[go: up one dir, main page]

WO2025212015A1 - Rapport de mobilité déclenché par couche 1/couche de déclenchement d'événement pour commutation de cellule de mobilité déclenchée par couche 1/couche 2 d'équilibrage de charge inter-fréquence - Google Patents

Rapport de mobilité déclenché par couche 1/couche de déclenchement d'événement pour commutation de cellule de mobilité déclenchée par couche 1/couche 2 d'équilibrage de charge inter-fréquence

Info

Publication number
WO2025212015A1
WO2025212015A1 PCT/SE2025/050291 SE2025050291W WO2025212015A1 WO 2025212015 A1 WO2025212015 A1 WO 2025212015A1 SE 2025050291 W SE2025050291 W SE 2025050291W WO 2025212015 A1 WO2025212015 A1 WO 2025212015A1
Authority
WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
ltm
candidate cell
cell
measurement
candidate
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Pending
Application number
PCT/SE2025/050291
Other languages
English (en)
Inventor
Icaro Leonardo DA SILVA
Venkatarao Gonuguntla
Antonino ORSINO
Claes Tidestav
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Telefonaktiebolaget LM Ericsson AB
Original Assignee
Telefonaktiebolaget LM Ericsson AB
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Telefonaktiebolaget LM Ericsson AB filed Critical Telefonaktiebolaget LM Ericsson AB
Publication of WO2025212015A1 publication Critical patent/WO2025212015A1/fr
Pending legal-status Critical Current
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical

Links

Classifications

    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04W—WIRELESS COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
    • H04W36/00—Hand-off or reselection arrangements
    • H04W36/0005—Control or signalling for completing the hand-off
    • H04W36/0055—Transmission or use of information for re-establishing the radio link
    • H04W36/0058—Transmission of hand-off measurement information, e.g. measurement reports
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04W—WIRELESS COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
    • H04W36/00—Hand-off or reselection arrangements
    • H04W36/0005—Control or signalling for completing the hand-off
    • H04W36/0055—Transmission or use of information for re-establishing the radio link
    • H04W36/0061—Transmission or use of information for re-establishing the radio link of neighbour cell information
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04W—WIRELESS COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
    • H04W36/00—Hand-off or reselection arrangements
    • H04W36/0005—Control or signalling for completing the hand-off
    • H04W36/0083—Determination of parameters used for hand-off, e.g. generation or modification of neighbour cell lists
    • H04W36/00837—Determination of triggering parameters for hand-off
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04W—WIRELESS COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
    • H04W36/00—Hand-off or reselection arrangements
    • H04W36/0005—Control or signalling for completing the hand-off
    • H04W36/0083—Determination of parameters used for hand-off, e.g. generation or modification of neighbour cell lists
    • H04W36/0085—Hand-off measurements

