WO2025211465A1 - Method and apparatus for transmitting and receiving signal in wireless communication system - Google Patents

Abstract

According to various embodiments of the present disclosure, a method performed by a first node supporting a first radio access technology (RAT) in a wireless communication system may comprise the steps of: generating a data signal including at least one replica signal replicated on the basis of a second RAT; and transmitting the data signal to a second node supporting the second RAT, wherein the second node performs back-off for the second RAT on the basis of the data signal, a first replica signal is included in a first symbol of the data signal, and a second replica signal is included in a last symbol of the data signal.

Description

Method and device for transmitting and receiving signals in a wireless communication system

The present disclosure relates to a method and device for transmitting and receiving signals between heterogeneous communication devices in a wireless communication system. Specifically, the present disclosure relates to a method and device for transmitting and receiving signals between heterogeneous communication devices using a simulated signal.

Wireless access systems are widely deployed to provide various types of communication services, such as voice and data. Typically, wireless access systems are multiple access systems that support communications with multiple users by sharing available system resources (e.g., bandwidth, transmission power). Examples of multiple access systems include code division multiple access (CDMA), frequency division multiple access (FDMA), time division multiple access (TDMA), orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA), and single-carrier frequency division multiple access (SC-FDMA).

When utilizing unlicensed bands to provide mobile communication services, interference signals from different wireless protocols can degrade communication quality. In particular, since the 6 GHz band is currently used by WiFi 6E, interference from WiFi 6E signals can degrade NR (New Radio) communication quality. The technology to address these issues between heterogeneous communication networks can be defined as spectrum sharing. Because spectrum sharing between NR and WiFi has not been actively discussed in the past, further discussion is needed.

To solve the above-described problems, the present disclosure provides a device and method for performing signal transmission and reception in a wireless communication system.

Additionally, the present disclosure provides a device and method for performing signal transmission and reception between heterogeneous communication systems.

In addition, the present disclosure provides a device and method for performing signal transmission and reception between heterogeneous communication systems using a simulated signal.

Additionally, the present disclosure provides a device and method for performing signal transmission and reception between NR and WiFi communication systems.

According to various embodiments of the present disclosure, a method performed by a first node supporting a first radio access technology (RAT) in a wireless communication system comprises the steps of generating a data signal including at least one simulated signal based on a second RAT and transmitting the data signal to a second node supporting the second RAT, wherein the second node performs a back-off for the second RAT based on the data signal, and a first simulated signal may be included in a first symbol of the data signal and a second simulated signal may be included in a last symbol of the data signal.

According to various embodiments of the present disclosure, the first and second mock signals may include a preamble for the second RAT.

According to various embodiments of the present disclosure, at least one of the first simulated signal and the second simulated signal may include the preamble in duplicate two or more times.

According to various embodiments of the present disclosure, the first imitation signal may include signal length information for transmitting the data signal.

According to various embodiments of the present disclosure, the length information may be a value obtained by subtracting one symbol length from an integer multiple of a Transmission Time Interval (TTI) of the first RAT.

According to various embodiments of the present disclosure, the second simulated signal may include length information about a backoff time that may be additionally performed after the backoff is terminated.

According to various embodiments of the present disclosure, the method further includes a step of transmitting configuration information related to the backoff to the terminal, wherein the configuration information related to the backoff may be transmitted via at least one of an RRC reconfiguration message and Downlink Control Information (DCI).

According to various embodiments of the present disclosure, a method performed by a second node supporting a second radio access technology (RAT) in a wireless communication system includes the steps of receiving a data signal including at least one simulated signal based on the second RAT from a first node supporting the first RAT, and performing a back-off for the second RAT based on the data signal, wherein the first simulated signal may be included in a first symbol of the data signal, and the second simulated signal may be included in a last symbol of the data signal.

According to various embodiments of the present disclosure, the first and second mock signals may include a preamble for the second RAT.

According to various embodiments of the present disclosure, at least one of the first simulated signal and the second simulated signal may include the preamble in duplicate two or more times.

According to various embodiments of the present disclosure, the first imitation signal may include signal length information for transmitting the data signal.

According to various embodiments of the present disclosure, the length information may be a value obtained by subtracting one symbol length from an integer multiple of a Transmission Time Interval (TTI) of the first RAT.

According to various embodiments of the present disclosure, the second simulated signal may include length information about a backoff time that may be additionally performed after the backoff is terminated.

According to various embodiments of the present disclosure, the first node transmits configuration information related to the backoff to the terminal, and the configuration information related to the backoff may be transmitted through at least one of an RRC reconfiguration message and DCI (Downlink Control Information).

According to various embodiments of the present disclosure, a first node supporting a first radio access technology (RAT) operating in a communication system includes a transceiver, at least one processor, and at least one memory operably connectable to the at least one processor and storing instructions that, when executed by the at least one processor, perform operations, wherein the operations may include all steps of a method of operating the first node according to various embodiments of the present disclosure.

According to various embodiments of the present disclosure, a second node supporting a second radio access technology (RAT) operating in a communication system includes a transceiver, at least one processor, and at least one memory operably connectable to the at least one processor and storing instructions that, when executed by the at least one processor, perform operations, wherein the operations may include all steps of a method of operating a base station according to various embodiments of the present disclosure.

According to various embodiments of the present disclosure, a control device for controlling a first node supporting a first radio access technology (RAT) in a communication system includes at least one processor and at least one memory operably connected to the at least one processor, wherein the at least one memory stores instructions for performing operations based on being executed by the at least one processor, and the operations may include all steps of an operating method of the first node according to various embodiments of the present disclosure.

According to various embodiments of the present disclosure, a control device for controlling a second node supporting a second radio access technology (RAT) in a communication system includes at least one processor and at least one memory operably connected to the at least one processor, wherein the at least one memory stores instructions for performing operations based on being executed by the at least one processor, and the operations may include all steps of an operating method of the second node according to various embodiments of the present disclosure.

According to various embodiments of the present disclosure, one or more non-transitory computer-readable media storing one or more instructions, wherein the one or more instructions, when executed by one or more processors, perform operations, the operations including all steps of a method of operating a first node according to various embodiments of the present disclosure.

According to various embodiments of the present disclosure, one or more non-transitory computer-readable media storing one or more instructions, wherein the one or more instructions, when executed by one or more processors, perform operations, the operations including all steps of a method of operating a second node according to various embodiments of the present disclosure.

According to the present disclosure, a device and method for performing signal transmission and reception in a wireless communication system can be provided.

In addition, according to the present disclosure, a device and method for performing signal transmission and reception between heterogeneous communication systems can be provided.

In addition, according to the present disclosure, a device and method for performing signal transmission and reception between heterogeneous communication systems using a simulated signal can be provided.

In addition, according to the present disclosure, a device and method for performing signal transmission and reception between NR and WiFi communication systems can be provided.

In addition, according to the present disclosure, a scheduling device and method can be provided that can improve NR downlink communication quality by utilizing a WiFi signal simulated through NR.

The accompanying drawings are intended to aid understanding of the present disclosure and, together with detailed descriptions, may provide embodiments of the present disclosure. However, the technical features of the present disclosure are not limited to specific drawings, and the features disclosed in each drawing may be combined with each other to form new embodiments. Reference numerals in each drawing may indicate structural elements.

Figure 1 is a diagram illustrating an example of physical channels and general signal transmission used in a 3GPP system.

Figure 2 is a diagram illustrating the system structure of a New Generation Radio Access Network (NG-RAN).

Figure 3 is a diagram illustrating the functional division between NG-RAN and 5GC.

Figure 4 is a diagram illustrating an example of a 5G usage scenario.

Figure 5 is a diagram illustrating an example of a communication structure that can be provided in a 6G system.

Figure 6 is a schematic diagram illustrating an example of a perceptron structure.

Figure 7 is a schematic diagram illustrating an example of a multilayer perceptron structure.

Figure 8 is a schematic diagram illustrating an example of a deep neural network.

Figure 9 is a schematic diagram illustrating an example of a convolutional neural network.

Figure 10 is a schematic diagram illustrating an example of a filter operation in a convolutional neural network.

Figure 11 is a schematic diagram illustrating an example of a neural network structure in which a recurrent loop exists.

Figure 12 is a diagram schematically illustrating an example of the operating structure of a recurrent neural network.

Figure 13 is a diagram illustrating an example of the electromagnetic spectrum.

Figure 14 is a diagram illustrating an example of a THz communication application.

Fig. 15 is a diagram illustrating an example of an electronic component-based THz wireless communication transmitter and receiver.

FIG. 16 is a diagram illustrating an example of a method for generating a THz signal based on an optical element.

Fig. 17 is a diagram illustrating an example of an optical element-based THz wireless communication transceiver.

Fig. 18 is a diagram illustrating the structure of a photon source-based transmitter.

Figure 19 is a drawing showing the structure of an optical modulator.

Figure 20 is a diagram for explaining cross-technology communication.

Figure 21 is a diagram for explaining heterogeneous communication technologies between NR and WiFi.

FIG. 22 is a drawing for explaining an example of symbol arrangement applicable to the present disclosure.

FIG. 23 is a drawing for explaining an SSB (Synchronization Signal Block) applicable to the present disclosure.

FIG. 24 is a diagram for explaining resource allocation of reference signals applicable to the present disclosure.

FIG. 25 is another diagram for explaining resource allocation of reference signals applicable to the present disclosure.

Figure 26 is a drawing for explaining a simulated signal applicable to the present disclosure.

Figure 27 is a diagram illustrating a back off scenario applicable to the present disclosure.

Figure 28 is a diagram for explaining the control plane protocol.

Figure 29 is another diagram illustrating a back off scenario applicable to the present disclosure.

FIG. 30 is a diagram illustrating an example of a method for a first node to transmit and receive a signal in a system applicable to the present disclosure.

FIG. 31 is a diagram illustrating an example of a method for a second node to transmit and receive signals in a system applicable to the present disclosure.

FIG. 32 illustrates a communication system (1) applicable to various embodiments of the present disclosure.

FIG. 33 illustrates a wireless device that can be applied to various embodiments of the present disclosure.

FIG. 34 illustrates another example of a wireless device that can be applied to various embodiments of the present disclosure.

Figure 35 illustrates a signal processing circuit for a transmission signal.

FIG. 36 illustrates another example of a wireless device applicable to various embodiments of the present disclosure.

FIG. 37 illustrates a portable device applicable to various embodiments of the present disclosure.

FIG. 38 illustrates a vehicle or autonomous vehicle applicable to various embodiments of the present disclosure.

FIG. 39 illustrates a vehicle applicable to various embodiments of the present disclosure.

FIG. 40 illustrates an XR device applicable to various embodiments of the present disclosure.

FIG. 41 illustrates a robot applicable to various embodiments of the present disclosure.

FIG. 42 illustrates an AI device applicable to various embodiments of the present disclosure.

In various embodiments of the present disclosure, “A or B” may mean “only A,” “only B,” or “both A and B.” In other words, in various embodiments of the present disclosure, “A or B” may be interpreted as “A and/or B.” For example, in various embodiments of the present disclosure, “A, B or C” may mean “only A,” “only B,” “only C,” or “any combination of A, B and C.”

In various embodiments of the present disclosure, a slash (/) or a comma may mean "and/or." For example, "A/B" may mean "A and/or B." Accordingly, "A/B" may mean "only A," "only B," or "both A and B." For example, "A, B, C" may mean "A, B, or C."

In various embodiments of the present disclosure, “at least one of A and B” may mean “only A,” “only B,” or “both A and B.” Furthermore, in various embodiments of the present disclosure, the expressions “at least one of A or B” or “at least one of A and/or B” may be interpreted as equivalent to “at least one of A and B.”

Additionally, in various embodiments of the present disclosure, “at least one of A, B and C” can mean “only A,” “only B,” “only C,” or “any combination of A, B and C.” Additionally, “at least one of A, B or C” or “at least one of A, B and/or C” can mean “at least one of A, B and C.”

Additionally, parentheses used in various embodiments of the present disclosure may mean "for example." Specifically, when indicated as "control information (PDCCH)", "PDCCH" may be proposed as an example of "control information." In other words, "control information" in various embodiments of the present disclosure is not limited to "PDCCH", and "PDDCH" may be proposed as an example of "control information." Furthermore, even when indicated as "control information (i.e., PDCCH)", "PDCCH" may be proposed as an example of "control information."

Technical features individually described in a single drawing in various embodiments of the present disclosure may be implemented individually or simultaneously.

The following technologies can be used in various wireless access systems, such as CDMA, FDMA, TDMA, OFDMA, and SC-FDMA. CDMA can be implemented using wireless technologies such as UTRA (Universal Terrestrial Radio Access) or CDMA2000. TDMA can be implemented using wireless technologies such as GSM (Global System for Mobile communications)/GPRS (General Packet Radio Service)/EDGE (Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution). OFDMA can be implemented using wireless technologies such as IEEE 802.11 (Wi-Fi), IEEE 802.16 (WiMAX), IEEE 802-20, and E-UTRA (Evolved UTRA). UTRA is a part of UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunications System). 3GPP (3rd Generation Partnership Project) LTE (Long Term Evolution) is a part of E-UMTS (Evolved UMTS) that uses E-UTRA, and LTE-A (Advanced)/LTE-A pro is an evolved version of 3GPP LTE. 3GPP NR (New Radio or New Radio Access Technology) is an evolved version of 3GPP LTE/LTE-A/LTE-A pro. 3GPP 6G may be an evolved version of 3GPP NR.

