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WO2025221298A1 - Procédés et appareils de production in situ et intégrée de combustibles propres, de minéralisation de dioxyde de carbone et d'exploitation minière - Google Patents

Procédés et appareils de production in situ et intégrée de combustibles propres, de minéralisation de dioxyde de carbone et d'exploitation minière

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Publication number
WO2025221298A1
WO2025221298A1 PCT/US2024/055585 US2024055585W WO2025221298A1 WO 2025221298 A1 WO2025221298 A1 WO 2025221298A1 US 2024055585 W US2024055585 W US 2024055585W WO 2025221298 A1 WO2025221298 A1 WO 2025221298A1
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WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
earth
situ
ammonia
carbon dioxide
reactants
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Pending
Application number
PCT/US2024/055585
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English (en)
Inventor
Iwnetim ABATE
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Massachusetts Institute of Technology
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Massachusetts Institute of Technology
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Publication date
Application filed by Massachusetts Institute of Technology filed Critical Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Publication of WO2025221298A1 publication Critical patent/WO2025221298A1/fr
Pending legal-status Critical Current
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical

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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
    • C01B3/00—Hydrogen; Gaseous mixtures containing hydrogen; Separation of hydrogen from mixtures containing it; Purification of hydrogen
    • C01B3/02—Production of hydrogen or of gaseous mixtures containing a substantial proportion of hydrogen
    • C01B3/06—Production of hydrogen or of gaseous mixtures containing a substantial proportion of hydrogen by reaction of inorganic compounds containing electro-positively bound hydrogen, e.g. water, acids, bases, ammonia, with inorganic reducing agents
    • C01B3/061—Production of hydrogen or of gaseous mixtures containing a substantial proportion of hydrogen by reaction of inorganic compounds containing electro-positively bound hydrogen, e.g. water, acids, bases, ammonia, with inorganic reducing agents by reaction of metal oxides with water
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C01C—AMMONIA; CYANOGEN; COMPOUNDS THEREOF
    • C01C1/00—Ammonia; Compounds thereof
    • C01C1/02—Preparation, purification or separation of ammonia
    • C01C1/026—Preparation of ammonia from inorganic compounds
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
    • Y02E60/30—Hydrogen technology
    • Y02E60/36—Hydrogen production from non-carbon containing sources, e.g. by water electrolysis

Definitions

  • FIELD [0002] The present disclosure relates to in-situ production of hydrogen gas and/or ammonia, and more particularly relates to methods and apparatuses for leveraging subsurface geochemical reactions to provide optimal conditions for chemical extraction, hydrogen gas, and/or ammonia formation and collection, carbon dioxide mineralization, and mining.
  • BACKGROUND [0003] There is a widely held belief in the scientific community that the world currently stands at a precipice of a pivotal shift in the energy landscape, and the quest for sustainable and environmentally friendly energy sources has never been more pressing.
  • the present application is directed to systems, methods, and apparatuses that are capable of: 1) production of hydrogen gas (H 2 ) and ammonia (NH 3 ) by injecting H 2 O and N- sources onto ultramafic rocks; 2) mineralization of CO2 by injecting CO2 gas onto ultramafic rocks; and/or 3) collection and separation of percolated fluid form water-ultramafic rocks to extract valuable trace elements such as lithium (Li), cobalt (Co), and nickel (Ni), among others.
  • the systems of the present embodiments can be integrated such that one or more of 1) to 3) discussed above can occur simultaneously.
  • the system can include a passage that can introduce reactants to the ultramafic rock bed to promote reactions with said rock bed to form the various gases and minerals discussed herein, and collect the liquid water containing the extracted trace elements therein.
  • a clean energy carrier such as hydrogen gas (H2) and ammonia (NH3)
  • CO2 carbon dioxide
  • One method of producing at least one of hydrogen gas or ammonia via geochemistry includes transporting one or more reactants below a surface of the earth to facilitate a reaction to form at least one of hydrogen gas or ammonia in-situ.