Definitions

  • FIG. 1 illustrates an example of a new radio (NR) network (e.g., a 5th Generation (5G) network) including a 5G core (5GC) network 130, network nodes 120a-b (e.g., 5G base station (gNB)), multiple communication devices 110 (also referred to as user equipment (“UE”)).
  • NR new radio
  • 5G 5th Generation
  • 5GC 5G core
  • gNB 5G base station
  • UE user equipment
  • Layer 1 (“Ll”)/Layer 2 (“L2”)-Triggered Mobility (“LTM”) can be defined as a Primary Cell (“PCell”) (or primary secondary cell (“PSCell”)) cell switch procedure, consequently with Cell Group change (e.g., Master Cell Group (MCG) or Secondary Cell Group (SCG) that the network triggers via media access control (MAC) Control Element (CE) based on LI measurements.
  • Cell Group change e.g., Master Cell Group (MCG) or Secondary Cell Group (SCG) that the network triggers via media access control (MAC) Control Element (CE) based on LI measurements.
  • MCG Master Cell Group
  • SCG Secondary Cell Group
  • CE media access control
  • a gNB receives the LI measurement report(s) from the UE, and on their basis the gNB changes UE’s serving cell by a cell switch command signaled via a MAC CE.
  • the cell switch command indicates an LTM candidate cell configuration that the gNB previously prepared and provided to the UE through RRC signaling
  • the UE sends a MeasurementReport message to the gNB.
  • the gNB decides to configure LTM and initiates candidate cell(s) preparation.
  • the gNB transmits an RRCReconfiguration message to the UE including the LTM candidate cell configurations of one or multiple candidate cells.
  • the UE stores the LTM candidate cell configurations and transmits an RRCReconfigurationComplete message to the gNB.
  • the UE performs DL synchronization with the candidate cell(s) before receiving the cell switch command.
  • the UE performs LI measurements on the configured candidate cell(s) and transmits LI measurement reports to the gNB. LI measurement should be performed as long as RRC reconfiguration (at block 220) is applicable.
  • the gNB decides to execute cell switch to a target cell and transmits a MAC CE triggering cell switch by including the candidate configuration index of the target cell.
  • the UE switches to the target cell and applies the configuration indicated by candidate configuration index.
  • the UE performs the random access procedure towards the target cell, if UE does not have valid Timing Advance (“TA”) of the target cell.
  • the UE performs Contention Free Random Access (“CFRA”) if the LTM cell switch command MAC CE contains information for CFRA.
  • TA Timing Advance
  • CFRA Contention Free Random Access
  • the UE completes the LTM cell switch procedure by sending RRCReconfigurationComplete message to target cell. If the UE has performed a RA procedure (at block 270) the UE considers that LTM cell switch execution is successfully completed when the random access procedure is successfully completed. For RACH-less LTM, the UE considers that LTM cell switch execution is successfully completed when the UE determines that the network has successfully received its first UL data.
  • the UE determines successful reception of its first UL data by receiving a physical downlink control channel (PDCCH) addressing the UE’s cell radio network temporary identifier (C-RNTI) in the target cell, which schedules a new transmission following the first UL data.
  • the PDCCH carries either a DL assignment or an UL grant addressing the same hybrid automatic repeat request (HARQ) process as the first UL data.
  • HARQ hybrid automatic repeat request
  • a method of operating a communication device includes determining that a triggering condition is met based on a measurement associated with a layer 1/layer 2-triggered mobility, LTM, candidate cell. The method further includes, responsive to determining that the triggering condition is met, transmitting a LTM lower layer measurement report.
  • a method of operating a network node is provided.
  • Certain embodiments may provide one or more of the following technical advantages.
  • the innovations provide savings in terms of UE power consumption and UL resources on the network side when the UE needs to assist the network to perform inter-frequency LTM Cell Switch procedures, because unnecessary transmissions, as in periodic reports, would not be performed when the UE only transmits the LTM lower layer report when the condition is fulfilled.
  • the LTM lower layer report indicates to the network that while the PCell frequency is not good enough, there is another frequency which is good enough. Assuming there was no LTM lower report indicating that there was an LTM candidate cell in the PCell’ s SSB frequency offset better than the PCell, the indication from the proposed LTM report based on the proposed triggering condition is an indication sent by the UE to the network that there is a better frequency to connect to instead of the PCell’ s frequency. [0021] In additional or alternative embodiments, the proposed report, based on the proposed triggering condition, is to enable the network to pre-activate a TCI state of an inter-frequency LTM candidate cell, which may be critical to enable a fast inter-frequency LTM Cell Switch.
  • FIG. 5 is a signal flow diagram illustrating an example of different responses the UE may receive when it triggers a lower layer LTM report
  • FIG. 6 is a table illustrating an example of a mapping order of CSI fields of one report for SSBRI/RSRP reporting for LTM in accordance with some embodiments
  • FIG. 7 is a table illustrating an example of a bitwidth for SSBRI, RSRP, or differential RSRP to be included in an LTM CSI measurement report in accordance with some embodiments;
  • FIG. 8 is a flow chart illustrating an example of operations performed by a communication device in accordance with some embodiments.
  • FIG. 9 is a flow chart illustrating an example of operations performed by a communication device in accordance with some embodiments.
  • FIG. 10 is a block diagram illustrating an example of a communications network architecture with a CU / DU split in accordance with some embodiments
  • FIG. 11 is a signal flow diagram illustrating an example of interactions between a UE, S-DU, CU, and a C-DU for a load balancing triggered inter-frequency LTM cell switch in accordance with some embodiments;
  • FIG. 12 is a block diagram of a communication system in accordance with some embodiments;
  • FIG. 13 is a block diagram of a user equipment in accordance with some embodiments.
  • FIG. 14 is a block diagram of a network node in accordance with some embodiments.
  • FIG. 15 is a block diagram of a virtualization environment in accordance with some embodiments.
  • Layer 1 (LI) measurements for LTM procedures are limited to synchronization signal block (SSB) measurements. Expanding LI measurements to include a channel state information reference signal (CSLRS) can address this limitation and can be expected to enable greater throughput on the target cell immediately after cell switch.
  • CSLRS channel state information reference signal
  • the UE can be configured to transmit LI measurement (LTM lower layer reports) including lower layer measurements on beams (e.g., SSBs) of one or more LTM candidate cells. Thanks to these reports, the network determines the LTM candidate cell and the beam (e.g., corresponding transmission configuration indication (TCI) state identity) to indicate in the LTM Cell Switch command.
  • LTM lower layer reports including lower layer measurements on beams (e.g., SSBs) of one or more LTM candidate cells. Thanks to these reports, the network determines the LTM candidate cell and the beam (e.g., corresponding transmission configuration indication (TCI) state identity) to indicate in the LTM Cell Switch command.
  • TCI transmission configuration indication
  • the “best” beam (or RS) of an inter-frequency LTM candidate cell e.g., highest LI RSRP
  • the UE in response to the LTM lower layer report, receives an LTM Cell Switch Command (e.g., LTM Cell Switch Command MAC Control Element - CE) indicating the LTM Candidate Cell (e.g., Target Configuration ID associated to an LTM candidate ID) which is an inter-frequency neighbour (e.g., in a different SSB frequency than the UE’s serving cell), and a TCI state (e.g., TCI State ID) which is to be activated in the LTM Candidate Cell which becomes the target cell.
  • LTM Cell Switch Command e.g., LTM Cell Switch Command MAC Control Element - CE
  • LTM Candidate Cell e.g., Target Configuration ID associated to an LTM candidate ID
  • TCI state e.g., TCI State
  • the indicated TCI state to be activate in the LTM Candidate Cell (which is an inter-frequency neighbour) in the LTM Cell Switch is associated to one of the SSBs indicated in the LTM lower layer report, whose first measurement has triggered the report.
  • the association between that reported SSB and the indicated TCI state is that the SSB is configured as Quasi-Co-Location (QCL) source of the indicated TCI State.
  • QCL Quasi-Co-Location
  • the inter-frequency LTM Cell Switch does not need to be triggered based on the quality of the PCell, since this is triggered by the network based on the load situation (e.g., traffic demands, number of connected UE(s)) on the PCell (and the PCell’ s frequency) compared to the load situation (e.g., traffic demands, number of connected UE(s)) in the frequency of the LTM Candidate Cell indicated in the LTM Cell Switch Command.
  • the load situation e.g., traffic demands, number of connected UE(s)
  • the load situation e.g., traffic demands, number of connected UE(s)
  • the load situation e.g., traffic demands, number of connected UE(s)
  • the LTM lower layer report may include multiple LTM candidate cell(s), in one or more SSB frequencies: the network selects one of the SSB frequencies and one of the LTM candidate cells, for including an associated indication in the LTM Cell Switch command, and/or the TCI activation command for an LTM Candidate Cell (e.g., Candidate Cell TCI States Activation/Deactivation MAC CE) and/or command for triggering an Early Uplink sync procedure (e.g., PDCCH order).
  • LTM Candidate Cell e.g., Candidate Cell TCI States Activation/Deactivation MAC CE
  • PDCCH order Early Uplink sync procedure
  • Various embodiments herein refer to a measurement of a beam.
  • measurement of a beam may correspond to a measurement of a Reference Signal (RS) and/or Synchronization Signal (SS), such as a Synchronization Signal Block (SSB) or Channel State Information - RS (CSLRS), or Mobility Reference Signal (MRS).
  • RS Reference Signal
  • SS Synchronization Signal
  • CSLRS Channel State Information - RS
  • MRS Mobility Reference Signal
  • a beam may be interpreted as a spatial direction (of filter) which the RS or SS is being transmitted.
  • Embodiments herein refer to the term “L1/L2 based inter-cell mobility,” though it interchangeably also uses the terms L1/L2 mobility, Ll-mobility, LI based mobility, L1/L2- centric inter-cell mobility, L1/L2 inter-cell mobility Ll/L2-Triggered Mobility, Lower-layer triggered Mobility or LTM.
  • the basic principle is that the UE receives a lower layer signaling from the network indicating to the UE a change (or switch or activation) of its serving cell (e.g., change of PCell, from a source to a target Pcell), wherein a lower layer signaling is a message/ signaling of a lower layer protocol, which may be referred as a L1/L2 inter-cell mobility execution command or LTM cell switch command.
  • the change of serving cell e.g., change of Pcell
  • switching to the LTM candidate cell configuration comprises the UE considering that an LTM candidate cell becomes its new special cell (SpCell) e.g., Pcell in case of LTM being configured for a Master Cell Group (MCG) and/or PSCell in case of LTM being configured for a Secondary Cell Group (SCG); or, changing its SpCell from the current Pcell to an LTM candidate cell.
  • SpCell new special cell
  • MCG Master Cell Group
  • SCG Secondary Cell Group
  • change of cell may comprise a change of a whole cell group configuration, which includes a change in the SpCell (e.g., change of Pcell, or change of PSCell) and a change in Scells of the cell group (e.g., addition, modification and/or release of one or more Scells).
  • a change in the SpCell e.g., change of Pcell, or change of PSCell
  • Scells of the cell group e.g., addition, modification and/or release of one or more Scells.
  • An LTM cell switch procedure may be triggered in the UE by reception of a LTM cell switch command (e.g., LTM Cell Switch MAC CE), or alternatively, triggered by some other event, such as a condition, e.g., a triggering condition used for conditional configuration, such as conditional handover, being fulfilled, as a result of recovery from radio link failure or handover failure.
  • a LTM cell switch command e.g., LTM Cell Switch MAC CE
  • some other event such as a condition, e.g., a triggering condition used for conditional configuration, such as conditional handover, being fulfilled, as a result of recovery from radio link failure or handover failure.
  • Embodiments herein may refer to a LTM candidate cell, which is a cell the UE is configured with when configured with Ll/L2-triggered mobility. That is a cell the UE can move to in a LTM cell switch procedure, upon reception of a LTM cell switch command.
  • These cells may also be called candidate cell(s), LTM candidate cells, candidates, mobility candidates, nonserving cells, additional cells, target candidate cell, target candidate, etc.
  • a LTM candidate cell is a cell the UE perform measurements on (e.g., CSI measurements) so that the UE reports these measurements and network may take educated decision on which beam (e.g., TCI state) and/or cell the UE is to be switched to.
  • An LTM candidate cell may be a candidate to be a target Pcell or PSCell, or an Scell of a cell group (e.g., MCG Scell).
  • Embodiments herein may refer to at least one LTM candidate cell configuration and that the UE has received at least one LTM candidate cell configuration. This is also sometimes referred to as a configuration of a LTM candidate cell, which may be an RRC configuration, such as encapsulated in an RRC Reconfiguration message, that the UE receives when being configured with Ll/L2-Triggered Mobility.
  • a configuration of a LTM candidate cell which may be an RRC configuration, such as encapsulated in an RRC Reconfiguration message, that the UE receives when being configured with Ll/L2-Triggered Mobility.
  • a LTM candidate cell configuration comprises the configuration which the UE needs to start to operate accordingly when it performs an LTM cell switch procedure to that LTM candidate cell e.g., upon reception of the LTM cell switch command indicating the UE to perform a LTM cell switch procedure to that LTM candidate cell, which becomes the target cell and the current (new) SpCell, or an SCell in a serving frequency.
  • the LTM candidate cell configuration comprises parameters of a serving cell (or multiple serving cells, such as a cell group), comprising one or more of the groups of parameters, such as an RRCReconfiguration message an IE CellGroupConfig or an IE SpCellConfig (or the IE SCellConfig, in the case of a Secondary Cell).
  • a LTM candidate cell configuration may in one example comprise one or more of: i) the PCell configuration and one or more SCell configuration(s) of a Master Cell Group (MCG); i) the PSCell configuration and one or more SCell configuration(s) of a secondary Cell Group (SCG).
  • the terms (LTM) candidate configuration, LTM configuration, (LTM) candidate target cell configuration, (LTM) target candidate (cell) configuration may be used interchangeably when referring to LTM candidate cell configuration.
  • An LTM candidate cell configuration is associated with an identifier which is used in the signaling when referring to a certain LTM candidate cell configuration, such as when the UE receives the LTM candidate cell configuration and when the UE receives an LTM cell switch command indicating the UE to perform a LTM cell switch procedure to that LTM candidate cell.
  • This identifier is sometimes known as the LTM candidate cell configuration identity or LTM candidate configuration index (or similar).
  • An actual LTM candidate cell configuration and its exact content and/or structure of this IE and/or embedded message may be called an RRC model for the candidate configuration, or simply RRC model.
  • An LTM candidate cell configuration comprises the configuration which the UE needs to operate accordingly when it performs (executes) L1/L2 based inter-cell mobility execution to a LTM candidate cell, upon reception of the lower layer signaling (MAC CE) indicating a L1/L2 based inter-cell mobility to a LTM candidate cell (which becomes the target cell and the current (new) PCell, or an SCell in a serving frequency), or upon reception of the lower layer signaling (MAC CE) indicating a L1/L2 based inter-cell mobility to a LTM candidate cell configuration indicated with a candidate configuration index (sometimes also denoted candidate configuration ID).
  • MAC CE lower layer signaling
  • MAC CE lower layer signaling
  • the UE may be configured with multiple LTM candidate cell configurations, so a Candidate DU generates and sends to the CU multiple configuration(s).
  • the actual LTM candidate cell configuration the UE receives during the LTM configuration may be a delta signaling to be applied on top of a reference configuration, so that the actual configuration the UE is to use in the candidate cell upon LTM cell switch is the combination of the LTM candidate cell configuration and the reference configuration (e.g., separately signaled by the network to the UE).
  • Embodiments herein refer to a report triggered by the UE upon fulfillment of a triggering condition which the UE is evaluating, the report including the measurement results that is sent by the UE to the network, called a LI report for LTM, LTM CSI measurement report, or CSI report for LI /L2 -triggered Mobility (LTM).
  • the report includes at least one or more measurement which were used as input to the triggering conditions which have been fulfilled and triggered the UE to transmit report.
  • the UE includes a list of identifiers (e.g., resource identifiers or resource indications, or SSB identifiers) each one of them pointing to one or more SSBs and LTM candidate cells where e.g., ID1, is the first element of the list of LTM candidate cell and first element of the list of SSB.
  • ID1 is the first element of the list of LTM candidate cell and first element of the list of SSB.
  • ID1 is the first element of the list of LTM candidate cell and first element of the list of SSB.
  • the network receives the report, it means that the report SSB is the one identified by the first element of the list of SSB and belongs to the LTM candidate cell identified by the first element of the list of LTM candidate cells.
  • SSBRI SSB resource Identifier
  • An LTM candidate cell may also be an LTM candidate cell in a 5G Radio access technology, such as NR, or a 6G Radio Access Technology.
  • Some embodiments herein refer to a RS of an LTM candidate cell, which includes an SSB and/or an RS transmitted in a beam or spatial direction, and/or a Mobility Reference Signal (MRS), a CSLRS, or a RS defined for a 6G radio interface.
  • MRS Mobility Reference Signal
  • CSLRS CSL Reference Signal
  • beam may also be used to express a spatial direction in which a Reference Signal (e.g., SSB) associated to an index (e.g., SSB index, or CSLRS index) is being transmitted, so that a beam measurement may correspond to a measurement on an RS transmitted in that beam e.g., an SSB measurement.
  • SSB Reference Signal
  • index e.g., SSB index, or CSLRS index
  • Some embodiments herein refer to a beam (or RS) that may be associated to a TCI e.g., by the RS (e.g., SSB) being configured as QCL source of a TCI state configuration.
  • RS e.g., SSB
  • the SSB center frequency of the LTM candidate cell configured for LTM measurement is different than the SSB center frequency of the serving cell (e.g., PCell, or PSCell) configured for LTM measurement; and/or
  • the subcarrier spacing (SCS) of the SSB of the LTM Candidate cell (e.g., configured for LTM measurements) is different than the SCS of the serving cell (e.g., PCell, or PSCell) configured for LTM measurement; and/or
  • the frequency range (e.g., FRx) of the LTM candidate cell is different than the frequency range of the serving cell (e.g., FRy).
  • the FR in this context may refer to the FR in which the SSB frequency of the LTM candidate cell and the serving cell is/ are located; and/or - The frequency band of the LTM candidate cell is different than the frequency band of the serving cell; and/or
  • the frequency band of one RAT (e.g., NR) of the LTM candidate cell is different than the frequency band of another RAT (e.g., LTE) of the serving cell;
  • the LTM Candidate cell is if one RAT (e.g., NR) which is different than the RAT of the serving cell (e.g., 6G RAT).
  • one RAT e.g., NR
  • the RAT of the serving cell e.g., 6G RAT
  • the LTM candidate cell is an inter-frequency neighbour cell i.e. a cell for which Synchronization Signal Block (SSB) frequency is different than the SSB frequency of the serving cell (e.g., PCell, or PSCell) and/or the subcarrier spacing is different than the subcarrier spacing of the serving cell (e.g., PCell, or PSCell).
  • SSB Synchronization Signal Block
  • the condition differs from the A4 condition in TS 38.331 defined for triggering RRC Measurement Reports at least because the proposed triggering condition takes into the status of the TCI state(s) of LTM Candidate cells e.g., ‘activated’ or ‘deactivated’ TCI state(s).
  • the UE in response to the LTM lower layer report, receives an LTM Cell Switch Command (e.g., LTM Cell Switch Command MAC Control Element - CE) indicating the LTM Candidate Cell (e.g., Target Configuration ID associated to an LTM candidate ID) which is an inter-frequency neighbour (e.g., in a different SSB frequency than the UE’s serving cell), and a TCI state (e.g., TCI State ID) which is to be activated in the LTM Candidate Cell which becomes the target cell.
  • LTM Cell Switch Command e.g., LTM Cell Switch Command MAC Control Element - CE
  • the LTM Candidate Cell e.g., Target Configuration ID associated to an LTM candidate ID
  • TCI state e.g., TCI State ID
  • the UE in response to the LTM Cell Switch command, indicating an interfrequency LTM candidate cell, applies an LTM candidate cell configuration associated to the LTM Candidate cell indicated in the LTM Cell Switch Command, in response to which the UE accesses the LTM Candidate cell indicated in the LTM Cell Switch command by transmitting a Scheduling Request (SR) over PUCCH in a preconfigured UL resource and/or by initiating a random access procedure (in which the UE transmits a random access preamble to the indicated LTM Candidate cell).
  • SR Scheduling Request
  • the indicated inter-frequency LTM candidate cell is a cell which has a lower load compared to the load of the PCell the UE is coming from.
  • the UE includes in the LTM lower layer report measurement information about one or more LTM candidate cell(s) in a neighbour frequency e.g., Ll- RSRP of strongest beam (e.g., SSB, CSI-RS, MRS, RS) of the LTM Candidate cell, and in response, the UE receives an LTM Cell Switch command indicating the LTM Candidate cell which the UE has included in the LTM lower layer report and which had the beam with strongest LI -RSRP.
  • Ll- RSRP of strongest beam e.g., SSB, CSI-RS, MRS, RS
  • the UE includes in the LTM lower layer report measurement information about one or more LTM candidate cell(s) in a neighbour frequency e.g., Ll- RSRP of K strongest beams (e.g., SSB, CSLRS, MRS, RS) of the LTM Candidate cell, and in response, the UE receives an LTM Cell Switch command indicating the LTM Candidate cell which the UE has included in the LTM lower layer report and which had the beam with strongest LI -RSRP, and a TCI state ID for that LMT candidate cell wherein the indicated TCI State ID is associated to the beam with strongest Ll-RSRP among the reported beams in the LTM lower layer report.
  • Ll- RSRP K strongest beams
  • the UE includes in the LTM lower layer report measurement information about one or more neighbour frequencies based on which the network selection which frequency is the target frequency of an LTM Candidate cell for an LTM Cell Switch.
  • the network selects the frequency based on the load situation and the radio measurements reported by the UE e.g., frequency with lowest load measurements among the reported frequencies, and in the selected frequency, the reported cell with the strongest measurement e.g., beam with strongest Ll-RSRP.
  • the method also comprises that before receiving the LTM Cell Switch, in response to the LTM lower layer report the UE has transmitted, the UE receives a TCI activation command for an LTM Candidate Cell (e.g., Candidate Cell TCI States Activation/Deactivation MAC CE) indicating the LTM Candidate Cell (e.g., Target Configuration ID associated to an LTM candidate ID) which is an inter-frequency neighbour (e.g., in a different SSB frequency than the UE’s serving cell), and a TCI state (e.g., TCI State ID) which is to be pre-activated in the LTM Candidate Cell.