For clarity, the description is based on 3GPP communication systems (e.g., LTE, NR, etc.), but the technical spirit of the present disclosure is not limited thereto. LTE refers to technology after 3GPP TS 36.xxx Release 8. Specifically, LTE technology after 3GPP TS 36.xxx Release 10 is referred to as LTE-A, and LTE technology after 3GPP TS 36.xxx Release 13 is referred to as LTE-A pro. 3GPP NR refers to technology after TS 38.xxx Release 15. 3GPP 6G may refer to technology after TS Release 17 and/or Release 18. “xxx” refers to a standard document detail number. LTE/NR/6G may be collectively referred to as a 3GPP system. For background technology, terms, abbreviations, etc. used in the description of the present disclosure, reference may be made to matters described in standard documents published prior to the present disclosure. For example, reference may be made to the following documents.

3GPP LTE

- 36.211: Physical channels and modulation

- 36.212: Multiplexing and channel coding

- 36.213: Physical layer procedures

- 36.300: Overall description

- 36.331: Radio Resource Control (RRC)

3GPP NR

- 38.211: Physical channels and modulation

- 38.212: Multiplexing and channel coding

- 38.213: Physical layer procedures for control

- 38.214: Physical layer procedures for data

- 38.300: NR and NG-RAN Overall Description

- 38.331: Radio Resource Control (RRC) protocol specification

Physical Channel and Frame Structure

Physical channels and general signal transmission

Figure 1 is a diagram illustrating an example of physical channels and general signal transmission used in a 3GPP system.

In a wireless communication system, a terminal receives information from a base station via the downlink (DL) and transmits it to the base station via the uplink (UL). The information transmitted and received between the base station and the terminal includes data and various control information, and various physical channels exist depending on the type and purpose of the information being transmitted and received.

When a terminal is powered on or enters a new cell, it performs an initial cell search operation, such as synchronizing with the base station (S11). To this end, the terminal receives a Primary Synchronization Signal (PSS) and a Secondary Synchronization Signal (SSS) from the base station to synchronize with the base station and obtain information such as a cell ID. Afterwards, the terminal can receive a Physical Broadcast Channel (PBCH) from the base station to obtain broadcast information within the cell. Meanwhile, the terminal can receive a Downlink Reference Signal (DL RS) during the initial cell search phase to check the downlink channel status.

A terminal that has completed initial cell search can obtain more specific system information by receiving a physical downlink control channel (PDCCH) and a physical downlink shared channel (PDSCH) based on information contained in the PDCCH (S12).

Meanwhile, when accessing a base station for the first time or when there are no radio resources for signal transmission, the terminal may perform a random access procedure (RACH) for the base station (S13 to S16). To this end, the terminal may transmit a specific sequence as a preamble via a physical random access channel (PRACH) (S13 and S15) and receive a response message (RAR (Random Access Response) message) to the preamble via a PDCCH and a corresponding PDSCH. In the case of a contention-based RACH, a contention resolution procedure may additionally be performed (S16).

The terminal that has performed the procedure described above can then perform PDCCH/PDSCH reception (S17) and physical uplink shared channel (PUSCH)/physical uplink control channel (PUCCH) transmission (S18) as general uplink/downlink signal transmission procedures. In particular, the terminal can receive downlink control information (DCI) through the PDCCH. Here, the DCI includes control information such as resource allocation information for the terminal, and different formats can be applied depending on the purpose of use.

Meanwhile, the control information that the terminal transmits to the base station via the uplink or that the terminal receives from the base station may include downlink/uplink ACK/NACK signals, CQI (Channel Quality Indicator), PMI (Precoding Matrix Index), RI (Rank Indicator), etc. The terminal may transmit the above-described control information such as CQI/PMI/RI via PUSCH and/or PUCCH.

Structure of uplink and downlink channels

Downlink channel structure

The base station transmits a related signal to the terminal through a downlink channel described below, and the terminal receives the related signal from the base station through a downlink channel described below.

(1) Physical Downlink Shared Channel (PDSCH)

PDSCH carries downlink data (e.g., DL-shared channel transport block, DL-SCH TB) and applies modulation methods such as Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK), 16 Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM), 64 QAM, and 256 QAM. Codewords are generated by encoding the TBs. PDSCH can carry multiple codewords. Scrambling and modulation mapping are performed for each codeword, and modulation symbols generated from each codeword are mapped to one or more layers (Layer mapping). Each layer is mapped to resources along with a Demodulation Reference Signal (DMRS), generated as an OFDM symbol signal, and transmitted through the corresponding antenna port.

(2) Physical downlink control channel (PDCCH)

The PDCCH carries downlink control information (DCI) and employs modulation methods such as QPSK. A PDCCH consists of 1, 2, 4, 8, or 16 Control Channel Elements (CCEs), depending on the Aggregation Level (AL). Each CCE is comprised of six Resource Element Groups (REGs). Each REG is defined by one OFDM symbol and one (P)RB.

The UE obtains DCI transmitted via the PDCCH by performing decoding (also known as blind decoding) on a set of PDCCH candidates. The set of PDCCH candidates decoded by the UE is defined as a PDCCH search space set. The search space set may be a common search space or a UE-specific search space. The UE can obtain DCI by monitoring PDCCH candidates within one or more search space sets established by the MIB or higher layer signaling.

Uplink channel structure

The terminal transmits a related signal to the base station through the uplink channel described below, and the base station receives the related signal from the terminal through the uplink channel described below.

(1) Physical Uplink Shared Channel (PUSCH)

PUSCH carries uplink data (e.g., UL-shared channel transport block, UL-SCH TB) and/or uplink control information (UCI), and is transmitted based on a CP-OFDM (Cyclic Prefix - Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing) waveform, a DFT-s-OFDM (Discrete Fourier Transform - spread - Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing) waveform, etc. When the PUSCH is transmitted based on a DFT-s-OFDM waveform, the UE transmits the PUSCH by applying transform precoding. For example, when transform precoding is disabled (e.g., transform precoding is disabled), the UE transmits the PUSCH based on the CP-OFDM waveform, and when transform precoding is enabled (e.g., transform precoding is enabled), the UE can transmit the PUSCH based on the CP-OFDM waveform or the DFT-s-OFDM waveform. PUSCH transmissions can be dynamically scheduled by UL grants in DCI, or semi-statically scheduled (configured grant) based on higher layer (e.g., RRC) signaling (and/or Layer 1 (L1) signaling (e.g., PDCCH)). PUSCH transmissions can be performed in a codebook-based or non-codebook-based manner.

(2) Physical Uplink Control Channel (PUCCH)

PUCCH carries uplink control information, HARQ-ACK and/or scheduling request (SR), and can be divided into multiple PUCCHs depending on the PUCCH transmission length.

Below, we describe new radio access technology (new RAT, NR).

As more and more communication devices demand greater communication capacity, the need for improved mobile broadband communication compared to existing radio access technology (RAT) is emerging. Furthermore, massive Machine Type Communications (MTC), which connects numerous devices and objects to provide various services anytime, anywhere, is also a key issue to be considered in next-generation communication. Furthermore, communication system design that considers reliability and latency-sensitive services/terminals is being discussed. The introduction of next-generation radio access technologies that take into account enhanced mobile broadband communication, massive MTC, and URLLC (Ultra-Reliable and Low Latency Communication) is being discussed, and in various embodiments of the present disclosure, such technologies are conveniently referred to as new RAT or NR.

Figure 2 is a diagram illustrating the system structure of a New Generation Radio Access Network (NG-RAN).

Referring to FIG. 2, the NG-RAN may include a gNB and/or an eNB that provides user plane and control plane protocol termination to the UE. FIG. 1 illustrates a case where only a gNB is included. The gNB and eNB are connected to each other via an Xn interface. The gNB and eNB are connected to the 5th generation core network (5G Core Network: 5GC) via the NG interface. More specifically, the gNB is connected to the access and mobility management function (AMF) via the NG-C interface, and the gNB is connected to the user plane function (UPF) via the NG-U interface.

Figure 3 is a diagram illustrating the functional division between NG-RAN and 5GC.

Referring to FIG. 3, the gNB can provide functions such as inter-cell radio resource management (Inter Cell RRM), radio bearer management (RB control), connection mobility control (Connection Mobility Control), radio admission control (Radio Admission Control), measurement configuration and provision, and dynamic resource allocation. The AMF can provide functions such as NAS security and idle state mobility processing. The UPF can provide functions such as mobility anchoring and PDU processing. The SMF (Session Management Function) can provide functions such as terminal IP address allocation and PDU session control.

Figure 4 is a diagram illustrating an example of a 5G usage scenario.

The 5G usage scenario illustrated in FIG. 4 is merely exemplary, and the technical features of various embodiments of the present disclosure can also be applied to other 5G usage scenarios not illustrated in FIG. 4.

Referring to Figure 4, the three key requirement areas for 5G include (1) enhanced mobile broadband (eMBB), (2) massive machine type communication (mMTC), and (3) ultra-reliable and low latency communications (URLLC). Some use cases may require optimization across multiple areas, while others may focus on just one key performance indicator (KPI). 5G supports these diverse use cases in a flexible and reliable manner.

eMBB focuses on improving data speeds, latency, user density, and overall capacity and coverage of mobile broadband connections. It targets throughputs of around 10 Gbps. eMBB significantly exceeds basic mobile internet access, enabling rich interactive experiences, media and entertainment applications in the cloud, and augmented reality. Data is a key driver of 5G, and for the first time, dedicated voice services may not be available in the 5G era. In 5G, voice is expected to be handled as an application, simply using the data connection provided by the communication system. The increased traffic volume is primarily due to the increasing content size and the growing number of applications that require high data rates. Streaming services (audio and video), interactive video, and mobile internet connectivity will become more prevalent as more devices connect to the internet. Many of these applications require always-on connectivity to push real-time information and notifications to users. Cloud storage and applications are rapidly growing on mobile communication platforms, and this can be applied to both work and entertainment. Cloud storage is a particular use case driving the growth of uplink data rates. 5G is also used for remote work in the cloud, requiring significantly lower end-to-end latency to maintain a superior user experience when tactile interfaces are used. In entertainment, for example, cloud gaming and video streaming are other key factors driving the demand for mobile broadband. Entertainment is essential on smartphones and tablets, regardless of location, including in highly mobile environments like trains, cars, and airplanes. Another use case is augmented reality and information retrieval for entertainment, where augmented reality requires extremely low latency and instantaneous data volumes.

mMTC is designed to enable communication between a large number of low-cost, battery-powered devices, supporting applications such as smart metering, logistics, field, and body sensors. mMTC targets a battery life of approximately 10 years and/or a population of approximately 1 million devices per square kilometer. mMTC enables seamless connectivity of embedded sensors across all sectors and is one of the most anticipated 5G use cases. The number of IoT devices is projected to reach 20.4 billion by 2020. Industrial IoT is one area where 5G will play a key role, enabling smart cities, asset tracking, smart utilities, agriculture, and security infrastructure.

URLLC is ideal for vehicle communications, industrial control, factory automation, remote surgery, smart grids, and public safety applications by enabling devices and machines to communicate with high reliability, very low latency, and high availability. URLLC targets latency on the order of 1 ms. URLLC encompasses new services that will transform industries through ultra-reliable, low-latency links, such as remote control of critical infrastructure and autonomous vehicles. This level of reliability and latency is essential for smart grid control, industrial automation, robotics, and drone control and coordination.

Next, we will look more specifically at a number of usage examples included within the triangle in Fig. 4.

5G can complement fiber-to-the-home (FTTH) and cable-based broadband (or DOCSIS) by delivering streams rated at hundreds of megabits per second to gigabits per second. These high speeds may be required to deliver TV at resolutions beyond 4K (6K, 8K, and beyond), as well as virtual reality (VR) and augmented reality (AR). VR and AR applications include near-immersive sports events. Certain applications may require specialized network configurations. For example, for VR gaming, a gaming company may need to integrate its core servers with the network operator's edge network servers to minimize latency.

Automotive is expected to be a significant new driver for 5G, with numerous use cases for in-vehicle mobile communications. For example, passenger entertainment demands both high capacity and high mobile broadband, as future users will consistently expect high-quality connectivity regardless of their location and speed. Another automotive application is augmented reality dashboards. An AR dashboard allows drivers to identify objects in the dark on top of what they see through the windshield. The AR dashboard overlays information to inform the driver about the distance and movement of objects. In the future, wireless modules will enable vehicle-to-vehicle communication, information exchange between vehicles and supporting infrastructure, and information exchange between vehicles and other connected devices (e.g., devices accompanying pedestrians). Safety systems can guide drivers to safer driving behaviors, reducing the risk of accidents. The next step will be remotely controlled or autonomous vehicles, which require highly reliable and fast communication between different autonomous vehicles and/or between vehicles and infrastructure. In the future, autonomous vehicles will perform all driving tasks, leaving drivers to focus solely on traffic anomalies that the vehicle itself cannot detect. The technological requirements for autonomous vehicles will require ultra-low latency and ultra-high-speed reliability, increasing traffic safety to levels unattainable by humans.