  • One or more reactants can be transported to a rock bed comprising ultramafic rock that is disposed below the surface of the earth.
  • One or more of the reactants can be reacted with the ultramafic rock to produce hydrogen gas (H2).
  • the one or more reactants can include one or more of water (H 2 O) and N-sources.
  • the reaction can include oxidation of iron (Fe) in the ultramafic rock and reducing the water and nitrogen sources to produce at least one of hydrogen gas or ammonia.
  • the method can further include controlling a flow rate and composition of the one or more reactants to below the surface of the earth.
  • one or more catalysts or additives can be added to the one or more reactants.
  • a pressure of the reaction can be greater than or equal to 1 atm and a temperature of the reaction can be greater than or equal to room temperature.
  • the at least one of hydrogen gas or ammonia can be collected in a collection well.
  • the collection well can be disposed above a surface of the earth.
  • One or more of the reactants can include carbon dioxide (CO2).
  • the carbon dioxide can react with the rock bed to form a solid precipitate.
  • the solid precipitate can be collected from below the surface of the earth.
  • the one or more reactants can form a percolated fluid containing one or more trace elements when contacting the ultramafic rock.
  • the one or more trace elements can include one or more of lithium (Li), cobalt (Co), platinum (Pt), iron (Fe), chromium (Cr), magnesium (Mg), silicon (Si), calcium (Ca), palladium (Pd), and rhodium (Rh), vanadium (V), nickel (Ni) or, Rare Earth Elements (such as yttrium (Y) lanthanum (La), cerium (Ce), praseodymium (Pr), neodymium (Nd), samarium (Sm), europium (Eu), gadolinium (Gd), terbium (Tb), dysprosium (Dy), holmium (Ho), erbium (Er), thulium (Tm), ytterbium (Yb), or lutetium (Lu).
  • Li lithium
  • Co cobalt
  • platinum platinum
  • Fe iron
  • Cr iron
  • Mg chromium
  • Si silicon
  • Ca calcium
  • the percolated fluid can collect in a collection well that is connected to one or more of electrochemical-based separation methods and/or membrane-based separation methods.
  • the percolated fluid can be separated from the one or more trace elements to form an aqueous solution.
  • the aqueous solution can be recycled. Recycling can include re-injecting the recycled aqueous solution below the surface of the earth. The aqueous solution can be recycled repeatedly until it is saturated for further resource extraction. Using a controller, at least one of a flow rate of the aqueous solution below the surface of the earth can be adjusted or a composition of the aqueous solution.
  • One embodiment of a system includes a reactor, a separation device, and one or more flow passages extending from the surface of the earth.
  • the reactor includes one or more conduits disposed within the ground. The one or more conduits are configured to deliver one or more reactants below a surface of the earth to form a product in-situ.
  • the separation device is configured to receive a solution therethrough for extraction of one or more compounds therefrom.
  • the one or more flow passages are configured to deliver a solution to the separation device.
  • 88212-414784 [0014]
  • the system can be configured to perform formation of the product in-situ and extraction simultaneously.
  • the product can include at least one of hydrogen gas or ammonia.
  • the separation device can be configured to extract one or more trace minerals from the solution.
  • the one or more reactants can include carbon dioxide (CO2).
  • the reactor can react the carbon dioxide below the surface of the earth to mineralize a solid precipitate.
  • the system can be configured to perform mineralization simultaneously with one or more of formation of the product in-situ and extraction.
  • the one or more passages can be configured to flow compounds above the surface of the earth.
  • the system can include a collection well for collecting the product in-situ.
  • the collection well can be disposed above the surface of the earth.
