a hydroxyl functional polyester.
- the hydroxyl functional polyester can be prepared from low molecular weight alcohols (e.g. C3-6 diol) and polybasic carboxylic acids such as adipic acid, sebacic acid, phthalic acid, isophthalic acid, tetrahydrophthalic acid, hexahydrophthalic acid, maleic acid, cyclohexyl ring-containing dicarboxylic acid, the anhydrides of these acids and mixtures of these acids and/or acid anhydrides.
- Suitable polyester polyols are described for example in EP0994117B1.
- the hydroxyl-containing resin also includes a hydroxyl functional polyurethane and/or polysiloxane polyol.
- the hydroxy-functional polyurethane contains carbamate groups that also participate in aza-Michael addition.
- the hydroxyl functional polyurethane is prepared preferably by reacting polyester polyol prepolymers with suitable di-or polyisocyanates and are described in EP1273640A2, for example.
- Suitable polysiloxane polyols are described for example in WO2001009260A1, and the polysiloxane polyols recited therein can be employed preferably in combination with further polyols, especially those having relatively high glass transition temperatures.
- the hydroxyl-containing resin (based on the solid content) is in an amount of 20 to 70 parts by weight, preferably 25 to 60 parts by weight, and more preferably 28 to 50 parts by weight, based on 100 parts by weight of the total weight of the curable coating composition.
- the curable coating composition of the disclosure comprises one or more compounds having free, i.e., nonblocked, and/or blocked isocyanate groups.
- the curable coating composition of the disclosure comprises component b) having free isocyanate groups.
- the free isocyanate groups of component b) containing isocyanate groups may also, however, be used in a blocked form. This is preferentially the case when the curable coating compositions of the disclosure are used as one-component systems.
- diisocyanates and/or polyisocyanates that serve as parent structures for component b) containing isocyanate groups that are employed with preference in accordance with the disclosure are conventional substituted or unsubstituted, aromatic, aliphatic, cycloaliphatic and/or heterocyclic polyisocyanates.
- polyisocyanates examples are as follows: 2, 4-toluene diisocyanate, 2, 6-toluene diisocyanate, diphenylmethane 4, 4'-diisocyanate, diphenylmethane 2, 4'-diisocyanate, p-phenylene diisocyanate, biphenyl diisocyanates, 3, 3'-dimethyl-4, 4'-diphenylene diisocyanate, tetramethylene 1, 4-diisocyanate, hexamethylene 1, 6-diisocyanate, 2, 2, 4-trimethylhexane 1, 6-diisocyanate, isophorone diisocyanate, ethylene diisocyanate, 1, 12-dodecane diisocyanate, cyclobutane 1, 3-diisocyanate, cyclohexane 1, 3-diisocyanate, cyclohexane 1, 4-diisocyanate, methylcyclohexyl diisocyan
- polyisocyanates are hexamethylene 1, 6-diisocyanate (HDI) , isophorone diisocyanate, and 4, 4’ -methylenedicyclohexyl diisocyanate, their biuret dimers and/or isocyanu-rate trimers.
- the polyisocyanates are polyisocyanate prepolymers containing urethane structural units which are obtained by reacting polyols with a stoichiometric excess of aforementioned polyisocyanates. Polyisocyanate prepolymers of this kind are described for example in U. S. Pat. No. 4, 598, 131.
- component b) also includes functionalized iso-cyanate group-containing compounds, provided that the introduced functional groups do not af-fect the reaction of the hydroxyl group and the isocyanate group and the aza-Michael addition reaction of the present disclosure.
- Suitable compounds can refer to component (B) of CN102803330B.
- component b) has an NCO content of prefera-bly 10%to 30%, further preferably 15%to 25%.
- the amount of component b) is not particularly limited.
- the weight fractions of component a) and of component b) are preferably selected such that the molar equivalent ratio of the unreacted/free isocyanate groups of the isocyanate-containing compound b) to the hydroxyl groups of the hydroxyl-containing resin a) is between 0.8: 1 and 1.5: 1, preferably between 0.9: 1 and 1.3: 1, more preferably between 0.95: 1 and 1.1: 1.
- Component c) is an ⁇ , ⁇ -unsaturated carbonyl compound, which is a conjugate unsaturated carbonyl compound and can be used as a reactive acceptor of aza-Michael addition in the present disclosure.
- Such compounds include enones and enals, but also carboxylic acids and the corresponding esters and amides.
- compound c) comprises at least one selected from anhydrides or esters of (meth) acrylic acid, itaconic acid, fumaric acid and/or maleic acid.
- component c) in order to further reduce the content of VOC, can be used as a reactive diluent, which can replace the organic solvent to dissolve each component, and can also effectively increase the solid content.
- compound c) is selected from alkyl acrylates or hydroxyalkyl acrylates as reactive diluents. These compounds are suitably chosen from among diacrylates, triacrylates, tetraacrylates and the like.
- Diacrylates include, but are not limited to: ethylene glycol diacrylate, propylene glycol diacrylate, diethylene glycol diacrylate, dipropylene glycol diacrylate, triethylene glycol diacrylate, tripropylene glycol diacrylate, tertraethylene glycol diacrylate, tetrapropylene glycol diacrylate, polyethylene glycol diacrylate, polypropylene glycol diacrylate, ethoxylated bisphenol A diacrylate, bisphenol A diglycidyl ether diacrylate, resorcinol diglycidyl ether diacrylate, 1, 3-propanediol diacrylate, 1, 4-butanediol diacrylate, 1, 5-pentanediol diacrylate, 1, 6-hexanediol diacrylate, neopentyl glycol diacrylate, cyclohexane dimethanol diacrylate, ethoxylated neopentyl glycol diacrylate, propoxylated n
- Triacrylates include, but are not limited to:trimethylol propane triacrylate, glycerol triacrylate, ethoxylated trimethylolpropane triacrylate, propoxylated trimethylolpropane triacrylate, tris (2-hydroxyethyl) isocyanurate triacrylate, ethoxylated glycerol triacrylate, propoxylated glycerol triacrylate, pentaerythritol triacrylate, aryl urethane triacrylates and mixtures thereof.
- Tetraacrylates include, but are not limited to: di-trimethylolpropane tetraacrylate, pentaerythritol tetraacrylate, ethoxylated pentaerythritol tetraacrylate, propoxylated pentaerythritol tetraacrylate, dipentaerythritol tetraacrylate, ethoxylated dipentaerythritol tetraacrylate, propoxylated dipentaerythritol tetraacrylate and mixtures thereof.
- component c) comprises at least one selected from hexanediol diacrylate, glycol diacrylate, butanediol diacrylate, neopentyl glycol diacrylate, trimethylolpropane triacrylate, pentaerythritol triacrylate, di-trimethylolpropane tetraacrylate, dipentaerythritol hexaacrylate, dipropylene glycol diacrylate, pentaerythritol ethoxylated (EO) n tetraacrylate and trimethylolpropane ethoxylated (EO) n triacrylate.
- component c) comprises at least hexanediol diacrylate.
- Component c) is available commercially.
- the amount of component c) in the curable coating composition of the present disclosure is in a range of from 10%to 60%by weight, preferably in a range of from 12%to 50%by weight, further preferably in a range of from 15%to 40%by weight based on the weight of the curable coating composition.
- the nitrogen atom in the urethane group is a rather poor nucleophile as it is directly connected to an electron-withdrawing carbonyl group.
- Aza-Michael addition reactions have not been described before in polymer forming reaction systems in the context of polyurethane and acrylate, or alternatively polyol, polyisocyanate and acrylate, where the urethane-NH acts as a Michael-donor. Due to the low reactivity of aza-Michael addition reaction between aliphatic carbamate acrylate double bond, catalyst has to be carefully selected.
- ammonium halide and organic ammonium halide compound have been identified as efficient and inexpensive catalysts.
- the catalyst is selected from the organic ammonium halide compound which is more environmental benign catalyst and has a higher compatibility with the coating composition.
- the commercially available products of organic ammonium halide compounds are mostly colorless, clear and transparent, and will not affect the performance of the coating composition.
- a further subject matter of the present disclosure is the use of at least one ammonium halide and/or organic ammonium halide, especially one ammonium fluoride and/or organic ammonium fluoride, in catalyzing the aza-Michael addition reaction of a curable coating composition of the present disclosure.
- Fluorine has the largest electronegativity value, which has strong deprotonation ability and is conducive to catalyzing the aza-Michael addition reaction, so ammonium fluoride or organic ammonium fluoride is the most preferred.
- suitable ammonium halides include ammonium chloride, ammonium fluoride, ammonium bromide, or combinations thereof. Ammonium fluoride is particularly preferred in the present disclosure.
- the organic ammonium halide compound may comprise one or more compounds represented by the formula N (R) 4 X, where X is a halide and where R represents a hydrogen or a substituted or unsubstituted carbon chain molecule having 1-20 carbons wherein each R may be the same or different.
- R is selected from the group consisting of methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, and combinations thereof.
- Examples of suitable organic ammonium compound is represented by the formula N (R) 4 X include ammonium chloride, ammonium fluoride, and tetraalkylammonium halides such as tetramethylammonium chloride, tetramethylammonium fluoride, tetraethylammonium chloride, tetraethylammonium fluoride, tetrapropylammonium chloride, tetrapropylammonium fluoride, tetrabutylammonium chloride, tetrabutylammonium fluoride, methyltriethylammonium chloride, methyltriethylammonium fluoride, and combinations thereof.
- tetraalkylammonium halides such as tetramethylammonium chloride, tetramethylammonium fluoride, tetraethylammonium chloride, tetraethylammonium fluor
- R represents a substituted or unsubstituted carbon chain molecule having 3-6 carbons wherein each R may be the same or different, and more preferably the organic ammonium halide is tetrabutylammonium fluoride, which has a high compatibility with the coating composition and is conducive to obtaining a transparent coating film.
- the present disclosure does not have any restrictions on the solvent of organic ammonium halide, and the solvent could be selected from THF or acid halide solution (such as HF or HCl) .
- component d) comprises at least one selected from tetraalkyl ammonium fluoride and its hydrates in order to further enhance catalytic activity.
- Ammonium halide or organic ammonium halide may be obtained commercially or prepared by conventional methods by persons skilled in the art.
- the catalyst d) is in a total amount of 0.05%to 2%by weight based on the total weight of the curable coating composition, further preferably in a total amount of 0.1%to 1.5 %by weight.
- the curable coating composition of the present disclosure may also comprise one or more further components, such as free radical initiators, hardness adjusting resin, rheology control agents, solvents, ultraviolet ab-sorbers, surface modifiers, adhesions promotors, and the like known to those skilled in the art.
- further components such as free radical initiators, hardness adjusting resin, rheology control agents, solvents, ultraviolet ab-sorbers, surface modifiers, adhesions promotors, and the like known to those skilled in the art.
- trace amount of free radical initiator (component e) ) can be added to eliminate unreacted component c) to further reduce VOC.
- the unreacted component c) can undergo free radical polymerization under the initiation of the initiator, which can further improve the solid content of the system.
- the curable compositions of the present disclosure are mainly based on thermal curing, so the free radical initiator is prefera-bly a compound that is easily decomposed into free radicals by heat.
- Suitable radi-cal initiators are dialkyl peroxides, such as di-tert-butyl peroxide or di-cumyl peroxide, hydroper-oxides, such as cumene hydroperoxide or tert-butylhydroperoxide, per-esters, such as tert-butyl perbenzoate, tert-butyl perpivalate, tert-butyl per-3, 5, 5-trimethylhexanoate or tert-butyl per-2-ethylhexanoate, peroxodicarbonates, potassium, sodium or ammonium peroxodisulfate, azo ini-tiators, as for example azodinitriles such as azobisisobutyroni-trile.