Smart cities and smart homes, often referred to as smart societies, will be embedded with dense wireless sensor networks. A distributed network of intelligent sensors will identify conditions for cost- and energy-efficient maintenance of cities or homes. Similar setups can be implemented for individual homes. Temperature sensors, window and heating controllers, burglar alarms, and appliances will all be wirelessly connected. Many of these sensors typically require low data rates, low power, and low cost. However, for example, real-time HD video may be required from certain types of devices for surveillance purposes.

The consumption and distribution of energy, including heat and gas, are becoming increasingly decentralized, requiring automated control of distributed sensor networks. Smart grids interconnect these sensors using digital information and communication technologies to collect and act on information. This information can include the behavior of suppliers and consumers, enabling smart grids to improve efficiency, reliability, economic efficiency, sustainable production, and the automated distribution of fuels like electricity. Smart grids can also be viewed as another low-latency sensor network.

The health sector has numerous applications that can benefit from mobile communications. Telecommunications systems can support telemedicine, which provides clinical care in remote locations. This can help reduce distance barriers and improve access to health services that are otherwise unavailable in remote rural areas. It can also be used to save lives in critical care and emergency situations. Mobile-based wireless sensor networks can provide remote monitoring and sensors for parameters such as heart rate and blood pressure.

Wireless and mobile communications are becoming increasingly important in industrial applications. Wiring is expensive to install and maintain. Therefore, the potential to replace cables with reconfigurable wireless links presents an attractive opportunity for many industries. However, achieving this requires wireless connections to operate with similar latency, reliability, and capacity to cables, while simplifying their management. Low latency and extremely low error rates are new requirements for 5G connectivity.

Logistics and freight tracking are important use cases for mobile communications, enabling the tracking of inventory and packages anywhere using location-based information systems. Logistics and freight tracking typically require low data rates but may require wide-range and reliable location information.

Below, examples of next-generation communications (e.g., 6G) that can be applied to various embodiments of the present disclosure will be described.

6G system in general

The 6G (wireless communication) system aims to achieve (i) very high data rates per device, (ii) a very large number of connected devices, (iii) global connectivity, (iv) very low latency, (v) low energy consumption for battery-free IoT devices, (vi) ultra-reliable connectivity, and (vii) connected intelligence with machine learning capabilities. The vision of the 6G system can be divided into four aspects: intelligent connectivity, deep connectivity, holographic connectivity, and ubiquitous connectivity, and the 6G system can satisfy the requirements as shown in Table 1 below. In other words, Table 1 is a table showing an example of the requirements of a 6G system.

Per device peak data rate 1Tbps E2E latency 1ms Maximum spectral efficiency 100bps/Hz Mobility support Up to 1000km/hr Satellite integration Fully AI Fully Autonomous vehicle Fully XR Fully Haptic Communication Fully

6G systems can have key factors such as enhanced mobile broadband (eMBB), ultra-reliable low latency communications (URLLC), massive machine-type communication (mMTC), AI integrated communication, tactile internet, high throughput, high network capacity, high energy efficiency, low backhaul and access network congestion, and enhanced data security.

Figure 5 is a diagram illustrating an example of a communication structure that can be provided in a 6G system.

6G systems are expected to have 50 times the simultaneous wireless connectivity of 5G systems. URLLC, a key feature of 5G, will become even more crucial in 6G communications by providing end-to-end latency of less than 1 ms. 6G systems will have significantly higher volumetric spectral efficiency, compared to the commonly used area spectral efficiency. 6G systems can offer extremely long battery life and advanced battery technologies for energy harvesting, eliminating the need for separate charging for mobile devices in 6G systems. New network characteristics in 6G may include:

- Satellite integrated network: 6G is expected to integrate with satellites to provide a global mobile network. The integration of terrestrial, satellite, and airborne networks into a single wireless communications system is crucial for 6G.

Connected Intelligence: Unlike previous generations of wireless communication systems, 6G is revolutionary, upgrading the wireless evolution from "connected objects" to "connected intelligence." AI can be applied at every stage of the communication process (or at every signal processing step, as described below).

- Seamless integration of wireless information and energy transfer: 6G wireless networks will transfer power to charge the batteries of devices such as smartphones and sensors. Therefore, wireless information and energy transfer (WIET) will be integrated.

- Ubiquitous super 3D connectivity: Access to networks and core network functions of drones and very low Earth orbit satellites will create super 3D connectivity in 6G ubiquitous.

Some general requirements for the new network characteristics of 6G, such as the above, may be as follows:

- Small cell networks: The concept of small cell networks was introduced to improve received signal quality in cellular systems by increasing throughput, energy efficiency, and spectral efficiency. Consequently, small cell networks are essential for 5G and beyond-5G (5GB) communication systems. Accordingly, 6G communication systems also adopt the characteristics of small cell networks.

Ultra-dense heterogeneous networks: Ultra-dense heterogeneous networks will be another key feature of 6G communication systems. Multi-tier networks comprised of heterogeneous networks improve overall QoS and reduce costs.

High-capacity backhaul: Backhaul connections are characterized by high-capacity backhaul networks to support high-volume traffic. High-speed fiber optics and free-space optics (FSO) systems may be potential solutions to this problem.

- Radar technology integrated with mobile technology: High-precision localization (or location-based services) through communications is a key feature of 6G wireless communication systems. Therefore, radar systems will be integrated with 6G networks.

- Softwarization and virtualization: Softwarization and virtualization are two critical features that form the foundation of the design process for 5GB networks to ensure flexibility, reconfigurability, and programmability. Furthermore, billions of devices can be shared on a shared physical infrastructure.

Core implementation technology of 6G systems

Artificial Intelligence

The most crucial and newly introduced technology for 6G systems is AI. 4G systems did not involve AI. 5G systems will support partial or very limited AI. However, 6G systems will fully support AI for automation. Advances in machine learning will create more intelligent networks for real-time communications in 6G. Incorporating AI into communications can streamline and improve real-time data transmission. AI can use numerous analyses to determine how complex target tasks should be performed. In other words, AI can increase efficiency and reduce processing delays.

Time-consuming tasks such as handover, network selection, and resource scheduling can be performed instantly using AI. AI can also play a crucial role in machine-to-machine (M2M), machine-to-human, and human-to-machine communications. Furthermore, AI can facilitate rapid communication in brain-computer interfaces (BCIs). AI-based communication systems can be supported by metamaterials, intelligent structures, intelligent networks, intelligent devices, intelligent cognitive radios, self-sustaining wireless networks, and machine learning.

Recent attempts to integrate AI into wireless communication systems have focused on the application layer, network layer, and especially deep learning in wireless resource management and allocation. However, this research is increasingly evolving to the MAC layer and physical layer, with attempts to combine deep learning with wireless transmission, particularly at the physical layer. AI-based physical layer transmission refers to the application of AI-based signal processing and communication mechanisms, rather than traditional communication frameworks, in the fundamental signal processing and communication mechanisms. For example, this may include deep learning-based channel coding and decoding, deep learning-based signal estimation and detection, deep learning-based MIMO mechanisms, and AI-based resource scheduling and allocation.

Machine learning can be used for channel estimation and channel tracking, as well as for power allocation and interference cancellation in the physical layer of the downlink (DL). Furthermore, machine learning can be used for antenna selection, power control, and symbol detection in MIMO systems.

However, the application of DNN for transmission at the physical layer may have the following problems.

Deep learning-based AI algorithms require a large amount of training data to optimize training parameters. However, due to limitations in obtaining training data from specific channel environments, a large amount of training data is used offline. This means that static training on training data in specific channel environments can lead to conflicts with the dynamic characteristics and diversity of the wireless channel.

Furthermore, current deep learning primarily targets real-world signals. However, signals at the physical layer of wireless communications are complex signals. Further research is needed on neural networks that detect complex-domain signals to match the characteristics of wireless communication signals.

Below, we will look at machine learning in more detail.

Machine learning refers to a series of operations that train machines to perform tasks that humans can or cannot perform. Machine learning requires data and a learning model. Data learning methods in machine learning can be broadly categorized into three types: supervised learning, unsupervised learning, and reinforcement learning.

Neural network training aims to minimize output errors. It involves repeatedly inputting training data into a neural network, calculating the neural network output and target error for the training data, and backpropagating the neural network error from the output layer to the input layer to update the weights of each node in the neural network to reduce the error.

Supervised learning uses labeled training data, while unsupervised learning may not have labeled training data. For example, in the case of supervised learning for data classification, the training data may be data in which each training data category is labeled. Labeled training data is input to a neural network, and the error can be calculated by comparing the output (categories) of the neural network with the training data labels. The calculated error is backpropagated through the neural network in the backward direction (i.e., from the output layer to the input layer), and the connection weights of each node in each layer of the neural network can be updated through backpropagation. The amount of change in the connection weights of each updated node can be determined by the learning rate. The neural network's calculation of the input data and the backpropagation of the error can constitute a learning cycle (epoch). The learning rate can be applied differently depending on the number of iterations of the neural network's learning cycle. For example, in the early stages of training a neural network, a high learning rate can be used to quickly allow the network to achieve a certain level of performance, thereby increasing efficiency. In the later stages of training, a low learning rate can be used to increase accuracy.

Learning methods may vary depending on the characteristics of the data. For example, if the goal is to accurately predict data transmitted by a transmitter in a communication system, supervised learning is preferable to unsupervised learning or reinforcement learning.

The learning model corresponds to the human brain, and the most basic linear model can be thought of, but the machine learning paradigm that uses highly complex neural network structures, such as artificial neural networks, as learning models is called deep learning.

The neural network cores used in learning methods are mainly divided into deep neural networks (DNN), convolutional deep neural networks (CNN), and recurrent boltzmann machines (RNN).

An artificial neural network is an example of a network of multiple perceptrons.

Figure 6 is a schematic diagram illustrating an example of a perceptron structure.

Referring to Fig. 6, when an input vector x=(x1,x2,...,xd) is input, the entire process of multiplying each component by a weight (W1,W2,...,Wd), adding up all the results, and then applying the activation function σ(·) is called a perceptron. A large-scale artificial neural network structure can extend the simplified perceptron structure illustrated in Fig. 6 to apply the input vector to perceptrons of different dimensions. For convenience of explanation, input values or output values are called nodes.

Meanwhile, the perceptron structure illustrated in Fig. 6 can be explained as consisting of a total of three layers based on input and output values. An artificial neural network in which there are H perceptrons of (d+1) dimensions between the 1st layer and the 2nd layer, and K perceptrons of (H+1) dimensions between the 2nd layer and the 3rd layer can be expressed as in Fig. 7.

Figure 7 is a schematic diagram illustrating an example of a multilayer perceptron structure.

The layer where the input vector is located is called the input layer, the layer where the final output value is located is called the output layer, and all layers located between the input layer and the output layer are called hidden layers. The example in Fig. 7 shows three layers, but when counting the number of layers in an actual artificial neural network, the input layer is excluded, so it can be viewed as a total of two layers. An artificial neural network is composed of perceptrons, which are basic blocks, connected in two dimensions.

The aforementioned input, hidden, and output layers can be applied jointly not only to multilayer perceptrons but also to various artificial neural network structures, such as CNNs and RNNs, which will be described later. The greater the number of hidden layers, the deeper the artificial neural network. The machine learning paradigm that uses sufficiently deep artificial neural networks as learning models is called deep learning. Furthermore, the artificial neural network used for deep learning is called a deep neural network (DNN).

Figure 8 is a schematic diagram illustrating an example of a deep neural network.

The deep neural network illustrated in Figure 8 is a multilayer perceptron consisting of eight hidden layers and eight output layers. The multilayer perceptron structure is referred to as a fully connected neural network. In a fully connected neural network, there is no connection between nodes located in the same layer, and there is a connection only between nodes located in adjacent layers. DNN has a fully connected neural network structure and is composed of a combination of multiple hidden layers and activation functions, and can be usefully applied to identify correlation characteristics between inputs and outputs. Here, the correlation characteristic can mean the joint probability of inputs and outputs.

Meanwhile, depending on how multiple perceptrons are connected to each other, various artificial neural network structures different from the aforementioned DNN can be formed.

Figure 9 is a schematic diagram illustrating an example of a convolutional neural network.

In DNN, nodes within a single layer are arranged vertically in a one-dimensional manner. However, Fig. 9 can assume a case where nodes are arranged two-dimensionally, with w nodes in width and h nodes in height (the convolutional neural network structure of Fig. 9). In this case, since a weight is added to each connection in the connection process from one input node to the hidden layer, a total of hΥw weights must be considered. Since there are hΥw nodes in the input layer, a total of h2w2 weights are required between two adjacent layers.