  • LTM Candidate Cell e.g., Candidate Cell TCI States Activation/Deactivation MAC CE
  • the LTM Candidate Cell e.g., Target Configuration ID associated to an LTM candidate ID
  • TCI state e.g., TCI State ID
  • the indicated TCI state to be activate in the LTM Candidate Cell in the LTM Cell Switch is associated to one of the SSBs indicated in the LTM lower layer report, whose first measurement has triggered the report.
  • the association between that reported SSB and the indicated TCI state is that the SSB is configured as Quasi-Co-Location (QCL) source of the indicated TCI State.
  • QCL Quasi-Co-Location
  • the procedure to activate (or pre-activate) a TCI state may correspond to a Downlink (DL) synchronization procedure.
  • the method also comprises that before the UE receives the LTM Cell Switch, and possibly after the TCI activation command for an LTM Candidate Cell, the UE receives a command for triggering an Early Uplink sync procedure (e.g., Physical Downlink control Channel - PDCCH order), indicating an LTM Candidate Cell (which is an inter-frequency neighbour cell) and a Reference Signal (e.g., SSB identifier) based on which the UE transmits a random access preamble to the LTM Candidate Cell.
  • the Reference Signal (e.g., SSB identifier) indicated in the command is one of the RS(s) indicated in the LTM lower layer report.
  • the LTM candidate cell indicated in the command is one of the LTM candidate cell(s) indicated in the LTM lower layer report including SSB(s) and/or LTM candidate cell(s) in a different frequency than the frequency of the PCell’s SSB(s).
  • the triggering condition (or triggering condition for transmitting an LTM lower layer report) “a measurement associated to an LTM candidate cell becomes better than absolute threshold2” may also be characterized as an event the UE is configured by network.
  • the fulfillment of the condition may correspond to the fulfillment of the event, or the entry condition of the event.
  • FIG. 5 illustrates an example of a signaling flow showing the different responses the UE may receive when it triggers a lower layer LTM report (i.e. including lower layer measurements on inter-frequency LTM Candidate Cells) e.g., TCI activation command and/or command triggering early UL sync and/or an LTM Cell Switch command.
  • a lower layer LTM report i.e. including lower layer measurements on inter-frequency LTM Candidate Cells
  • TCI activation command and/or command triggering early UL sync and/or an LTM Cell Switch command e.g., TCI activation command and/or command triggering early UL sync and/or an LTM Cell Switch command.
  • LTM Candidate cell e.g., LTM Candidate cell X
  • the network only needs one instance of the LTM lower layer report to take the decision to pre-activate the TCI state of the LTM candidate cell and to indicate to the UE to perform the LTM Cell Switch to that LTM Candidate cell for inter-frequency load balancing.
  • LTM Candidate cell e.g., LTM Candidate cell X
  • the network needs multiple instances of the LTM lower layer report to take the decision to pre-activate the TCI state of the LTM candidate cell and to further indicate to the UE to perform the LTM Cell Switch to that LTM Candidate cell for interfrequency load balancing.
  • the UE may receive, in response to transmitting the LTM lower layer report, a command for triggering an Early Uplink sync procedure (e.g., Physical Downlink control Channel - PDCCH order), indicating an LTM Candidate Cell (which is an inter-frequency neighbour cell) and a Reference Signal (e.g., SSB identifier) based on which the UE transmits a random access preamble to the LTM Candidate Cell.
  • a command for triggering an Early Uplink sync procedure e.g., Physical Downlink control Channel - PDCCH order
  • LTM Candidate Cell which is an inter-frequency neighbour cell
  • a Reference Signal e.g., SSB identifier
  • the LTM candidate cell indicated in the command is one of the LTM Candidate cells indicated in the LTM lower layer report transmitted by the UE.
  • the RS indicated in the command is one of the RSs (e.g., SSBs) indicated in the LTM lower layer report transmitted by the UE.
  • the method when the command is received from the network node with in XI ms (e.g., XI is 160ms) from measurement associated with the LTM lower layer report or from the measurement LTM lower layer report, UE transmits a random-access preamble in a next random-access occasion associated to the RS indicated in the command (e.g., PDCCH order). Otherwise, the method comprises obtaining time/ frequency (T/F) synchronization to the inter-frequency neighbour before transmitting the random-access preamble.
  • T/F time/ frequency
  • the time required for obtaining T/F synchronization to the inter-frequency neighbour is Yl*SSB_Periodicity (e.g., Y1 is 3).
  • the method further comprising UE evaluating the event after serving cell measurement occasion and/or after each neighbour cell measurement occasion (i.e., after the LTM candidate cell configured with this event trigger).
  • TA Timing Advance
  • the UE may receive the command for triggering an Early Uplink sync procedure (e.g., Physical Downlink control Channel - PDCCH order) before the UE receives an LTM Cell Switch command for an LTM Candidate Cell.
  • an Early Uplink sync procedure e.g., Physical Downlink control Channel - PDCCH order
  • the UE transmits a first instance of the LTM lower layer report, triggered by the proposed triggering condition, and in response it receives the command for triggering the Early UL sync procedure for an LTM Candidate cell (e.g., LTM Candidate cell X) and an indicated SSB ID. Then, after the UE transmits the preamble for the Early UL sync procedure, and before the UE transmits another instance of the LTM lower layer report, the UE receives the LTM Cell Switch command indicating the same LTM Candidate cell and a Timing Advance value (e.g., calculated by the network based on the preamble transmitted by the UE). In that case, the network only needs one instance of the LTM lower layer report to take the decision to triggers the Early UL sync and to indicate to the UE to perform the LTM Cell Switch to that LTM Candidate cell for interfrequency load balancing.
  • LTM Candidate cell e.g., LTM Candidate cell X
  • SSB ID
  • the UE transmits a first instance of the LTM lower layer report, triggered by the proposed triggering condition, and in response it receives the command for triggering an Early Uplink sync procedure (e.g., Physical Downlink control Channel - PDCCH order) for an LTM Candidate cell (e.g., LTM Candidate cell X) and an indicated SSB ID. Then, the UE transmits the preamble for the Early UL sync, and transmits at least a second instance of the LTM lower layer report, and in response, the UE receives the LTM Cell Switch command indicating the same LTM Candidate cell. In that case, the network needs multiple instances of the LTM lower layer report to take the decision to trigger Early UL sync and to further indicate to the UE to perform the LTM Cell Switch to that LTM Candidate cell for inter-frequency load balancing.
  • an Early Uplink sync procedure e.g., Physical Downlink control Channel - PDCCH order
  • LTM Candidate cell e.g.
  • the network only needs one instance of the LTM lower layer report to take the decision to triggers TCI state activation of an LTM candidate cell, the Early UL sync, and to indicate to the UE to perform the LTM Cell Switch to that LTM Candidate cell.
  • the UE transmits at least a second instance of the LTM lower layer report and, in response to it, the UE receives the LTM Cell Switch command indicating the same LTM Candidate cell and a Timing Advance value (e.g., calculated by the network based on the preamble transmitted by the UE).
  • the UE switches between these two based on a signaling from the network indicating which reporting configuration to evaluate and to not evaluate e.g., MAC CE indicating a reporting configuration Id.
  • the UE switches between these two based on a MAC CE the UE receives to activate or deactivate a TCI state of an LTM Candidate Cell.
  • the UE is evaluating the first instance of the reporting configuration (first absolute thresholds value for early trigger of presync); the UE may transmits the LTM lower layer report and in response receive a MAC CE indicating the activation of a TCI state of that LTM candidate cell; then, in response to that MAC CE, the UE stops evaluating the first instance, and starts evaluating the second instance.
  • the UE switches between these two based on a new MAC CE the UE receives to toggle between reporting configurations to be evaluated. o In one sub-option, this is a single reporting configuration instance, which may take the two (or more) values of absolute thresholds.
  • the UE switches (e.g., autonomously) between these two threshold values depending whether the inter-frequency LTM candidate cell has at least one TCI state or not. Switching in this context means evaluating or not the trigger condition, and/or performing the associated measurement s).
  • the UE switches between these two threshold values based on a signaling from the network indicating for a given reporting configuration to evaluate (e.g., MAC CE indicating a reporting configuration Id), which value of threshold to consider.
  • a signaling from the network indicating for a given reporting configuration to evaluate e.g., MAC CE indicating a reporting configuration Id
  • the UE switches between these two threshold values to evaluate based on a MAC CE the UE receives to activate or deactivate a TCI state of an LTM Candidate Cell.
  • the UE is evaluating the first instance of the reporting configuration (first threshold value for early trigger of presync); the UE may transmits the LTM lower layer report and in response receive a MAC CE indicating the activation of a TCI state of that LTM candidate cell; then, in response to that MAC CE, the UE stops evaluating the first instance, and starts evaluating the second instance.
  • the UE When the UE performs measurement s) on an LTM candidate cell which has a TCI state deactivated, the UE performs the measurements on a beam of the LTM Candidate cell configured as QCL source of the deactivate TCI state of the LTM candidate cell e.g., on an RS and/or SSB and/or CSLRS of the LTM Candidate cell configured as QCL source of the deactivated TCI state of the LTM candidate cell.
  • these trigger conditions are to assist inter-frequency load balancing LTM Cell Switches, they might not be configured to the UE at the same message in which the UE is configured with LTM Candidate cells, but in a subsequent message e.g., another RRC Reconfiguration message, received by the UE when the UE is already configured with LTM candidate cell(s).
  • the UE may receive int eh command one or more indications of frequecnies to NOT consider as applicable for evaluation of the trigger condition.
  • the UE receives the configuration of the one or more parameters but does not start to evaluate the conditions. The UE only evaluates the conditions after further receiving another command (associated to the previously received configuration) for activating the reporting configuration of the trigger condition e.g., when the PCell load gets topo high. Then, the UE further receives a command to deactivate the reporting configuration for the trigger condition when e.g., the network determines that the load of the PCell is not high any longer.
  • the “best” beam of the LTM candidate cell may corresponds to the beam (or RS e.g., SSB, CSLRS, MRS, etc.) with the highest measurement quantity among other beams (or RSs) of the LTM candidate cell (e.g., highest LI RSRP).
  • the beam or RS e.g., SSB, CSLRS, MRS, etc.
  • the highest measurement quantity among other beams (or RSs) of the LTM candidate cell e.g., highest LI RSRP.
  • the “best” beam (or RS) of the LTM candidate cell may correspond to the beam (or RS) associated with an activated candidate TCI state of the LTM Candidate cell.
  • the beam may be represented by an RS, such as an SSB and, the best beam corresponds to the SSB configured as QCL source of the activated TCI state in the LTM Candidate Cell.
  • a candidate TCI state of an LTM Candidate Cell may be activated before an LTM Cell Switch command is received. The activation occurs in response to the reception by the UE of a MAC CE (e.g., Candidate Cell TCI States Activation/Deactivation MAC CE).
  • a MAC CE e.g., Candidate Cell TCI States Activation/Deactivation MAC CE
  • the UE triggers an LTM lower layer report when the LI RSRP of an
  • the UE may receive an RRC message for configuring one or more parameters associated to the triggering conditions (which may also be called an event or entering condition associated to the event).
  • the RRC message (e.g., RRC Reconfiguration) may include a reporting configuration (e.g., LTM-CSI-ReportConfig) and an association resource configuration (e.g., LTM-CSI-ResourceConfig).
  • a reporting configuration e.g., LTM-CSI-ReportConfig
  • an association resource configuration e.g., LTM-CSI-ResourceConfig
  • the reporting configuration may indicate an identifier (e.g., event ID) so that when the UE receives the configuration the UE determines that the configuration is for the event whose condition is defined as follows: the “best” beam (or RS) of the LTM candidate cell (e.g., highest LI RSRP), in a different frequency as the serving cell, becomes better than threshold.
  • the reporting configuration may indicate one or more parameters associated to the event such as:
  • a trigger quantity indicating what is the quantity to be measured and used as input to the triggering condition e.g., RSRP, RSRQ, SINR, LI RSRP, etc.
  • a threshold value associated to the event definition e.g., in terms of dBs or dBm;
  • - a time to trigger value, which indicates how long since the condition has been fulfilled the UE needs to way before sending the measurement report.
  • a reference signal type e.g., SSB or CSLRS
  • a neighbour frequency e.g., measurement object identifier
  • the reporting configuration may indicate an identifier of a resource configuration (e.g., LTM-CSI-ReportConfigld, included in the reporting configuration), which indicates one or more LTM Candidate Cells to be possibly considered as input for the condition associated to the event.
  • a resource configuration e.g., LTM-CSI-ReportConfigld, included in the reporting configuration
  • the UE determines the LTM Candidate Cells for which beams/ SSB(s) within the resource configuration are to be considered as input to the event(s) e.g., the SSBs of the LTM Candidate Cell(s) and/or the SSBs of the Serving cell (e.g., the SpCell or PCell).
  • the UE evaluates the fulfillment of the triggering conditions for an LTM candidate cell when that has at least one activated TCI state. Applying this concept, the UE only considers the resources in the resource configuration associated to the reporting configuration for the proposed event, when that is of an LTM Candidate Cell which has at least one activated TCI state.
  • the UE evaluates the fulfillment of the triggering conditions for RSs of an LTM candidate cell which are associated to Activated TCI states.
  • the UE only considers the resources in the resource configuration (e.g., RS ID(s), SSB ID(s)) associated to the reporting configuration for the proposed event, when these SSB ID(s) or RS ID(s) are configured as QCL source of activated TCI states of LTM Candidate cells.
  • the RS (e.g., SSB or CSLRS) to be considered may be explicitly indicated by the NW in the report configuration.
  • this may be a simple indication like consider all RS configured or only the beams/RS associated with TCI states activated or the RS/beams not associated with TCI states activated. This can be indicated to UE in the report configuration as following.
  • ItmRSForEventEvaluation can be configured appropriately by NW. If the NW intend to use the event for selecting the cells/RS for DL and UL pre-synchronization, NW may indicate above field as LTM candidate RS not associated with activated TCI states. If the NW intend to use the event for cell switch for load balancing, NW can indicate LTM candidate RS associated with TCI states activated and so on.
  • a resource configuration may include resources of LTM Candidate cells which are inter-frequency candidate cell(s) (e.g., SSB ID(s) associated to an LTM candidate ID) and resources of LTM Candidate cells which are NOT inter-frequency candidate cell(s) (e.g., SSB ID(s) associated to an LTM candidate ID).
  • the applicable cells are the inter-frequency LTM candidate cells among the LTM candidate cells in the resource configuration associated to the reporting configuration in which the event is configured.
  • the applicable beams, SSBs and/or RS ID(s) are the ones of interfrequency LTM candidate cells among the LTM candidate cells in the resource configuration associated to the reporting configuration in which the event is configured.
  • the UE would need to consider only inter-frequency LTM candidate cells for the event defined as “the “best” beam (or RS) of the LTM candidate cell (e.g., highest LI RSRP) becoming better than threshold.
  • LTM Candidate cells with ID 2 and ID 4 are the inter-frequency LTM Candidate Cell(s). Then, only LTM Candidate cells with ID 2 and ID 4 are applicable when that resource configuration is indicated in a reporting configuration configuring the event “the “best” beam (or RS) of the LTM candidate cell (e.g., highest LI RSRP) becomes better than threshold.”
  • not all SSBs of an inter-frequency LTM Candidate Cell which are included in the resource configuration are applicable to be considered as input to the triggering condition, but the SSBs in the resource configuration which are associated to the activated LTM candidate cell which is also in the resource configuration.
  • [LTM Candidate cell ID 2] is activated, but [LTM Candidate cell ID 4] is deactivated, only [LTM Candidate cell ID 2] is to be evaluated in comparison with the serving cell.
  • not all SSBs of an inter-frequency LTM Candidate Cell which are included in the resource configuration are applicable to be considered as input to the triggering condition, but the SSBs in the resource configuration which are associated to the activated TCI state(s) of the LTM candidate cell e.g., SSBs configured as QCL source of a candidate TCI state which is activated.
  • the SSBs in the resource configuration which are associated to the activated TCI state(s) of the LTM candidate cell e.g., SSBs configured as QCL source of a candidate TCI state which is activated.
  • [LTM Candidate cell ID 2] is activated (SSB5)
  • [SSB5] of [LTM Candidate cell ID 2] is to be evaluated in comparison with the best beam of the serving cell (e.g., of the PCell).
  • not all SSBs of a serving cell (e.g., SpCell, PCell) which are included in the resource configuration are applicable to be considered as input to the triggering condition, but the SSBs in the resource configuration which are associated to the activated TCI state(s) of the serving cell e.g., SSBs configured as QCL source of a TCI state which is activated.
  • the reporting configuration is associated to an LTM candidate ID, and no explicitly SSB list is provided in a resource configuration.
  • the UE determines the SSBs associated to the LTM Candidate ID which may be considered as input to the event / triggering condition by obtaining the TCI state configuration.
  • the SSBs considered as possible input are the SSBs configured as QCL source(s) in the Candidate TCI state configuration associated to the LTM candidate cell.
  • multiple inter-frequency LTM Candidate cell(s) fulfill the triggering condition: the “best” beam (or RS) of the LTM candidate cell (e.g., highest LI RSRP), in a different frequency as the serving cell, becomes better than threshold.
  • the best beam of multiple inter-frequency LTM Candidate cell(s) may, at a certain point in time, be better than threshold.
  • the report when multiple beams trigger the report, the report include single beam’s report whose LI -RSRP is highest among the beams which triggered the event. In other example, report include all the beams and their cell IDs which triggers the event.
  • the UE transmits an LTM lower layer report when the triggering condition is fulfilled i.e., the “best” beam (or RS) of the LTM candidate cell (e.g., highest LI RSRP), in a different frequency as the serving cell, becomes better than threshold, wherein the UE includes one or more of the following in the LTM lower layer report.
  • the triggering condition i.e., the “best” beam (or RS) of the LTM candidate cell (e.g., highest LI RSRP)
  • the UE includes one or more of the following in the LTM lower layer report.
  • triggered SSB Information about the best “beam” (or RS) of the inter-frequency LTM Candidate Cell which has triggered the event (e.g., so-called triggered SSB) such as: o An indication of a value of the measurement quantity which has triggered the report e.g., Ll-RSRP associated to that beam or RS; o An indication of a value of a measurement quantity configured at the UE (e.g., reporting quantity(ies) configured in the LTM reporting configuration) e.g., Ll- RSRQ associated to that beam or RS; o A differential measurement quantity (e.g., differential LI RSRP) associated to that best beam (e.g., relative to a reference value); o An indication of the best beam or RS such as, a beam identifier of the best beam, an RS index (e.g., SSB index) or a resource indication, indicating the position of that best beam in the associated resource configuration, such as an SSB Resource Indicator (
  • triggered SSB Information about the best “beam” (or RS) and the top N beams of the LTM Candidate Cell which has triggered the event (e.g., so-called triggered SSB) such as: o An indication of a value of the measurement quantity which has triggered the report e.g., Ll-RSRP associated to that beam or RS; o An indication of a value of a measurement quantity configured at the UE (e.g., reporting quantity(ies) configured in the LTM reporting configuration) e.g., Ll- RSRQ associated to that beam or RS; o A differential measurement quantity (e.g., differential LI RSRP) associated to that best beam (e.g., relative to a reference value); o An indication of the best beam or RS such as, a beam identifier of the best beam, an RS index (e.g., SSB index) or a resource indication, indicating the position of that best beam in the associated resource configuration, such as an SSB Resource In
  • - Information about the best “beam” (or RS) of the Serving Cell such as: o An indication of a value of the measurement quantity which has triggered the report e.g., Ll-RSRP associated to that beam or RS; o An indication of a value of a measurement quantity configured at the UE (e.g., reporting quantity(ies) configured in the LTM reporting configuration) e.g., Ll- RSRQ associated to that beam or RS; o A differential measurement quantity (e.g., differential LI RSRP) associated to that best beam (e.g., relative to a reference value); o An indication of the best beam or RS such as, a beam identifier of the best beam, an RS index (e.g., SSB index) or a resource indication, indicating the position of that best beam in the associated resource configuration, such as an SSB Resource Indicator (SSBRI), in the case of an SSB being configured as a resource; o Note: this may be included in case the associated
  • SSB Frequency e.g., absolute frequency information, like an ARFCN of the SSB
  • LTM Candidate ID e.g., encoded in fewer bits than the cell identity and associated to the current serving cell, also configured as an LTM Candidate cell configuration, configured when LTM is configured;
  • Cell ID Cell identifier of the Serving Cell associated to the beam or RS which has triggered the LTM lower layer report;
  • NW can schedule the PRACH transmission after 60ms (e.g., Yl*SSB_period, Y1 is 3 and SSB _period is 20ms). This helps NW utilize the PRACH preamble occasions effectively.
  • NW can configure a time threshold for the last measured occasion such as Y1 ms.
  • UE reports 1 if UE has measured the SSB within last Y1 ms. Else UE reports 0.
  • NW may configure Y1 as 80ms.
  • NW may configure 160ms.
  • Y 1 value may be a fixed value in the spec than the configurable value.
  • the resource indication when included in the LTM lower layer report, it may be associated to a resource configuration which is associated to the reporting configuration in which the triggering condition which has triggered the report is configured.
  • the resource configuration comprises a resource set may be structure as a first and a second list, wherein the first list comprises one or more SSB indexes and the second list comprises one or more LTM candidate cell identifiers (IDs), wherein the position in the list is associated to an LTM CSI resource in that LTM CSI resource configuration.
  • a resource indicator is associated to a position in the list(s) in which a resource is included.