  • FIG. 1B is an alternate schematic representation of the integrated system of FIG.1A showing a collection and extraction system
  • FIG.1C is an alternate schematic representation of the integrated system of FIG.1B disposed below the subsurface
  • FIG.2 is a schematic representation of a reaction for production of in-situ natural hydrogen at an ultramafic rock using the integrated system of FIG.1A
  • FIG. 3 is a schematic representation of components and corresponding flows through an integrated system of the present embodiments;
  • FIG.4 is a schematic representation of a reaction for CO2 sequestration at an ultramafic rock using the integrated system of FIG.1A; and Attorney Docket No.: MIT 25812 PCT
  • FIG.5 is a schematic representation of electrochemical extraction of critical minerals from ultramafic rocks using the integrated system of FIG.1A.
  • DETAILED DESCRIPTION [0025]
  • a calculation for the first seven (7) kilometers of the earth’s crust estimates that there is enough ultramafic rocks that can produce hydrogen for about 250,000 years (about 100 trillion tons of hydrogen at a rate of about 400 Mt annually, achieving NZE with hydrogen as a primary fuel).
  • High temperature (about 300 °C) and pressure (up to about 35 MPa) is typically used for this reaction to happen and is naturally provided by the Earth sub-surface free of cost. Therefore, the Earth is a de facto hydrogen factory waiting to be tapped, but no current technologies exist to harness the hydrogen.
  • the present disclosure provides for an apparatus and integrated system, e.g., a reactor, which can both stimulate natural hydrogen generation reaction and collection. Natural hydrogen can be extracted in two ways.
  • the first may be passive in its nature, which can involve trapping natural hydrogen from regions where native hydrogen (white hydrogen) spontaneously seeps from subsurface. These regions are plentiful and can span from Mali, West Africa to Kansas, USA and beyond, for example. White hydrogen may be geographically limited and unpredictable, however due to its propensity to leak and the need for extensive exploration to pinpoint its location. As a result, ideal rock formations that trap the gas in the subsurface may be desirable when trapping white hydrogen, thereby narrowing a number of locations that its trapping is efficient and/or economically feasible.
  • a second mode of extraction can be used, which involves proactive (active) formation of natural hydrogen by injecting a water solution in-situ into subsurface ultramafic rocks to induce reduction of the water (Eq.3) and collect the emitted hydrogen gas (Orange hydrogen), which is henceforth referred to as hydrogen production INH (for in-situ natural hydrogen).
  • INH may allow hydrogen to be produced at Attorney Docket No.: MIT 25812 PCT
  • At least one novel feature of the present embodiments includes apparatuses and integrated systems that are configured to harness a clean energy carrier (such as hydrogen (H2) and ammonia NH3), sequester carbon dioxide (CO2), and green mine critical minerals to supply clean energy technologies, such as batteries.
  • a clean energy carrier such as hydrogen (H2) and ammonia NH3
  • CO2 sequester carbon dioxide
  • green mine critical minerals to supply clean energy technologies, such as batteries.
  • the instantly disclosed apparatuses and systems can be used for simultaneous: 1) in-situ production of H2 and NH3 by injecting H 2 O and nitrogen (N)-sources, e.g., N 2 or NO 3 -, onto ultramafic rocks; 2) mineralization of CO2 by injecting CO2 gas onto ultramafic rocks; and/or 3) collection and separation of percolated fluid form water-ultramafic rocks to extract valuable elements such as lithium (Li), cobalt (Co), and/or nickel (Ni).
  • N nitrogen
  • the term simultaneously can refer to techniques that occur with some overlap between one another, e.g., in-situ production of H 2 , NH 3 and/or CO 2 mineralization can start to occur at the same time, or, in some embodiments, collection and separation of the critical minerals can take place after in-situ production of H 2 , NH 3 and/or CO 2 has begun, and/or when one of in-situ production and/or mineralization has concluded.
  • FIG.1A illustrates one example embodiment of an integrated system 100 of the present embodiments.
  • the integrated system 100 can provide for high-yield in-situ natural hydrogen gas and/or ammonia production, which can include proactive (active) formation of natural hydrogen and ammonia by delivering, e.g., injecting, a water solution in-situ into subsurface ultramafic rocks to induce reduction of the water and collection of the emitted hydrogen gas, such as orange hydrogen, and ammonia with high rate and yield.