- dialkyl peroxides such as di-tert-butyl peroxide or di-cumyl peroxide
- hydroper-oxides such as cumene hydroperoxide or tert-butylhydr
- the curable coating composition does not contain photoinitiators.
- the amount of the free radical initiator is related to the amount of component c) .
- the free radical initiator e) is in a total amount of 0.1%to 1.5 %by weight based on the total weight of the curable coating composition, further preferably in a total amount of 0.2%to 1%by weight.
- the curable coating composition may optionally include some hardness adjusting resin such as a melamine resin.
- the melamine resin refers to a partially or fully methylolated melamine resin obtained by the reaction of melamine and an aldehyde.
- the aldehyde include formaldehyde, paraformaldehyde, acetaldehyde, benzaldehyde, and the like.
- those obtained by etherifying some or all of the methylol groups of the above methylolated melamine resins with a suitable alcohol can also be used.
- Non-limiting examples of the alcohol used for the etherification include one or more of methanol, ethanol, n-propanol, isopropanol, n-butanol, etc.
- the use of the melamine resin in combination with other components can improve the hardness and increase the crosslinking density of the coating film.
- the melamine resins are well known to those skilled in the art and are supplied as commercial products by many companies. Examples of suitable low molecular weight, fully etherified melamine resins are 301 and 303 from Cytec, 066 from BASF, and and MF from Solutia.
- suitable, relatively low molecular weight, highly etherified melamine resins containing free imino groups are 325 and 327, 202 and 203, 062, 018 and 014 from Cytec; MF 927 and 3950, VMF 3611, 3615 and 580, and 717 and 718 from BASF; 9539 from Solutia; and US 138 and US 146 from Akzo Resins.
- suitable relatively low molecular weight, partially etherified melamine resins are 012, 016, 015, 018 and 010 from BASF, MF 590 and 600 from Solutia and US 132 and 134 from Akzo Resins.
- those skilled in the art could select an appropriate amount of melamine resin.
- the amount of melamine resins is 10 parts to 20 parts, based on 100 parts of the total weight of the curable coating composition.
- the curable coating composition may optionally comprise a rheology control agent.
- rheology control agents can be used, and examples thereof include clay minerals (for example, metal silicates and montmorillonites) , (meth) acrylics, polyolefins (for example, polyethylene, polypropylene, etc. ) , amides (higher fatty acid amides, polyamides, etc. ) , polycarboxylic acids, cellulose (including various derivatives such as nitrocellulose, acetyl cellulose, cellulose ether, etc.
- urethane (apolymer and/or an oligomer or the like having a urethane structure in the molecule)
- urea (apolymer and/or an oligomer having a urea structure in the molecule)
- the curable coating composition of the present disclosure is solvent-borne.
- organic solvent include one or more of acetone, toluene, xylene, ethyl acetate, butyl acetate, isopropyl alcohol, n-butanol, 2-ethylhexanol, ethyl 3-ethoxypropionate and solvent naphtha.
- the amount of organic solvent may vary within a wide range, preferably within a range of 0.1 wt %to 30 wt %relative to the total weight of the curable coating composition.
- component c) can be used as a reactive diluent in place of the organic solvent, preferably, the composition comprises solvent as low as possible, preferably comprises solvent in an amount of 15%or less, more preferably of 12%or less, even more preferably of 8%or less, relative to the total weight of the curable coating composition.
- component c) contains a 100 %reactive diluent by weight, the curable coating composition does not contain any solvent.
- Surface modifiers mainly promotes the coating to form a flat, smooth and uniform film in the process of drying film, such as acrylic and silicone leveling agents.
- examples of commercial prod-ucts of the surface adjusting agent include BYK series (produced by BYK-Chemie) , Tego series (produced by Evonik) and Surfynol series (produced by Evonik) .
- a known ultraviolet absorber may be used. Examples thereof include benzotriazole absorbers, triazine absorbers, salicylic acid derivative absorbers, benzophenone absorbers, and other ultraviolet absorbers. Commercial products such as Tinuvin 384-2, Tinuvin 123 produced by BASF.
- the curable coating composition of the present disclosure may further optionally comprise conventionally known light stabilizers such as hindered amine light stabilizers and the like.
- conventionally known light stabilizers such as hindered amine light stabilizers and the like.
- hindered amine light stabilizers include acylated hindered amines, amino ether-based hindered amines, and the like.
- the curable coating compositions are suitable as basecoats, clearcoats or primers.
- the curable coating compositions can thus contain pigments, including special effect pigments, and optionally fillers.
- Particularly preferably embodiments of the curable coating composition are in the form of transparent pigmented clearcoat coating compositions (tinted clearcoats) , and clearcoat coating compositions that do not include a pigment.
- the amount of these materials in the curable coating composition of the present disclosure may be determined by a skilled person according to practical application.
- the curable coating composition of the present disclosure can be prepared by a skilled person using a process known in the art.
- a multi-component kit (or set) is especially to be understood as being a two-component kit, preferably a two-chamber device or, furthermore, a multichamber device, in which the constituents that are capable of reacting with one another are contained in such a way that they cannot lead to undesired reactions during storage, preferably in such a way that the constituents that react with one another cannot come into contact with one another prior to use. Since crosslinking of the components a) and b) may start during storage temperatures, the curable coating composition is preferably formulated as a 2K composition.
- the reactive constituents of a hybrid system according to the disclosure are divided between the components of the multi-component system, especially the multi-component kit, in such a way that constituents that react with one another do not come into contact with one another prior to use (especially during manufacture, storage and transport) (the constituents are separated from one another so as to inhibit reaction) .
- Appropriate divisions will be readily evident to the person skilled in the art.
- the container C1 contains at least a hydroxyl-containing resin, an ⁇ , ⁇ -unsaturated carbonyl compound and a catalyst for catalyzing an aza-Michael addition reaction.
- the container C2 contains at least a compound containing isocyanate groups.
- the container C2 also contains the free radical initiator.
- the curable coating composition can be applied in a variety of ways familiar to those skilled in the art, including spraying (e.g., air assisted, airless or electrostatic spraying) , brushing, rolling, flooding and dipping. In an embodiment described herein, the curable coating composition is coated by spraying.
- spraying e.g., air assisted, airless or electrostatic spraying
- brushing e.g., brushing, rolling, flooding and dipping.
- the curable coating composition is coated by spraying.
- the curable coating composition can be applied at various wet film thicknesses (e.g., by a scraper or spray gun) .
- the curable coating composition is applied in a wet film thickness in the range of about 40 to about 300 ⁇ m, preferably about 50 to 150 ⁇ m.
- the curable coating composition described herein can be cured at a temperature determined by the application process, the nature of the substrate to which the composition is applied, or the ultimate end use of the composition. In some embodiments, curing is performed under high temperature baking conditions, such as above 100°C, preferably within a range of about 120°C. to 150°C.
- the applied coating may be cured by air drying at room temperature or by accelerating drying with various drying devices e.g., ovens familiar to those skilled in the art.
- the curable coating composition is applied at a wet coating thickness of about 100 ⁇ m on a glass substrate and baked under 140°C for 20 min and post-cured in room temperature over 48h.
- the resulting cured coating film shows a pendulum hardness of about 120 or more, preferably of about 125 or more, more preferably of about 127 or more.
- Pendulum hardness, ” as used herein, is determined according to DIN 53157.
- the resulting cured coating film also shows a MEK rub test of about 270 or more, preferably of about 290 or more, more preferably of about 310 or more.
- the present disclosure further relates to a coated article having the cured coating film on an object, the cured coating film being obtained by curing the curable coating composition of the disclosure.
- objects can be used in the present disclosure, including metal or metallic objects such as bare steel, phosphated steel, galvanized steel, or aluminum; and non-metallic objects, such as plastics and composites.
- Applications of the curable coating composition include but are not limited to automobile, railway rolling stock, bridge pipeline, steel structure, interior and exterior walls of architectural engineering, furniture and other industrial fields, preferably, automotive filed, more preferably, the curable coating composition of the present disclosure is suitable for automotive clearcoat materials.
- the disclosure also provides a method of curing the curable coating composition, comprising: providing a curable coating composition of the present disclosure and curing the curable composition through a reaction between isocyanate groups and hydroxyl groups and an aza-Michael addition reaction.
- the present disclosure also includes the aza-Michael addition reaction by selecting a specific catalyst.
- isocyanate groups react with hydroxyl groups to form carbamates.
- the catalyst of the present disclosure component c)
- the N-H of the carbamate is deprotonated to form the amide anion.
- the resulting amide anion would attack at the electrophilic ⁇ -position of the ⁇ , ⁇ -unsaturated acrylate.
- the final aza-Michael addition product is formed after a proton transfer from a further urethane entity or acetic acid, followed by a keto-enol reorganization.
- the hydroxyl group of component a) and the isocyanate group of component b) react to form a carbamate bond.
- a reactive donor it undergoes an aza-Michael addition reaction with a reactive acceptor (component c) ) in the presence of a catalyst.
- component a) includes a polyurethane resin containing a hydroxyl group, the resin itself contains a carbamate bond that can also allow the reactive donor to react with the reactive acceptor.
- This disclosure uses the molecular model reaction system and 1 H-NMR to investigate the coupling reaction of acrylate and urethane.
- 1 H-NMR spectroscopic analysis (Heteronuclear Single Quantum Coherence, HSQC) can be used to prove the aza-Michael addition reaction that takes places.
- NMR analysis of the cured film and hydrolysis method can be used to determine the aza-Michael addition product.
- the C-N bond of the urethane on the polyurethane skeleton and the six-membered ring structure of the HDI-trimer are hydrolyzed catalyzed by strong bases such as NaOH etc. to produce primary amine fragments. But if aza-Michael occurs, secondary amine fragments will be produced after hydrolysis of the system.
- the NMR secondary amine signal demonstrated the presence of aza-Michael addition product.
- the method of curing the curable coating composition further comprises a free radical polymerization.
- a free radical polymerization There is unreacted component c) in the system, which acts as a reactive diluent and can cause free radical polymerization in the presence of a free radical initiator.
- unreacted component c) undergoes thermally induced free radical homopolymerization to form polyacrylate.
- the curable coating composition of the present disclosure can significantly reduce VOC, and its cured coating film also has good hardness, solvent resistance and appearance.
- the curable coating composition is preferably used as a clearcoat composition in a process to prepare a multilayer coating on a substrate.
- a further subject matter of the present disclosure is therefore a method for forming multilayer coating film, the method comprising:
- the method comprises:
- the substrate is preferably selected from metallic substrates, metallic substrates coated with at least one cured coating, plastic substrates, substrates comprising defects and substrates com-prising metallic and plastic components, more preferably from metallic substrates.
- preferred metallic substrates are selected from iron, aluminum, copper, zinc, magnesium and alloys thereof as well as steel.
- Preferred substrates are those of iron and steel, examples being iron and steel substrates as used in the automobile industry sector.
- the substrates them-selves may be of any shape-that is, for example simple metal panels or complex components such as automobile bodies and parts thereof.
- the cured first coating layer is preferably a cured electrocoat layer with a dry film thickness such as in a range of 8 to 25 ⁇ m.
- step (2) of the method either (a) a single a basecoat layer or (b) at least two directly successive-sive basecoat layers are produced.
- all basecoat compositions known to the skilled worker are suitable.
- at least one of the basecoat compositions comprises at least one hydroxy-functional polymer as binder, selected from the group consisting of polyacry-lates (for example, a hydroxy-functional polymer comprising a dispersion) , polyurethanes, poly-esters and copolymers of the stated polymers, as for example polyurethane-polyacrylates, and optionally at least one melamine resin as crosslinking agent.
- the basecoat compositions may be identical or different.