The convolutional neural network of Fig. 9 has a problem in that the number of weights increases exponentially according to the number of connections. Therefore, instead of considering the connections of all modes between adjacent layers, it assumes that there are small filters, and performs weighted sum and activation function operations on the overlapping portions of the filters, as in Fig. 10.

Figure 10 is a schematic diagram illustrating an example of a filter operation in a convolutional neural network.

Each filter has a weight corresponding to its size, and weight learning can be performed to extract and output a specific feature on the image as a factor. In Fig. 10, a 3x3 filter is applied to the upper left 3x3 region of the input layer, and the output value resulting from performing weighted sum and activation function operations on the corresponding node is stored in z22.

The above filter performs weighted sum and activation function operations while moving at a certain horizontal and vertical interval while scanning the input layer, and places the output value at the current filter position. This operation method is similar to the convolution operation for images in the field of computer vision, so a deep neural network with this structure is called a convolutional neural network (CNN), and the hidden layer generated as a result of the convolution operation is called a convolutional layer. In addition, a neural network with multiple convolutional layers is called a deep convolutional neural network (DCNN).

In the convolutional layer, the number of weights can be reduced by calculating a weighted sum that includes only the nodes located in the area covered by the filter, starting from the node where the current filter is located. This allows a single filter to focus on features within a local area. Accordingly, CNNs can be effectively applied to image data processing where physical distance in a two-dimensional area is an important criterion for judgment. Meanwhile, CNNs can apply multiple filters immediately before the convolutional layer, and can generate multiple output results through the convolution operation of each filter.

Meanwhile, depending on the data properties, there may be data for which sequence characteristics are important. Considering the length variability and chronological relationship of such sequence data, a structure that applies a method of inputting one element of the data sequence at each timestep and inputting the output vector (hidden vector) of the hidden layer output at a specific timestep together with the immediately following element in the sequence is called a recurrent neural network structure.

Figure 11 is a schematic diagram illustrating an example of a neural network structure in which a recurrent loop exists.

Referring to Figure 11, a recurrent neural network (RNN) is a structure that inputs elements (x1(t), x2(t), ,..., xd(t)) of a data sequence at a time point t into a fully connected neural network, and then inputs the hidden vectors (z1(t-1), z2(t-1),..., zH(t-1)) of the immediately preceding time point t-1 together and applies a weighted sum and activation function. The reason for transmitting the hidden vector to the next time point in this way is because the information in the input vectors of the preceding time points is considered to be accumulated in the hidden vector of the current time point.

Figure 12 is a diagram schematically illustrating an example of the operating structure of a recurrent neural network.

Referring to Figure 12, the recurrent neural network operates in a predetermined order of time for the input data sequence.

When the input vector (x1(t), x2(t), ,..., xd(t)) at time point 1 is input to the recurrent neural network, the hidden vector (z1(1), z2(1),..., zH(1)) is input together with the input vector (x1(2), x2(2),..., xd(2)) at time point 2, and the vector (z1(2), z2(2),..., zH(2)) of the hidden layer is determined through a weighted sum and an activation function. This process is repeatedly performed until time point 2, time point 3, ,,, time point T.

Meanwhile, when multiple hidden layers are placed within a recurrent neural network, it is called a deep recurrent neural network (DRNN). Recurrent neural networks are designed to be useful for processing sequence data (e.g., natural language processing).

It is a neural network core used in a learning manner, and includes various deep learning techniques such as DNN, CNN, RNN, Restricted Boltzmann Machine (RBM), Deep Belief Network (DBN), and Deep Q-Network, and can be applied to fields such as computer vision, speech recognition, natural language processing, and speech/signal processing.

Recent attempts to integrate AI into wireless communication systems have focused on the application layer, network layer, and especially deep learning in wireless resource management and allocation. However, this research is increasingly evolving to the MAC layer and physical layer, with attempts to combine deep learning with wireless transmission, particularly at the physical layer. AI-based physical layer transmission refers to the application of AI-based signal processing and communication mechanisms, rather than traditional communication frameworks, in the fundamental signal processing and communication mechanisms. For example, this may include deep learning-based channel coding and decoding, deep learning-based signal estimation and detection, deep learning-based MIMO mechanisms, and AI-based resource scheduling and allocation.

THz (Terahertz) communication

Data rates can be increased by increasing bandwidth. This can be achieved by utilizing sub-THz communications with wide bandwidths and applying advanced massive MIMO technology. THz waves, also known as sub-millimeter waves, typically refer to the frequency range between 0.1 THz and 10 THz, with corresponding wavelengths ranging from 0.03 mm to 3 mm. The 100 GHz to 300 GHz band (sub-THz band) is considered a key part of the THz band for cellular communications. Adding the sub-THz band to the mmWave band will increase the capacity of 6G cellular communications. Among the defined THz bands, 300 GHz to 3 THz lies in the far infrared (IR) frequency band. While part of the optical band, the 300 GHz to 3 THz band lies at the boundary of the optical band, immediately following the RF band. Therefore, this 300 GHz to 3 THz band exhibits similarities to RF.

Figure 13 is a diagram illustrating an example of the electromagnetic spectrum.

Key characteristics of THz communications include (i) the widely available bandwidth to support very high data rates and (ii) the high path loss that occurs at high frequencies (requiring highly directional antennas). The narrow beamwidths generated by highly directional antennas reduce interference. The small wavelength of THz signals allows for a significantly larger number of antenna elements to be integrated into devices and base stations operating in this band. This enables the use of advanced adaptive array technologies to overcome range limitations.

Optical wireless technology

OWC technology is designed for 6G communications, in addition to RF-based communications for all possible device-to-access networks. These networks connect to network-to-backhaul/fronthaul networks. OWC technology has already been used in 4G communication systems, but it will be used more widely to meet the demands of 6G communication systems. OWC technologies such as light fidelity, visible light communication, optical camera communication, and wideband-based FSO communication are already well-known. Communications based on optical wireless technology can provide very high data rates, low latency, and secure communications. LiDAR can also be used for ultra-high-resolution 4D mapping in 6G communications based on wideband.

FSO backhaul network

The transmitter and receiver characteristics of an FSO system are similar to those of a fiber-optic network. Therefore, data transmission in an FSO system is similar to that of a fiber-optic system. Therefore, FSO can be a promising technology for providing backhaul connectivity in 6G systems, in conjunction with fiber-optic networks. Using FSO, ultra-long-distance communications are possible, even over distances exceeding 10,000 km. FSO supports high-capacity backhaul connectivity for remote and non-remote areas, such as the ocean, space, underwater, and isolated islands. FSO also supports cellular base station (BS) connections.

Massive MIMO technology

One of the key technologies for improving spectral efficiency is the application of MIMO technology. As MIMO technology improves, spectral efficiency also improves. Therefore, massive MIMO technology will be crucial in 6G systems. Because MIMO technology utilizes multiple paths, multiplexing technology must be considered to ensure that data signals can be transmitted along more than one path, as well as beam generation and operation technologies suitable for the THz band.

Blockchain

Blockchain will become a crucial technology for managing massive amounts of data in future communication systems. Blockchain is a form of distributed ledger technology. A distributed ledger is a database distributed across numerous nodes or computing devices. Each node replicates and stores an identical copy of the ledger. Blockchains are managed by a peer-to-peer network and can exist without being managed by a central authority or server. Data on a blockchain is collected and organized into blocks. Blocks are linked together and protected using cryptography. Blockchain perfectly complements large-scale IoT with its inherently enhanced interoperability, security, privacy, reliability, and scalability. Therefore, blockchain technology offers several features, such as interoperability between devices, traceability of large amounts of data, autonomous interaction with other IoT systems, and the massive connectivity stability of 6G communication systems.

3D networking

6G systems integrate terrestrial and airborne networks to support vertically expanded user communications. 3D BS will be provided via low-orbit satellites and UAVs. Adding a new dimension in altitude and associated degrees of freedom, 3D connections differ significantly from existing 2D networks.

Quantum communication

Unsupervised reinforcement learning holds promise in the context of 6G networks. Supervised learning approaches cannot label the massive amounts of data generated by 6G networks. Unsupervised learning does not require labeling. Therefore, this technology can be used to autonomously build representations of complex networks. Combining reinforcement learning and unsupervised learning allows for truly autonomous network operation.

drone

Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs), or drones, will be a key element in 6G wireless communications. In most cases, high-speed wireless connections will be provided using UAV technology. BS entities are installed on UAVs to provide cellular connectivity. UAVs offer specific capabilities not found in fixed BS infrastructure, such as easy deployment, robust line-of-sight links, and controlled mobility. During emergencies such as natural disasters, deploying terrestrial communication infrastructure is not economically feasible, and sometimes, volatile environments make it impossible to provide services. UAVs can easily handle these situations. UAVs will become a new paradigm in wireless communications. This technology facilitates three fundamental requirements for wireless networks: enhanced mobile broadband (eMBB), URLLC, and mMTC. UAVs can also support various purposes, such as enhancing network connectivity, fire detection, disaster emergency services, security and surveillance, pollution monitoring, parking monitoring, and accident monitoring. Therefore, UAV technology is recognized as one of the most important technologies for 6G communications.

Cell-free Communication

Tight integration of multiple frequencies and heterogeneous communication technologies is crucial in 6G systems. As a result, users will be able to seamlessly move from one network to another without requiring any manual configuration on their devices. The best network will be automatically selected from available communication technologies. This will break the limitations of the cell concept in wireless communications. Currently, user movement from one cell to another in dense networks results in excessive handovers, resulting in handover failures, handover delays, data loss, and a ping-pong effect. 6G cell-free communications will overcome all of these challenges and provide better QoS. Cell-free communications will be achieved through multi-connectivity and multi-tier hybrid technologies, as well as heterogeneous radios on devices.

Integration of wireless information and energy transmission

WIET uses the same fields and waves as wireless communication systems. Specifically, sensors and smartphones will be charged using wireless power transfer during communication. WIET is a promising technology for extending the life of battery-powered wireless systems. Therefore, battery-less devices will be supported by 6G communications.

Integration of sensing and communication

Autonomous wireless networks are capable of continuously sensing dynamically changing environmental conditions and exchanging information between different nodes. In 6G, sensing will be tightly integrated with communications to support autonomous systems.

Integration of Access Backhaul Networks

In 6G, the density of access networks will be enormous. Each access network will be connected to backhaul connections, such as fiber optics and FSO networks. To accommodate the massive number of access networks, there will be tight integration between access and backhaul networks.

Holographic beam forming

Beamforming is a signal processing procedure that adjusts an antenna array to transmit a wireless signal in a specific direction. It is a subset of smart antennas or advanced antenna systems. Beamforming technology offers several advantages, including high signal-to-noise ratio, interference avoidance and rejection, and high network efficiency. Holographic beamforming (HBF) is a novel beamforming method that differs significantly from MIMO systems because it uses software-defined antennas. HBF will be a highly effective approach for efficient and flexible signal transmission and reception in multi-antenna communication devices in 6G.

Big data analysis

Big data analytics is a complex process for analyzing diverse, large-scale data sets, or "big data." This process uncovers hidden data, unknown correlations, and customer trends, ensuring complete data management. Big data is collected from various sources, such as video, social networks, images, and sensors. This technology is widely used to process massive amounts of data in 6G systems.

Large Intelligent Surface (LIS)

THz-band signals have strong linearity, which can create many shadow areas due to obstacles. LIS technology, which enables expanded communication coverage, enhanced communication stability, and additional value-added services by installing LIS near these shadow areas, is becoming increasingly important. LIS is an artificial surface made of electromagnetic materials that can alter the propagation of incoming and outgoing radio waves. While LIS can be viewed as an extension of massive MIMO, it differs from massive MIMO in its array structure and operating mechanism. Furthermore, LIS operates as a reconfigurable reflector with passive elements, passively reflecting signals without using active RF chains, which offers the advantage of low power consumption. Furthermore, because each passive reflector in LIS must independently adjust the phase shift of the incoming signal, this can be advantageous for wireless communication channels. By appropriately adjusting the phase shift via the LIS controller, the reflected signal can be collected at the target receiver to boost the received signal power.

Terahertz (THz) wireless communications in general

THz wireless communication uses THz waves with a frequency of approximately 0.1 to 10 THz (1 THz = 1012 Hz), and can refer to terahertz (THz) band wireless communication using a very high carrier frequency of 100 GHz or higher. THz waves are located between the RF (Radio Frequency)/millimeter (mm) and infrared bands, and (i) compared to visible light/infrared light, they penetrate non-metallic/non-polarizable materials well, and compared to RF/millimeter waves, they have a shorter wavelength, so they have high linearity and can focus beams. In addition, since the photon energy of THz waves is only a few meV, they have the characteristic of being harmless to the human body. The frequency bands expected to be used for THz wireless communication may be the D-band (110 GHz to 170 GHz) or H-band (220 GHz to 325 GHz), which have low propagation loss due to molecular absorption in the air. Discussions on standardization of THz wireless communication are being centered around the IEEE 802.15 THz working group in addition to 3GPP, and standard documents issued by the IEEE 802.15 Task Group (TG3d, TG3e) may specify or supplement the contents described in various embodiments of the present disclosure. THz wireless communication can be applied to wireless cognition, sensing, imaging, wireless communication, THz navigation, etc.