  • controlling a flow rate and composition of the aqueous solution to below a surface of the earth 102 can allow for increased hydrogen gas and/or ammonia yield, as well as improvement of efficiency of said collection.
  • 88212-414784 [0031]
  • the system 100 can include a passage or apparatus 104 having an inlet 106 for receiving the aqueous solution therethrough.
  • the passage 104 can extend below the surface of the earth 102 to the ultramafic rocks 106 down below.
  • ultramafic- rich regions of the earth’s crust can be detected by remote sensing, seismic survey, borehole and well logging, geochemical analysis, and the like as known to one skilled in the art, and as such a detailed discussion of detection is omitted from this disclosure.
  • a depth of boreholes used in the present disclosure can be approximately in a range of about 1 foot to about 10 miles below the earth’s surface, approximately in a range of about 1 foot to about 5 miles below the earth’s surface, approximately in a range of about 3 feet to about 10 miles below the earth’s surface, approximately in a range of about 3 feet to about 10 miles below the earth’s surface, approximately in a range of about 5 feet to about 10 miles below the earth’s surface, and/or approximately in a range of about 5 miles to about 5 miles below the earth’s surface.
  • the passage 104 can receive a mixture of one or more of a nitrogen source, a catalyst, carbon dioxide, and so forth.
  • the system 100 can expose the ultramafic rock bed 106 to water and a nitrogen source (NO 3 ⁇ and N 2 ) in the presence of a catalyst (Cu 2+ or Ni 2+ ) to synthesize ammonia.
  • Some additional non-limiting examples of the nitrogen source can be one or more of N 2 , NO, N 2 O, NO 2 , NO x , NO 3 ⁇ , among others, and some additional non-limiting examples of catalysts can include nickel, copper, cobalt, sodium, magnesium, calcium, titanium, chromium, iron, zinc, platinum, ruthenium, and osmium, aluminum oxide, calcium oxide, molybdenum, ruthenium, alloys of different metals, organic and metalorganic catalysts, and so forth. Compounds can flow in either direction through the flow passages or conduits 104, with some compounds flowing to the subsurface 102 to react with the rock bed 106, and product can flow back above the surface for collection.
  • the flow passages 104 can include tubes, pipes, and/or other similar structures used to transport fluid.
  • the flow passages can be made from one or more materials know to one skilled in the art, such as stainless steels, carbon steels, nickel alloys, titanium alloys, ceramic, copper, polyvinyl chloride, aluminum, and so forth.
  • Catalysts and their uses in subsurface geothermal chemical reactions can be found in PCT Application No. PCT/US2024/055583, entitled “Methods, Systems, and Apparatuses for In-Situ Production of Compounds via Subsurface Geothermal Chemical Reactions,” filed on an even date herewith, the entire content of which is incorporated herein by reference.
  • the aqueous solution can include one or more additives that can catalyze subsurface reactions and/or promote free-flow of the water through the borehole.
  • the additives can include chemical additives or catalysts that can: 1) control the pH to enhance the rate and yield of the reaction with the olivine rock; and/or 2) provide chemicals that depassivate ultramafic rocks after the reaction so that the surface of the rock can be available for several cycles of hydrogen gas production.
  • depassivation of the ultramafic rocks can be used due to the surface of the rock being covered with a Fe3O4 passivation layer, which can prevent further reaction.
  • Chemicals can be added to the surface to prevent formation of the passivation layer, which can make the surface available for several reaction cycles.
  • Some non-limiting examples of the additives can include some acids and fluorine containing chemicals.
  • the additives can be used to control pH.
  • the reaction of the water with the rock 106 can occur in a reaction zone 109, as shown in FIGS.1A-1C, and schematically illustrated in FIG.2 below. Once the mixture is injected into, and/or otherwise contacts, the FeO rock bed 106, a reaction can occur to release hydrogen gas.