- the basecoat composition may be applied by the methods known to the skilled person for applying liquid coating materials, as for example by dipping, knife-coating, spraying, rolling, or the like. With very particular preference the basecoat composition is applied via pneumatic spray application or electrostatic spray application. Following application, the applied basecoat composition or the corresponding basecoat layer is preferably subjected to flash off at 15 to 35°C. for a duration of 0.5 to 30 minutes and/or to interim drying at a temperature of pref-erably 40 to 90°C. for a duration of 1 to 60 minutes. Preference is given to initial flash off at 15 to 35°C.
- the basecoat layer is not cured, i.e., it is preferably not exposed to temperatures of more than 100°C. for a duration of longer than 1 mi-nute. Since the basecoat layer is cured only in step (4) , it cannot already be cured in step (2) , since in that case curing in step (4) would no longer be possible.
- step (2) (a) preference is given to production of higher film thicknesses of 15 to 50 ⁇ m, prefer-ably 20 to 45 ⁇ m.
- step (2) (b) the individual basecoat layers tend to have lower film thick-nesses by comparison, the overall system then again having film thicknesses which lie within the order of magnitude of the one basecoat layer.
- the first basecoat layer preferably has film thicknesses of 5 to 35 ⁇ m, more particularly 10 to 30 ⁇ m
- the second basecoat layer preferably has film thicknesses of 5 to 35 ⁇ m, more par-ticularly 10 to 30 ⁇ m, with the overall film thickness not exceeding 50 ⁇ m.
- a clearcoat layer is produced directly on the uncured basecoat layer.
- the curable coating composition of the disclosure as the clearcoat composition can be applied by methods known to the skilled person for applying liquid coating materials, for example by dipping, knifecoating, spraying, rolling, or the like. Preference is given to employing spray application methods, such as compressed air spraying (pneumatic application) and electrostatic spray ap-plication (ESTA) .
- the clearcoat composition or the corresponding clearcoat layer is subjected to flash off and/or interim-drying after application, preferably at 15 to 35°C. for a duration of 0.5 to 30 minutes.
- the clearcoat composition is applied in such a way that the clearcoat layer after the curing has taken place in step (4) has a film thickness of, for example, 15 to 80 ⁇ m, preferably 20 to 65 ⁇ m, very preferably 25 to 60 ⁇ m.
- the process of the disclosure does not exclude the presence of further coating materials, as for example further clearcoat materials being applied after the application of the curable coating composition of the disclosure and further clearcoat layers being produced this way.
- further coating materials as for example further clearcoat materials being applied after the application of the curable coating composition of the disclosure and further clearcoat layers being produced this way.
- only the inventive clearcoat composition is applied and then cured as described in step (4) .
- step (4) joint curing of any uncured coating layer, particularly coating layers produced in steps (2) and (3) of the inventive method, is performed.
- the joint curing preferably takes place at tem-peratures of 100 to 150°C. for a period of 15 to 35 minutes.
- the method of the disclosure allows to produce multilayer coatings on substrates without a sep-arate curing step.
- Application of the method of the disclosure results in multilayer coatings which exhibit a good appearance and a good solvent resistance.
- a curable coating composition comprising
- the catalyst comprises at least one ammonium halide and/or organic ammonium halide compound.
- composition according to embodiment 1, wherein the composition further comprises e) a free radical initiator.
- the ⁇ , ⁇ -unsaturated carbonyl compound c) comprises at least one selected from anhydrides or esters of (meth) acrylic acid, itaconic acid, fumaric acid and/or maleic acid, preferably, the ⁇ , ⁇ -unsaturated carbonyl compound c) is selected from alkyl acrylates or hydroxyalkyl acrylates as reactive diluents.
- the curable coating composition according to any one of embodiments 1 to 5, wherein the catalyst d) comprises at least one selected from tetraalkyl ammonium fluoride and its hydrates , preferably the component d) comprises at least one selected from tetrabutyllammonium fluoride and tetrabutyllammonium fluoride hydrates.
- the curable coating composition according to any one of embodiments 1 to 7, wherein the coating composition comprises the ⁇ , ⁇ -unsaturated carbonyl compound c) in a total amount of 10%to 60%by weight based on the total weight of the coating composition.
- the curable coating composition according to any one of embodiments 1 to 8, wherein the coating composition comprises the catalyst d) in a total amount of 0.05%to 2%by weight based on the total weight of the coating composition.
- the curable coating composition according to any one of embodiments 1 to 9, wherein the curable composition has a volatile organic compounds (VOC) content of 250 g/L or less, preferably, 200 g/L or less.
- VOC volatile organic compounds
- a kit-of-parts comprising at least two separate containers C1 and C2, wherein the container C1 contains at least a hydroxyl-containing resin and an ⁇ , ⁇ -unsaturated carbonyl compound and the container C2 contains at least a compound containing isocyanate groups and a catalyst for catalyzing an aza-Michael addition reaction, wherein the catalyst comprises at least one ammonium halide and/or organic ammonium halide.
- a method of curing the curable coating composition comprising:
- a method for forming multilayer coating film comprising:
- Solid mass sample mass ⁇ solid content (%)
- VOC Volatile Organic Compound
- test wet paint was applied onto glass substrate at a wet coating thickness of 100 ⁇ m and dried at 140°C for 20 min in an oven. Afterward the panel was post-cured in room temerature over 48h before testing.
- the pendulum hardness was measured according to DIN 53157. The figure reported is the number of swings.
- a solvent rub test was performed using Methyl Ethyl Ketone (MEK) as the solvent. Rubs were counted as double rubs (one forward rub and one backward rub constitutes a double rub) which gave measurable val-ues of MEK resistance and cure.
- MEK Methyl Ethyl Ketone
- the product was aged at 155°C for 1 hours while nitrogen gas was introduced, and then the product was cooled to room temperature and was diluted with an 5 part of a solvent (solvent naphtha) , thereby obtaining the hydroxyl-containg polyacrylate having a solid content of 60%, a glass transition temperature of 5°C, a weight average molecular weight (Mw) of 5000 g/mol and a hydroxyl value of 180mg KOH/g (determined according to DIN53240-2 (date: November, 2007) ) .
- solvent solvent
- the hydroxyl-containg polyacrylate prepared in the synthesis example was firstly mixed with a reactive diluent HDDA (1, 6-Hex-anediol diacrylate) by a speed mixer.
- TBPEH tert-butyl peroxy-2-ethylhexanoate
- TBAF tetrabutylammonium fluoride solution 1 M in THF, CAS: 429-41-4, Sigma Aldrich
- K-KAT 348 King Industries
- HDI trimer Desmodur N3600, Covestro
- the viscosity of the wet paint was adjusted to less than 200 mPa ⁇ sand the yield colorless transparent liquid was further applied onto substrate (such as glass, steel plate, aluminum, etc. ) through a scraper or spray gun to form a wet film with a thickness of about 100 ⁇ m.
- substrate such as glass, steel plate, aluminum, etc.
- the coated panels were further transferred to an oven and baked under typical curing conditions used in automotive OEMs (140°C/20 minutes) .
- the pan-els were then post-cured at room temperature over 48 hours before a cured film testing.
- the property parameters of the obtained cured film were also shown in Table 3.
- NMR analysis of the obtained cured film the above-mentioned cured film could not be dissolved in normal solvents including solvent naphtha, benzyl alcohol, acetone, etc., so hydrolysis method was used to determine the aza-Michael addition product.
- the sample was put into a high-pressure reactor. By adding D-pyridine and sodium hydroxide solution, the system was hold at 160°C for 16 hours. Afterwards the sample was taken for NMR analysis (Heteronuclear Single Quantum Coherence) . Under the high temperature environment, the C-N bond from carbamate from polyurethane backbone and 6-member ring structure from HDI-trimer were hydrolysis generating primary amine fragments.
- curable coating compositions were prepared according to the components and amounts provided in Table 2.
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Abstract
The present disclosure relates to a curable coating composition comprising a) a hydroxyl-containing resin; b) a compound containing isocyanate groups; c) an α, β-unsaturated carbonyl compound, and d) a catalyst for catalyzing an aza-Michael addition reaction, wherein the catalyst comprises at least one ammonium halide and/or organic ammonium halide compound. With the combination of aza-Michael addition reaction and classical polyurethane crosslinking reaction, the VOC of the curable coating composition can be successfully reduced below 250 g/L with a superior comprehensive coating properties including film hardness, solvent resistance, appearance, etc.
Description
The present disclosure relates to a coating composition, and in particular relates to a curable coating composition and its curing method.
Automotive coating is facing stricter environmental regulations from regional/global legislation while meeting requirement including appearance, physical properties, durability, application effi-ciency etc. from OEM (Original Equipment Manufacturer) . For example, from 1st Jan 2024, the OEM automotive coating in Beijing needs to meet Low VOC (volatile organic content) regulation GB/T 38597. The current VOC regulation (GB 24409) for OEM passenger car for solvent-borne clear coat is 550 g/L (1 K, one-component) and 500 g/L (2K, two-component) respectively. While in the new regulation (GB/T 38597) , the VOC requirement is largely decreased to 480 g/L (1 K) and 420 g/L (2K) respectively. For this reason, continuous effort has to be put in low VOC tech-nology for automotive coating. To reduce the VOC content in coatings, there is a need to vigorously develop waterborne coatings, powder coatings, high solids coatings, solvent-free coatings, and UV-curable coatings to replace traditional solvent-borne coatings as much as possible.
In the field of automotive coating, multilayer coating technology is widely used, that is, the substrate coated with electrodeposition coating is further coated with primer coating, basecoat and clearcoat. The clearcoat layer needs to have a protective and decorative function, which has higher requirements for gloss, hardness, scratch resistance and solvent resistance. Because waterborne coatings may not match solvent-borne coatings in certain key performance areas such as hardness and drying properties, clearcoatings are mostly solvent-borne coatings.
Patent Document 1 discloses a high solid based clearcoat composition for vehicles and it comprises (a) thermosetting hydroxylated acrylic resin; (b) polymers that contain hydroxyl groups and one or more of the following groups: propylene diester, ethyl acetate, and acetone; (c) an unsaturated acrylate group-containing polymer; (d) crosslinking agent. The patent requires the preparation of polymers (b) with hydroxyl groups and special functional groups such as malonate, acetoacetate and acetylacetone. Componet (b) and component (c) can undergo a Michael addition reaction to form carbon-carbon covalent bonds, improving the construction solid content of clearcoat and reducing VOC emissions. However, the preparation of polymers containing special functional groups increases the process complexity in the production process. And the VOC content of products needs to be further reduced.
Patent Document 2 discolses a dual cure coating composition comprising: (a) a melamine-group containing polyethylenically unsaturated compound; and (b) an acrylate-containing composition comprising: (i) a urethane acrylate, (ii) an epoxy acrylate, and (iii) a multi-functional acrylate monomer. By using active diluent and polymeric monomer with high boiling point and low volatility to replace part of organic solvent, the solid content can be effectively increased by double curing.
However, an additional photoinitiator is required after application in addition to thermal curing to get fully crosslinked film by the reaction of unsaturated compound and the VOC content needs to be further reduced.
How to reduce VOC at low cost and make the obtained coating film have good properties such as hardness and solvent resistance on the basis of the existing coating formula is a problem to be solved.
Literature cited:
Patent Document 1: CN104387821A
Patent Document 2: US8513321 B2
SUMMARY OF THE DISCLOSURE
In one aspect, the present disclosure provides a curable coating composition comprising:
a) a hydroxyl-containing resin,
b) a compound containing isocyanate groups,
c) anα, β-unsaturated carbonyl compound, and
d) a catalyst for catalyzing an aza-Michael addition reaction, wherein the catalyst comprises at least one ammonium halide and/or organic ammonium halide compound.
The afore-mentioned curable coating composition is hereinafter also referred to as “curable coating composition of the/this/present disclosure” , “curable coating composition according to the/this/present disclosure” , “the coating composition of the/this/present disclosure” , or “the coating composition according to the/this/present disclosure” .