  • Each LTM CSI resource in the LTM CSI resource configuration (in particular in a resource set) has an associated resource indicator e.g., an SSB Resource Indicator (SSBRI), wherein SSBRI k (k > 0) corresponds to the configured (k+l)-th entry of the associated [LTM-csi-SSB-ResourceList] in the corresponding [LTM-CSI-SSB-ResourceSet],
  • SSBRI 0 corresponds to the configured 1-st entry of the associated [LTM-csi- SSB-ResourceList] in the corresponding [LTM-CSI-SSB-ResourceSet], i.e., the pair [SSB1], [LTM Candidate cell ID 1];
  • SSBRI 1 corresponds to the configured 2-nd entry i.e., the pair [SSB2], [LTM Candidate cell ID 1
  • the LTM lower layer report (e.g., CSI measurement report) which is being triggered (which may also be called a CSI report, or CSI report for LI /L2 -triggered mobility, or LI measurement report or LI measurement report for LTM, or L2 measurement report) comprises one or more resource indication(s), each associated to an LTM candidate cell identifier and a RS identifier of that LTM candidate cell e.g., an SSBRI associated to an LTM candidate cell ID and an SSB Index of the LTM candidate cell associated to the LTM candidate cell ID.
  • the UE includes an LTM candidate cell to be included in an LTM CSI measurement report the UE includes an SSBRI associated to the selected LTM candidate cell.
  • the LTM lower layer report (e.g., CSI measurement report) which is being triggered (which may also be called a CSI report, or CSI report for LI /L2 -triggered mobility) may also comprise measurement information associated to resources which is included in the report, for example, measurement information associated to an SSBRI, such as one or more of the following:
  • L-RSRQ Layer 1 reference signal received quality
  • SS-RSRP SS reference signal received power
  • SS-RSRQ SS reference signal received quality
  • the reported Ll-RSRP value is defined by a 7-bit value in the range [-140, -44] dBm with IdB step size, or if any of the higher layer parameters [noOfReportedCells] and [noOfReportedRSPerCell] is configured to be larger than one
  • the UE uses differential Ll-RSRP based reporting for the LTM CSI resources whicha the UE selects to be included in the LTM CSI measurement report, where the largest measured value of Ll-RSRP is quantized to a 7-bit value in the range [-140, -44] dBm with IdB step size, and the differential Ll-RSRP is quantized to a 4-bit value.
  • the differential Ll-RSRP value is computed with 2 dB step size with a reference
  • SS reference signal received power for example, maybe be defined as the linear average over the power contributions (in [W]) of the resource elements that carry secondary synchronization signals.
  • the measurement time resource(s) for SS-RSRP are confined within SS/PBCH Block Measurement Time Configuration (SMTC) window duration. If SS-RSRP is used for Ll-RSRP as configured by reporting configurations as defined in TS 38.214, the measurement time resources(s) restriction by SMTC window duration is not applicable.
  • demodulation reference signals for physical broadcast channel (PBCH) and, if indicated by higher layers may be used.
  • SS-RSRP using demodulation reference signal for PBCH or CSI reference signal shall be measured by linear averaging over the power contributions of the resource elements that carry corresponding reference signals taking into account power scaling for the reference signals as defined in TS 38.213. If SS-RSRP is not used for Ll-RSRP, the additional use of CSI reference signals for SS-RSRP determination is not applicable.
  • SS-RSRP shall be measured only among the reference signals corresponding to SS/PBCH blocks with the same SS/PBCH block index and the same physical-layer cell identity. [0141] If SS-RSRP is not used for Ll-RSRP and higher-layers indicate certain SS/PBCH blocks for performing SS-RSRP measurements, then SS-RSRP is measured only from the indicated set of SS/PBCH block(s).
  • the reference point for the SS-RSRP shall be the antenna connector of the UE.
  • SS-RSRP shall be measured based on the combined signal from antenna elements corresponding to a given receiver branch.
  • the reported SS-RSRP value shall not be lower than the corresponding SS-RSRP of any of the individual receiver branches.
  • UE to determine SS-RSRP is left up to the UE implementation with the limitation that corresponding measurement accuracy requirements have to be fulfilled.
  • the power per resource element is determined from the energy received during the useful part of the symbol, excluding the CP.
  • the UE When the UE selects the LTM candidate cell(s) and respective RSs (e.g., SSB(s)) to include in the LTM CSI measurement report, the UE includes an SSBRI associated to a selected LTM CSI resource (i.e. pair SSB index, LTM candidate cell ID), and a measurement information associated (e.g., Ll-RSRP and/or differential Ll-RSRP), in the following mapping order: [0144]
  • FIG. 6 illustrates an example of a mapping order of CSI fields of one report for SSBRI/RSRP reporting for LTM.
  • ⁇ SSB is the configured number of SS/PBCH blocks (SSBs) in the corresponding LTM CSI resource configuration (e.g., within a resource set) for reporting an RSRP (E.g., 'ssb-Index-RSRP'.).
  • the UE triggers of a lower layer report when the cell quality (e.g., cell based RSRP) of an LTM candidate cell, in a different frequency as the serving cell, becomes better than threshold.
  • the cell quality e.g., cell based RSRP
  • the cell quality of a cell may correspond to a cell measurement result such as cell-based RSRP, cell based RSRQ, cell based SINR.
  • the measurements may be performed on one or more Reference Signals (RS(s)) transmitted in different spatial directi on(s) (e.g., beams), such as SSB(s) or CSLRS(s).
  • RS Reference Signals
  • the cell quality of the inter-frequency LTM candidate cell may corresponds to the highest beam measurement quantity (e.g., highest RSRP, or highest LI RSRP) among other beams of the LTM candidate cell;
  • highest beam measurement quantity e.g., highest RSRP, or highest LI RSRP
  • the UE monitors the triggering condition associated to that resource configuration the LTM Candidate cells [LTM Candidate cell ID 1], [LTM Candidate cell ID 2], [LTM Candidate cell ID 3], [LTM Candidate cell ID 4],
  • the UE transmits an LTM lower layer report when the triggering condition is fulfilled i.e. when the cell quality (e.g., cell based RSRP) of an LTM candidate cell becomes better than a threshold, wherein the UE includes one or more of the following in the LTM lower layer report:
  • the cell quality e.g., cell based RSRP
  • An indication of the best beam or RS such as, a beam identifier of the best beam, an RS index (e.g., SSB index) or a resource indication, indicating the position of that best beam in the associated resource configuration, such as an SSB Resource Indicator (SSBRI), in the case of an SSB being configured as a resource;
  • a beam identifier of the best beam e.g., SSB index
  • SSBRI SSB Resource Indicator
  • ⁇ This may be a Serving cell index or SCell index depending on whether the LTM candidate cell has been configured as a PCell, PSCell, or SCell.
  • PCI Physical Cell Identity
  • SSB Frequency e.g., ARFCN of the SSB
  • Cell quality of the LTM Candidate cell e.g., cell-level RSRP, cell-level RSRQ, cell level SINR, etc.
  • LTM Candidate ID e.g., encoded in fewer bits than the cell identity and associated to the current serving cell, also configured as an LTM Candidate cell configuration, configured when LTM is configured; o Cell identifier (Cell ID) of the Serving Cell which has triggered the LTM lower layer report;
  • ⁇ This may be a Serving cell index or SCell index depending on whether the LTM candidate cell has been configured as a PCell, PSCell, or SCell.
  • PCI Physical Cell Identity
  • SSB Frequency e.g., ARFCN of the SSB
  • Cell quality of the Serving cell e.g., cell-level RSRP, cell-level RSRQ, cell level SINR, etc.
  • this may be included or not in the LTM lower layer report based on a parameter included in the reporting configuration in which the trigger condition is configured. For example, when the parameter is included, the UE includes information about serving cell and/or PCell frequency.
  • Time stamp information about the last measurement occasion for the inter-frequency neighbour cell that triggered the event can be in the order of number SSB periods. This can be reported in terms of number of SSB periods of the inter-frequency neighbors. For example, if the event is evaluated after the serving cell measurement (serving cell became lower than threshold after latest measurement while the neighbour cell was higher than threshold before this measurement), if the inter-frequency cell measurement was made 2 SSB period earlier than the serving cell measurement, UE reports this field as 2. o This is particularly useful for the NW to understand the T/F validity of the LTM inter-frequency candidate cell so that NW can schedule the PRACH preamble occasion as per this report.
  • NW can schedule the PRACH transmission after 60ms (e.g., Yl*SSB_period, Y1 is 3 and SSB _period is 20ms). This helps NW utilize the PRACH preamble occasions effectively.
  • NW can configure a time threshold for the last measured occasion such as Y1 ms.
  • UE reports 1 if UE has measured the SSB within last Y1 ms. Else UE reports 0.
  • NW may configure Y1 as 80ms.
  • NW may configure 160ms.
  • Y 1 value may be a fixed value in the spec than the configurable value.
  • the UE transmits the LTM lower layer report e.g., by transmitting a MAC Control Element, and/or a report over PUSCH and/or PUCCH.
  • the fulfillment of the triggering condition may be expressed in terms of measurements on RS(s) (e.g., SSB, CSI-RS, MRS, etc.) associated to pre-activated TCI states of an LTM candidate cell, and measurements on RS(s) (e.g., SSB, CSI-RS, MRS, etc.) associated to deactivated TCI states of that LTM candidate cell, as follows.
  • RS(s) e.g., SSB, CSI-RS, MRS, etc.
  • the resource indication when included in the LTM lower layer report, it may be associated to a resource configuration which is associated to the reporting configuration in which the triggering condition which has triggered the report is configured.
  • the resource configuration comprises a resource set may be structure as a first and a second list, wherein the first list comprises one or more SSB indexes and the second list comprises one or more LTM candidate cell identifiers (IDs), wherein the position in the list is associated to an LTM CSI resource in that LTM CSI resource configuration.
  • a resource indicator is associated to a position in the list(s) in which a resource is included.
  • Each LTM CSI resource in the LTM CSI resource configuration (in particular in a resource set) has an associated resource indicator e.g., an SSB Resource Indicator (SSBRI), wherein SSBRI k (k > 0) corresponds to the configured (k+l)-th entry of the associated [LTM-csi-SSB-ResourceList] in the corresponding [LTM-CSI-SSB-ResourceSet],
  • SSBRI 0 corresponds to the configured 1-st entry of the associated [LTM-csi- SSB-ResourceList] in the corresponding [LTM-CSI-SSB-ResourceSet], i.e., the pair [SSB1], [LTM Candidate cell ID 1];
  • SSBRI 1 corresponds to the configured 2-nd entry i.e., the pair [SSB2], [LTM Candidate cell ID 1
  • An LTM CSI measurement report (which may also be called a CSI report, or CSI report for Ll/L2-triggered mobility) may also comprise measurement information associated to an LTM CSI resource which is included in the LTM CSI measurement report, for example, measurement information associated to an SSBRI, such as one or more of the following:
  • Ll-RSRP Layer 1 Reference Signal Received Power
  • Ll-RSRP Layer 1 reference signal received quality
  • SS-RSRP SS reference signal received power
  • SS-RSRQ SS reference signal received quality
  • SS-SINR SS signal-to-noise and interference ratio
  • the reported Ll-RSRP value is defined by a 7-bit value in the range [-140, -44] dBm with IdB step size, or if any of the higher layer parameters [noOfReportedCells] and [noOfReportedRSPerCell] is configured to be larger than one
  • the UE uses differential Ll-RSRP based reporting for the LTM CSI resources whicha the UE selects to be included in the LTM CSI measurement report, where the largest measured value of Ll-RSRP is quantized to a 7-bit value in the range [-140, -44] dBm with IdB step size, and the differential Ll-RSRP is quantized to a 4-bit value.
  • the differential Ll-RSRP value is computed with 2 dB step size with a reference
  • SS reference signal received power for example, maybe be defined as the linear average over the power contributions (in [W]) of the resource elements that carry secondary synchronization signals.
  • the measurement time resource(s) for SS-RSRP are confined within SS/PBCH Block Measurement Time Configuration (SMTC) window duration. If SS-RSRP is used for Ll-RSRP as configured by reporting configurations as defined in TS 38.214, the measurement time resources(s) restriction by SMTC window duration is not applicable.
  • demodulation reference signals for physical broadcast channel (PBCH) and, if indicated by higher layers may be used.
  • SS-RSRP using demodulation reference signal for PBCH or CSI reference signal shall be measured by linear averaging over the power contributions of the resource elements that carry corresponding reference signals taking into account power scaling for the reference signals as defined in TS 38.213. If SS-RSRP is not used for Ll-RSRP, the additional use of CSI reference signals for SS-RSRP determination is not applicable.
  • SS-RSRP shall be measured only among the reference signals corresponding to SS/PBCH blocks with the same SS/PBCH block index and the same physical-layer cell identity. [0181] If SS-RSRP is not used for Ll-RSRP and higher-layers indicate certain SS/PBCH blocks for performing SS-RSRP measurements, then SS-RSRP is measured only from the indicated set of SS/PBCH block(s). [0182] For frequency range 1, the reference point for the SS-RSRP shall be the antenna connector of the UE. For frequency range 2, SS-RSRP shall be measured based on the combined signal from antenna elements corresponding to a given receiver branch. For frequency range 1 and 2, if receiver diversity is in use by the UE, the reported SS-RSRP value shall not be lower than the corresponding SS-RSRP of any of the individual receiver branches.
  • the power per resource element is determined from the energy received during the useful part of the symbol, excluding the CP.
  • the UE When the UE selects the LTM candidate cell(s) and respective RSs (e.g., SSB(s)) to include in the LTM CSI measurement report, the UE includes an SSBRI associated to a selected LTM CSI resource (i.e. pair SSB index, LTM candidate cell ID), and a measurement information associated (e.g., Ll-RSRP and/or differential Ll-RSRP), in the following mapping order: [0184]
  • FIG. 6 illustrates an example of a mapping order of CSI fields of one report for SSBRI/RSRP reporting for LTM.
  • FIG. 7 illustrates an example of a bitwidth for SSBRI, RSRP, differential RSRP to be included in an LTM CSI measurement report, where SSB is the configured number of SS/PBCH blocks (SSBs) in the corresponding LTM CSI resource configuration (e.g., within a resource set) for reporting an RSRP (E.g., 'ssb-Index-RSRP'.).
  • SSB is the configured number of SS/PBCH blocks (SSBs) in the corresponding LTM CSI resource configuration (e.g., within a resource set) for reporting an RSRP (E.g., 'ssb-Index-RSRP'.).
  • the UE monitors the fulfillment of triggering conditions (associated to a reporting configuration) for LTM Candidate Cell(s) which are inter-frequency LTM Candidate cell. When an LTM Candidate cell is not an inter-frequency LTM candidate cell, that LTM Candidate Cell is not monitored for the fulfillment of the triggering condition. [0188] In a set of embodiments, the UE monitors the fulfillment of triggering conditions (associated to a reporting configuration) for LTM Candidate Cell(s) for which there is at least one candidate TCI State activated (or pre-activated).
  • an LTM Candidate cell does not have a candidate TCI state activated, that LTM Candidate Cell is not monitored for the fulfillment of the triggering condition; when a TCI State of an LTM Candidate cell is activated, the UE evaluates the triggering condition; when a TCI State of an LTM Candidate cell is deactivated, the UE stops evaluating the triggering condition.
  • the UE reduces the amount of LTM Candidate cells for which it needs to evaluate the triggering conditions, which may reduce the number of inter-frequency measurements the UE needs to perform and report.
  • the applicable LTM Candidate cells are the LTM Candidate cells configured for which the UE has at least one TCI state activated. Notice that these may be the inter-frequency LTM candidate cell(s) associated to a threshold2 value acceptable for an inter-frequency LTM Cell Switch.
  • reception of the command from the network for preactivating a TCI state of an LTM candidate cell which does not have any activated TCI state leads the UE to initiate the evaluating of the fulfillment of the condition.
  • the UE when the LTM resource configuration associated to the LTM reporting configuration for the event includes one or more LTM Candidate Cell(s) (e.g., LTM Candidate IDs in the resource configuration), the UE considers as applicable cells (i.e. cells to be evaluated for the triggering conditions, to be compared with the serving cell) the subset of inter-frequency LTM Candidate cell(s) among these for which at least one candidate TCI state has been activated, e.g., which may be a single LTM Candidate cell.
  • LTM Candidate Cell(s) e.g., LTM Candidate IDs in the resource configuration
  • the UE considers as applicable cells (i.e. cells to be evaluated for the triggering conditions, to be compared with the serving cell) the subset of inter-frequency LTM Candidate cell(s) among these for which at least one candidate TCI state has been activated, e.g., which may be a single LTM Candidate cell.
  • a candidate TCI state of an interfrequency LTM Candidate cell is configured at the UE e.g., when the UE is configured with the candidate, and, the UE may further receive a command to pre-activate a TCI state of an LTM candidate cell before an LTM Cell switch command, so that in response to the command to activate a candidate TCI state of the LTM Candidate the UE evaluates the fulfillment of the triggering condition for the LTM Candidate Cell, and does not need to evaluate the triggering conditions for the other LTM Candidate cells in the LTM Resource configuration which do not have an activated candidate TCI State.
  • the UE monitors the fulfillment of triggering conditions (associated to a reporting configuration) for beams (e.g., SSBs) of LTM Candidate Cell(s) associated to candidate TCI State activated (or pre-activated).
  • a beam measurement (of a beam of an LTM Candidate Cell) is considered as input to the triggering condition when the beam is associated to a candidate TCI state which is activated, e.g., when the beam (e.g., SSB) of the LTM candidate cell is configured as QCL source of the candidate TCI state which is activated.
  • the UE When a beam of an LTM Candidate cell does not have an associated candidate TCI state activated, that beam is not monitored for the fulfillment of the triggering condition; when a TCI State of an LTM Candidate cell is activated, the UE evaluates the triggering condition for the associated beam; when a TCI State of an LTM Candidate cell is deactivated, the UE stops evaluating the triggering condition for the beam associated to that TCI state.
  • the UE reduces the amount of beams of an LTM Candidate cell for which it needs to evaluate the triggering conditions, which may reduce the number of measurements the UE needs to perform and report. This is especially important in the case these beams are of inter-frequency neighbour cells, more costly to be measured. In other words, in this case we may say that the applicable beams of an LTM Candidate cell are the beams of the LTM Candidate cells configured for which the UE has associated TCI states activated.
  • reception of the command from the network for preactivating a TCI state of an LTM candidate cell which does not have any activated TCI state leads the UE to initiate the evaluating of the fulfillment of the condition.
  • the UE when the LTM resource configuration associated to the LTM reporting configuration for the event includes one or more SSBs of an LTM Candidate Cell (e.g., SSB indexes in the resource configuration), the UE considers as applicable beams / SSBs (i.e. beams/ SSBs to be evaluated for the triggering conditions, to be compared with the best beam/ best SSB of the serving cell) the subset of beams/ SSBs among these which have the associated candidate TCI state activated, e.g., which may be a single SSB of the LTM Candidate cell.
  • applicable beams / SSBs i.e. beams/ SSBs to be evaluated for the triggering conditions, to be compared with the best beam/ best SSB of the serving cell
  • the subset of beams/ SSBs among these which have the associated candidate TCI state activated e.g., which may be a single SSB of the LTM Candidate cell.
  • a candidate TCI state of an LTM Candidate cell is configured at the UE e.g., when the UE is configured with the candidate, and, the UE may further receive a command to pre-activate a TCI state of an LTM candidate cell before an LTM Cell switch command, so that in response to the command to activate a candidate TCI state (associated to a beam / SSB-X) of the LTM Candidate the UE evaluates the fulfillment of the triggering condition for the SSB-X of the LTM Candidate Cell, and does not need to evaluate the triggering conditions for the other beams of the LTM Candidate cell in the LTM Resource configuration which do not have an activated candidate TCI State.
  • the UE monitors the fulfillment of triggering conditions (associated to a reporting configuration) for LTM Candidate Cell(s) for which the UE has performed an Early Uplink sync procedure.
  • triggering conditions associated to a reporting configuration
  • LTM Candidate Cell is a cell for which the UE has not performed an early UL sync procedure, that LTM Candidate Cell is not monitored for the fulfillment of the triggering condition;
  • the UE triggers an Early UL sync procedure the UE evaluates the triggering condition for that LTM Candidate cell; when the UL sync for an LTM Candidate cell is determined to be invalid (e.g., indication from the network and/or expiry of a Time Alignment timer), the UE stops evaluating the triggering condition.
  • the UE reduces the amount of LTM Candidate cells for which it needs to evaluate the triggering conditions, which may reduce the number of measurements the UE needs to perform and report.
  • the applicable LTM Candidate cells are the LTM Candidate cells configured for which the UE has a chance to perform an LTM Cell Switch without the need of a random access procedure.
  • a Physical Downlink Control Channel (PDCCH) order indicating an LTM candidate cell leads the UE to initiate the evaluating of the fulfillment of the condition for the indicated LTM Candidate Cell. Or, alternatively, the transmission of a preamble to the LTM Candidate cell indicated in the PDCCH order. Or, alternatively, the transmission of a preamble to the LTM Candidate cell indicated in the PDCCH order and the absence of another PDCCH order indicating a re-transmission of an attempt.
  • PDCCH Physical Downlink Control Channel
  • the UE when the LTM resource configuration associated to the LTM reporting configuration for the event includes one or more LTM Candidate Cell(s) (e.g., LTM Candidate IDs in the resource configuration), the UE considers as applicable cells (i.e. cells to be evaluated for the triggering conditions, to be compared with the serving cell) the subset of LTM Candidate cell(s) among these for which Early UL sync has been performed by the UE e.g., which may be a single LTM Candidate cell.
  • LTM Candidate Cell(s) e.g., LTM Candidate IDs in the resource configuration
  • the UE considers as applicable cells (i.e. cells to be evaluated for the triggering conditions, to be compared with the serving cell) the subset of LTM Candidate cell(s) among these for which Early UL sync has been performed by the UE e.g., which may be a single LTM Candidate cell.
  • the UE monitors the fulfillment of triggering conditions (associated to a reporting configuration) for beams (e.g., SSBs) of LTM Candidate Cell(s) which have been indicated during Early UL sync.
  • a beam measurement (of a beam of an LTM Candidate Cell) is considered as input to the triggering condition when the beam (e.g., SSB) has been indicated in a PDCCH order triggering an Early UL sync procedure, leading to the selection of a Random Access Resource of an LTM Candidate cell associated to the indicated beam (SSB).