  • This reaction can occur at a temperature that is approximately in a range from about room temperature to above about 300 °C, or about 70 °C to above about 300 °C, e.g., about 300 °C, about 400 °C, about 500 °C, or more.
  • a range of pressure can be approximately in a range from about 1 atm (0.1 MPa) to about greater than 30 MPa.
  • FeO in the ultramafic rock can be oxidized while the water from the influent fluid is reduced to produce H 2 : 2FeO (s) + H 2 O (l/g) ⁇ Fe 2 O 3(s) + H2(g) (which is a generic and simplified reaction that explains what is going in the ultramafic rock).
  • the water can be a liquid or a gas, depending on the reaction set-up (e.g., injecting liquid water and/or droplets in vapor form). The specific reaction may depend on the type of ultramafic rock.
  • the system 100 can include a controller 160 for adjusting one or more system parameters. For example, one or more of the flow rate and/or the composition of the influent fluid can be adjusted. In some embodiments, a flow rate of the water through the boreholes can be adjusted to be approximately in a range of about 5 cubic meters per second to about 50 cubic meters per second, and more particularly approximately in a range of about 20 cubic meters per second to about 30 cubic meters per second.
  • hydrogen and ammonia can be passed via an outlet 108 to a collection tank or collection well 110.
  • the collection tank 110 can be Attorney Docket No.: MIT 25812 PCT
  • An existing challenge to in-situ hydrogen production can be that the reaction rate of the reaction is low.
  • methods to accurately probe, quantify, optimize, and/or determine factors affecting the reaction rate of geological hydrogen may not currently exist.
  • spectroscopic tools such as Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometer can be used to measure hydrogen generated.
  • a customized reactor for in situ hydrogen extraction utilizing autonomous and high-throughput platform for rate optimization reactor design can be used.
  • the system 200 can include a plurality of tanks configured to deliver the reactants below the surface of the earth 102 to the ultramafic rocks 106 down below.
  • the plurality of tanks can include an aqueous solution/water tank 130, a carbon dioxide tank 132, and the collection tank or collection well 110.
  • Each of the reactants can be pumped from the aqueous solution/water tank 130 and the carbon dioxide tank 132 via a plurality of pumps 134 towards the ultramafic rock 106 to facilitate the desired reaction.
  • the reaction can be allowed to proceed for a pre-determined period, based on factors like reaction kinetics, rock- fluid permeability, fluid transport rate, and/or other parameters that can be optimized beforehand for a specific borehole system.
  • a second application of the system can include monitoring and quantifying the production of H2 and NH3 gases. As these gases form, they can migrate naturally to the surface due, at least in part, to the pressure gradient (from high pressure in the reaction zone 109 near the rock 106 to lower pressure at the Earth’s surface).
  • the collection tank 110 can be equipped with sensors for gas, light, and/or electrochemical detection, or other Attorney Docket No.: MIT 25812 PCT
  • the volume of gas produced can be recorded over time, and when gas production saturates, this can serve as an indication that the reaction has completed. At this point, water can be retrieved from the subsurface for trace element separation and purification.
  • an electrochemical separation system e.g., extraction apparatus 114, which can be one or more of electrodialysis, electrocoagulation, and/or electrodeionization, among others.
  • This electrochemical separation system can include the anode 116, the cathode 118, and selective membranes, e.g., anion exchange membrane (AEM) 136 and cation exchange membrane (CEM)138.
  • An external current or voltage can be applied to the anode 116 and the cathode 118, allowing for the selective extraction of trace elements from the water.
  • the wastewater can be injected and flow between the anode 116 and the cathode 118 under an applied electric bias.
  • the electric field can drive the movement of ions toward the electrodes: positively charged ions are attracted to the cathode 118, while negatively charged ions move toward the anode.
  • This selective ion migration can lead to the deposition or collection of trace elements on the electrode surfaces, or within specific membrane regions.