In another aspect, the present disclosure provides a coating film or an article obtained from the curable coating composition of the disclosure.
In another aspect, the present disclosure provides a kit-of-parts of the curable coating composition of the disclosure.
In another aspect, the present disclosure provides a method of curing the curable coating composition, comprising:
providing a curable coating composition of the disclosure and curing the curable composition through a reaction between isocyanate groups and hydroxyl groups and an aza-Michael addition reaction.
In another aspect, the present disclosure provides a method for forming multilayer coating film, comprising:
applying onto an object to be coated at least a monolayer of basecoat and at least a monolayer of clearcoat, wherein at least one clearcoat layer is obtained from the curable coating composition of the disclosure.
In a further aspect, the present disclosure provides the use of at least one ammonium halide and/or organic ammonium halide, especially one ammonium fluoride and/or organic ammonium fluoride, in catalyzing the aza-Michael addition reaction of a curable coating composition according to the present disclosure.
The present disclosure is based on the classic polyurethane network, using specific catalysts to catalyze the aza-Michael nucleophilic addition reaction between component c) and the N-H of the carbamate group in the system to form new N-C covalent bonds. Due to the low reactivity of aza-Michael addition reaction between aliphatic carbamate and acrylate double bond, catalyst has to be carefully selected. In this disclosure, ammonium halide and/or organic ammonium halide com-pound has been identified as an efficient catalyst. With the combination of aza-Michael addition reaction and classical polyurethane crosslinking reaction, the VOC of the automotive coating com-position can be successfully reduced below 250 g/L even below 200 g/L with a superior compre-hensive coating properties including film hardness, solvent resistance, appearance, etc. In some embodiments of the present disclosure, component c) is added to the system as a reactive diluent, which replaces commonly used organic solvents to dissolve all components to form a homogeneous system. Preferably, the addition of trace amounts of free radical initiators eliminates unreacted component c) , and the combination of aza-Michael addition and free radical polymerization processes significantly reduces the VOC of automotive coatings. In some preferred embodiments of the present disclosure, the VOC of the automotive coating composition is less than or equal to 150 g/L.
Those skilled in the art will realize that the above recognized advantages and other advantages described herein are merely illustrative and are not meant to be a complete rendering of all of the advantages of the various embodiments.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
Figure 1 is a schematic diagram of the reaction principle of an embodiment of the present disclosure.
Figure 2 is the HSQC spectrum of the dry film hydrolyzate of example 1 (E1) .
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE DISCLOSURE
The present disclosure now will be described more fully hereinafter, in which some, but not all embodiments of the disclosure are shown. Indeed, this disclosure can be embodied in many different forms and should not be construed as limited to the embodiments set forth herein; rather, these embodiments are provided so that this disclosure will satisfy applicable legal requirements.
In the context of the present disclosure, expressions “a” , “an” , “the” , when used to define a term, include both the plural and singular forms of the term.
In the context of the present disclosure, the terms “comprise” , “comprising” , etc. are used interchangeably with “contain” , “containing” , etc. and are to be interpreted in a non-limiting, open manner. That is, e.g., further components or elements may be present.
In the context of the present disclosure, unless otherwise indicated, "above" , "below" includes the present number.
In the context of the present disclosure, for convenience, “polymer” and “resin” are used interchangeably to encompass resins, oligomers, and polymers.
In the context of the present disclosure, “number average molecular weight” is determined by gel permeation chromatography of a sample dissolved in tetrahydrofuran using polystyrene or poly (methyl methacrylate) standards.
In the context of the present disclosure, “solid content” refers to a proportion of non-volatile material contained in a coating, paint or other suspension that is the material left after the volatile solvent and water has vaporized.
In the context of the present disclosure, “polyacrylic” includes polyacrylic and polymethacrylic, and “polyacrylate” includes polyacrylate and polymethacrylate. “ (meth) acrylate” means acrylate and methacrylate, “ (meth) acrylic" means acrylic acid and methacrylic acid. “Diacrylate” means diacrylate and dimethacrylate. “Triacrylate” means triacrylate and trimethacrylate.
In the context of the present disclosure, the term “curing” refers to a process in which a compo-sition undergoes a cross-linking chemical reaction, thereby changing from a liquid, fluid, or gel state to a solid state.
In the context of the present disclosure, the term “curable” refers to an uncured material having the potential to be cured or solidified, such as for example by the application of a suitable en-ergy source.
In the context of the present disclosure, the term “aza-Michael addition” involves the 1, 4-addi-tion (conjugate addition) of a nitrogen nucleophile to a Michael acceptor. The prefix aza indicates, that the nucleophile in the Michael addition reaction is a primary or a secondary amine.
In the context of the present disclosure, the term “2K” or “two-component” refers to a composi-tion comprising two components, each of which may also be a mixture of several compounds. The two components can be blended together if needed. And the two components may also be two independent packages that can be mixed on the spot for applications.
Reference throughout the specification to "an embodiment or example, " "one embodiment or example, " "another embodiment or example, " "other embodiments or examples, " "some embodiments or examples, " and so forth, means that a particular element (e.g., feature, struc-ture, property, and/or characteristic) described in connection with the embodiment/example is included in at least an embodiment/example described herein, and may or may not be present in other embodiments/examples. In addition, it is to be understood that the described ele-ment (s) can be combined in any suitable manner in the various embodiments or examples un-less the context clearly dictates otherwise.
CURABLE COATING COMPOSITION
The present disclosure provides a curable coating composition comprising
a) a hydroxyl-containing resin,
b) a compound containing isocyanate groups,
c) anα, β-unsaturated carbonyl compound, and
d) a catalyst for catalyzing an aza-michael addition reaction,
wherein the catalyst comprises at least one ammonium halide and/or organic ammonium halide compound.
In this disclosure, each component of the curable coating composition may be used in one alone or in a combination of two or more thereof in a desired ratio.
In some preferred embodiment of the present disclosure, the curable coating composition is a two-component (or two package type) coating composition and at least component a) and component b) are stored separately.
In one embodiment of the present disclosure, the present disclosure provides a kit-of-parts, comprising at least two separate containers C1 and C2, wherein the container C1 contains at least a hydroxyl-containing resin and anα, β-unsaturated carbonyl compound and the container C2 contains at least a compound containing isocyanate groups and a catalyst for catalyzing an aza-Michael addition reaction, wherein the catalyst comprises at least one ammonium halide.
Although the curable coating composition of the disclosure is a solvent-borne, it is environment-friendly and it has a low volatile organic content, which is less than or equal to 250 g/L, preferably less than or equal to 200 g/L, more particularly less than or equal to 150 g/L.
<A hydroxyl-containing resin>
The component a) of the present disclosure is a hydroxyl-containing resin and is the main film-forming resin in the curable coating composition. The hydroxyl group of component a) can react with the isocyanate group to form a carbamate bond, and some of the N-H bonds in the carbamate group will subsequently participate in the aza-Michael addition. In the present disclosure, there is no particular limitation on the types of hydroxyl groups in the hydroxyl-containing resin, which, for example, include secondary hydroxyl groups, primary hydroxyl groups, etc. Preferably, the resins having hydroxyl functional groups with a hydroxyl number of 50 to 300 mg KOH/g, more preferably from 80 to 250 mg KOH/g and even more preferably from 120 to 200 mg KOH/g, which is conducive to obtaining a coating film with good crosslinking density, hardness and resistance to solvent. In some embodiments of the present disclosure, component a) has a weight average molecular weight (Mw) mass-average molecular weights of 500 to 50,000 g/mol, preferably 1,000 to 20,000 g/mol, more preferably 2,000 to 10,000 g/mol. The glass transition temperature, as measured by DSC (differential thermoanalysis) , of the hydroxyl-containing resin is preferably between -120 ℃ and 100 ℃, more preferably between -80℃ and 80℃ and most preferably between -30℃ and 50℃.
In some embodiments of the present disclosure, the hydroxyl-containing resin comprises at least one selected from hydroxyl functional poly (meth) acrylate, hydroxyl functional polyester, hydroxyl functional polyurethane and polysiloxane polyol. These resins may be used alone or in combination of two or more. Such resins or polymers are well-known in the art. Preferably, the hydroxyl-containing resin comprises at least one hydroxyl functional poly (meth) acrylate. More preferably, the mass fraction of hydroxyl functional poly (meth) acrylate in the hydroxyl-containing resin is not less than 50wt%, preferably more than 80wt%, or even 100wt%.
The hydroxyl functional poly (meth) acrylate of the present disclosure can be obtained, for example, by copolymerization of a hydroxyl-containing polymerizable unsaturated monomer and other copolymerizable monomers. The hydroxyl-containing polymerizable unsaturated monomer refers to a compound having at least one hydroxyl group and at least one polymerizable unsaturated bond per molecule. In some embodiments of the present disclosure, examples of the hydroxyl-containing polymerizable unsaturated monomer include hydroxyalkyl esters of acrylic acid or of methacrylic acid, and non-limiting examples include hydroxyalkyl (meth) acrylate with an alkyl carbon number of C1-C10 (preferably C2-C8) , such as one or more selected from the group consisting of hydroxyethyl (meth) acrylate, hydroxypropyl (meth) acrylate, hydroxybutyl (meth) acrylate, hydroxypentyl (meth) acrylate, hydroxyhexyl (meth) acrylate, hydroxyheptyl (meth) acrylate, and hydroxyoctyl (meth) acrylate. In other embodiments of the present disclosure, the hydroxyl-containing polymerizable unsaturated monomer also includes one or more selected from the group consisting of N-methylol (meth) acrylamide, allyl alcohol, and (meth) acrylates with a hydroxyl-terminated polyoxyethylene chain. Preferably, the hydroxyl-containing polymerizable unsaturated monomer includes one or more selected from the group consisting of 2-hydroxyethyl acrylate (2-HEA) , 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (2-HEMA) , 3-hydroxypropyl acrylate (3-HPA) , 3-hydroxypropyl methacrylate (3-HPMA) , 4-hydroxybutyl acrylate (4-HBA) , 4-hydroxybutyl methacrylate (4-HBMA) , 1-hydroxyethyl acrylate (1-HEA) , 1-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (1-HEMA) , 1-or 2-hydroxypropyl acrylate (1-or 2-HPA) , 1-or 2-hydroxypropyl methacrylate (1-or 2-HPMA) , 1-, 2-, or 3-hydroxybutyl acrylate (1-, 2-, or 3-HBA) and 1-, 2-or 3-hydroxybutyl methacrylate (1-, 2-or 3-HBMA) .