  • the UE when the LTM resource configuration associated to the LTM reporting configuration for the event includes one or more SSBs of an LTM Candidate Cell (e.g., SSB indexes in the resource configuration), the UE considers as applicable beams / SSBs (i.e. beams/ SSBs to be evaluated for the triggering conditions, to be compared with the best beam/ best SSB of the serving cell) the subset of beams/ SSBs among these which have been indicated in the command for triggering Early UL sync.
  • applicable beams / SSBs i.e. beams/ SSBs to be evaluated for the triggering conditions, to be compared with the best beam/ best SSB of the serving cell
  • the UE monitors the fulfillment of triggering conditions (associated to a reporting configuration) for LTM Candidate Cell(s) for which there is at least one candidate TCI State activated (or pre-activated) and for which early UL sync has been triggered.
  • the UE monitors the fulfillment of triggering conditions (associated to a reporting configuration) for beams (e.g., SSBs) of LTM Candidate Cell(s) associated to candidate TCI State activated (or pre-activated) and which have been indicated during Early UL sync.
  • triggering conditions associated to a reporting configuration
  • beams e.g., SSBs
  • the UE triggers an LTM lower layer report when the LI RSRP of an SSB of the LTM candidate cell, which is configured as Quasi-Co-Location (QCL) source of a activated TCI state of the LTM candidate cell, becomes better than threhsold2 AND the LI RSRP of the SSB (e.g., SS-RSRP) of the serving cell configured as QCL source of the activated TCI state of the serving cell is worse than thresholdl.
  • QCL Quasi-Co-Location
  • modules may be stored in memory 1310 of FIG. 13, and these modules may provide instructions so that when the instructions of a module are executed by respective communication device processing circuitry 1302, communication device 1300 performs respective operations of the flow chart.
  • processing circuity 1302 receives, via communication interface 1312, an indication of configuration information.
  • the configuration information configures the communication device to transmit the LTM lower layer report in response to the triggering condition being met.
  • receiving the indication of the configuration information includes receiving a reporting configuration associated to a resource configuration, the resource configuration indicating at least one resource to be measured and used as input to the triggering condition.
  • processing circuitry 1302 determines a first measurement.
  • the first measurement is associated with the LTM candidate cell.
  • determining the first measurement includes determining a measurement of a beam of the LTM candidate cell.
  • the beam can be a RS, CSLRS, SSB, or SSRI.
  • determining the first measurement of the beam of the LTM candidate cell includes determining at least one of: the beam; a reference signal identifier, ID; and a measurement quantity value.
  • determining the first measurement includes determining an indication of a best beam of the LTM candidate cell.
  • determining the first measurement includes determining a cell level measurement of the LTM candidate cell.
  • determining the measurement includes determining a cell quality of the LTM candidate cell.
  • the LTM candidate cell is an inter-frequency neighbor.
  • a center frequency of the LTM candidate cell is different from a center frequency of a serving cell, and/or a subcarrier spacing of a synchronization signal block of the LTM candidate cell is different from a subcarrier spacing of a synchronization signal block of the serving cell.
  • processing circuitry 1302 determines a second measurement.
  • the second measurement is associated with a serving cell for which a TCI state is activated.
  • determining the second measurement includes determining an indication of a best beam of the serving cell.
  • the best beam of the serving cell corresponds to at least one of: a beam associated with the TCI state that is activated in the serving cell; a synchronization signal block, SSB, configured as a quasicollocated, QCL, source of the TCI state that is activated in the serving cell; a beam associated with a the highest measurement quantity among beams associated to the TCI state that is activated; and a beam that the communication device is considering for physical downlink control channel, PDCCH, receptions.
  • determining the second measurement includes at least one of: determining a cell level measurement of the serving cell, and determining a cell quality of the serving cell.
  • the serving cell for which the TCI state is activated comprises at least one of: a special cell, SpCell; a primary cell of a master cell group, MCG; a primary cell of a secondary cell group, SCG; a secondary cell of the MCG; and a secondary cell of the SCG.
  • a center frequency of the LTM candidate cell is different from a center frequency of the serving cell, and/or a subcarrier spacing of a synchronization signal block of the LTM candidate cell is different from a subcarrier spacing of a synchronization signal block of the serving cell.
  • a frequency range of the LTM candidate cell is different than a frequency range of the serving cell.
  • a frequency band of the LTM candidate cell is different than a frequency band of the serving cell.
  • the frequency band of the LTM candidate cell is associated with a first radio access technology, RAT, and the frequency band of the serving cell is associated with a second RAT that is different from the first RAT.
  • processing circuitry 1302 determines that a triggering condition is met. In some embodiments, determining that the triggering condition is met includes determining that the triggering condition is met based on the first measurement associated with a LTM candidate cell. In additional or alternative embodiments, determining that the triggering condition is met includes comparing the first measurement to a threshold value.
  • determining that the triggering condition is met includes determining that the first measurement is better than a first threshold and that the second measurement is worse than a second threshold.
  • processing circuitry 1302 transmits, via communication interface 1312, a LTM lower layer measurement report.
  • the communication device transmits the LTM lower layer measurement report in response to determining that the triggering condition is met.
  • transmitting the LTM lower layer report includes transmitting at least one of: an indication of the first measurement; an indication of a second measurement associated with a serving cell; an indication of the LTM candidate cell associated with the first measurement; and an indication of the serving cell associated with the second measurement.
  • processing circuitry 1302 receives, via communication interface 1312, a command.
  • the TCI state activated within the LTM candidate cell is a second TCI state.
  • the command includes a command indicating an activation of a first TCI state within the LTM candidate cell.
  • the command further indicates a deactivation of the second TCI state within the LTM candidate cell.
  • receiving the command includes receiving a LTM cell switching command, and the first TCI state is different than the second TCI state.
  • receiving the command includes receiving a TCI state activation command or a TCI state deactivation command.
  • receiving the command comprises receiving a request to trigger an early uplink synchronization procedure.
  • modules may be stored in memory 1404 of FIG. 14, and these modules may provide instructions so that when the instructions of a module are executed by respective network node processing circuitry 1402, network node 1400 performs respective operations of the flow chart.
  • processing circuitry 1402 determines the configuration information based on a load balancing function.
  • processing circuitry 1402 transmits, via communication interface 1406, an indication of configuration information.
  • the configuration information configures the communication device to transmit a LTM lower layer report in response to fulfillment of a triggering condition.
  • the triggering condition can be based on comparing a measurement to a threshold value, the measurement being associated with a LTM candidate cell.
  • the LTM candidate cell is an inter-frequency neighbor.
  • processing circuitry 1402 receives, via communication interface 1406, a LTM lower layer measurement report.
  • processing circuitry 1402 transmits, via communication interface 1406, a command.
  • the command includes transmitting at least one of: an LTM Cell switch command; a TCI activation command for an LTM Candidate Cell; and a command for triggering an Early Uplink sync procedure.
  • Embodiment Al A method at a UE comprising: transmitting an LTM lower layer report upon fulfillment of a triggering condition, wherein the triggering condition comprises a measurement associated to an LTM candidate cell becomes better than absolute threshold.
  • Embodiment A2 A method of Al and all, wherein the LTM candidate cell is an inter-frequency neighbour cell and/or an inter-frequency LTM candidate cell.
  • Embodiment A3 A method of Al and all, wherein the LTM candidate cell is in an SSB frequency different than the SSB frequency of the serving cell (e.g., PCell) and/or the LTM candidate cell has a subcarrier spacing different than the subcarrier spacing of the serving cell (e.g., PCell).
  • the LTM candidate cell is in an SSB frequency different than the SSB frequency of the serving cell (e.g., PCell) and/or the LTM candidate cell has a subcarrier spacing different than the subcarrier spacing of the serving cell (e.g., PCell).
  • Embodiment A4 A method of Al and all, wherein the LTM candidate cell is in an SSB center frequency different than the SSB center frequency of the serving cell (e.g., PCell) and/or the LTM candidate cell has a subcarrier spacing different than the subcarrier spacing of the serving cell (e.g., PCell).
  • the LTM candidate cell is in an SSB center frequency different than the SSB center frequency of the serving cell (e.g., PCell) and/or the LTM candidate cell has a subcarrier spacing different than the subcarrier spacing of the serving cell (e.g., PCell).
  • Embodiment A6 A method of Al and all, wherein the LTM lower layer report may include measurements associated with a serving cell and/or a measurement associated with an LTM candidate cell.
  • Embodiment A6b A method of Al and all, wherein the measurement associated to an LTM Candidate cell comprises a beam (or RS) measurement of a beam of the LTM Candidate cell.
  • Embodiment A6c A method of Al and all, where a measurement associated with an LTM candidate cell comprises a beam or RS identifier and a measurement quantity value.
  • Embodiment A6d A method of A6c, where the measurement quantity value is a Ll- RSRP value, a Ll-SINR value or a Ll-RSRQ value.
  • Embodiment A7 A method of Al and all, wherein the triggering condition comprises: a “best” beam of the LTM Candidate cell (e.g., measurement on the “best” beam of the LTM Candidate cell) becomes better than absolute threshold.
  • Embodiment A8 A method of Al and all, wherein the measurement associated to an LTM Candidate cell comprises a cell level measurement of the LTM Candidate cell which is inter-frequency neighbour to serving cell.
  • Embodiment A9 A method of Al and all wherein the triggering condition comprises: the cell quality of the LTM Candidate cell becomes better than absolute threshold.
  • Embodiment A10. A method of Al and all, wherein in response to transmitting the LTM lower layer report, the UE receiving an LTM Cell Switch Command indicating an LTM Candidate Cell (which is an inter-frequency neighbour cell) and a TCI state which is to be activated in the LTM Candidate Cell which becomes the target cell or the UE receiving a release with redirect command indicating an SSB frequency which is different than the SSB frequency of the PCell.
  • Embodiment Al 1. A method of Al and all, wherein the LTM Cell Switch Command indicates an LTM Candidate Cell (which is an inter-frequency cell) included in the LTM lower layer report and a TCI state (e.g., TCI State ID) associated to a beam and/or a RS and/or an SSB indicated in the LTM lower layer report.
  • LTM Cell Switch Command indicates an LTM Candidate Cell (which is an inter-frequency cell) included in the LTM lower layer report and a TCI state (e.g., TCI State ID) associated to a beam and/or a RS and/or an SSB indicated in the LTM lower layer report.
  • TCI state e.g., TCI State ID
  • Embodiment A12 A method of Al and all, in response to transmitting the LTM lower layer report, the UE receiving a TCI activation command for an LTM Candidate Cell (e.g., Candidate Cell TCI States Activation/Deactivation) indicating an LTM Candidate Cell (which is an inter-frequency neighbour cell) and a TCI state which is to be activated in the LTM Candidate Cell, as a preparation for an inter-frequency LTM Cell Switch for load balancing.
  • Embodiment A12b A method of Al and all, where the UE, in response to transmitting the LTM lower layer report, receives a secondary cell (SCell) activation command.
  • Embodiment A12c A method of A12b and all, where the SCell that is activated is associated with the LTM candidate cell.
  • the UE receives the TCI activation command for an LTM Candidate Cell (e.g., Candidate Cell TCI States Activation/Deactivation) indicating the LTM Candidate Cell (which is an inter-frequency neighbour cell) and a TCI state which is to be activated in the LTM Candidate Cell, before the UE receives an LTM Cell Switch command for an LTM Candidate Cell, as a preparation for an inter-frequency LTM Cell Switch for load balancing.
  • LTM Candidate Cell e.g., Candidate Cell TCI States Activation/Deactivation
  • Embodiment A17 A method of Al and all, in response to transmitting the LTM lower layer report, the UE receiving a command for triggering an Early Uplink sync procedure (e.g., Physical Downlink control Channel - PDCCH order), indicating an LTM Candidate Cell and one or more random access configuration indications associated to a random access configuration of the LTM Candidate Cell, based on which the UE transmits a random access preamble to the LTM Candidate Cell.
  • an Early Uplink sync procedure e.g., Physical Downlink control Channel - PDCCH order
  • Embodiment Al 8. A method of Al and all, in response to the command for triggering an Early Uplink sync procedure (e.g., Physical Downlink control Channel - PDCCH order), the UE transmits a random access preamble to the LTM Candidate Cell.
  • an Early Uplink sync procedure e.g., Physical Downlink control Channel - PDCCH order
  • Embodiment Al 8b A method of Al and all, where, in response to transmitting the
  • Embodiment A21 A method of Al and all, wherein the measurement performed on the LTM candidate cell which has a TCI state activated is performed on an SSB of the LTM Candidate cell configured as QCL source of the activate TCI state of the LTM candidate cell.
  • Embodiment A29 A method of Al, wherein the measurement associated to the LTM candidate cell is only performed when there is at least one TCI state of the LTM Candidate cell which is activated.
  • Embodiment A30 A method of Al, wherein the UE receives a message including one or more parameters for configuring the triggering condition, and, upon receiving the one or more parameters evaluating the fulfillment of the triggering condition.
  • Embodiment A31 A method of A30, wherein the one or more parameters for configuring the triggering condition comprises one or more of: a time to trigger value (e.g., in time units), a trigger quantity (e.g., LI RSRP, LI SINR, LI RSRQ, etc.), one or more reporting quantities (e.g., LI RSRP, LI SINR, LI RSRQ, etc.), a reference signal type (e.g., SSB or CSL RS), an indication of an associated resource configuration (e.g., resource configuration identifier), a value for threshold 1, a value for threshold 2, an event identifier (for identifying the trigger condition).
  • a time to trigger value e.g., in time units
  • a trigger quantity e.g., LI RSRP, LI SINR, LI RSRQ, etc.
  • one or more reporting quantities e.g., LI RSRP, LI SINR, LI RSRQ, etc.
  • a reference signal type e.g.,
  • Embodiment A32 A method of Al and all, wherein the UE starts evaluating the fulfillment of the trigger condition upon reception of a command associated to a reporting configuration.
  • Embodiment A33 A method of Al and all, wherein the command associated to the reporting configuration includes a reporting configuration identifier, and in response to the command the UE evaluates the trigger condition configured in the reporting configuration with a matching reporting configuration identifier.
  • Embodiment A34 A method of Al and all, wherein the UE receives a command associated to the reporting configuration includes an indication of one or more frequencies (e.g., one or more measurement object identifiers), indicating to the UE to monitor the trigger condition of the reporting configuration only for the LTM candidate cells in the indicated one or more frequencies.
  • one or more frequencies e.g., one or more measurement object identifiers
  • Embodiment A35 A method of Al and all, wherein activating a TCI state of an LTM Candidate cell comprises performing one or more actions associated to a beam and/or RS (e.g., SSB) associated to the TCI state to be activated, such as: i) detecting and/or measuring at least one synchronization signal of the LTM candidate cell, such as an SSB of the LTM candidate cell associated to an SSB index and/or identifier and transmitted in a spatial direction (beam), and/ or a CSLRS and/or a TRS and/or a PSS and/or a SSS; ii) performing fine time tracking and acquiring full timing information of the LTM candidate cell.
  • RS e.g., SSB
  • iii) obtaining the time boundaries of time units of a given LTM candidate cell such as time slot, OFDM symbol, subframe, radio frame. iv) synchronizing a clock with the boundaries of time units of a given LTM candidate cell such as time slot, OFDM symbol, subframe, radio frame.
  • Embodiment B A method at a network node comprising: configuring a UE to transmit an LTM lower layer report upon fulfillment of a triggering condition, receiving the LTM lower layer report, when the triggering condition is fulfilled, wherein the triggering condition is defined as a measurement associated to an LTM candidate cell becomes better than absolute threshold in response to the received LTM lower layer report, transmitting one or more of:
  • An LTM Cell switch command (e.g., LTM Cell Switch Command)
  • a command for triggering an Early Uplink sync procedure (e.g., PDCCH order for a random access preamble transmission to an LTM Candidate Cell).
  • Embodiment B2a The method in Bl and B2, wherein the triggering condition for load balancing are decided by a network node which is different from the network node which receives the lower layer report.
  • a first network node e.g., a CU
  • informs a second network node e.g., DU
  • the first network node may also share load balancing statistics
  • the request includes one or more LTM candidate cells which can be included in the LTM cell switch command and the second network node decides which one to include.
  • the second network node indicates the LTM candidate cell to the first network node (a DU, or another CU) and this node include the indicated LTM candidate cell within the LTM cell switch command.
  • the request is for the second network node (CU) to provide load balancing statistics so that the first network node (DU, or another CU) can decide which LTM candidate cell to be included within the LTM cell switch command.
  • the second network node indicates the for each on the indicated LTM candidate cells that potentially can be included within the LTM cell switch command.
  • the first network node takes the decision on which LTM candidate cell to be included within the LTM cell switch command based on the load balancing information received from the second network node.
  • Embodiment B4b Embodiment B4b.
  • the load balancing measurements are received by a second network node, e.g., CU.
  • Embodiment B5. A method of Bl and all, wherein the LTM Cell Switch Command indicates an LTM Candidate Cell (which is an inter-frequency cell) included in the LTM lower layer report and a TCI state (e.g., TCI State ID) associated to a beam and/or a RS and/or an SSB indicated in the LTM lower layer report.
  • LTM Cell Switch Command indicates an LTM Candidate Cell (which is an inter-frequency cell) included in the LTM lower layer report and a TCI state (e.g., TCI State ID) associated to a beam and/or a RS and/or an SSB indicated in the LTM lower layer report.
  • TCI state e.g., TCI State ID
  • the second network node indicates the for each on the indicated LTM candidate cells that potentially can be included within the TCI activation command for an LTM Candidate Cell.
  • the first network node takes the decision on which LTM candidate cell to be included within the TCI activation command for an LTM Candidate Cell based on the load balancing information received from the second network node.
  • Embodiment B7 A method of B 1 and all, wherein the network node transmits the TCI activation command for an LTM Candidate Cell (e.g., Candidate Cell TCI States Activation/Deactivation) indicating the LTM Candidate Cell (which is an inter-frequency neighbour cell) and a TCI state which is to be activated by the UE in the LTM Candidate Cell, before the network node transmits an LTM Cell Switch command for an LTM Candidate Cell, as a preparation for an inter-frequency LTM Cell Switch for load balancing.
  • LTM Candidate Cell e.g., Candidate Cell TCI States Activation/Deactivation
  • Embodiment B8 A method of B 1 and all, wherein the network node transmits the TCI activation command for an LTM Candidate Cell (e.g., Candidate Cell TCI States Activation/Deactivation) indicating the LTM Candidate Cell (which is an inter-frequency neighbour cell) and a TCI state which is to be activated by the UE in the LTM Candidate Cell, before the network node transmits an LTM Cell Switch command for the same LTM Candidate Cell, as a preparation for an inter-frequency LTM Cell Switch for load balancing.
  • LTM Candidate Cell e.g., Candidate Cell TCI States Activation/Deactivation
  • Embodiment B9 A method of B 1 and all, wherein in response to receiving the LTM lower layer report, the network node transmitting a command for triggering an Early Uplink sync procedure (e.g., Physical Downlink control Channel - PDCCH order), indicating an LTM Candidate Cell (which is an inter-frequency neighbour cell) and a Reference Signal (e.g., SSB identifier) TCI state based on which the UE transmits a random access preamble to the LTM Candidate Cell, as a preparation for an inter-frequency LTM Cell Switch for load balancing.
  • an Early Uplink sync procedure e.g., Physical Downlink control Channel - PDCCH order
  • LTM Candidate Cell which is an inter-frequency neighbour cell
  • a Reference Signal e.g., SSB identifier
  • the request includes the received LTM lower layer report and is the second network node (e.g., a CU) which decides the LTM candidate cell to be included in a command for triggering an Early Uplink sync procedure.
  • the second network node indicates the LTM candidate cell to the first network node (a DU, or another CU) and this node include the indicated LTM candidate cell within a command for triggering an Early Uplink sync procedure.
  • the request includes one or more LTM candidate cells which can be included in a command for triggering an Early Uplink sync procedure and the second network node decides which one to include.
  • the second network node indicates the LTM candidate cell to the first network node (a DU, or another CU) and this node include the indicated LTM candidate cell within a command for triggering an Early Uplink sync procedure.
  • the request is for the second network node (CU) to provide load balancing statistics so that the first network node (DU, or another CU) can decide which LTM candidate cell to be included within a command for triggering an Early Uplink sync procedure.
  • the second network node indicates the for each on the indicated LTM candidate cells that potentially can be included within a command for triggering an Early Uplink sync procedure.
  • the first network node after sending the request to a second network node, takes the decision on which LTM candidate cell to be included within a command for triggering an Early Uplink sync procedure based on the load balancing information received from the second network node.
  • Embodiment B 12 A method of Bl and all, in response to receiving the LTM lower layer report, transmitting a command for triggering an Early Uplink sync procedure (e.g., Physical Downlink control Channel - PDCCH order), indicating an LTM Candidate Cell and one or more random access configuration indications associated to a random access configuration of the LTM Candidate Cell and receiving a random access preamble in the LTM Candidate Cell.
  • an Early Uplink sync procedure e.g., Physical Downlink control Channel - PDCCH order
  • the network node transmits a lower layer command to activate a TCI state of the LTM candidate cell which has triggered the LTM lower layer report.