Figure 14 is a diagram illustrating an example of a THz communication application.

As illustrated in Figure 14, THz wireless communication scenarios can be categorized into macro networks, micro networks, and nanoscale networks. In macro networks, THz wireless communication can be applied to vehicle-to-vehicle and backhaul/fronthaul connections. In micro networks, THz wireless communication can be applied to fixed point-to-point or multi-point connections, such as indoor small cells, wireless connections in data centers, and near-field communications, such as kiosk downloads.

Table 2 below shows examples of technologies that can be used in THz waves.

Transceiver Device Available immatures: UTC-PD, RTD and SBD Modulation and Coding Low order modulation techniques (OOK, QPSK), LDPC, Reed Soloman, Hamming, Polar, Turbo Antenna Omni and Directional, phased array with low number of antenna elements Bandwidth 69GHz (or 23GHz) at 300GHz Channel models Partially Data rate 100Gbps Outdoor deployment No Free space loss High Coverage Low Radio Measurements 300GHz indoor Device size Few micrometers

THz wireless communications can be categorized based on the methods used to generate and receive THz waves. THz generation methods can be categorized as either optical or electronic-based.

Fig. 15 is a diagram illustrating an example of an electronic component-based THz wireless communication transmitter and receiver.

Methods for generating THz using electronic components include a method using semiconductor components such as a resonant tunneling diode (RTD), a method using a local oscillator and a multiplier, a MMIC (Monolithic Microwave Integrated Circuits) method using an integrated circuit based on a compound semiconductor HEMT (High Electron Mobility Transistor), and a method using a Si-CMOS-based integrated circuit. In the case of Fig. 15, a multiplier (doubler, tripler, multiplier) is applied to increase the frequency, and it passes through a subharmonic mixer and is radiated by an antenna. Since the THz band forms a high frequency, a multiplier is essential. Here, the multiplier is a circuit that has an output frequency that is N times that of the input, and matches it to the desired harmonic frequency and filters out all remaining frequencies. In addition, beamforming can be implemented by applying an array antenna or the like to the antenna of Fig. 15. In Fig. 15, IF represents intermediate frequency, tripler and multiplexer represent multipliers, PA represents power amplifier, LNA represents low noise amplifier, and PLL represents phase-locked loop.

FIG. 16 is a diagram illustrating an example of a method for generating a THz signal based on an optical element.

Fig. 17 is a diagram illustrating an example of an optical element-based THz wireless communication transceiver.

Optical component-based THz wireless communication technology refers to a method of generating and modulating THz signals using optical components. Optical component-based THz signal generation technology generates an ultra-high-speed optical signal using a laser and an optical modulator, and converts it into a THz signal using an ultra-high-speed photodetector. Compared to technologies that use only electronic components, this technology can easily increase the frequency, generate high-power signals, and obtain flat response characteristics over a wide frequency band. As illustrated in Figure 16, optical component-based THz signal generation requires a laser diode, a wideband optical modulator, and an ultra-high-speed photodetector. In the case of Figure 16, the light signals of two lasers with different wavelengths are combined to generate a THz signal corresponding to the wavelength difference between the lasers. In Fig. 16, an optical coupler refers to a semiconductor device that transmits an electrical signal using optical waves to provide electrical isolation and coupling between circuits or systems, and a UTC-PD (Uni-Travelling Carrier Photo-Detector) is a type of photodetector that uses electrons as active carriers and reduces the travel time of electrons with bandgap grading. The UTC-PD is capable of detecting light at 150 GHz or higher. In Fig. 17, an EDFA (Erbium-Doped Fiber Amplifier) represents an erbium-doped fiber amplifier, a PD (Photo Detector) represents a semiconductor device that can convert an optical signal into an electrical signal, an OSA represents an optical module (Optical Sub Assembly) that modularizes various optical communication functions (photoelectric conversion, electro-optical conversion, etc.) into a single component, and a DSO represents a digital storage oscilloscope.

The structure of a photoelectric converter (or photoelectric converter) is described with reference to FIGS. 18 and 19.

Fig. 18 is a diagram illustrating the structure of a photon source-based transmitter.

Figure 19 is a drawing showing the structure of an optical modulator.

In general, the phase of a signal can be changed by passing the optical source of a laser through an optical wave guide. At this time, data is loaded by changing the electrical characteristics through a microwave contact, etc. Therefore, the optical modulator output is formed as a modulated waveform. An opto-electrical modulator (O/E converter) can generate THz pulses by optical rectification operation by a nonlinear crystal, photoelectric conversion by a photoconductive antenna, emission from a bunch of relativistic electrons, etc. Terahertz pulses generated in the above manner can have a length in units of femtoseconds to picoseconds. An optical/electronic converter (O/E converter) performs down conversion by utilizing the non-linearity of the device.

Considering the THz spectrum usage, it is likely that THz systems will use multiple contiguous gigahertz bands for fixed or mobile service purposes. Based on the outdoor scenario criteria, the available bandwidth can be classified based on the oxygen attenuation of 10^2 dB/km in the spectrum up to 1 THz. Accordingly, a framework in which the available bandwidth is composed of multiple band chunks can be considered. As an example of the above framework, if the THz pulse length for one carrier is set to 50 ps, the bandwidth (BW) becomes approximately 20 GHz.

Effective down-conversion from the infrared band (IR band) to the terahertz band (THz band) depends on how to utilize the nonlinearity of the optical/electrical converter (O/E converter). In other words, to down-convert to the desired terahertz band (THz band), it is necessary to design an optical/electrical converter (O/E converter) with the most ideal non-linearity for transferring to the corresponding terahertz band (THz band). If an optical/electrical converter (O/E converter) that is not suitable for the target frequency band is used, errors are likely to occur in the amplitude and phase of the corresponding pulse.

In a single-carrier system, a terahertz transmission and reception system can be implemented using a single optical-to-electrical converter. Depending on the channel environment, in a multi-carrier system, the number of optical-to-electrical converters may be equal to the number of carriers. This phenomenon will be particularly noticeable in a multi-carrier system that utilizes multiple broadbands according to the aforementioned spectrum usage plan. In this regard, a frame structure for the multi-carrier system may be considered. A signal down-converted using an optical-to-electrical converter may be transmitted in a specific resource region (e.g., a specific frame). The frequency domain of the specific resource region may include multiple chunks. Each chunk may be composed of at least one component carrier (CC).

Specific description of various embodiments of the present disclosure

The number of wireless devices is estimated to reach approximately 19 billion by 2024, and this explosive growth is expected to continue, driven by the proliferation of various Internet of Things (IoT) applications, such as smart buildings and smart hospitals. Wireless devices are not only increasing in number but also evolving in diversity.

For example, wireless devices equipped with various wireless communication technologies (such as Bluetooth, ZigBee, Zwave, and LoRa) are continuously appearing according to various purposes such as distance and energy consumption. In other words, wireless technologies are rapidly becoming mass-produced, diversified, and heterogeneous, and these changes may mean that efficient operation between different devices is becoming more difficult. This problem may be further exacerbated by the increase and development of IoT devices. In other words, the number of wireless devices using unlicensed bands (Industry-Science-Medical band, ISM band) is increasing, and communication performance is degraded due to interference between different types of communication.

Figure 20 is a drawing for explaining heterogeneous communication technology.

Heterogeneous communication technologies, commonly referred to as Cross-Technology Communication (CTC), can refer to technologies that enable communication between devices with different communication technologies without separate hardware. For example, various CTCs can be defined for different communication system technologies, and these typically mimic each other's signals, enabling signal transmission and reception between heterogeneous communication systems.

Figure 20 illustrates an example of CTC between WiFi and ZigBee. WiFi uses OFDM QAM modulation, and by utilizing appropriate constellation points, a signal similar to ZigBee can be generated. That is, since a specific bit pattern in WiFi can correspond to a specific constellation point, a WiFi signal can be emulated as a ZigBee signal. Accordingly, the signal can be received by a commercial ZigBee device. Similarly, signals such as Bluetooth can be generated using WiFi, and ZigBee signals can be generated from Bluetooth. In the following description, the present disclosure describes an example of emulating a WiFi signal via NR, but the scope of the present disclosure is not limited thereto and can be applied to signal transmission and reception between various heterogeneous communication technologies.

Below, we'll discuss spectrum sharing. As data traffic continues to grow, mobile communications services may require more frequency bands to meet growing demand. However, securing new frequency bands is limited, so different mobile communications services may end up transmitting and receiving signals on the same frequency band.

Considering these points, discussions are underway on spectrum sharing technologies that allow heterogeneous wireless communication services to use the same frequency band. To ensure fair spectrum sharing, interference between heterogeneous wireless communications can be minimized through coexistence measures, such as temporally or spatially separating communication resources. Furthermore, transmission power limitation and Clear Channel Assessment (CCA) can be utilized to ensure smooth provision of each wireless protocol and service. In particular, WiFi can transmit signals by occupying the channel through the Listen-Before-Talk (LBT) method, and the channel status can be monitored through the CCA-ED (Energy Detection) method and the CCA-PD (Preamble Detection) method. As the exploration of additional frequency bands becomes more difficult, there is an active movement to utilize unlicensed bands, and NR-U, which utilizes unlicensed bands, also utilizes the LBT method, just like WiFi.

Wireless communications efficiently allocate limited radio resources in terms of time, frequency, and space based on diverse user and service requirements, and provide communication services. To efficiently utilize communication resources in a wireless communication system, the MAC layer of the base station includes a dynamic resource scheduler that allocates downlink and uplink physical layer (PHY) resources. The dynamic resource scheduler can be composed of Scheduler Operation, Signaling of Scheduler Decisions, and Measurements to Support Scheduler Operation functions. In NR, signals can be scheduled and transmitted in Transmit Time Intervals (TTIs), which are scheduling units. A TTI can mean one slot in NR. Meanwhile, a TTI can be dynamically changed depending on the utilized subcarrier spacing (SCS).

The present disclosure proposes an NR scheduling method that can improve NR downlink communication quality by efficiently utilizing WiFi signals simulated through NR. Specifically, the present disclosure proposes considerations for the NR scheduling phase when transmitting PDSCH symbols for transmitting simulated signals, a method for performing continuous back-off at a WiFi AP (Access Point), and a method for exchanging information between a terminal and a base station for this purpose.

When utilizing unlicensed bands to provide communication services in wireless communications, downlink communication quality may deteriorate due to interference signals from other wireless protocols. In particular, NR-U is considering using the 6 GHz band, which has been newly designated as an unlicensed band and offers excellent frequency characteristics and wide bandwidth. Currently, WiFi 6E uses the 6 GHz band to provide higher WiFi data transmission rates and speeds, and plans to apply it to applications such as VR/AR, video streaming, and IoT that require high data throughput and low latency over short distances in the future. Furthermore, various wireless protocols, not just WiFi, may utilize the 6 GHz band in the future. Therefore, the present disclosure proposes a method for efficiently utilizing WiFi signals simulated by an NR system to ensure efficient spectrum sharing between WiFi 6E and NR-U.

According to the present disclosure, the 6 GHz band utilized by WiFi 6E and NR-U can be utilized more efficiently, and based on this, NR-U downlink communication quality can be improved.

Hereinafter, with reference to FIGS. 21 to 31, a method and device for transmitting and receiving signals in a wireless communication system according to the present disclosure will be described in detail.

Figure 21 is a diagram for explaining heterogeneous communication technologies between NR and WiFi.

In the following description, back-off may refer to an operation in which a base station, AP, or node detects a resource conflict or a medium being busy and delays or stops data transmission for a certain period of time. In addition, in the following description, different heterogeneous communication networks are described as NR and WiFi, respectively, but this is only an example, and NR and WiFi may be replaced with various RATs (Radio Access Technologies). For example, NR and WiFi may be replaced with a first RAT and a second RAT, respectively. In the following description, the operations of an NR base station and a WiFi AP are described, but this is only an example, and the NR base station and WiFi AP may be replaced with nodes of a communication system. For example, the NR base station and the WiFi AP may be replaced with a first node and a second node, respectively.

For example, the WiFi legacy preamble signal required for a WiFi 6E AP to perform backoff can be simulated using NR reverse engineering. Furthermore, the base station can transmit the simulated signal using a PDSCH symbol. Figure 21 illustrates an example NR reverse engineering design, which can operate to backoff the AP for up to 5.46 ms (Length = 4,096) using a single OFDM symbol. Hereinafter, the simulated signal is exemplified as being transmitted using a PDSCH symbol, but the present disclosure is not limited thereto. The simulated signal according to the present disclosure can be transmitted based on various channels for data transmission.

FIG. 22 is a drawing for explaining an example of symbol arrangement applicable to the present disclosure.

Figure 22 illustrates a PDSCH symbol layout combination for mock signal transmission. In Figure 22, S represents the starting position, and L represents the number of symbols. Since essential signals exist for exchanging information between the terminal and the base station, the PDSCH for mock signal transmission must be scheduled with this in mind.

The base station can transmit SSB (Synchronization Signal Block) to the terminal at regular intervals according to a preset cycle (5, 10, 20, 40, 80, 160 ms) in downlink transmission.