In the present disclosure, there is no particular limitation on the other copolymerizable monomers that can be polymerized with the hydroxyl-containing polymerizable unsaturated monomer. Examples of the other copolymerizable monomers include C1-C20 alkyl (meth) acrylate, preferably C1-C10 alkyl (meth) acrylate, such as methyl (meth) acrylate, ethyl (meth) acrylate, n-propyl (meth) acrylate, isopropyl (meth) acrylate, n-butyl (meth) acrylate, isobutyl (meth) acrylate, tert-butyl (meth) acrylate, amyl (meth) acrylate, hexyl (meth) acrylate, cyclohexyl (meth) acrylate, n-octyl (meth) acrylate, 2-ethylhexyl (meth) acrylate, nonyl (meth) acrylate, lauryl (meth) acrylate, isobornyl (meth) acrylate, stearyl (meth) acrylate and cyclohexyl methacrylate (CHMA) ; aromatic ring-containing polymerizable unsaturated monomers such as styrene, α-methylstyrene, vinyl toluene, benzyl (meth) acrylate, etc. ; carboxyl-containing polymerizable unsaturated monomers such as (meth) acrylic acid, maleic acid, crotonic acid, β-carboxyethyl acrylate etc. ; alkoxysilyl-containing polymerizable unsaturated monomers such as vinyltrimethoxysilane, vinyltriethoxysilane, γ-(meth) acryloyloxypropyltrimethoxysilane etc. ; vinyl compounds such as N-vinylpyrrolidone, ethylene, butadiene, chloroprene, vinyl propionate, vinyl acetate etc. ; nitrogen-containing polymerizable unsaturated monomers such as aminoalkyl (meth) acrylate, (meth) acrylamide or derivatives thereof; carbonyl-containing polymerizable unsaturated monomers such as acrolein, acetoacetoxyethyl methacrylate, formyl styrene, vinyl alkyl ketones having 4 to 7 carbon atoms, etc. ; epoxy group-containing polymerizable unsaturated monomers such as glycidyl (meth) acrylate, β-methylglycidyl (meth) acrylate, 3, 4-epoxycyclohexylmethyl (meth) acrylate, allyl glycidyl ether, etc; (meth) acrylate having a polyoxyethylene chain with an alkoxy group at the molecular terminal; phosphoric acid group-containing polymerizable unsaturated monomers such as 2-acryloyloxyethyl acid phosphate, 2-methacryloyloxyethyl acid phosphate, 2-acryloyloxypropyl acid phosphate, 2-methacryloyloxypropyl acid phosphate, etc; and fluoroalkyl-containing polymerizable unsaturated monomers such as perfluoroalkyl (meth) acrylate, fluoroolefin, etc. The other copolymerizable monomers may be used singly or in combination of two or more monomers to react with the hydroxyl-containing polymerizable unsaturated monomer in the polymerization. Preferably, the other copolymerizable monomers are one or more selected from monomers with α, β-unsaturated double bonds, such as methyl (meth) acrylate, ethyl (meth) acrylate, n-propyl (meth) acrylate, isopropyl (meth) acrylate, n-butyl (meth) acrylate, isobutyl (meth) acrylate, tert-butyl (meth) acrylate, amyl (meth) acrylate, hexyl (meth) acrylate, cyclohexyl (meth) acrylate, n-octyl (meth) acrylate, 2-ethylhexyl (meth) acrylate, (meth) acrylic acid, and styrene.
The hydroxyl functional poly (meth) acrylate of the present disclosure can be prepared and synthesized by a known method such as free radical polymerization. Examples of radical polymerization initiators include azo compounds, such as 2, 2'-azobisisobutyronitrile, 2, 2'-azobis-2, 4-dimethylvaleronitrile, etc. ; organic peroxides, such as methyl ethyl ketone peroxide, cyclohexanone peroxide, 3, 5, 5-trimethylhexanone peroxide, benzoyl peroxide, diisopropyl peroxydicarbonate, tert-butyl peroxy-2-ethylhexanoate (TBPEH) , tert-butyl peroxyneodecanoate, tert-butyl peroxylaurate, tert-butyl peroxybenzoate, tert-butyl isopropyl peroxycarbonate, di-tert-butyl peroxide (DTBP) etc. These radical polymerization initiators may be used singly or in combination of two or more types. The amount of the radical polymerization initiator is not particularly limited.
Examples of suitable organic solvents used for polymerization include hydrocarbon solvents such as cyclohexane, ethylcyclohexane, toluene, xylene, and solvent naphtha; ketone solvents such as acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, methyl isobutyl ketone, and cyclohexanone; ester solvents such as ethyl acetate, n-butyl acetate, isobutyl acetate and ethyl 3-ethoxypropionate; ether solvents such as dibutyl ether and tetrahydrofuran; and nitrogen-containing solvents such as acetonitrile, valeronitrile, and N, N-dimethylformamide. The organic solvent may be one type of solvent or a mixed solvent of two or more types.
In some embodiments of the present disclosure, the hydroxyl functional poly (meth) acrylate has a glass transition temperature of -50℃ to 80℃, preferably, -30℃ to 50℃. In some embodiments of the present disclosure, the hydroxyl functional poly (meth) acrylate has a weight average molecular weight (Mw) of 2,000 to 20,000 g/mol, preferably 3,000 to 10,000 g/mol, and more preferably 4,000 to 8,000 g/mol. Where the weight average molecular weight is within this range, the resulting coating film can achieve both the advantages of good appearance and durability. The weight average molecular weight can be determinedby gel permeation chromatography (GPC) . The glass transition temperature can be determined by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) . In some embodiments of the present disclosure, the hydroxyl functional poly (meth) acrylate has a solids content of 40%to 85%, preferably, 50%to 80%.
In some embodiments of the present disclosure, the hydroxyl-containing resin also includes a hydroxyl functional polyester. The hydroxyl functional polyester can be prepared from low molecular weight alcohols (e.g. C3-6 diol) and polybasic carboxylic acids such as adipic acid, sebacic acid, phthalic acid, isophthalic acid, tetrahydrophthalic acid, hexahydrophthalic acid, maleic acid, cyclohexyl ring-containing dicarboxylic acid, the anhydrides of these acids and mixtures of these acids and/or acid anhydrides. Suitable polyester polyols are described for example in EP0994117B1.
In some embodiments of the present disclosure, the hydroxyl-containing resin also includes a hydroxyl functional polyurethane and/or polysiloxane polyol. In some embodiments of the present disclosure, the hydroxy-functional polyurethane contains carbamate groups that also participate in aza-Michael addition. The hydroxyl functional polyurethane is prepared preferably by reacting polyester polyol prepolymers with suitable di-or polyisocyanates and are described in EP1273640A2, for example. Suitable polysiloxane polyols are described for example in WO2001009260A1, and the polysiloxane polyols recited therein can be employed preferably in combination with further polyols, especially those having relatively high glass transition temperatures.
In some embodiments of the present disclosure, the hydroxyl-containing resin (based on the solid content) is in an amount of 20 to 70 parts by weight, preferably 25 to 60 parts by weight, and more preferably 28 to 50 parts by weight, based on 100 parts by weight of the total weight of the curable coating composition.
<A compound containing isocyanate groups>
As component b) the curable coating composition of the disclosure comprises one or more compounds having free, i.e., nonblocked, and/or blocked isocyanate groups. Preferably the curable coating composition of the disclosure comprises component b) having free isocyanate groups. The free isocyanate groups of component b) containing isocyanate groups may also, however, be used in a blocked form. This is preferentially the case when the curable coating compositions of the disclosure are used as one-component systems.
The diisocyanates and/or polyisocyanates that serve as parent structures for component b) containing isocyanate groups that are employed with preference in accordance with the disclosure are conventional substituted or unsubstituted, aromatic, aliphatic, cycloaliphatic and/or heterocyclic polyisocyanates. Examples of preferred polyisocyanates are as follows: 2, 4-toluene diisocyanate, 2, 6-toluene diisocyanate, diphenylmethane 4, 4'-diisocyanate, diphenylmethane 2, 4'-diisocyanate, p-phenylene diisocyanate, biphenyl diisocyanates, 3, 3'-dimethyl-4, 4'-diphenylene diisocyanate, tetramethylene 1, 4-diisocyanate, hexamethylene 1, 6-diisocyanate, 2, 2, 4-trimethylhexane 1, 6-diisocyanate, isophorone diisocyanate, ethylene diisocyanate, 1, 12-dodecane diisocyanate, cyclobutane 1, 3-diisocyanate, cyclohexane 1, 3-diisocyanate, cyclohexane 1, 4-diisocyanate, methylcyclohexyl diisocyanates, hexahydrotoluene 2, 4-diisocyanate, hexahydrotoluene 2, 6-diisocyanate, hexahydrophenylene 1, 3-diisocyanate, hexahydrophenylene 1, 4-diisocyanate, perhydrodiphenylmethane 2, 4'-diisocyanate, 4, 4'-methylenedicyclohexyl diisocyanate (e.g., W from Bayer AG) , tetramethylxylyl diisocyanates (e.g., from American Cyanamid) , and mixtures of the aforementioned polyisocyanates. Additionally preferred polyisocyanates are the biuret dimers and the isocyanurate trimers of the aforementioned diisocyanates.
Particularly preferred polyisocyanates are hexamethylene 1, 6-diisocyanate (HDI) , isophorone diisocyanate, and 4, 4’ -methylenedicyclohexyl diisocyanate, their biuret dimers and/or isocyanu-rate trimers. In a further embodiment of the disclosure the polyisocyanates are polyisocyanate prepolymers containing urethane structural units which are obtained by reacting polyols with a stoichiometric excess of aforementioned polyisocyanates. Polyisocyanate prepolymers of this kind are described for example in U. S. Pat. No. 4, 598, 131.
In some embodiments of the present disclosure, component b) also includes functionalized iso-cyanate group-containing compounds, provided that the introduced functional groups do not af-fect the reaction of the hydroxyl group and the isocyanate group and the aza-Michael addition reaction of the present disclosure. Suitable compounds can refer to component (B) of CN102803330B.
In some embodiments of the present disclosure, component b) has an NCO content of prefera-bly 10%to 30%, further preferably 15%to 25%.
The amount of component b) is not particularly limited. The weight fractions of component a) and of component b) are preferably selected such that the molar equivalent ratio of the unreacted/free isocyanate groups of the isocyanate-containing compound b) to the hydroxyl groups of the hydroxyl-containing resin a) is between 0.8: 1 and 1.5: 1, preferably between 0.9: 1 and 1.3: 1, more preferably between 0.95: 1 and 1.1: 1.
<Anα, β-unsaturated carbonyl compound>
Component c) is anα, β-unsaturated carbonyl compound, which is a conjugate unsaturated carbonyl compound and can be used as a reactive acceptor of aza-Michael addition in the present disclosure. Such compounds include enones and enals, but also carboxylic acids and the corresponding esters and amides. In some embodiments of the present disclosure, compound c) comprises at least one selected from anhydrides or esters of (meth) acrylic acid, itaconic acid, fumaric acid and/or maleic acid. In some preferred embodiments of the present disclosure, in order to further reduce the content of VOC, component c) can be used as a reactive diluent, which can replace the organic solvent to dissolve each component, and can also effectively increase the solid content. For example, compound c) is selected from alkyl acrylates or hydroxyalkyl acrylates as reactive diluents. These compounds are suitably chosen from among diacrylates, triacrylates, tetraacrylates and the like. Diacrylates include, but are not limited to: ethylene glycol diacrylate, propylene glycol diacrylate, diethylene glycol diacrylate, dipropylene glycol diacrylate, triethylene glycol diacrylate, tripropylene glycol diacrylate, tertraethylene glycol diacrylate, tetrapropylene glycol diacrylate, polyethylene glycol diacrylate, polypropylene glycol diacrylate, ethoxylated bisphenol A diacrylate, bisphenol A diglycidyl ether diacrylate, resorcinol diglycidyl ether diacrylate, 1, 3-propanediol diacrylate, 1, 4-butanediol diacrylate, 1, 5-pentanediol diacrylate, 1, 6-hexanediol diacrylate, neopentyl glycol diacrylate, cyclohexane dimethanol diacrylate, ethoxylated neopentyl glycol diacrylate, propoxylated neopentyl glycol diacrylate, ethoxylated cyclohexanedimethanol diacrylate, propoxylated cyclohexanedimethanol diacrylate and mixtures thereof. Triacrylates include, but are not limited to:trimethylol propane triacrylate, glycerol triacrylate, ethoxylated trimethylolpropane triacrylate, propoxylated trimethylolpropane triacrylate, tris (2-hydroxyethyl) isocyanurate triacrylate, ethoxylated glycerol triacrylate, propoxylated glycerol triacrylate, pentaerythritol triacrylate, aryl urethane triacrylates and mixtures thereof. Tetraacrylates include, but are not limited to: di-trimethylolpropane tetraacrylate, pentaerythritol tetraacrylate, ethoxylated pentaerythritol tetraacrylate, propoxylated pentaerythritol tetraacrylate, dipentaerythritol tetraacrylate, ethoxylated dipentaerythritol tetraacrylate, propoxylated dipentaerythritol tetraacrylate and mixtures thereof. In some preferred embodiments, component c) comprises at least one selected from hexanediol diacrylate, glycol diacrylate, butanediol diacrylate, neopentyl glycol diacrylate, trimethylolpropane triacrylate, pentaerythritol triacrylate, di-trimethylolpropane tetraacrylate, dipentaerythritol hexaacrylate, dipropylene glycol diacrylate, pentaerythritol ethoxylated (EO) n tetraacrylate and trimethylolpropane ethoxylated (EO) n triacrylate. Preferably, component c) comprises at least hexanediol diacrylate. Component c) is available commercially.