  • Embodiment Bl 5 A method of Bl and all, wherein in response to the received LTM lower layer report including an LTM candidate cell which has all its configured TCI state(s) deactivated, the network node transmits a lower layer command to trigger an Early UL sync procedure to the LTM candidate cell which has triggered the LTM lower layer report.
  • Embodiment 1 A method of operating a communication device, the method comprising: determining (840) that a triggering condition is met based on a measurement associated with a layer 1/layer 2-triggered mobility, LTM, candidate cell; and responsive to determining that the triggering condition is met, transmitting (850) a LTM lower layer measurement report.
  • Embodiment 2 The method of Embodiment 1, wherein determining that the triggering condition is met comprises: comparing the measurement to a threshold value.
  • Embodiment 4 The method of Embodiment 3, wherein determining the measurement comprises determining a measurement of a beam of the LTM candidate cell.
  • Embodiment 6 The method of any of Embodiments 3-5, wherein determining the measurement comprises determining an indication of a best beam of the LTM candidate cell.
  • Embodiment 7 The method of any of Embodiments 3-6, wherein determining the first measurement comprises determining a cell level measurement of the LTM candidate cell.
  • Embodiment 8 The method of any of Embodiments 3-7, wherein determining the measurement comprises determining a cell quality of the LTM candidate cell.
  • Embodiment 9 The method of any of Embodiments 1-8, wherein the LTM candidate cell is an inter-frequency neighbor.
  • Embodiment 10 The method of any of Embodiments 1-9, wherein a center frequency of the LTM candidate cell is different from a center frequency of a serving cell, and/or wherein a subcarrier spacing of a synchronization signal block of the LTM candidate cell is different from a subcarrier spacing of a synchronization signal block of the serving cell.
  • Embodiment 11 The method of any of Embodiments 1-9, wherein a center frequency of the LTM candidate cell is different from a center frequency of a serving cell, and/or wherein a subcarrier spacing of a synchronization signal block of the LTM candidate cell is different from a subcarrier spacing of a synchronization signal block of the serving cell.
  • Embodiment 12 The method of any of Embodiments 1-11, wherein the TCI state activated within the LTM candidate cell is a second TCI state, the method further comprising: responsive to transmitting the LTM lower layer report, receiving (560) a command indicating an activation of a first TCI state within the LTM candidate cell.
  • Embodiment 13 The method of Embodiment 12, wherein the command further indicates a deactivation of the second TCI state within the LTM candidate cell.
  • Embodiment 14 The method of any of Embodiments 12-13, wherein receiving the command comprises receiving a LTM cell switching command, wherein the first TCI state is different than the second TCI state.
  • Embodiment 15 The method of any of Embodiments 12-13, wherein receiving the command comprises receiving a TCI state activation command or a TCI state deactivation command.
  • Embodiment 16 The method of any of Embodiments 12-15, wherein receiving the command comprises receiving a request to trigger an early uplink synchronization procedure.
  • Embodiment 17 The method of any of Embodiments 1-16, further comprising: receiving (810) an indication of configuration information from a network node, the configuration information configuring the communication device to transmit the LTM lower layer report in response to the triggering condition being met.
  • Embodiment 18 The method of Embodiment 17, wherein receiving the indication of the configuration information comprises receiving a reporting configuration associated to a resource configuration, the resource configuration indicating at least one resource to be measured and used as input to the triggering condition.
  • Embodiment 22 The method of Embodiment 21, wherein transmitting the command comprises transmitting at least one of: an LTM Cell switch command; a TCI activation command for an LTM Candidate Cell; and a command for triggering an Early Uplink sync procedure.
  • Embodiment 23 The method of any of Embodiments 19-22, further comprising: determining (905) the configuration information based on a load balancing function.
  • Embodiment 24 A communication device (QQ200) adapted to perform operations comprising: determining (840) that a triggering condition is met based on a measurement associated with a layer 1/layer 2-triggered mobility, LTM, candidate cell; and responsive to determining that the triggering condition is met, transmitting (850) a LTM lower layer measurement report.
  • Embodiment 25 The communication device of Embodiment 24, the operations further comprising any of the operations of Embodiments 2-18.
  • Embodiment 26 A computer program comprising program code to be executed by processing circuitry (QQ202) of a communication device (QQ200), whereby execution of the program code causes the communication device to perform operations comprising: determining (840) that a triggering condition is met based on a measurement associated with a layer 1/layer 2-triggered mobility, LTM, candidate cell; and responsive to determining that the triggering condition is met, transmitting (850) a LTM lower layer measurement report.
  • Embodiment 27 The computer program of Embodiment 26, the operations further comprising any of the operations of Embodiments 2-18.
  • Embodiment 28 A computer program product comprising a non-transitory storage medium (QQ210) including program code to be executed by processing circuitry (QQ202) of a communication device (QQ200), whereby execution of the program code causes the communication device to perform operations comprising: determining (840) that a triggering condition is met based on a measurement associated with a layer 1/layer 2-triggered mobility, LTM, candidate cell; and responsive to determining that the triggering condition is met, transmitting (850) a LTM lower layer measurement report.
  • QQ210 non-transitory storage medium
  • LTM layer 1/layer 2-triggered mobility
  • Embodiment 29 The computer program product of Embodiment 28, further comprising any of the operations of Embodiments 2-18.
  • Embodiment 30 A network node (QQ300) adapted to perform operations comprising: transmitting (910) an indication of configuration information to a communication device, the configuration information configuring the communication device to transmit a layer 1/layer 2-triggered mobility, LTM, lower layer report in response to fulfillment of a triggering condition, the triggering condition being based on comparing a measurement to a threshold value, the measurement being associated with a LTM candidate cell; and receiving (920) the LTM lower layer measurement report from the communication device.
  • Embodiment 31 The network node of Embodiment 30, the operations further comprising any of the operations of Embodiments 20-23.
  • Embodiment 32 A computer program comprising program code to be executed by processing circuitry (QQ302) of a network node (QQ300), whereby execution of the program code causes the network node to perform operations comprising: transmitting (910) an indication of configuration information to a communication device, the configuration information configuring the communication device to transmit a layer 1/layer 2 -triggered mobility, LTM, lower layer report in response to fulfillment of a triggering condition, the triggering condition being based on comparing a measurement to a threshold value, the measurement being associated with a LTM candidate cell; and receiving (920) the LTM lower layer measurement report from the communication device.
  • Embodiment 33 The computer program of Embodiment 32, further comprising any of the operations of Embodiments 20-23.
  • Embodiment 34 A computer program product comprising a non-transitory storage medium (QQ304) including program code to be executed by processing circuitry (QQ302) of a network node (QQ300), whereby execution of the program code causes the network node to perform operations comprising: transmitting (910) an indication of configuration information to a communication device, the configuration information configuring the communication device to transmit a layer 1/layer 2 -triggered mobility, LTM, lower layer report in response to fulfillment of a triggering condition, the triggering condition being based on comparing a measurement to a threshold value, the measurement being associated with a LTM candidate cell; and receiving (920) the LTM lower layer measurement report from the communication device.
  • Embodiment 35 The computer program product of Embodiment 34, the operations further comprising any of the operations of Embodiments 20-23.
  • FIG. 12 shows an example of a communication system 1200 in accordance with some embodiments.
  • the communication system 1200 includes a telecommunication network 1202 that includes an access network 1204, such as a radio access network (RAN), and a core network 1206, which includes one or more core network nodes 1208.
  • the access network 1204 includes one or more access network nodes, such as network nodes 1210a and 1210b (one or more of which may be generally referred to as network nodes 1210), or any other similar 3 rd Generation Partnership Project (3 GPP) access nodes or non-3GPP access points.
  • a network node is not necessarily limited to an implementation in which a radio portion and a baseband portion are supplied and integrated by a single vendor.
  • the telecommunication network 1202 includes one or more Open-RAN (ORAN) network nodes.
  • ORAN Open-RAN
  • An ORAN network node is a node in the telecommunication network 1202 that supports an ORAN specification (e.g., a specification published by the O-RAN Alliance, or any similar organization) and may operate alone or together with other nodes to implement one or more functionalities of any node in the telecommunication network 1202, including one or more network nodes 1210 and/or core network nodes 1208.
  • ORAN Open-RAN
  • Examples of an ORAN network node include an open radio unit (O-RU), an open distributed unit (O-DU), an open central unit (O-CU), including an O-CU control plane (O-CU- CP) or an O-CU user plane (O-CU-UP), a RAN intelligent controller (near-real time or non-real time) hosting software or software plug-ins, such as a near-real time control application (e.g., xApp) or a non-real time control application (e.g., rApp), or any combination thereof (the adjective “open” designating support of an ORAN specification).
  • a near-real time control application e.g., xApp
  • rApp non-real time control application
  • the network nodes 1210 facilitate direct or indirect connection of user equipment (UE), such as by connecting UEs 1212a, 1212b, 1212c, and 1212d (one or more of which may be generally referred to as UEs 1212) to the core network 1206 over one or more wireless connections.
  • UE user equipment
  • Example wireless communications over a wireless connection include transmitting and/or receiving wireless signals using electromagnetic waves, radio waves, infrared waves, and/or other types of signals suitable for conveying information without the use of wires, cables, or other material conductors.
  • the communication system 1200 may include any number of wired or wireless networks, network nodes, UEs, and/or any other components or systems that may facilitate or participate in the communication of data and/or signals whether via wired or wireless connections.
  • the communication system 1200 may include and/or interface with any type of communication, telecommunication, data, cellular, radio network, and/or other similar type of system.
  • the UEs 1212 may be any of a wide variety of communication devices, including wireless devices arranged, configured, and/or operable to communicate wirelessly with the network nodes 1210 and other communication devices.
  • the network nodes 1210 are arranged, capable, configured, and/or operable to communicate directly or indirectly with the UEs 1212 and/or with other network nodes or equipment in the telecommunication network 1202 to enable and/or provide network access, such as wireless network access, and/or to perform other functions, such as administration in the telecommunication network 1202.
  • the core network 1206 connects the network nodes 1210 to one or more host computing systems, such as host 1216. These connections may be direct or indirect via one or more intermediary networks or devices. In other examples, network nodes may be directly coupled to hosts.
  • the core network 1206 includes one more core network nodes (e.g., core network node 1208) that are structured with hardware and software components. Features of these components may be substantially similar to those described with respect to the UEs, network nodes, and/or hosts, such that the descriptions thereof are generally applicable to the corresponding components of the core network node 1208.
  • Example core network nodes include functions of one or more of a Mobile Switching Center (MSC), Mobility Management Entity (MME), Home Subscriber Server (HSS), Access and Mobility Management Function (AMF), Session Management Function (SMF), Authentication Server Function (AUSF), Subscription Identifier De-concealing function (SIDF), Unified Data Management (UDM), Security Edge Protection Proxy (SEPP), Network Exposure Function (NEF), and/or a User Plane Function (UPF).
  • MSC Mobile Switching Center
  • MME Mobility Management Entity
  • HSS Home Subscriber Server
  • AMF Access and Mobility Management Function
  • SMF Session Management Function
  • AUSF Authentication Server Function
  • SIDF Subscription Identifier De-concealing function
  • UDM Unified Data Management
  • SEPP Security Edge Protection Proxy
  • NEF Network Exposure Function
  • UPF User Plane Function
  • the host 1216 may be under the ownership or control of a service provider other than an operator or provider of the access network 1204 and/or the telecommunication network 1202.
  • the host 1216 may host a variety of applications to provide one or more service. Examples of such applications include live and pre-recorded audio/video content, data collection services such as retrieving and compiling data on various ambient conditions detected by a plurality of UEs, analytics functionality, social media, functions for controlling or otherwise interacting with remote devices, functions for an alarm and surveillance center, or any other such function performed by a server.
  • the communication system 1200 of FIG. 12 enables connectivity between the UEs, network nodes, and hosts.
  • the communication system may be configured to operate according to predefined rules or procedures, such as specific standards that include, but are not limited to: Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM); Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS); Long Term Evolution (LTE), and/or other suitable 2G, 3G, 4G, 5G standards, or any applicable future generation standard (e.g., 6G); wireless local area network (WLAN) standards, such as the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) 802.11 standards (WiFi); and/or any other appropriate wireless communication standard, such as the Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMax), Bluetooth, Z-Wave, Near Field Communication (NFC) ZigBee, LiFi, and/or any low-power wide-area network (LPWAN) standards such as LoRa and Sigfox.
  • GSM Global System for Mobile Communications
  • UMTS Universal Mobile Telecommunications System
  • LTE Long Term Evolution
  • the telecommunication network 1202 is a cellular network that implements 3GPP standardized features. Accordingly, the telecommunications network 1202 may support network slicing to provide different logical networks to different devices that are connected to the telecommunication network 1202. For example, the telecommunications network 1202 may provide Ultra Reliable Low Latency Communication (URLLC) services to some UEs, while providing Enhanced Mobile Broadband (eMBB) services to other UEs, and/or Massive Machine Type Communication (mMTC)/Massive loT services to yet further UEs.
  • URLLC Ultra Reliable Low Latency Communication
  • eMBB Enhanced Mobile Broadband
  • mMTC Massive Machine Type Communication
  • the UEs 1212 are configured to transmit and/or receive information without direct human interaction.
  • a UE may be designed to transmit information to the access network 1204 on a predetermined schedule, when triggered by an internal or external event, or in response to requests from the access network 1204.
  • a UE may be configured for operating in single- or multi -RAT or multi-standard mode.
  • a UE may operate with any one or combination of Wi-Fi, NR (New Radio) and LTE, i.e. being configured for multi -radio dual connectivity (MR-DC), such as E-UTRAN (Evolved-UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network) New Radio - Dual Connectivity (EN-DC).
  • MR-DC multi -radio dual connectivity
  • the hub 1214 communicates with the access network 1204 to facilitate indirect communication between one or more UEs (e.g., UE 1212c and/or 1212d) and network nodes (e.g., network node 1210b).
  • the hub 1214 may be a controller, router, content source and analytics, or any of the other communication devices described herein regarding UEs.
  • the hub 1214 may be a broadband router enabling access to the core network 1206 for the UEs.
  • the hub 1214 may be a controller that sends commands or instructions to one or more actuators in the UEs.
  • the hub 1214 may have a constant/persistent or intermittent connection to the network node 1210b.
  • the hub 1214 may also allow for a different communication scheme and/or schedule between the hub 1214 and UEs (e.g., UE 1212c and/or 1212d), and between the hub 1214 and the core network 1206.
  • the hub 1214 is connected to the core network 1206 and/or one or more UEs via a wired connection.
  • the hub 1214 may be configured to connect to an M2M service provider over the access network 1204 and/or to another UE over a direct connection.
  • UEs may establish a wireless connection with the network nodes 1210 while still connected via the hub 1214 via a wired or wireless connection.
  • the hub 1214 may be a dedicated hub - that is, a hub whose primary function is to route communications to/from the UEs from/to the network node 1210b.
  • the hub 1214 may be a non-dedicated hub - that is, a device which is capable of operating to route communications between the UEs and network node 1210b, but which is additionally capable of operating as a communication start and/or end point for certain data channels.
  • FIG. 13 shows a UE 1300 in accordance with some embodiments.
  • the UE 1300 presents additional details of some embodiments of the UE 1212 of Figure 1.
  • a UE refers to a device capable, configured, arranged and/or operable to communicate wirelessly with network nodes and/or other UEs.
  • Examples of a UE include, but are not limited to, a smart phone, mobile phone, cell phone, voice over IP (VoIP) phone, wireless local loop phone, desktop computer, personal digital assistant (PDA), wireless cameras, gaming console or device, music storage/playback device, wearable terminal device, wireless endpoint, mobile station, tablet, laptop, laptop-embedded equipment (LEE), laptop-mounted equipment (LME), an Augmented Reality (AR) or Virtual Reality (VR) device, wireless customer-premise equipment (CPE), vehicle, vehicle-mounted or vehicle embedded/integrated wireless device, etc.
  • VoIP voice over IP
  • PDA personal digital assistant
  • LME laptop-embedded equipment
  • AR Augmented Reality
  • VR Virtual Reality
  • CPE wireless customer-premise equipment
  • vehicle vehicle-mounted or vehicle embedded/integrated wireless device, etc.
  • UEs identified by the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP), including a narrow band internet of things (NB-IoT) UE, a machine type communication (MTC) UE, and/or an enhanced MTC (eMTC) UE.
  • 3GPP 3rd Generation Partnership Project
  • NB-IoT narrow band internet of things
  • MTC machine type communication
  • eMTC enhanced MTC
  • a UE may support device-to-device (D2D) communication, for example by implementing a 3 GPP standard for sidelink communication, Dedicated Short-Range Communication (DSRC), vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V), vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I), or vehicle-to- everything (V2X).
  • D2D device-to-device
  • DSRC Dedicated Short-Range Communication
  • V2V vehicle-to-vehicle
  • V2I vehicle-to-infrastructure
  • V2X vehicle-to- everything
  • a UE may not necessarily have a user in the sense of a human user who owns and/or operates the relevant device.
  • a UE may represent a device that is intended for sale to, or operation by, a human user but which may not, or which may not initially, be associated with a specific human user (e.g., a smart sprinkler controller).
  • a UE may represent a device that is not intended for sale to, or operation
  • the UE 1300 includes processing circuitry 1302 that is operatively coupled via a bus 1304 to an input/output interface 1306, a power source 1308, a memory 1310, a communication interface 1312, and/or any other component, or any combination thereof.
  • Certain UEs may utilize all or a subset of the components shown in FIG. 13. The level of integration between the components may vary from one UE to another UE. Further, certain UEs may contain multiple instances of a component, such as multiple processors, memories, transceivers, transmitters, receivers, etc.
  • the processing circuitry 1302 is configured to process instructions and data and may be configured to implement any sequential state machine operative to execute instructions stored as machine-readable computer programs in the memory 1310.
  • the processing circuitry 1302 may be implemented as one or more hardware-implemented state machines (e.g., in discrete logic, field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs), application specific integrated circuits (ASICs), etc.); programmable logic together with appropriate firmware; one or more stored computer programs, general-purpose processors, such as a microprocessor or digital signal processor (DSP), together with appropriate software; or any combination of the above.
  • the processing circuitry 1302 may include multiple central processing units (CPUs).
  • the input/output interface 1306 may be configured to provide an interface or interfaces to an input device, output device, or one or more input and/or output devices.
  • Examples of an output device include a speaker, a sound card, a video card, a display, a monitor, a printer, an actuator, an emitter, a smartcard, another output device, or any combination thereof.
  • An input device may allow a user to capture information into the UE 1300.
  • Examples of an input device include a touch-sensitive or presence-sensitive display, a camera (e.g., a digital camera, a digital video camera, a web camera, etc.), a microphone, a sensor, a mouse, a trackball, a directional pad, a trackpad, a scroll wheel, a smartcard, and the like.
  • the presence-sensitive display may include a capacitive or resistive touch sensor to sense input from a user.
  • a sensor may be, for instance, an accelerometer, a gyroscope, a tilt sensor, a force sensor, a magnetometer, an optical sensor, a proximity sensor, a biometric sensor, etc., or any combination thereof.
  • An output device may use the same type of interface port as an input device. For example, a Universal Serial Bus (USB) port may be used to provide an input device and an output device.
  • USB Universal Serial Bus
  • the power source 1308 is structured as abattery or battery pack. Other types of power sources, such as an external power source (e.g., an electricity outlet), photovoltaic device, or power cell, may be used.
  • the power source 1308 may further include power circuitry for delivering power from the power source 1308 itself, and/or an external power source, to the various parts of the UE 1300 via input circuitry or an interface such as an electrical power cable. Delivering power may be, for example, for charging of the power source 1308.
  • Power circuitry may perform any formatting, converting, or other modification to the power from the power source 1308 to make the power suitable for the respective components of the UE 1300 to which power is supplied.
  • the memory 1310 may be or be configured to include memory such as random access memory (RAM), read-only memory (ROM), programmable read-only memory (PROM), erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROM), electrically erasable programmable read-only memory (EEPROM), magnetic disks, optical disks, hard disks, removable cartridges, flash drives, and so forth.
  • the memory 1310 includes one or more application programs 1314, such as an operating system, web browser application, a widget, gadget engine, or other application, and corresponding data 1316.