FIG. 23 is a drawing for explaining an SSB (Synchronization Signal Block) applicable to the present disclosure.

A single SSB can consist of four OFDM symbols and 240 subcarriers. Along with DMRS, SSB can transmit Primary Synchronization Signal (PSS)/Secondary Synchronization Signal (SSS) and Physical Broadcast Channel (PBCH) through four OFDM symbols. Here, PBCH can be utilized to transmit Master Information Block (MIB) used in the RRC layer. Meanwhile, according to the standard, MIB can include the 'pdcch-ConfigSIB1' Information Element (IE), which can indicate CORESET and PDCCH information for receiving SIB1.

Base stations typically transmit SSB at 20ms intervals, and since the mock signal must utilize all resources corresponding to 106RBs, the mock signal can be allocated to slots where SSB is not transmitted. SSB transmission can begin on the 3rd and 9th symbols within a slot, utilizing four symbols. Additionally, in the unlicensed band, a total of five slots can be used: slot 0, slot 1, slot 2, slot 3, and slot 4.

For example, according to 3GPP standard 38.213, resources can be utilized based on the following mathematical expression 1.

[Mathematical Formula 1]

Case A - 15 kHz SCS: the first symbols of the candidate SS/PBCH blocks have indexes of {2,8} + 14 * n

Mathematical expression 1 may mean that the index of the position where the first symbol of the SSB, which is composed of four symbols, can be located is 2 or 8. Accordingly, the four symbols of the SSB may be located at index positions 2, 3, 4, and 5, or at index positions 8, 9, 10, and 11.

NR can utilize four reference signals to enhance the performance and efficiency of communication systems: the Demodulate Reference Signal (DMRS), the Phase-Tracking Reference Signal (PT-RS), the Sounding Reference Signal (SRS), and the Channel State Information - Reference Signal (CSI-RS). Therefore, when allocating resources for PDSCH symbol transmission, the aforementioned reference signals and the PSS/SSS must be considered.

FIG. 24 is a diagram for explaining resource allocation of reference signals applicable to the present disclosure.

Figure 24 is a diagram illustrating the resource allocation of DMRS. DMRS supports channel estimation and accurate demodulation between terminals and base stations, and can be used by receivers to compensate for distortions such as fading, noise, and interference. The location, structure, and pattern of DMRS can be defined as follows to efficiently utilize resources. Meanwhile, in Figure 24, I ₀ can indicate the starting index of the slot where DRMS begins relative to data.

For example, in Type A, which is slot-based scheduling, DMRS and PDSCH can be defined as follows.

- PDSCH DMRS can be located in the 3rd or 4th OFDM symbol.

- PDSCH can be transmitted from the 1st to 4th OFDM symbols.

- The PDSCH length can be 3 to 14 OFDM symbols in case of normal CP and 3 to 12 OFDM symbols in case of extended CP.

As another example, in Type B, which is mini-slot based scheduling, DMRS and PDSCH can be defined as follows.

- PDSCH DMRS can be located in the first OFDM symbol.

- PDSCH can be transmitted from the 1st to 13th OFDM symbols.

- PDSCH length can be 2, 4, or 7 OFDM symbols for normal CP, and 2, 4, or 6 OFDM symbols for extended CP.

FIG. 25 is another diagram for explaining resource allocation of reference signals applicable to the present disclosure.

Figure 25 is a diagram illustrating resource allocation for PT-RS. PT-RS may be a reference signal used for phase tracking in a wireless communication system. Specifically, PT-RS may be utilized for CSI and phase error compensation. Utilizing PT-RS may improve accurate signal reception and data transmission reliability. PT-RS may be configured via DMRS-DownlinkConfig. In Figure 26, L _PT-RS may represent time density.

For example, the PT-RS symbol may be located at the 1st symbol, and the allocation position may be determined based on the DMRS position and the PT-RS time density parameter (0, 1, 2).

SRS is an uplink signal transmitted from a terminal to a base station and can be used to estimate uplink channel quality. The base station can use SRS to evaluate the terminal's signal and enable optimized communication. Since SRS is a signal defined only for uplink, it may not be considered when transmitting PDSCH symbols.

CSI-RS is a downlink signal received by a terminal from a base station. It can be used to extract CSI, evaluate and measure the channel, and report to the base station. CSI-RS can be assigned to any symbol or slot, but may not be assigned to symbols/slots assigned for specific purposes. For example, the specific purpose may be at least one of SSB, slots configured for UL in TDD, CORESET, and PDSCH DMRS.

Figure 26 is a drawing for explaining a simulated signal applicable to the present disclosure.

Next, a description will be given of a simulated signal according to the present disclosure.

WiFi systems can use a contention-based LBT scheme that uses channel sensing to determine whether a channel is occupied and transmits when the channel is available. According to the present disclosure, when a WiFi AP performs channel sensing to determine whether a channel is occupied before transmitting a signal, a fake signal can be detected.

Figure 26 illustrates the number of possible imitation signals included in one NR symbol. Figure 26(a) illustrates an example in which one symbol includes one legacy preamble and zero padding, and Figure 26(b) illustrates an example in which one symbol includes three legacy preambles.

The length of the WiFi legacy preamble, which causes the WiFi AP to perform a backoff, can be 20us. On the other hand, the length of one NR OFDM symbol can be 66.67us at SCS=15kHz. Since the NR system utilizes longer symbols than the mock signal, any signal can be included and mocked in the time portion of the resource other than the one containing the legacy preamble. For example, by including three mock signals in a single OFDM symbol and transmitting them iteratively, the probability of neighboring WiFi APs detecting the mock signal can be increased.

Additionally, the mock signal, which includes three WiFi legacy preambles, has a mock error that can be detected by WiFi APs. Therefore, in this scenario, where WiFi APs operate only in receive mode, the three repeated signals can cause multiple APs to back off.

Next, we describe how a WiFi AP performs serial backoffs.

Figure 27 is a diagram illustrating a back off scenario applicable to the present disclosure.

NR base stations can transmit scheduled signal blocks at TTI intervals, while NR-U, utilizing unlicensed bands, can acquire channels and transmit scheduled data using a contention-based LBT scheme, similar to WiFi. In NR, TTIs are defined based on slots, and when the SCS is 15 kHz, the value can be 1 ms. Furthermore, NR scheduling can utilize multiple TTIs.

According to FIG. 27, a mock signal may be included in the first OFDM symbol and the last OFDM symbol to perform continuous backoff of the WiFi AP.

First, the length information of the mock signal arranged in front may include a value obtained by excluding 66.67us, which is the length of one OFDM symbol, from the signal of the entire n (integer) * TTI length, since interference must be mitigated during the time that data is transmitted. At this time, the length information may be information indicating how long the NR packet will be transmitted. The WiFi AP can check the length information and perform a backoff. After performing a backoff, the WiFi AP can additionally perform a backoff for channel access.

In NR-U systems, channel occupancy can be re-elected through contention after scheduling. The presence of a blank signal after the WiFi backoff time may be intended to force the WiFi AP into receiving mode, creating conditions for detecting a fake signal. For example, n can be a value between 1 and 5. This is because the maximum backoff time for a fake signal is 5.46 ms.

The mock signal placed in the last OFDM symbol can trigger a short backoff from the WiFi AP, allowing the base station to have priority in the LBT backoff. To achieve this, the length information of the last mock signal can contain a value that is probabilistically advantageous in competing with the WiFi AP, rather than a large value. The reason for the small length information may be to enable the WiFi AP in receive mode to detect the mock signal preceding the next scheduled NR signal.

That is, the front copy signal may be intended to improve the quality of the scheduled NR data signal, and the back copy signal may be intended to obtain priority when the next channel is occupied. For example, the purpose and length of the first and last symbols may be as follows.

- 1st OFDM symbol: for data interference mitigation (length = n * TTI - 66.67us)

- Last OFDM symbol: To improve the priority of the next data transmission (length is 3~40us)

Based on the above-described proposal, the base station can induce the successive backoffs to be performed by increasing the channel occupancy probability of the next slot.

Next, we explain how the terminal and base station configure the control signal.

Figure 28 is a diagram for explaining the control plane protocol.

The control plane protocol between the terminal and the base station can be defined as an L3 layer (NAS, RRC), an L2 layer (PDCP, RLC, MAC), and an L1 layer (PHY), as illustrated in FIG. 28. In the present disclosure, a method for configuring a control signal for transmitting a mock signal can be proposed as at least one of a semi-static method utilizing RRC settings in the L3 layer and a dynamic method utilizing DCI in a PDCCH symbol in the PHY layer.

The RRC layer transmits control signals based on channel and connection status for terminals to communicate with the base station, and can relay, maintain, and manage cell information to terminals.

For example, a control signal between a terminal and a base station can be configured by utilizing an RRC reconfiguration message, which is one of the messages defined in the RRC layer.

For information on radio resource control information elements in the RRC configuration information, reference may be made to the information disclosed in 3GPP standard 38.331. The base station may transmit information on how to transmit a mock signal to the terminal through at least one of PDSCH-Config, PDSCH-ConfigCommon, and PDSCH-TimeDomainResourceAllocationList, and the previously defined reference signal configuration information may also be configured and transmitted using the above information.

DCI formats for PDSCH scheduling can be DCI Format 1_0 and DCI Format 1_2. DCI (Downlink Control Information) can provide terminals with necessary information, such as downlink/uplink resource allocation and HARQ. For more information on DCI, please refer to the 3GPP standard 38.212 document.

DCI Format 1_0, 1_1, and 1_2 contain downlink scheduling information, and to support various situations, multiple fields are configured, and these can be utilized after scrambling with RNTI (Radio Network Temporary Identity). It is composed of PDCCH decoding - Parse DCI step, and the base station can determine where the data is allocated through DCI, and check MCS (Modulation and Coding Scheme), HARQ information, antenna port, number of layers, etc.

For example, in the present disclosure, DCI Format 1_1, which is a non-fallback format, can be considered, which can support all functions of NR. DCI Format 1_1 transmits by CRC scrambling with C-RNTI (cell RNTI), CS-RNTI (configured scheduling RNTI), and MCS-C-RNTI (MCS-C-RNTI: Modulation Coding Scheme cell RNTI), and can configure a control signal between a base station and a terminal by utilizing frequency domain resource assignment and time domain resource assignment among the transmitted information.

At this time, the control signal through RRC configuration information may have a higher priority than the control signal through DCI.

Unlicensed bands are used by multiple wireless protocols, and therefore, compared to licensed bands, they have more regulations to address coexistence issues, such as transmission power, and may also experience degradation in communication quality due to interference signals from other wireless protocols. According to the present disclosure, the downlink communication quality of NR-U can be improved by replicating a WiFi legacy signal with NR. Furthermore, the present disclosure proposes a method for enabling NR systems to practically utilize unlicensed bands by preventing degradation in communication quality of NR-U downlinks through time and frequency resource allocation of the replica signal. Furthermore, according to the present disclosure, a base station can not only respond to various scenarios but also operate so that backoff can be performed at many APs.

Figure 29 is another diagram illustrating a back off scenario applicable to the present disclosure.

Figure 29 illustrates an example of an experiment verifying whether backoff is actually performed in a WiFi AP. As an initial setup, a signal simulated in NR can be transmitted through a transmitting USRP (Universal Software Radio Peripheral) in an environment where a WiFi AP (802.11ax) and a terminal (station: STA) are connected and a large file is being downloaded. The base station can check and analyze the signals surrounding the WiFi AP through the receiving USRP next to the WiFi AP, and can estimate whether backoff is actually performed for a specific period of time through the simulated signal seen by the WiFi AP. The experiment in Figure 29 utilized MATLAB and GNU Radio programs, and the experimental AP model was a TP-link AXE5400 model.

FIG. 30 is a diagram illustrating an example of a method for a first node to transmit and receive a signal in a system applicable to the present disclosure.

The embodiments described below are specifically described with reference to FIG. 30 in terms of terminal operation. The methods described below are distinguished for convenience of explanation, and it is understood that, unless mutually exclusive, some components of one method may be substituted for or combined with some components of another method.

According to various embodiments of the present disclosure, the first node and the second node may correspond to one of a base station, an AP, a terminal, or an STA in a wireless communication system. For example, the first node may be a base station, and the second node may be an AP. Furthermore, according to various embodiments of the present disclosure, the first RAT and the second RAT may correspond to NR, WiFi, or one of other heterogeneous communication protocols. For example, the first RAT may be NR, and the second RAT may be WiFi.

Referring to FIG. 30, a method performed by a first node supporting a first radio access technology (RAT) in a wireless communication system includes a step (S3010) of generating a data signal including at least one simulated signal simulated based on a second RAT, and a step (S3020) of transmitting the data signal to a second node supporting the second RAT, wherein the second node performs a back-off for the second RAT based on the data signal, and a first simulated signal may be included in a first symbol of the data signal, and a second simulated signal may be included in a last symbol of the data signal.

According to various embodiments of the present disclosure, the first and second mock signals may include a preamble for the second RAT.

According to various embodiments of the present disclosure, at least one of the first simulated signal and the second simulated signal may include the preamble in duplicate two or more times.