  • Each method within the system 200 can have a unique mechanism.
  • electrodialysis can use selective membranes 136 to separate ions by directing them to opposite electrodes, effectively concentrating trace elements in specific compartments.
  • Electrocoagulation can generate flocs through the dissolution of metal ions from the electrodes, which can trap trace elements, allowing them to be removed as solid particles.
  • Electrodeionization can combine ion-exchange resins and membranes, continuously removing ions from the water under the electric field to produce purified water while concentrating trace elements for extraction.
  • the trace elements can be sent to a water purification system 140 via path 115, where further purification of organic and inorganic impurities can be performed using one or more of a membrane-based filtration system, a distillation column, reverse osmosis, activated carbon filtration, advanced oxidation processes, ozonation, ion-exchange, and/or others.
  • the water can be injected back into the borehole along with the CO2.
  • the control system or controller 160 can control, for example, the flow rate, which can be based on, for example, pre-set values as the water is injected and ejected from the electrochemical system.
  • the aqueous solution can include carbon dioxide gas that can flow to the reaction zone to react with magnesium oxide (MgO) in the rocks to form MgCO3 (MgO + CO2 ⁇ MgCO3), as shown in FIG.1A and FIG.4.
  • MgO magnesium oxide
  • a flow rate of the carbon dioxide through the passage 104 toward the ultramafic rock 106 can be controlled to optimize formation of the magnesium carbonate.
  • carbon dioxide gas can react to form solid compounds, thereby reducing and/or eliminating carbon dioxide emissions from the reaction process of formation of hydrogen gas or ammonia.
  • the MgCO3 can then be collected by methods known to one skilled in the art.
  • the system 100 can include a second outlet 112 for transporting liquid from the reaction zone 109 in the ultramafic rock 106.
  • the outlet 112 can transport the liquid to an extraction apparatus or system 114, as shown in FIGS.1A-1C.
  • the ultramafic rock 106 in addition to allowing for the production of hydrogen gas and ammonia, can include essential or trace elements for the green transition (lithium (Li), nickel (Ni), and cobalt (Co), among others, which are commonly used components in batteries. That is, when the aqueous solution contacts the ultramafic rocks 106 to react therewith to form at least one of hydrogen gas or ammonia, can dissolve valuable chemicals from the ultramafic rocks 106 to create a percolated fluid containing one or more of the Li, Co, Ni, among others.
  • the trace element can include one or more of lithium (Li), cobalt (Co), platinum (Pt), iron (Fe), chromium (Cr), magnesium (Mg), silicon (Si), calcium (Ca), palladium (Pd), and rhodium (Rh), vanadium (V), nickel (Ni) or, Rare Earth Elements (such as yttrium (Y) lanthanum (La), cerium (Ce), praseodymium (Pr), neodymium Attorney Docket No.: MIT 25812 PCT
  • FIG. 5 illustrates the formation of the percolated fluid upon contact between the aqueous solution and the rock in greater detail.
  • These dissolved elements in the injected fluid can be extracted (mined) by applying electrochemical and/or membrane-based separation methods known to those skilled in the art. For example, electrochemical potential (voltage) can be applied which enables selective and step-by-step extraction of the Li, Co and Ni.
  • electrodialysis, electrochemical deposition, selective ion intercalation, and/or other electrochemical methods can be combined to achieve selective separation of ions.
  • Electrodialysis is a separation process in which ions of different charges are transported through ion exchange membranes when an electrical potential is applied between the anode 116 and the cathode 118 to trap the essential elements in a portion thereof 120.
  • Selectivity can be achieved by optimizing the ion exchange membrane and tuning the rate of ion migration.
  • metal ions’ selectivity can be tuned during electrochemical deposition.
  • lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO 4 ) and lithium manganese oxide (LiMn 2 O 4 ) intercalation materials can be used for the direct recovery of lithium ions.
  • Raw material supplies can be produced for battery production via the extraction apparatus 114, which can serve as an additional benefit of the in-situ hydrogen production process.