  • the memory 1310 may store, for use by the UE 1300, any of a variety of various operating systems or combinations of operating systems.
  • the memory 1310 may be configured to include a number of physical drive units, such as redundant array of independent disks (RAID), flash memory, USB flash drive, external hard disk drive, thumb drive, pen drive, key drive, high-density digital versatile disc (HD-DVD) optical disc drive, internal hard disk drive, Blu-Ray optical disc drive, holographic digital data storage (HDDS) optical disc drive, external mini-dual in-line memory module (DIMM), synchronous dynamic random access memory (SDRAM), external micro-DIMM SDRAM, smartcard memory such as tamper resistant module in the form of a universal integrated circuit card (UICC) including one or more subscriber identity modules (SIMs), such as a USIM and/or ISIM, other memory, or any combination thereof.
  • RAID redundant array of independent disks
  • HD-DVD high-density digital versatile disc
  • HDDS holographic digital data storage
  • DIMM external mini-dual in-line memory module
  • SDRAM synchronous dynamic random access memory
  • SDRAM synchronous dynamic random access memory
  • the UICC may for example be an embedded UICC (eUICC), integrated UICC (iUICC) or a removable UICC commonly known as ‘SIM card.’
  • eUICC embedded UICC
  • iUICC integrated UICC
  • SIM card removable UICC commonly known as ‘SIM card.’
  • the memory 1310 may allow the UE 1300 to access instructions, application programs and the like, stored on transitory or non-transitory memory media, to off-load data, or to upload data.
  • An article of manufacture, such as one utilizing a communication system may be tangibly embodied as or in the memory 1310, which may be or comprise a device-readable storage medium.
  • the processing circuitry 1302 may be configured to communicate with an access network or other network using the communication interface 1312.
  • the communication interface 1312 may comprise one or more communication subsystems and may include or be communicatively coupled to an antenna 1322.
  • the communication interface 1312 may include one or more transceivers used to communicate, such as by communicating with one or more remote transceivers of another device capable of wireless communication (e.g., another UE or a network node in an access network).
  • Each transceiver may include a transmitter 1318 and/or a receiver 1320 appropriate to provide network communications (e.g., optical, electrical, frequency allocations, and so forth).
  • the transmitter 1318 and receiver 1320 may be coupled to one or more antennas (e.g., antenna 1322) and may share circuit components, software or firmware, or alternatively be implemented separately.
  • communication functions of the communication interface 1312 may include cellular communication, Wi-Fi communication, LPWAN communication, data communication, voice communication, multimedia communication, short- range communications such as Bluetooth, near-field communication, location-based communication such as the use of the global positioning system (GPS) to determine a location, another like communication function, or any combination thereof.
  • GPS global positioning system
  • Communications may be implemented in according to one or more communication protocols and/or standards, such as IEEE 802.11, Code Division Multiplexing Access (CDMA), Wideband Code Division Multiple Access (WCDMA), GSM, LTE, New Radio (NR), UMTS, WiMax, Ethernet, transmission control protocol/internet protocol (TCP/IP), synchronous optical networking (SONET), Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM), QUIC, Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP), and so forth.
  • CDMA Code Division Multiplexing Access
  • WCDMA Wideband Code Division Multiple Access
  • WCDMA Wideband Code Division Multiple Access
  • GSM Global System for Mobile communications
  • LTE Long Term Evolution
  • NR New Radio
  • UMTS Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access
  • WiMax Ethernet
  • TCP/IP transmission control protocol/internet protocol
  • SONET synchronous optical networking
  • ATM Asynchronous Transfer Mode
  • QUIC Hypertext Transfer Protocol
  • HTTP Hypertext Transfer Protocol
  • a UE may provide an output of data captured by its sensors, through its communication interface 1312, via a wireless connection to a network node.
  • Data captured by sensors of a UE can be communicated through a wireless connection to a network node via another UE.
  • the output may be periodic (e.g., once every 15 minutes if it reports the sensed temperature), random (e.g., to even out the load from reporting from several sensors), in response to a triggering event (e.g., when moisture is detected an alert is sent), in response to a request (e.g., a user initiated request), or a continuous stream (e.g., a live video feed of a patient).
  • a UE comprises an actuator, a motor, or a switch, related to a communication interface configured to receive wireless input from a network node via a wireless connection.
  • the states of the actuator, the motor, or the switch may change.
  • the UE may comprise a motor that adjusts the control surfaces or rotors of a drone in flight according to the received input or to a robotic arm performing a medical procedure according to the received input.
  • a UE when in the form of an Internet of Things (loT) device, may be a device for use in one or more application domains, these domains comprising, but not limited to, city wearable technology, extended industrial application and healthcare.
  • loT device are a device which is or which is embedded in: a connected refrigerator or freezer, a TV, a connected lighting device, an electricity meter, a robot vacuum cleaner, a voice controlled smart speaker, a home security camera, a motion detector, a thermostat, a smoke detector, a door/window sensor, a flood/moisture sensor, an electrical door lock, a connected doorbell, an air conditioning system like a heat pump, an autonomous vehicle, a surveillance system, a weather monitoring device, a vehicle parking monitoring device, an electric vehicle charging station, a smart watch, a fitness tracker, a wearable for tactile augmentation or sensory enhancement, a water sprinkler, an animal- or item-tracking device, a sensor for monitoring a plant or animal, an
  • a UE may represent a machine or other device that performs monitoring and/or measurements, and transmits the results of such monitoring and/or measurements to another UE and/or a network node.
  • the UE may in this case be an M2M device, which may in a 3GPP context be referred to as an MTC device.
  • the UE may implement the 3GPP NB-IoT standard.
  • a UE may represent a vehicle, such as a car, a bus, a truck, a ship and an airplane, or other equipment that is capable of monitoring and/or reporting on its operational status or other functions associated with its operation.
  • any number of UEs may be used together with respect to a single use case.
  • a first UE might be or be integrated in a drone and provide the drone’s speed information (obtained through a speed sensor) to a second UE that is a remote controller operating the drone.
  • the first UE may adjust the throttle on the drone (e.g., by controlling an actuator) to increase or decrease the drone’s speed.
  • the first and/or the second UE can also include more than one of the functionalities described above.
  • a UE might comprise the sensor and the actuator, and handle communication of data for both the speed sensor and the actuators.
  • FIG. 14 shows a network node 1400 in accordance with some embodiments.
  • network node refers to equipment capable, configured, arranged and/or operable to communicate directly or indirectly with a UE and/or with other network nodes or equipment, in a telecommunication network.
  • network nodes include, but are not limited to, access points (APs) (e.g., radio access points), base stations (BSs) (e.g., radio base stations, Node Bs, evolved Node Bs (eNBs) and NR NodeBs (gNBs)), 0-RAN nodes or components of an 0-RAN node (e.g., 0-RU, 0-DU, O-CU).
  • APs access points
  • BSs base stations
  • eNBs evolved Node Bs
  • gNBs NR NodeBs
  • Base stations may be categorized based on the amount of coverage they provide (or, stated differently, their transmit power level) and so, depending on the provided amount of coverage, may be referred to as femto base stations, pico base stations, micro base stations, or macro base stations.
  • a base station may be a relay node or a relay donor node controlling a relay.
  • a network node may also include one or more (or all) parts of a distributed radio base station such as centralized digital units, distributed units (e.g., in an 0-RAN access node) and/or remote radio units (RRUs), sometimes referred to as Remote Radio Heads (RRHs). Such remote radio units may or may not be integrated with an antenna as an antenna integrated radio.
  • Parts of a distributed radio base station may also be referred to as nodes in a distributed antenna system (DAS).
  • DAS distributed antenna system
  • network nodes include multiple transmission point (multi-TRP) 5G access nodes, multi-standard radio (MSR) equipment such as MSR BSs, network controllers such as radio network controllers (RNCs) or base station controllers (BSCs), base transceiver stations (BTSs), transmission points, transmission nodes, multi-cell/multicast coordination entities (MCEs), Operation and Maintenance (O&M) nodes, Operations Support System (OSS) nodes, Self-Organizing Network (SON) nodes, positioning nodes (e.g., Evolved Serving Mobile Location Centers (E-SMLCs)), and/or Minimization of Drive Tests (MDTs).
  • MSR multi-standard radio
  • RNCs radio network controllers
  • BSCs base station controllers
  • BTSs base transceiver stations
  • OFDM Operation and Maintenance
  • OSS Operations Support System
  • SON Self-Organizing Network
  • positioning nodes e.g., Evolved Serving Mobile Location Centers (E-SMLCs)
  • the network node 1400 includes a processing circuitry 1402, a memory 1404, a communication interface 1406, and a power source 1408.
  • the network node 1400 may be composed of multiple physically separate components (e.g., a NodeB component and a RNC component, or a BTS component and a BSC component, etc.), which may each have their own respective components.
  • the network node 1400 comprises multiple separate components (e.g., BTS and BSC components)
  • one or more of the separate components may be shared among several network nodes.
  • a single RNC may control multiple NodeBs.
  • each unique NodeB and RNC pair may in some instances be considered a single separate network node.
  • the network node 1400 may be configured to support multiple radio access technologies (RATs).
  • RATs radio access technologies
  • some components may be duplicated (e.g., separate memory 1404 for different RATs) and some components may be reused (e.g., a same antenna 1410 may be shared by different RATs).
  • the network node 1400 may also include multiple sets of the various illustrated components for different wireless technologies integrated into network node 1400, for example GSM, WCDMA, LTE, NR, WiFi, Zigbee, Z-wave, LoRaWAN, Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) or Bluetooth wireless technologies. These wireless technologies may be integrated into the same or different chip or set of chips and other components within network node 1400.
  • RFID Radio Frequency Identification
  • the processing circuitry 1402 may comprise a combination of one or more of a microprocessor, controller, microcontroller, central processing unit, digital signal processor, application-specific integrated circuit, field programmable gate array, or any other suitable computing device, resource, or combination of hardware, software and/or encoded logic operable to provide, either alone or in conjunction with other network node 1400 components, such as the memory 1404, to provide network node 1400 functionality.
  • the processing circuitry 1402 includes a system on a chip (SOC). In some embodiments, the processing circuitry 1402 includes one or more of radio frequency (RF) transceiver circuitry 1412 and baseband processing circuitry 1414. In some embodiments, the radio frequency (RF) transceiver circuitry 1412 and the baseband processing circuitry 1414 may be on separate chips (or sets of chips), boards, or units, such as radio units and digital units. In alternative embodiments, part or all of RF transceiver circuitry 1412 and baseband processing circuitry 1414 may be on the same chip or set of chips, boards, or units.
  • SOC system on a chip
  • the processing circuitry 1402 includes one or more of radio frequency (RF) transceiver circuitry 1412 and baseband processing circuitry 1414.
  • the radio frequency (RF) transceiver circuitry 1412 and the baseband processing circuitry 1414 may be on separate chips (or sets of chips), boards, or units, such as radio units and digital units. In alternative embodiments, part or all of
  • the memory 1404 may comprise any form of volatile or non-volatile computer- readable memory including, without limitation, persistent storage, solid-state memory, remotely mounted memory, magnetic media, optical media, random access memory (RAM), read-only memory (ROM), mass storage media (for example, a hard disk), removable storage media (for example, a flash drive, a Compact Disk (CD) or a Digital Video Disk (DVD)), and/or any other volatile or non-volatile, non-transitory device-readable and/or computer-executable memory devices that store information, data, and/or instructions that may be used by the processing circuitry 1402.
  • volatile or non-volatile computer- readable memory including, without limitation, persistent storage, solid-state memory, remotely mounted memory, magnetic media, optical media, random access memory (RAM), read-only memory (ROM), mass storage media (for example, a hard disk), removable storage media (for example, a flash drive, a Compact Disk (CD) or a Digital Video Disk (DVD)), and/or any other volatile or
  • the memory 1404 may store any suitable instructions, data, or information, including a computer program, software, an application including one or more of logic, rules, code, tables, and/or other instructions capable of being executed by the processing circuitry 1402 and utilized by the network node 1400.
  • the memory 1404 may be used to store any calculations made by the processing circuitry 1402 and/or any data received via the communication interface 1406.
  • the processing circuitry 1402 and memory 1404 is integrated.
  • the communication interface 1406 is used in wired or wireless communication of signaling and/or data between a network node, access network, and/or UE. As illustrated, the communication interface 1406 comprises port(s)/terminal(s) 1416 to send and receive data, for example to and from a network over a wired connection.
  • the communication interface 1406 also includes radio front-end circuitry 1418 that may be coupled to, or in certain embodiments a part of, the antenna 1410. Radio front-end circuitry 1418 comprises filters 1420 and amplifiers 1422.
  • the radio front-end circuitry 1418 may be connected to an antenna 1410 and processing circuitry 1402.
  • the radio front-end circuitry may be configured to condition signals communicated between antenna 1410 and processing circuitry 1402.
  • the radio front-end circuitry 1418 may receive digital data that is to be sent out to other network nodes or UEs via a wireless connection.
  • the radio frontend circuitry 1418 may convert the digital data into a radio signal having the appropriate channel and bandwidth parameters using a combination of filters 1420 and/or amplifiers 1422.
  • the radio signal may then be transmitted via the antenna 1410.
  • the antenna 1410 may collect radio signals which are then converted into digital data by the radio front-end circuitry 1418.
  • the digital data may be passed to the processing circuitry 1402.
  • the communication interface may comprise different components and/or different combinations of components.
  • the network node 1400 does not include separate radio front-end circuitry 1418, instead, the processing circuitry 1402 includes radio front-end circuitry and is connected to the antenna 1410. Similarly, in some embodiments, all or some of the RF transceiver circuitry 1412 is part of the communication interface 1406. In still other embodiments, the communication interface 1406 includes one or more ports or terminals 1416, the radio front-end circuitry 1418, and the RF transceiver circuitry 1412, as part of a radio unit (not shown), and the communication interface 1406 communicates with the baseband processing circuitry 1414, which is part of a digital unit (not shown).
  • the antenna 1410 may include one or more antennas, or antenna arrays, configured to send and/or receive wireless signals.
  • the antenna 1410 may be coupled to the radio front-end circuitry 1418 and may be any type of antenna capable of transmitting and receiving data and/or signals wirelessly.
  • the antenna 1410 is separate from the network node 1400 and connectable to the network node 1400 through an interface or port.
  • the antenna 1410, communication interface 1406, and/or the processing circuitry 1402 may be configured to perform any receiving operations and/or certain obtaining operations described herein as being performed by the network node. Any information, data and/or signals may be received from a UE, another network node and/or any other network equipment. Similarly, the antenna 1410, the communication interface 1406, and/or the processing circuitry 1402 may be configured to perform any transmitting operations described herein as being performed by the network node. Any information, data and/or signals may be transmitted to a UE, another network node and/or any other network equipment.
  • the power source 1408 provides power to the various components of network node 1400 in a form suitable for the respective components (e.g., at a voltage and current level needed for each respective component).
  • the power source 1408 may further comprise, or be coupled to, power management circuitry to supply the components of the network node 1400 with power for performing the functionality described herein.
  • the network node 1400 may be connectable to an external power source (e.g., the power grid, an electricity outlet) via an input circuitry or interface such as an electrical cable, whereby the external power source supplies power to power circuitry of the power source 1408.
  • the power source 1408 may comprise a source of power in the form of a battery or battery pack which is connected to, or integrated in, power circuitry. The battery may provide backup power should the external power source fail.
  • Embodiments of the network node 1400 may include additional components beyond those shown in FIG. 14 for providing certain aspects of the network node’ s functionality, including any of the functionality described herein and/or any functionality necessary to support the subject matter described herein.
  • the network node 1400 may include user interface equipment to allow input of information into the network node 1400 and to allow output of information from the network node 1400. This may allow a user to perform diagnostic, maintenance, repair, and other administrative functions for the network node 1400.
  • some components, such as the radio front-end circuitry 1418 and the RF transceiver circuitry 1412 may be omitted.
  • FIG. 15 is a block diagram illustrating a virtualization environment 1500 in which functions implemented by some embodiments may be virtualized.
  • virtualizing means creating virtual versions of apparatuses or devices which may include virtualizing hardware platforms, storage devices and networking resources.
  • virtualization can be applied to any device described herein, or components thereof, and relates to an implementation in which at least a portion of the functionality is implemented as one or more virtual components.
  • Some or all of the functions described herein may be implemented as virtual components executed by one or more virtual machines (VMs) implemented in one or more virtual environments 1500 hosted by one or more of hardware nodes, such as a hardware computing device that operates as a network node, UE, core network node, or host.
  • VMs virtual machines
  • the node may be entirely virtualized.
  • the virtualization environment 1500 includes components defined by the O-RAN Alliance, such as an O-Cloud environment orchestrated by a Service Management and Orchestration Framework via an O-2 interface. Virtualization may facilitate distributed implementations of a network node, UE, core network node, or host.
  • Applications 1502 (which may alternatively be called software instances, virtual appliances, network functions, virtual nodes, virtual network functions, etc.) are run in the virtualization environment Q400 to implement some of the features, functions, and/or benefits of some of the embodiments disclosed herein.
  • Hardware 1504 includes processing circuitry, memory that stores software and/or instructions executable by hardware processing circuitry, and/or other hardware devices as described herein, such as a network interface, input/output interface, and so forth.
  • Software may be executed by the processing circuitry to instantiate one or more virtualization layers 1506 (also referred to as hypervisors or virtual machine monitors (VMMs)), provide VMs 1508a and 1508b (one or more of which may be generally referred to as VMs 1508), and/or perform any of the functions, features and/or benefits described in relation with some embodiments described herein.
  • the virtualization layer 1506 may present a virtual operating platform that appears like networking hardware to the VMs 1508.
  • the VMs 1508 comprise virtual processing, virtual memory, virtual networking or interface and virtual storage, and may be run by a corresponding virtualization layer 1506.
  • a virtualization layer 1506 Different embodiments of the instance of a virtual appliance 1502 may be implemented on one or more of VMs 1508, and the implementations may be made in different ways.
  • Virtualization of the hardware is in some contexts referred to as network function virtualization (NFV). NFV may be used to consolidate many network equipment types onto industry standard high volume server hardware, physical switches, and physical storage, which can be located in data centers, and customer premise equipment.
  • NFV network function virtualization
  • a VM 1508 may be a software implementation of a physical machine that runs programs as if they were executing on a physical, non-virtualized machine.
  • Each of the VMs 1508, and that part of hardware 1504 that executes that VM be it hardware dedicated to that VM and/or hardware shared by that VM with others of the VMs, forms separate virtual network elements.
  • a virtual network function is responsible for handling specific network functions that run in one or more VMs 1508 on top of the hardware 1504 and corresponds to the application 1502.
  • Hardware 1504 may be implemented in a standalone network node with generic or specific components. Hardware 1504 may implement some functions via virtualization. Alternatively, hardware 1504 may be part of a larger cluster of hardware (e.g., such as in a data center or CPE) where many hardware nodes work together and are managed via management and orchestration 1510, which, among others, oversees lifecycle management of applications 1502. In some embodiments, hardware 1504 is coupled to one or more radio units that each include one or more transmitters and one or more receivers that may be coupled to one or more antennas.
  • hardware 1504 is coupled to one or more radio units that each include one or more transmitters and one or more receivers that may be coupled to one or more antennas.
  • Radio units may communicate directly with other hardware nodes via one or more appropriate network interfaces and may be used in combination with the virtual components to provide a virtual node with radio capabilities, such as a radio access node or a base station.
  • some signaling can be provided with the use of a control system 1512 which may alternatively be used for communication between hardware nodes and radio units.
  • computing devices described herein may include the illustrated combination of hardware components
  • computing devices may comprise multiple different physical components that make up a single illustrated component, and functionality may be partitioned between separate components.
  • a communication interface may be configured to include any of the components described herein, and/or the functionality of the components may be partitioned between the processing circuitry and the communication interface.
  • non-computationally intensive functions of any of such components may be implemented in software or firmware and computationally intensive functions may be implemented in hardware.