According to various embodiments of the present disclosure, the first imitation signal may include signal length information for transmitting the data signal.

According to various embodiments of the present disclosure, the length information may be a value obtained by subtracting one symbol length from an integer multiple of a Transmission Time Interval (TTI) of the first RAT.

According to various embodiments of the present disclosure, the second simulated signal may include length information about a backoff time that may be additionally performed after the backoff is terminated.

According to various embodiments of the present disclosure, the method further comprises a step of transmitting configuration information related to the backoff to the second node, wherein the configuration information related to the backoff may be transmitted via at least one of an RRC reconfiguration message and Downlink Control Information (DCI).

According to various embodiments of the present disclosure, a first node supporting a first radio access technology (RAT) may be provided in a communication system. The terminal may include a transceiver and at least one processor, and the at least one processor may be configured to perform the operating method of the terminal according to FIG. 30.

According to various embodiments of the present disclosure, a device for controlling a first node supporting a first radio access technology (RAT) in a communication system may be provided. The device may include at least one processor and at least one memory operably connected to the at least one processor. The at least one memory may be configured to store instructions for performing an operating method of a terminal according to FIG. 30 based on instructions executed by the at least one processor.

According to various embodiments of the present disclosure, one or more non-transitory computer-readable media (CRM) storing one or more commands may be provided. The one or more commands, when executed by one or more processors, perform operations, and the operations may include an operating method of a terminal according to FIG. 30.

FIG. 31 is a diagram illustrating an example of a method for a second node to transmit and receive signals in a system applicable to the present disclosure.

The embodiments described below are specifically described in terms of terminal operation with reference to FIG. 31. The methods described below are distinguished for convenience of explanation, and it is understood that, unless mutually exclusive, some components of one method may be substituted for or combined with some components of another method.

Referring to FIG. 31, a method performed by a second node supporting a second RAT (radio access technology) in a wireless communication system includes a step (S3110) of receiving a data signal including at least one simulated signal based on the second RAT from a first node supporting the first RAT, and a step (S3120) of performing a back-off for the second RAT based on the data signal, wherein the first simulated signal may be included in a first symbol of the data signal, and the second simulated signal may be included in a last symbol of the data signal.

According to various embodiments of the present disclosure, the first and second mock signals may include a preamble for the second RAT.

According to various embodiments of the present disclosure, at least one of the first simulated signal and the second simulated signal may include the preamble in duplicate two or more times.

According to various embodiments of the present disclosure, the first imitation signal may include signal length information for transmitting the data signal.

According to various embodiments of the present disclosure, the length information may be a value obtained by subtracting one symbol length from an integer multiple of a Transmission Time Interval (TTI) of the first RAT.

According to various embodiments of the present disclosure, the second simulated signal may include length information about a backoff time that may be additionally performed after the backoff is terminated.

According to various embodiments of the present disclosure, the method further comprises the step of receiving configuration information related to the backoff from the first node, wherein the configuration information related to the backoff can be transmitted via at least one of an RRC reconfiguration message and Downlink Control Information (DCI).

According to various embodiments of the present disclosure, a second node supporting a second radio access technology (RAT) may be provided in a communication system. The base station may include a transceiver and at least one processor, wherein the at least one processor may be configured to perform the operating method of the base station according to FIG. 31.

According to various embodiments of the present disclosure, a device for controlling a second node supporting a second radio access technology (RAT) in a communication system may be provided. The device may include at least one processor and at least one memory operably connected to the at least one processor. The at least one memory may be configured to store instructions for performing an operating method of a base station according to FIG. 31 based on instructions executed by the at least one processor.

According to various embodiments of the present disclosure, one or more non-transitory computer-readable media (CRM) storing one or more commands may be provided. The one or more commands, when executed by one or more processors, perform operations, and the operations may include an operating method of a base station according to FIG. 31.

Communication system applicable to the present disclosure

FIG. 32 illustrates a communication system (1) applicable to various embodiments of the present disclosure.

Referring to FIG. 32, a communication system (1) applied to various embodiments of the present disclosure includes a wireless device, a base station, and a network. Here, the wireless device refers to a device that performs communication using a wireless access technology (e.g., 5G NR (New RAT), LTE (Long Term Evolution), 6G wireless communication), and may be referred to as a communication/wireless/5G device/6G device. Although not limited thereto, the wireless device may include a robot (100a), a vehicle (100b-1, 100b-2), an XR (eXtended Reality) device (100c), a hand-held device (100d), a home appliance (100e), an IoT (Internet of Things) device (100f), and an AI device/server (400). For example, the vehicle may include a vehicle equipped with a wireless communication function, an autonomous vehicle, a vehicle capable of performing vehicle-to-vehicle communication, etc. Here, the vehicle may include an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) (e.g., a drone). XR devices include AR (Augmented Reality)/VR (Virtual Reality)/MR (Mixed Reality) devices, and may be implemented in the form of a Head-Mounted Device (HMD), a Head-Up Display (HUD) installed in a vehicle, a television, a smartphone, a computer, a wearable device, a home appliance, digital signage, a vehicle, a robot, etc. Mobile devices may include a smartphone, a smart pad, a wearable device (e.g., a smart watch, smart glasses), a computer (e.g., a laptop, etc.), etc. Home appliances may include a TV, a refrigerator, a washing machine, etc. IoT devices may include a sensor, a smart meter, etc. For example, a base station and a network may also be implemented as a wireless device, and a specific wireless device (200a) may act as a base station/network node to other wireless devices.

Wireless devices (100a to 100f) can be connected to a network (300) via a base station (200). Artificial Intelligence (AI) technology can be applied to the wireless devices (100a to 100f), and the wireless devices (100a to 100f) can be connected to an AI server (400) via the network (300). The network (300) can be configured using a 3G network, a 4G (e.g., LTE) network, a 5G (e.g., NR) network, or a 6G network. The wireless devices (100a to 100f) can communicate with each other via the base station (200)/network (300), but can also communicate directly (e.g., sidelink communication) without going through the base station/network. For example, vehicles (100b-1, 100b-2) can communicate directly (e.g., V2V (Vehicle to Vehicle)/V2X (Vehicle to everything) communication). In addition, IoT devices (e.g., sensors) can communicate directly with other IoT devices (e.g., sensors) or other wireless devices (100a to 100f).

Wireless communication/connection (150a, 150b, 150c) can be established between wireless devices (100a~100f)/base stations (200), and base stations (200)/base stations (200). Here, wireless communication/connection can be achieved through various wireless access technologies (e.g., 5G NR) such as uplink/downlink communication (150a), sidelink communication (150b) (or D2D communication), and base station-to-base station communication (150c) (e.g., relay, IAB (Integrated Access Backhaul). Through wireless communication/connection (150a, 150b, 150c), wireless devices and base stations/wireless devices, and base stations and base stations can transmit/receive wireless signals to each other. For example, wireless communication/connection (150a, 150b, 150c) can transmit/receive signals through various physical channels. To this end, at least some of various configuration information setting processes for transmitting/receiving wireless signals, various signal processing processes (e.g., channel encoding/decoding, modulation/demodulation, resource mapping/demapping, etc.), and resource allocation processes can be performed based on various proposals of various embodiments of the present disclosure.

Meanwhile, NR supports multiple numerologies (or subcarrier spacing (SCS)) to support various 5G services. For example, an SCS of 15 kHz supports a wide area in traditional cellular bands; an SCS of 30 kHz/60 kHz supports dense urban areas, lower latency, and wider carrier bandwidth; and an SCS of 60 kHz or higher supports a bandwidth greater than 24.25 GHz to overcome phase noise.

The NR frequency band can be defined by two types of frequency ranges (FR1, FR2). The numerical values of the frequency ranges can be changed, and for example, the frequency ranges of the two types (FR1, FR2) can be as shown in Table 3 below. For convenience of explanation, among the frequency ranges used in the NR system, FR1 can mean the "sub 6 GHz range", and FR2 can mean the "above 6 GHz range" and can be called millimeter wave (mmW).

Frequency Range designation Corresponding frequency range Subcarrier Spacing FR1 450MHz-6000MHz 15, 30, 60kHz FR2 24250MHz-52600MHz 60, 120, 240kHz

As described above, the numerical value of the frequency range of the NR system can be changed. For example, FR1 may include a band from 410 MHz to 7125 MHz, as shown in Table 4 below. That is, FR1 may include a frequency band above 6 GHz (or 5850, 5900, 5925 MHz, etc.). For example, the frequency band above 6 GHz (or 5850, 5900, 5925 MHz, etc.) included within FR1 may include an unlicensed band. The unlicensed band may be used for various purposes, such as for vehicular communications (e.g., autonomous driving).

Frequency Range designation Corresponding frequency range Subcarrier Spacing FR1 41MHz-7125MHz 15, 30, 60kHz FR2 24250MHz-52600MHz 60, 120, 240kHz

According to various embodiments of the present disclosure, the communication system (1) can support terahertz (THz) wireless communication. THz wireless communication is a wireless communication using THz waves having a frequency of approximately 0.1 to 10 THz (1 THz = 10^12 Hz), and may refer to terahertz (THz) band wireless communication using a very high carrier frequency of 100 GHz or higher. The frequency band expected to be used for THz wireless communication may be a D-band (110 GHz to 170 GHz) or H-band (220 GHz to 325 GHz) band where propagation loss due to absorption of molecules in the air is small.

Wireless devices applicable to the present disclosure

Below, examples of wireless devices to which various embodiments of the present disclosure are applied are described.

FIG. 33 illustrates a wireless device that can be applied to various embodiments of the present disclosure.

Referring to FIG. 33, the first wireless device (100) and the second wireless device (200) can transmit and receive wireless signals via various wireless access technologies (e.g., LTE, NR). Here, {the first wireless device (100), the second wireless device (200)} can correspond to {the wireless device (100x), the base station (200)} and/or {the wireless device (100x), the wireless device (100x)} of FIG. 31.

A first wireless device (100) includes one or more processors (102) and one or more memories (104), and may further include one or more transceivers (106) and/or one or more antennas (108). The processor (102) controls the memories (104) and/or the transceivers (106), and may be configured to implement the descriptions, functions, procedures, proposals, methods, and/or operational flowcharts disclosed in this document. For example, the processor (102) may process information in the memory (104) to generate first information/signal, and then transmit a wireless signal including the first information/signal via the transceiver (106). In addition, the processor (102) may receive a wireless signal including second information/signal via the transceiver (106), and then store information obtained from signal processing of the second information/signal in the memory (104). The memory (104) may be connected to the processor (102) and may store various information related to the operation of the processor (102). For example, the memory (104) may perform some or all of the processes controlled by the processor (102), or may store software code including commands for performing the descriptions, functions, procedures, proposals, methods, and/or operation flowcharts disclosed in this document. Here, the processor (102) and the memory (104) may be part of a communication modem/circuit/chip designed to implement a wireless communication technology (e.g., LTE, NR). The transceiver (106) may be connected to the processor (102) and may transmit and/or receive wireless signals via one or more antennas (108). The transceiver (106) may include a transmitter and/or a receiver. The transceiver (106) may be used interchangeably with an RF (Radio Frequency) unit. In various embodiments of the present disclosure, a wireless device may mean a communication modem/circuit/chip.

The second wireless device (200) includes one or more processors (202), one or more memories (204), and may further include one or more transceivers (206) and/or one or more antennas (208). The processor (202) controls the memories (204) and/or the transceivers (206), and may be configured to implement the descriptions, functions, procedures, proposals, methods, and/or operational flowcharts disclosed in this document. For example, the processor (202) may process information in the memory (204) to generate third information/signals, and then transmit a wireless signal including the third information/signals via the transceivers (206). Furthermore, the processor (202) may receive a wireless signal including fourth information/signals via the transceivers (206), and then store information obtained from signal processing of the fourth information/signals in the memory (204). The memory (204) may be connected to the processor (202) and may store various information related to the operation of the processor (202). For example, the memory (204) may perform some or all of the processes controlled by the processor (202), or may store software code including commands for performing the descriptions, functions, procedures, proposals, methods, and/or operation flowcharts disclosed in this document. Here, the processor (202) and the memory (204) may be part of a communication modem/circuit/chip designed to implement wireless communication technology (e.g., LTE, NR). The transceiver (206) may be connected to the processor (202) and may transmit and/or receive wireless signals via one or more antennas (208). The transceiver (206) may include a transmitter and/or a receiver. The transceiver (206) may be used interchangeably with an RF unit. In various embodiments of the present disclosure, a wireless device may also mean a communication modem/circuit/chip.