  • the extraction apparatus 114 can be disposed above ground as shown in FIG.1B, though in some embodiments the extraction can be performed below the subsurface.
  • the aqueous solution can be recycled via path 115 and re-introduced below the surface via the passage 104 for further reaction with the ultramafic rock 106 to form more of hydrogen gas and/or ammonia. It will be appreciated that the solution can be repeatedly utilized in the reactor until saturation for further resource extraction.
  • Examples of the above-described embodiments can include the following: 1.
  • a method of producing at least one of hydrogen gas or ammonia via geochemistry comprising: transporting one or more reactants below a surface of the earth to facilitate a reaction to form at least one of hydrogen gas or ammonia in-situ.
  • the method of example 1 or example 2 further comprising reacting the one or more reactants with the ultramafic rock to produce hydrogen gas (H2).
  • the one or more reactants comprise one or more of water (H 2 O) and N-sources. 5.
  • the one or more trace elements comprise one or more of lithium (Li), cobalt (Co), platinum (Pt), iron (Fe), chromium (Cr), magnesium (Mg), silicon (Si), calcium (Ca), palladium (Pd), and rhodium (Rh), vanadium (V), nickel (Ni) or, Rare Earth Elements (such as yttrium (Y) lanthanum (La), cerium (Ce), praseodymium (Pr), neodymium (Nd), samarium (Sm), europium (Eu), gadolinium (Gd), terbium (Tb), dysprosium (Dy), holmium (Ho), erbium (Er), thulium (Tm), ytterbium (Yb), or lutetium (Lu).
  • Li lithium
  • Co cobalt
  • platinum platinum
  • Fe iron
  • Cr iron
  • Mg chromium
  • Si silicon
  • Ca calcium
  • a system comprising: a reactor including one or more conduits disposed within the ground, the one or more conduits being configured to deliver one or more reactants below a surface of the earth to form a product in-situ; a separation device configured to receive a solution therethrough for extraction of one or more compounds therefrom; and one or more flow passages extending from the surface of the earth, the one or more flow passages being configured to deliver a solution to the separation device.
  • a reactor including one or more conduits disposed within the ground, the one or more conduits being configured to deliver one or more reactants below a surface of the earth to form a product in-situ; a separation device configured to receive a solution therethrough for extraction of one or more compounds therefrom; and one or more flow passages extending from the surface of the earth, the one or more flow passages being configured to deliver a solution to the separation device.
  • the one or more reactants comprise carbon dioxide (CO2).

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Abstract

L'invention concerne des appareils, des systèmes et des procédés destinés à exploiter des réactions géochimiques souterraines pour fournir des conditions optimales pour l'extraction chimique, la formation et la collecte d'hydrogène gazeux et/ou d'ammoniac, la minéralisation du dioxyde de carbone et l'exploitation minière. Dans certains modes de réalisation, un système intégré peut être utilisé pour simultanément 1) produire de l'hydrogène (H2) et de l'ammoniac (NH3) in situ par injection de H2O et de sources d'azote (N) sur des roches ultramafiques ; 2) minéraliser du dioxyde de carbone (CO2) par injection de CO2 gazeux sur des roches ultramafiques ; et 3) collecter et séparer l'eau sous forme de fluide percolé et les roches ultramafiques pour en extraire des oligo-éléments utiles. Le système intégré peut distribuer des réactifs à travers un sous-sol pour une réaction avec des roches disposées au-dessous du sol, et des sorties pour collecter les produits à partir de la terre.
PCT/US2024/055585 2024-04-17 2024-11-12 Procédés et appareils de production in situ et intégrée de combustibles propres, de minéralisation de dioxyde de carbone et d'exploitation minière Pending WO2025221298A1 (fr)

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Citations (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
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US9945219B2 (en) * 2010-10-04 2018-04-17 Wintershall Holding GmbH Process for producing mineral oil from underground mineral oil deposits
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