Landscapes

  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Computer Networks & Wireless Communication (AREA)
  • Signal Processing (AREA)
  • Mobile Radio Communication Systems (AREA)

Abstract

Un dispositif de communication peut être configuré pour fournir un rapport de mobilité déclenchée par couche 1/couche (LTM) à déclenchement d'événement pour une commutation de cellule LTM d'équilibrage de charge inter-fréquence. Le dispositif de communication peut déterminer (840) la satisfaction d'une condition de déclenchement sur la base d'une mesure associée à une cellule candidate LTM. En réponse à la détermination de la satisfaction de la condition de déclenchement, le dispositif de communication peut transmettre (850) un rapport de mesure de couche inférieure LTM.
PCT/SE2025/050291 2024-04-03 2025-04-02 Rapport de mobilité déclenché par couche 1/couche de déclenchement d'événement pour commutation de cellule de mobilité déclenchée par couche 1/couche 2 d'équilibrage de charge inter-fréquence Pending WO2025212015A1 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US202463574231P 2024-04-03 2024-04-03
US63/574,231 2024-04-03

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
WO2025212015A1 true WO2025212015A1 (fr) 2025-10-09

Family

ID=95399296

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
PCT/SE2025/050291 Pending WO2025212015A1 (fr) 2024-04-03 2025-04-02 Rapport de mobilité déclenché par couche 1/couche de déclenchement d'événement pour commutation de cellule de mobilité déclenchée par couche 1/couche 2 d'équilibrage de charge inter-fréquence

Country Status (1)

Country Link
WO (1) WO2025212015A1 (fr)

Citations (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US20230180077A1 (en) * 2021-01-13 2023-06-08 Apple Inc. Systems and methods for event trigger reporting for l1 measurement and l1/l2 mobility
WO2023137687A1 (fr) * 2022-01-21 2023-07-27 Zte Corporation Mobilité intercellulaire déclenchée par le réseau
WO2024035315A1 (fr) * 2022-08-09 2024-02-15 Telefonaktiebolaget Lm Ericsson (Publ) Rapport d'informations d'état de canal (csi) pour mobilité intercellulaire de couche 1 et de couche 2

Patent Citations (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US20230180077A1 (en) * 2021-01-13 2023-06-08 Apple Inc. Systems and methods for event trigger reporting for l1 measurement and l1/l2 mobility
WO2023137687A1 (fr) * 2022-01-21 2023-07-27 Zte Corporation Mobilité intercellulaire déclenchée par le réseau
WO2024035315A1 (fr) * 2022-08-09 2024-02-15 Telefonaktiebolaget Lm Ericsson (Publ) Rapport d'informations d'état de canal (csi) pour mobilité intercellulaire de couche 1 et de couche 2

Non-Patent Citations (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Title
HARSHITH DHANANJAYA ET AL: "Views on fast cell recovery during LTM failures", vol. RAN WG2, no. Athens, GR; 20240226 - 20240301, 19 February 2024 (2024-02-19), XP052561275, Retrieved from the Internet <URL:https://www.3gpp.org/ftp/TSG_RAN/WG2_RL2/TSGR2_125/Docs/R2-2400795.zip R2-2400795 - LTM_fast_recovery.docx> [retrieved on 20240219] *
PRAVJYOT SINGH DEOGUN ET AL: "Discussion on L1 enhancements for inter-cell beam management", vol. RAN WG1, no. Online; 20230417 - 20230426, 6 April 2023 (2023-04-06), XP052293328, Retrieved from the Internet <URL:https://www.3gpp.org/ftp/TSG_RAN/WG1_RL1/TSGR1_112b-e/Docs/R1-2302752.zip R1-2302752 L1 enhancements for inter-cell beam management.docx> [retrieved on 20230406] *

Similar Documents

Publication Publication Date Title
WO2024033808A1 (fr) Mesures de csi pour mobilité intercellulaire
US20250365594A1 (en) Configuring layer 1 and layer 2 mobility based on measurement reports while in a connected state
US20250301533A1 (en) Communication device and method of operating such a communication device
WO2025212015A1 (fr) Rapport de mobilité déclenché par couche 1/couche de déclenchement d&#39;événement pour commutation de cellule de mobilité déclenchée par couche 1/couche 2 d&#39;équilibrage de charge inter-fréquence
WO2025212013A1 (fr) Rapport de mobilité déclenché par couche 1/couche à déclenchement d&#39;événement pour commutation de cellule déclenchée par couche 1/couche 2 inter-fréquence
WO2025212016A1 (fr) Événement pour mise à jour de liste de cellules candidates ou mise à jour d&#39;activation d&#39;état d&#39;indicateur de configuration de transmission
US20250301508A1 (en) Beam selection during random access based on pre-synchronization
US20250048416A1 (en) Methods and apparatuses for rlm for inter-cell mtrp operation
WO2025212018A1 (fr) Définition d&#39;événement pour exécution de mobilité déclenchée par couche 1 / couche 2 conditionnelle sur la base d&#39;un état d&#39;indicateur de configuration de transmission
WO2025177048A1 (fr) Rapport de mobilité déclenchée par couche 1/couche 2 de déclenchement d&#39;événement pour commutation de cellule de mobilité déclenchée par couche 1/couche 2
WO2025177145A1 (fr) Rapport déclenché par un événement sur la base d&#39;un état d&#39;indicateur de configuration de transmission pré-activé d&#39;une cellule candidate
WO2025210542A1 (fr) Activation et désactivation de configurations déclenchées par un événement l1 au niveau de l&#39;ue
WO2024208963A1 (fr) Pré-synchronisation de liaison descendante pour établissement d&#39;alignement temporel sur des cellules candidates ltm
WO2024208965A1 (fr) Pré-synchronisation de liaison descendante dans une procédure de commutation de cellule ltm
WO2025212006A1 (fr) Procédés et appareils pour permettre la réalisation d&#39;une synchronisation de liaison montante précoce
WO2025041043A1 (fr) Systèmes et procédés pour indiquer un faisceau d&#39;accès à un équipement utilisateur pendant un transfert sans rach pour accès et raccordement mobiles intégrés
WO2024170689A1 (fr) Transfert intercellulaire conditionnel associé à des nes
EP4666680A1 (fr) Transfert intercellulaire conditionnel associé à des nes
WO2025034155A1 (fr) Sélection de cellule lors d&#39;une reprise sur défaillance rapide pour un ue configuré avec une mobilité déclenchée par l1/l2
CN121195570A (zh) 用于ltm候选小区上的时间对准建立的下行链路预同步
WO2024072306A1 (fr) Surveillance de détection de défaillance de faisceau
WO2023067570A1 (fr) Procédés et nœuds pour faciliter des mesures simultanées de puissance reçue de signal de référence (rsrp) de couche 1 (l1) sur de multiples trp dans une bm inter-cellule
WO2025027483A1 (fr) Structure de rapport de faisceau initié par un équipement utilisateur et transmission pour indicateurs de configuration de transmission de liaison descendante et de liaison montante séparés
WO2025212021A1 (fr) Fourniture de multiples préambules de prach pour une synchronisation ul précoce dans une mobilité déclenchée par l1/l2
WO2025210247A1 (fr) Optimisation de procédés de réseau pour gérer des défaillances de commutation de cellule par ltm

Legal Events

Date Code Title Description
121 Ep: the epo has been informed by wipo that ep was designated in this application

Ref document number: 25719146

Country of ref document: EP

Kind code of ref document: A1