There is no special limit on the amount of component c) . Preferably, the amount of component c) in the curable coating composition of the present disclosure is in a range of from 10%to 60%by weight, preferably in a range of from 12%to 50%by weight, further preferably in a range of from 15%to 40%by weight based on the weight of the curable coating composition.
< A catalyst for catalyzing an aza-Michael addition reaction>
The nitrogen atom in the urethane group is a rather poor nucleophile as it is directly connected to an electron-withdrawing carbonyl group. Aza-Michael addition reactions have not been described before in polymer forming reaction systems in the context of polyurethane and acrylate, or alternatively polyol, polyisocyanate and acrylate, where the urethane-NH acts as a Michael-donor. Due to the low reactivity of aza-Michael addition reaction between aliphatic carbamate acrylate double bond, catalyst has to be carefully selected. In the present disclosure, ammonium halide and organic ammonium halide compound have been identified as efficient and inexpensive catalysts. Preferably, the catalyst is selected from the organic ammonium halide compound which is more environmental benign catalyst and has a higher compatibility with the coating composition. Moreover, the commercially available products of organic ammonium halide compounds are mostly colorless, clear and transparent, and will not affect the performance of the coating composition.
A further subject matter of the present disclosure is the use of at least one ammonium halide and/or organic ammonium halide, especially one ammonium fluoride and/or organic ammonium fluoride, in catalyzing the aza-Michael addition reaction of a curable coating composition of the present disclosure. Fluorine has the largest electronegativity value, which has strong deprotonation ability and is conducive to catalyzing the aza-Michael addition reaction, so ammonium fluoride or organic ammonium fluoride is the most preferred. Examples of suitable ammonium halides include ammonium chloride, ammonium fluoride, ammonium bromide, or combinations thereof. Ammonium fluoride is particularly preferred in the present disclosure.
The organic ammonium halide compound may comprise one or more compounds represented by the formula N (R) 4X, where X is a halide and where R represents a hydrogen or a substituted or unsubstituted carbon chain molecule having 1-20 carbons wherein each R may be the same or different. In an embodiment, R is selected from the group consisting of methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, and combinations thereof. Examples of suitable organic ammonium compound is represented by the formula N (R) 4X include ammonium chloride, ammonium fluoride, and tetraalkylammonium halides such as tetramethylammonium chloride, tetramethylammonium fluoride, tetraethylammonium chloride, tetraethylammonium fluoride, tetrapropylammonium chloride, tetrapropylammonium fluoride, tetrabutylammonium chloride, tetrabutylammonium fluoride, methyltriethylammonium chloride, methyltriethylammonium fluoride, and combinations thereof. Considering the compatibility with the coating composition (the transparency of the coating film) , preferably R represents a substituted or unsubstituted carbon chain molecule having 3-6 carbons wherein each R may be the same or different, and more preferably the organic ammonium halide is tetrabutylammonium fluoride, which has a high compatibility with the coating composition and is conducive to obtaining a transparent coating film. The organic ammonium halide of the present disclosure includes its hydrates represented by the formula N (R) 4X·mH2O, m=2, 3 or 4. The present disclosure does not have any restrictions on the solvent of organic ammonium halide, and the solvent could be selected from THF or acid halide solution (such as HF or HCl) .
In some preferred embodiments of the disclosure, component d) comprises at least one selected from tetraalkyl ammonium fluoride and its hydrates in order to further enhance catalytic activity. In an embodiment, component d) comprises at least one selected from tetrabutyllammonium fluoride ( [CH3 (CH2) 3] 4NF) and tetrabutyllammonium fluoride hydrates ( [CH3 (CH2) 3] 4NF·mH2O, m=2, 3 or 4) .
Ammonium halide or organic ammonium halide may be obtained commercially or prepared by conventional methods by persons skilled in the art. In some preferred embodiments of the disclosure, the catalyst d) is in a total amount of 0.05%to 2%by weight based on the total weight of the curable coating composition, further preferably in a total amount of 0.1%to 1.5 %by weight.
< Other components >
The curable coating composition of the present disclosure, besides the above-recited manda-tory component a) -component d) , may also comprise one or more further components, such as free radical initiators, hardness adjusting resin, rheology control agents, solvents, ultraviolet ab-sorbers, surface modifiers, adhesions promotors, and the like known to those skilled in the art. The selection of these materials and additives will, of course, depend on the intended use of the coating composition. However, all these materials need to be carefully screened as some of these may react with the catalyst system and therefore are not suitable for use in the curable coating composition should such a reaction occur and significantly interfere with the curing pro-cess.
In some preferred embodiments of the disclosure, trace amount of free radical initiator (component e) ) can be added to eliminate unreacted component c) to further reduce VOC. The unreacted component c) can undergo free radical polymerization under the initiation of the initiator, which can further improve the solid content of the system. The curable compositions of the present disclosure are mainly based on thermal curing, so the free radical initiator is prefera-bly a compound that is easily decomposed into free radicals by heat. Examples of suitable radi-cal initiators are dialkyl peroxides, such as di-tert-butyl peroxide or di-cumyl peroxide, hydroper-oxides, such as cumene hydroperoxide or tert-butylhydroperoxide, per-esters, such as tert-butyl perbenzoate, tert-butyl perpivalate, tert-butyl per-3, 5, 5-trimethylhexanoate or tert-butyl per-2-ethylhexanoate, peroxodicarbonates, potassium, sodium or ammonium peroxodisulfate, azo ini-tiators, as for example azodinitriles such as azobisisobutyroni-trile. Combinations of the above-described initiators may also be used. In some embodiments of the disclosure, the curable coating composition does not contain photoinitiators. The amount of the free radical initiator is related to the amount of component c) . In some preferred embodiments of the disclosure, the free radical initiator e) is in a total amount of 0.1%to 1.5 %by weight based on the total weight of the curable coating composition, further preferably in a total amount of 0.2%to 1%by weight.
In some embodiments of the disclosure, the curable coating composition may optionally include some hardness adjusting resin such as a melamine resin. The melamine resin refers to a partially or fully methylolated melamine resin obtained by the reaction of melamine and an aldehyde. Non-limiting examples of the aldehyde include formaldehyde, paraformaldehyde, acetaldehyde, benzaldehyde, and the like. In addition, those obtained by etherifying some or all of the methylol groups of the above methylolated melamine resins with a suitable alcohol can also be used. Non-limiting examples of the alcohol used for the etherification include one or more of methanol, ethanol, n-propanol, isopropanol, n-butanol, etc. In the present disclosure, the use of the melamine resin in combination with other components can improve the hardness and increase the crosslinking density of the coating film. The melamine resins are well known to those skilled in the art and are supplied as commercial products by many companies. Examples of suitable low molecular weight, fully etherified melamine resins are301 and 303 from Cytec, 066 from BASF, andandMF from Solutia. Examples of suitable, relatively low molecular weight, highly etherified melamine resins containing free imino groups are325 and 327, 202 and 203, 062, 018 and 014 from Cytec; MF 927 and 3950, VMF 3611, 3615 and 580, and717 and 718 from BASF; 9539 from Solutia; andUS 138 and US 146 from Akzo Resins. Examples of suitable relatively low molecular weight, partially etherified melamine resins are 012, 016, 015, 018 and 010 from BASF, MF 590 and 600 from Solutia and US 132 and 134 from Akzo Resins. In some embodiments of the present disclosure, those skilled in the art could select an appropriate amount of melamine resin. For example, the amount of melamine resins is 10 parts to 20 parts, based on 100 parts of the total weight of the curable coating composition.
In some embodiments of the present disclosure, the curable coating composition may optionally comprise a rheology control agent. Conventionally known rheology control agents can be used, and examples thereof include clay minerals (for example, metal silicates and montmorillonites) , (meth) acrylics, polyolefins (for example, polyethylene, polypropylene, etc. ) , amides (higher fatty acid amides, polyamides, etc. ) , polycarboxylic acids, cellulose (including various derivatives such as nitrocellulose, acetyl cellulose, cellulose ether, etc. ) , urethane (apolymer and/or an oligomer or the like having a urethane structure in the molecule) , and urea (apolymer and/or an oligomer having a urea structure in the molecule) .
In some preferred embodiments of the disclosure, the curable coating composition of the present disclosure is solvent-borne. Examples of organic solvent include one or more of acetone, toluene, xylene, ethyl acetate, butyl acetate, isopropyl alcohol, n-butanol, 2-ethylhexanol, ethyl 3-ethoxypropionate and solvent naphtha. In an embodiment, the amount of organic solvent may vary within a wide range, preferably within a range of 0.1 wt %to 30 wt %relative to the total weight of the curable coating composition. In order to reduce VOC content of the composition, component c) can be used as a reactive diluent in place of the organic solvent, preferably, the composition comprises solvent as low as possible, preferably comprises solvent in an amount of 15%or less, more preferably of 12%or less, even more preferably of 8%or less, relative to the total weight of the curable coating composition. In specific embodiments, component c) contains a 100 %reactive diluent by weight, the curable coating composition does not contain any solvent.
Surface modifiers mainly promotes the coating to form a flat, smooth and uniform film in the process of drying film, such as acrylic and silicone leveling agents. Examples of commercial prod-ucts of the surface adjusting agent include BYK series (produced by BYK-Chemie) , Tego series (produced by Evonik) and Surfynol series (produced by Evonik) .
A known ultraviolet absorber may be used. Examples thereof include benzotriazole absorbers, triazine absorbers, salicylic acid derivative absorbers, benzophenone absorbers, and other ultraviolet absorbers. Commercial products such as Tinuvin 384-2, Tinuvin 123 produced by BASF.
In some embodiments of the present disclosure, the curable coating composition of the present disclosure may further optionally comprise conventionally known light stabilizers such as hindered amine light stabilizers and the like. Examples of hindered amine light stabilizers include acylated hindered amines, amino ether-based hindered amines, and the like.
The curable coating compositions are suitable as basecoats, clearcoats or primers. The curable coating compositions can thus contain pigments, including special effect pigments, and optionally fillers. Particularly preferably embodiments of the curable coating composition are in the form of transparent pigmented clearcoat coating compositions (tinted clearcoats) , and clearcoat coating compositions that do not include a pigment.
The amount of these materials in the curable coating composition of the present disclosure may be determined by a skilled person according to practical application.
The curable coating composition of the present disclosure can be prepared by a skilled person using a process known in the art.
KIT OF PARTS
A multi-component kit (or set) is especially to be understood as being a two-component kit, preferably a two-chamber device or, furthermore, a multichamber device, in which the constituents that are capable of reacting with one another are contained in such a way that they cannot lead to undesired reactions during storage, preferably in such a way that the constituents that react with one another cannot come into contact with one another prior to use. Since crosslinking of the components a) and b) may start during storage temperatures, the curable coating composition is preferably formulated as a 2K composition.
The reactive constituents of a hybrid system according to the disclosure are divided between the components of the multi-component system, especially the multi-component kit, in such a way that constituents that react with one another do not come into contact with one another prior to use (especially during manufacture, storage and transport) (the constituents are separated from one another so as to inhibit reaction) . Appropriate divisions will be readily evident to the person skilled in the art.
In a possible preferred variant of a multi-component kit according to the disclosure, the container C1 contains at least a hydroxyl-containing resin, anα, β-unsaturated carbonyl compound and a catalyst for catalyzing an aza-Michael addition reaction. And the container C2 contains at least a compound containing isocyanate groups. In In some preferred embodiments of the present disclosure, the container C2 also contains the free radical initiator.
COATING FILM
The curable coating composition can be applied in a variety of ways familiar to those skilled in the art, including spraying (e.g., air assisted, airless or electrostatic spraying) , brushing, rolling, flooding and dipping. In an embodiment described herein, the curable coating composition is coated by spraying.
The curable coating composition can be applied at various wet film thicknesses (e.g., by a scraper or spray gun) . In an embodiment, the curable coating composition is applied in a wet film thickness in the range of about 40 to about 300 μm, preferably about 50 to 150 μm. The curable coating composition described herein can be cured at a temperature determined by the application process, the nature of the substrate to which the composition is applied, or the ultimate end use of the composition. In some embodiments, curing is performed under high temperature baking conditions, such as above 100℃, preferably within a range of about 120℃. to 150℃. The applied coating may be cured by air drying at room temperature or by accelerating drying with various drying devices e.g., ovens familiar to those skilled in the art.
In some embodiments of the present disclosure, the curable coating composition is applied at a wet coating thickness of about 100 μm on a glass substrate and baked under 140℃ for 20 min and post-cured in room temperature over 48h. The resulting cured coating film shows apendulum hardness of about 120 or more, preferably of about 125 or more, more preferably of about 127 or more. “Pendulum hardness, ” as used herein, is determined according to DIN 53157. And the resulting cured coating film also shows a MEK rub test of about 270 or more, preferably of about 290 or more, more preferably of about 310 or more.
The present disclosure further relates to a coated article having the cured coating film on an object, the cured coating film being obtained by curing the curable coating composition of the disclosure. Many different types of objects can be used in the present disclosure, including metal or metallic objects such as bare steel, phosphated steel, galvanized steel, or aluminum; and non-metallic objects, such as plastics and composites. Applications of the curable coating composition include but are not limited to automobile, railway rolling stock, bridge pipeline, steel structure, interior and exterior walls of architectural engineering, furniture and other industrial fields, preferably, automotive filed, more preferably, the curable coating composition of the present disclosure is suitable for automotive clearcoat materials.
METHOD OF CURING THE CURABLE COATING COMPOSITION
The disclosure also provides a method of curing the curable coating composition, comprising: providing a curable coating composition of the present disclosure and curing the curable composition through a reaction between isocyanate groups and hydroxyl groups and an aza-Michael addition reaction.
Based on the traditional polyurethane cross-linked network, the present disclosure also includes the aza-Michael addition reaction by selecting a specific catalyst. Specifically, in the present disclosure, isocyanate groups react with hydroxyl groups to form carbamates. Under the action of the catalyst of the present disclosure (component c) ) , the N-H of the carbamate is deprotonated to form the amide anion. The resulting amide anion would attack at the electrophilic β -position of the α, β -unsaturated acrylate. The final aza-Michael addition product is formed after a proton transfer from a further urethane entity or acetic acid, followed by a keto-enol reorganization. In some embodiments of the present disclosure, the hydroxyl group of component a) and the isocyanate group of component b) react to form a carbamate bond. As a reactive donor, it undergoes an aza-Michael addition reaction with a reactive acceptor (component c) ) in the presence of a catalyst. The reaction schematic is shown in Figure 1. If component a) includes a polyurethane resin containing a hydroxyl group, the resin itself contains a carbamate bond that can also allow the reactive donor to react with the reactive acceptor.
This disclosure uses the molecular model reaction system and 1 H-NMR to investigate the coupling reaction of acrylate and urethane. 1 H-NMR spectroscopic analysis (Heteronuclear Single Quantum Coherence, HSQC) can be used to prove the aza-Michael addition reaction that takes places. In one embodiment of the present disclosure, NMR analysis of the cured film and hydrolysis method can be used to determine the aza-Michael addition product. Under high temperature environment, the C-N bond of the urethane on the polyurethane skeleton and the six-membered ring structure of the HDI-trimer are hydrolyzed catalyzed by strong bases such as NaOH etc. to produce primary amine fragments. But if aza-Michael occurs, secondary amine fragments will be produced after hydrolysis of the system. The NMR secondary amine signal demonstrated the presence of aza-Michael addition product.
In some preferred embodiments of the present disclosure, the method of curing the curable coating composition further comprises a free radical polymerization. There is unreacted component c) in the system, which acts as a reactive diluent and can cause free radical polymerization in the presence of a free radical initiator. In one embodiment, unreacted component c) undergoes thermally induced free radical homopolymerization to form polyacrylate.
Due to the existence of multiple curing mechanisms, the curable coating composition of the present disclosure can significantly reduce VOC, and its cured coating film also has good hardness, solvent resistance and appearance.
METHOD FOR FORMING MULTILAYER COATING FILM
The curable coating composition is preferably used as a clearcoat composition in a process to prepare a multilayer coating on a substrate.
A further subject matter of the present disclosure is therefore a method for forming multilayer coating film, the method comprising:
applying onto an object to be coated at least a monolayer of basecoat and at least a monolayer of clearcoat, wherein at least one clearcoat layer is obtained from the curable coating composition of the present disclosure.
In some embodiments of the present disclosure, the method comprises:
(1) optionally form a cured first coating layer on a substrate;
(2) applying, directly to the cured first coating layer or the substrate,
(a) an aqueous basecoat composition to form a basecoat layer or
(b) at least two aqueous basecoat compositions and in direct sequence to form at least two basecoat layers directly upon each other;
(3) applying the curable coating composition of the disclosure or a curable coating composition prepared from the kit-of-parts of the disclosure directly to the basecoat layer to form a clearcoat layer;
(4) jointly curing the basecoat layer and the clear coat layer or the at least two basecoat layers and the clearcoat layer.
The substrate is preferably selected from metallic substrates, metallic substrates coated with at least one cured coating, plastic substrates, substrates comprising defects and substrates com-prising metallic and plastic components, more preferably from metallic substrates. In this re-spect, preferred metallic substrates are selected from iron, aluminum, copper, zinc, magnesium and alloys thereof as well as steel. Preferred substrates are those of iron and steel, examples being iron and steel substrates as used in the automobile industry sector. The substrates them-selves may be of any shape-that is, for example simple metal panels or complex components such as automobile bodies and parts thereof. The cured first coating layer is preferably a cured electrocoat layer with a dry film thickness such as in a range of 8 to 25 μm.
In step (2) of the method, either (a) a single a basecoat layer or (b) at least two directly succes-sive basecoat layers are produced. In principle, all basecoat compositions known to the skilled worker are suitable. Preferably here at least one of the basecoat compositions comprises at least one hydroxy-functional polymer as binder, selected from the group consisting of polyacry-lates (for example, a hydroxy-functional polymer comprising a dispersion) , polyurethanes, poly-esters and copolymers of the stated polymers, as for example polyurethane-polyacrylates, and optionally at least one melamine resin as crosslinking agent. The basecoat compositions may be identical or different. It is also possible to produce two or more basecoat layers with the same basecoat material, and one or more further basecoat layers with one or more other base-coat materials. The basecoat composition may be applied by the methods known to the skilled person for applying liquid coating materials, as for example by dipping, knife-coating, spraying, rolling, or the like. With very particular preference the basecoat composition is applied via pneumatic spray application or electrostatic spray application. Following application, the applied basecoat composition or the corresponding basecoat layer is preferably subjected to flash off at 15 to 35℃. for a duration of 0.5 to 30 minutes and/or to interim drying at a temperature of pref-erably 40 to 90℃. for a duration of 1 to 60 minutes. Preference is given to initial flash off at 15 to 35℃. for a duration of 0.5 to 30 minutes, followed by interim drying at 40 to 90℃. for a du-ration of 1 to 60 minutes. Within step (2) of the method, the basecoat layer is not cured, i.e., it is preferably not exposed to temperatures of more than 100℃. for a duration of longer than 1 mi-nute. Since the basecoat layer is cured only in step (4) , it cannot already be cured in step (2) , since in that case curing in step (4) would no longer be possible.
In step (2) (a) , preference is given to production of higher film thicknesses of 15 to 50 μm, prefer-ably 20 to 45 μm. In step (2) (b) , the individual basecoat layers tend to have lower film thick-nesses by comparison, the overall system then again having film thicknesses which lie within the order of magnitude of the one basecoat layer. In the case of two basecoat layers, for exam-ple, the first basecoat layer preferably has film thicknesses of 5 to 35 μm, more particularly 10 to 30 μm, and the second basecoat layer preferably has film thicknesses of 5 to 35 μm, more par-ticularly 10 to 30 μm, with the overall film thickness not exceeding 50 μm.
In step (3) , a clearcoat layer is produced directly on the uncured basecoat layer. The curable coating composition of the disclosure as the clearcoat composition can be applied by methods known to the skilled person for applying liquid coating materials, for example by dipping, knifecoating, spraying, rolling, or the like. Preference is given to employing spray application methods, such as compressed air spraying (pneumatic application) and electrostatic spray ap-plication (ESTA) . The clearcoat composition or the corresponding clearcoat layer is subjected to flash off and/or interim-drying after application, preferably at 15 to 35℃. for a duration of 0.5 to 30 minutes. The clearcoat composition is applied in such a way that the clearcoat layer after the curing has taken place in step (4) has a film thickness of, for example, 15 to 80 μm, preferably 20 to 65 μm, very preferably 25 to 60 μm.
The process of the disclosure does not exclude the presence of further coating materials, as for example further clearcoat materials being applied after the application of the curable coating composition of the disclosure and further clearcoat layers being produced this way. Preferably, however, only the inventive clearcoat composition is applied and then cured as described in step (4) .
In step (4) joint curing of any uncured coating layer, particularly coating layers produced in steps (2) and (3) of the inventive method, is performed. The joint curing preferably takes place at tem-peratures of 100 to 150℃. for a period of 15 to 35 minutes.
The method of the disclosure allows to produce multilayer coatings on substrates without a sep-arate curing step. Application of the method of the disclosure results in multilayer coatings which exhibit a good appearance and a good solvent resistance.
EMBODIMENTS
Embodiment 1
A curable coating composition comprising
a) a hydroxyl-containing resin,
b) a compound containing isocyanate groups,
c) anα, β-unsaturated carbonyl compound, and
d) a catalyst for catalyzing an aza-Michael addition reaction,
wherein the catalyst comprises at least one ammonium halide and/or organic ammonium halide compound.
Embodiment 2
The curable coating composition according to embodiment 1, wherein the composition further comprises e) a free radical initiator.
Embodiment 3
The curable coating composition according to embodiment 1 or embodiment 2, wherein the hydroxyl-containing resin a) comprises at least one selected from hydroxyl functional poly (meth) acrylate, hydroxyl functional polyester, hydroxyl functional polyurethane and polysiloxane polyol.
Embodiment 4
The curable coating composition according to any one of embodiments 1 to 3, wherein the compound containing isocyanate groups b) comprises at least one polyisocyanate.
Embodiment 5
The curable coating composition according to any one of embodiments 1 to 4, wherein the α, β-unsaturated carbonyl compound c) comprises at least one selected from anhydrides or esters of (meth) acrylic acid, itaconic acid, fumaric acid and/or maleic acid, preferably, the α, β-unsaturated carbonyl compound c) is selected from alkyl acrylates or hydroxyalkyl acrylates as reactive diluents.
Embodiment 6
The curable coating composition according to any one of embodiments 1 to 5, wherein the catalyst d) comprises at least one selected from tetraalkyl ammonium fluoride and its hydrates , preferably the component d) comprises at least one selected from tetrabutyllammonium fluoride and tetrabutyllammonium fluoride hydrates.
Embodiment 7
The curable coating composition according to any one of embodiments 1 to 6, wherein the aza-Michael addition reaction is a nucleophilic addition reaction that occurs between component c) and the N-H of the carbamate group in the composition system.
Embodiment 8
The curable coating composition according to any one of embodiments 1 to 7, wherein the coating composition comprises the α, β-unsaturated carbonyl compound c) in a total amount of 10%to 60%by weight based on the total weight of the coating composition.
Emobidment 9
The curable coating composition according to any one of embodiments 1 to 8, wherein the coating composition comprises the catalyst d) in a total amount of 0.05%to 2%by weight based on the total weight of the coating composition.
Emobidment 10
The curable coating composition according to any one of embodiments 1 to 9, wherein the curable composition has a volatile organic compounds (VOC) content of 250 g/L or less, preferably, 200 g/L or less.
Emobidment 11
A coating film obtained from the curable coating composition according to any one of embodiments 1 to 10.
Emobidment 12
The coating film according to embodiment 11, wherein the coating film is a clearcoat film.
Emobidment 13
An article coated with the curable coating composition according to any one of embodiments 1 to 10.
Emobidment 14
A kit-of-parts, comprising at least two separate containers C1 and C2, wherein the container C1 contains at least a hydroxyl-containing resin and anα, β-unsaturated carbonyl compound and the container C2 contains at least a compound containing isocyanate groups and a catalyst for catalyzing an aza-Michael addition reaction, wherein the catalyst comprises at least one ammonium halide and/or organic ammonium halide.
Emobidment 15
A method of curing the curable coating composition, comprising:
providing a curable coating composition according to any one of embodiments 1 to 10 and curing the curable composition through a reaction between isocyanate groups and hydroxyl groups and an aza-Michael addition reaction.
Emobidment 16
The method according to embodiment 15, wherein the method further comprises a free radical polymerization.
Emobidment 17
A method for forming multilayer coating film, comprising:
applying onto an object to be coated at least a monolayer of basecoat and at least a monolayer of clearcoat, wherein at least one clearcoat layer is obtained from the curable coating composition according to any one of embodiments 1 to 10.
Emobidment 18
Use of at least one ammonium halide and/or organic ammonium halide, especially one ammonium fluoride and/or organic ammonium fluoride, in catalyzing the aza-Michael addition reaction of a curable coating composition according to any one of embodiments 1 to 10.
The present disclosure will be better understood in view of the following non-limiting examples. The examples do not limit the scope of the disclosure as described and claimed.
Description of Methods
Glass transition temperature
GB/T19466.2-2004 Plastics-Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) Part 2: Determination of glass transition temperature)
Molecular weight
The resin samples were dissolved in THF at 1.5 mg/mL for 2h at room temperature, filtered before injection. Instrument: Agilent 1100; column: GPC-1; column temperature 35℃; flow rate: 1mL/min.
Wet paint properties:
Solid content (%)
One gram of the sample was weighed into a 75mm aluminum dish, dried in a drying oven at 130℃ for 60 minutes, cooled in a desiccator, and then reweighed. The residue, relative to the total amount of the sample employed, corresponds to the solid content or non-volatile fraction. Solid mass = sample mass × solid content (%)
VOC (g/L)
To determine the Volatile Organic Compound (VOC) emission of a coating composition, gravimetric methods were employed. The VOC content is measured based on the weight loss of one gram coating composition when heated to 105℃ for 60 minutes.
Viscosity (mPa·s)
Measured at 23℃ with a Brookfield CAP 2000+ rotary viscometer, spindle 3.
Cured film properties:
Hardness
The test wet paint was applied onto glass substrate at a wet coating thickness of 100 μm and dried at 140℃ for 20 min in an oven. Afterward the panel was post-cured in room temerature over 48h before testing. Thependulum hardness was measured according to DIN 53157. The figure reported is the number of swings.
Solvent rub test
To evaluate crosslinking and ensure that the coating system has cured, a solvent rub test was performed using Methyl Ethyl Ketone (MEK) as the solvent. Rubs were counted as double rubs (one forward rub and one backward rub constitutes a double rub) which gave measurable val-ues of MEK resistance and cure.
Synthesis Example: Prepartion of a hydroxyl-containg polyacrylate
To a four-necked flask provided with a stirrer, a thermometer, a cooling tube and a nitrogen gas inlet, 25 parts by weight of a solvent (solvent naphtha) were added under nitrogen gas, and the temperature therein was raised to 155℃. Different monomers were weighted into bottle A (the ratios of the monomers are shown in Table 1) and 1.5 parts by weight of a polymerization initiator (Di-tert-butyl peroxide, DTBP) together with 5 part of solvent naphtha were weighted into bottle B. After the temperature reached 155℃, monomers and initiator solution were added dropwise into the flask at the same time over 4 hours. Then, the product was aged at 155℃ for 1 hours while nitrogen gas was introduced, and then the product was cooled to room temperature and was diluted with an 5 part of a solvent (solvent naphtha) , thereby obtaining the hydroxyl-containg polyacrylate having a solid content of 60%, a glass transition temperature of 5℃, a weight average molecular weight (Mw) of 5000 g/mol and a hydroxyl value of 180mg KOH/g (determined according to DIN53240-2 (date: November, 2007) ) .
Table 1
Example 1 (E1)
According to the formula (parts by weight) shown in Table 2, the hydroxyl-containg polyacrylate prepared in the synthesis example was firstly mixed with a reactive diluent HDDA (1, 6-Hex-anediol diacrylate) by a speed mixer. Then a free radical polymerization initiator TBPEH (tert-butyl peroxy-2-ethylhexanoate, CAS: 3006-82-4, Sigma Aldrich) , TBAF (tetrabutylammonium fluoride solution 1 M in THF, CAS: 429-41-4, Sigma Aldrich) , K-KAT 348 (King Industries) and HDI trimer (Desmodur N3600, Covestro) were added in sequence and homogenized by the speed mixer. A wet paint was obtained and the property parameters (viscosity and VOC) of the obtained wet paint were shown in Table 3. The viscosity of the wet paint was adjusted to less than 200 mPa·sand the yield colorless transparent liquid was further applied onto substrate (such as glass, steel plate, aluminum, etc. ) through a scraper or spray gun to form a wet film with a thickness of about 100 μm. The coated panels were further transferred to an oven and baked under typical curing conditions used in automotive OEMs (140℃/20 minutes) . The pan-els were then post-cured at room temperature over 48 hours before a cured film testing. The property parameters of the obtained cured film were also shown in Table 3.
Target aza-Michael addition product analysis:
NMR analysis of the obtained cured film: the above-mentioned cured film could not be dissolved in normal solvents including solvent naphtha, benzyl alcohol, acetone, etc., so hydrolysis method was used to determine the aza-Michael addition product. The sample was put into a high-pressure reactor. By adding D-pyridine and sodium hydroxide solution, the system was hold at 160℃ for 16 hours. Afterwards the sample was taken for NMR analysis (Heteronuclear Single Quantum Coherence) . Under the high temperature environment, the C-N bond from carbamate from polyurethane backbone and 6-member ring structure from HDI-trimer were hydrolysis generating primary amine fragments. Yet with the aza-Michael addition, secondary amine fragments were generated after hydrolysis. The secondary amine signal by NMR has proved the existence of aza-Michael addition product. The HSQC result was shown in Figure 2. The detection of positions 1 and 4 in Figure 2 indicates the presence of secondary amine fragments in the system, which further proves the occurrence of the aza-Michael addition reaction.
Comparative Examples 1-6 (C1-C6)
A series of curable coating compositions were prepared according to the components and amounts provided in Table 2.
The property parameters of the obtained wet paint and the obtained cured film were shown in Table 3.
Based on the above experimental results, it can be concluded that examples meeting the requirements of the disclosure had low VOC value and excellent cured film performance, especially with both high hardness and cross-linking density. Without TBAF (aza-Michael addition reaction catalyst) , the network density is clearly decreased proved by the reduction of Solvent (MEK) rub cycles. Compared with other commonly used Michael-addition catalysts such as Na2CO3, NaOH, and DBU, TMAF has shown obvious improvement regarding VOC and solvent-resistance which is caused by increasing crosslinking density via aza-Michael addition reaction.
Claims (18)
- A curable coating composition comprisinga) a hydroxyl-containing resin,b) a compound containing isocyanate groups,c) an α, β-unsaturated carbonyl compound, andd) a catalyst for catalyzing an aza-Michael addition reaction,wherein the catalyst comprises at least one ammonium halide and/or organic ammonium halide compound.
- The curable coating composition according to claim 1, wherein the composition further comprises e) a free radical initiator.
- The curable coating composition according to claim 1 or 2, wherein a) the hydroxyl-containing resin a) comprises at least one selected from hydroxyl functional poly (meth) acrylate, hydroxyl functional polyester, hydroxyl functional polyurethane and polysiloxane polyol.
- The curable coating composition according to any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein the compound containing isocyanate groups b) comprises at least one polyisocyanate.
- The curable coating composition according to any one of claims 1 to 4, wherein the α, β-unsaturated carbonyl compound c) comprises at least one selected from anhydrides or esters of (meth) acrylic acid, itaconic acid, fumaric acid and/or maleic acid, preferably, the α,β-unsaturated carbonyl compound c) is selected from alkyl acrylates or hydroxyalkyl acrylates as reactive diluents.
- The curable coating composition according to any one of claims 1 to 5, wherein the catalyst d) comprises at least one selected from tetraalkyl ammonium fluoride and its hydrates, preferably the component d) comprises at least one selected from tetrabutyllammonium fluoride and tetrabutyllammonium fluoride hydrates.
- The curable coating composition according to any one of claims 1 to 6, wherein the aza-Michael addition reaction is a nucleophilic addition reaction that occurs between component c) and the N-H of the carbamate group in the composition system.
- The curable coating composition according to any one of claims 1 to 7, wherein the coating composition comprises the α, β-unsaturated carbonyl compound c) in a total amount of 10%to 60%by weight based on the total weight of the coating composition.
- The curable coating composition according to any one of claims 1 to 8, wherein the coating composition comprises the catalyst d) in a total amount of 0.05%to 2%by weight based on the total weight of the coating composition.
- The curable coating composition according to any one of claims 1 to 9, wherein the curable composition has a volatile organic compounds (VOC) content of 250 g/L or less, preferably, 200 g/L or less.
- A coating film obtained from the curable coating composition according to any one of claims 1 to 10.
- The coating film according to claim 11, wherein the coating film is a clearcoat film.
- An article coated with the curable coating composition according to any one of claims 1 to 10.
- A kit-of-parts, comprising at least two separate containers C1 and C2, whereinthe container C1 contains at least a hydroxyl-containing resin, anα, β-unsaturated carbonyl compound and a catalyst for catalyzing an aza-Michael addition reaction, wherein the catalyst comprises at least one ammonium halide and/or organic ammonium halide, andthe container C2 contains at least a compound containing isocyanate groups; preferably, the container C2 further contains a free radical initiator.
- A method of curing the curable coating composition, comprising:providing a curable coating composition according to any one of claims 1 to 10 and curing the curable composition through a reaction between isocyanate groups and hydroxyl groups and an aza-Michael addition reaction.
- The method according to claim 15, wherein the method further comprises a free radical polymerization.
- A method for forming multilayer coating film, comprising:applying onto an object to be coated at least a monolayer of basecoat and at least a monolayer of clearcoat, wherein at least one clearcoat layer is obtained from the curable coating composition according to any one of claims 1 to 10.
- Use of at least one ammonium halide and/or organic ammonium halide, especially one ammonium fluoride and/or organic ammonium fluoride, in catalyzing the aza-Michael addition reaction of a curable coating composition according to any one of claims 1 to 10.
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| PCT/CN2025/090661 Pending WO2025223454A1 (en) | 2024-04-24 | 2025-04-23 | A curable coating composition and its curing method |
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