Hereinafter, the hardware elements of the wireless device (100, 200) will be described in more detail. Although not limited thereto, one or more protocol layers may be implemented by one or more processors (102, 202). For example, one or more processors (102, 202) may implement one or more layers (e.g., functional layers such as PHY, MAC, RLC, PDCP, RRC, SDAP). One or more processors (102, 202) may generate one or more Protocol Data Units (PDUs) and/or one or more Service Data Units (SDUs) according to the descriptions, functions, procedures, proposals, methods, and/or operation flowcharts disclosed in this document. One or more processors (102, 202) may generate messages, control information, data, or information according to the descriptions, functions, procedures, proposals, methods, and/or operation flowcharts disclosed in this document. One or more processors (102, 202) can generate signals (e.g., baseband signals) including PDUs, SDUs, messages, control information, data or information according to the functions, procedures, proposals and/or methods disclosed herein, and provide the signals to one or more transceivers (106, 206). One or more processors (102, 202) can receive signals (e.g., baseband signals) from one or more transceivers (106, 206) and obtain PDUs, SDUs, messages, control information, data or information according to the descriptions, functions, procedures, proposals, methods and/or operational flowcharts disclosed herein.

One or more processors (102, 202) may be referred to as a controller, a microcontroller, a microprocessor, or a microcomputer. One or more processors (102, 202) may be implemented by hardware, firmware, software, or a combination thereof. For example, one or more Application Specific Integrated Circuits (ASICs), one or more Digital Signal Processors (DSPs), one or more Digital Signal Processing Devices (DSPDs), one or more Programmable Logic Devices (PLDs), or one or more Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs) may be included in one or more processors (102, 202). The descriptions, functions, procedures, proposals, methods, and/or operational flowcharts disclosed in this document may be implemented using firmware or software, and the firmware or software may be implemented to include modules, procedures, functions, etc. The descriptions, functions, procedures, suggestions, methods and/or operation flowcharts disclosed in this document may be implemented using firmware or software configured to perform one or more processors (102, 202) or stored in one or more memories (104, 204) and executed by one or more processors (102, 202). The descriptions, functions, procedures, suggestions, methods and/or operation flowcharts disclosed in this document may be implemented using firmware or software in the form of codes, instructions and/or sets of instructions.

One or more memories (104, 204) may be coupled to one or more processors (102, 202) and may store various forms of data, signals, messages, information, programs, codes, instructions, and/or commands. The one or more memories (104, 204) may be configured as ROM, RAM, EPROM, flash memory, hard drives, registers, cache memory, computer-readable storage media, and/or combinations thereof. The one or more memories (104, 204) may be located internally and/or externally to the one or more processors (102, 202). Additionally, the one or more memories (104, 204) may be coupled to the one or more processors (102, 202) via various technologies, such as wired or wireless connections.

One or more transceivers (106, 206) can transmit user data, control information, wireless signals/channels, etc., as mentioned in the methods and/or flowcharts of this document, to one or more other devices. One or more transceivers (106, 206) can receive user data, control information, wireless signals/channels, etc., as mentioned in the descriptions, functions, procedures, proposals, methods and/or flowcharts of this document, from one or more other devices. For example, one or more transceivers (106, 206) can be connected to one or more processors (102, 202) and can transmit and receive wireless signals. For example, one or more processors (102, 202) can control one or more transceivers (106, 206) to transmit user data, control information, or wireless signals to one or more other devices. Additionally, one or more processors (102, 202) may control one or more transceivers (106, 206) to receive user data, control information, or wireless signals from one or more other devices. Additionally, one or more transceivers (106, 206) may be coupled to one or more antennas (108, 208), and one or more transceivers (106, 206) may be configured to transmit and receive user data, control information, wireless signals/channels, or the like, as referred to in the descriptions, functions, procedures, proposals, methods, and/or operational flowcharts disclosed herein, via one or more antennas (108, 208). In this document, one or more antennas may be multiple physical antennas or multiple logical antennas (e.g., antenna ports). One or more transceivers (106, 206) may convert received user data, control information, wireless signals/channels, etc. from RF band signals to baseband signals in order to process the received user data, control information, wireless signals/channels, etc. using one or more processors (102, 202). One or more transceivers (106, 206) may convert processed user data, control information, wireless signals/channels, etc. from baseband signals to RF band signals using one or more processors (102, 202). For this purpose, one or more transceivers (106, 206) may include an (analog) oscillator and/or a filter.

FIG. 34 illustrates another example of a wireless device that can be applied to various embodiments of the present disclosure.

According to FIG. 34, the wireless device may include at least one processor (102, 202), at least one memory (104, 204), at least one transceiver (106, 206), and one or more antennas (108, 208).

The difference between the example of the wireless device described in FIG. 33 and the example of the wireless device in FIG. 34 is that in FIG. 33, the processor (102, 202) and the memory (104, 204) are separated, but in the example of FIG. 34, the memory (104, 204) is included in the processor (102, 202).

Here, the specific description of the processor (102, 202), memory (104, 204), transceiver (106, 206), and one or more antennas (108, 208) is as described above, so in order to avoid unnecessary repetition of description, the description of the repeated description is omitted.

Below, examples of signal processing circuits to which various embodiments of the present disclosure are applied are described.

Figure 35 illustrates a signal processing circuit for a transmission signal.

Referring to FIG. 35, the signal processing circuit (1000) may include a scrambler (1010), a modulator (1020), a layer mapper (1030), a precoder (1040), a resource mapper (1050), and a signal generator (1060). Although not limited thereto, the operations/functions of FIG. 35 may be performed in the processor (102, 202) and/or the transceiver (106, 206) of FIG. 33. The hardware elements of FIG. 34 may be implemented in the processor (102, 202) and/or the transceiver (106, 206) of FIG. 33. For example, blocks 1010 to 1060 may be implemented in the processor (102, 202) of FIG. 33. Additionally, blocks 1010 to 1050 may be implemented in the processor (102, 202) of FIG. 33, and block 1060 may be implemented in the transceiver (106, 206) of FIG. 33.

The codeword can be converted into a wireless signal through the signal processing circuit (1000) of FIG. 35. Here, the codeword is an encoded bit sequence of an information block. The information block may include a transport block (e.g., an UL-SCH transport block, a DL-SCH transport block). The wireless signal may be transmitted through various physical channels (e.g., a PUSCH or a PDSCH).

Specifically, the codeword can be converted into a bit sequence scrambled by a scrambler (1010). The scramble sequence used for scrambling is generated based on an initialization value, and the initialization value may include ID information of the wireless device, etc. The scrambled bit sequence can be modulated into a modulation symbol sequence by a modulator (1020). The modulation method may include pi/2-BPSK (pi/2-Binary Phase Shift Keying), m-PSK (m-Phase Shift Keying), m-QAM (m-Quadrature Amplitude Modulation), etc. The complex modulation symbol sequence can be mapped to one or more transmission layers by a layer mapper (1030). The modulation symbols of each transmission layer can be mapped to the corresponding antenna port(s) by a precoder (1040) (precoding). The output z of the precoder (1040) can be obtained by multiplying the output y of the layer mapper (1030) by a precoding matrix W of N*M. Here, N is the number of antenna ports, and M is the number of transmission layers. Here, the precoder (1040) can perform precoding after performing transform precoding (e.g., DFT transform) on complex modulation symbols. In addition, the precoder (1040) can perform precoding without performing transform precoding.

The resource mapper (1050) can map modulation symbols of each antenna port to time-frequency resources. The time-frequency resources can include multiple symbols (e.g., CP-OFDMA symbols, DFT-s-OFDMA symbols) in the time domain and multiple subcarriers in the frequency domain. The signal generator (1060) generates a wireless signal from the mapped modulation symbols, and the generated wireless signal can be transmitted to another device through each antenna. To this end, the signal generator (1060) can include an Inverse Fast Fourier Transform (IFFT) module, a Cyclic Prefix (CP) inserter, a Digital-to-Analog Converter (DAC), a frequency uplink converter, etc.

The signal processing process for receiving signals in a wireless device can be configured in reverse order of the signal processing process (1010 to 1060) of FIG. 35. For example, a wireless device (e.g., 100, 200 of FIG. 33) can receive wireless signals from the outside through an antenna port/transceiver. The received wireless signals can be converted into baseband signals through a signal restorer. For this purpose, the signal restorer can include a frequency downlink converter, an analog-to-digital converter (ADC), a CP remover, and a fast Fourier transform (FFT) module. Thereafter, the baseband signal can be restored to a codeword through a resource demapper process, a postcoding process, a demodulation process, and a descrambling process. The codewords can be restored to the original information blocks through decoding. Accordingly, a signal processing circuit (not shown) for a received signal may include a signal restorer, a resource de-mapper, a postcoder, a demodulator, a de-scrambler, and a decoder.

Below, examples of wireless device utilization to which various embodiments of the present disclosure are applied are described.

Figure 36 illustrates another example of a wireless device applicable to various embodiments of the present disclosure. The wireless device may be implemented in various forms depending on the use case/service.

Referring to FIG. 36, the wireless device (100, 200) corresponds to the wireless device (100, 200) of FIG. 33 and may be composed of various elements, components, units, and/or modules. For example, the wireless device (100, 200) may include a communication unit (110), a control unit (120), a memory unit (130), and additional elements (140). The communication unit may include a communication circuit (112) and a transceiver(s) (114). For example, the communication circuit (112) may include one or more processors (102, 202) and/or one or more memories (104, 204) of FIG. 33. For example, the transceiver(s) (114) may include one or more transceivers (106, 206) and/or one or more antennas (108, 208) of FIG. 33. The control unit (120) is electrically connected to the communication unit (110), the memory unit (130), and the additional elements (140) and controls the overall operation of the wireless device. For example, the control unit (120) may control the electrical/mechanical operation of the wireless device based on the program/code/command/information stored in the memory unit (130). In addition, the control unit (120) may transmit information stored in the memory unit (130) to an external device (e.g., another communication device) via a wireless/wired interface through the communication unit (110), or store information received from an external device (e.g., another communication device) via a wireless/wired interface in the memory unit (130).

The additional element (140) may be configured in various ways depending on the type of the wireless device. For example, the additional element (140) may include at least one of a power unit/battery, an input/output unit (I/O unit), a driving unit, and a computing unit. Although not limited thereto, the wireless device may be implemented in the form of a robot (Fig. 32, 100a), a vehicle (Fig. 32, 100b-1, 100b-2), an XR device (Fig. 32, 100c), a portable device (Fig. 32, 100d), a home appliance (Fig. 32, 100e), an IoT device (Fig. 32, 100f), a digital broadcasting terminal, a hologram device, a public safety device, an MTC device, a medical device, a fintech device (or a financial device), a security device, a climate/environmental device, an AI server/device (Fig. 32, 400), a base station (Fig. 32, 200), a network node, etc. Wireless devices may be mobile or stationary depending on the use/service.

In FIG. 36, various elements, components, units/parts, and/or modules within the wireless device (100, 200) may be entirely interconnected via a wired interface, or at least some may be wirelessly connected via a communication unit (110). For example, within the wireless device (100, 200), the control unit (120) and the communication unit (110) may be wired, and the control unit (120) and a first unit (e.g., 130, 140) may be wirelessly connected via the communication unit (110). In addition, each element, component, unit/part, and/or module within the wireless device (100, 200) may further include one or more elements. For example, the control unit (120) may be composed of a set of one or more processors. For example, the control unit (120) may be composed of a set of a communication control processor, an application processor, an electronic control unit (ECU), a graphics processing processor, a memory control processor, etc. As another example, the memory unit (130) may be composed of RAM (Random Access Memory), DRAM (Dynamic RAM), ROM (Read Only Memory), flash memory, volatile memory, non-volatile memory, and/or a combination thereof.

Below, the implementation example of Fig. 36 is described in more detail with reference to the drawings.

Figure 37 illustrates a mobile device applicable to various embodiments of the present disclosure. The mobile device may include a smartphone, a smart pad, a wearable device (e.g., a smartwatch, smartglasses), or a portable computer (e.g., a laptop, etc.). The mobile device may be referred to as a Mobile Station (MS), a User Terminal (UT), a Mobile Subscriber Station (MSS), a Subscriber Station (SS), an Advanced Mobile Station (AMS), or a Wireless Terminal (WT).

Referring to FIG. 37, the portable device (100) may include an antenna unit (108), a communication unit (110), a control unit (120), a memory unit (130), a power supply unit (140a), an interface unit (140b), and an input/output unit (140c). The antenna unit (108) may be configured as a part of the communication unit (110). Blocks 110 to 130/140a to 140c correspond to blocks 110 to 130/140 of FIG. 36, respectively.

The communication unit (110) can transmit and receive signals (e.g., data, control signals, etc.) with other wireless devices and base stations. The control unit (120) can control components of the mobile device (100) to perform various operations. The control unit (120) can include an AP (Application Processor). The memory unit (130) can store data/parameters/programs/codes/commands required for operating the mobile device (100). In addition, the memory unit (130) can store input/output data/information, etc. The power supply unit (140a) supplies power to the mobile device (100) and can include a wired/wireless charging circuit, a battery, etc. The interface unit (140b) can support connection between the mobile device (100) and other external devices. The interface unit (140b) can include various ports (e.g., audio input/output ports, video input/output ports) for connection with external devices. The input/output unit (140c) can input or output video information/signals, audio information/signals, data, and/or information input from a user. The input/output unit (140c) may include a camera, a microphone, a user input unit, a display unit (140d), a speaker, and/or a haptic module.

For example, in the case of data communication, the input/output unit (140c) obtains information/signals (e.g., touch, text, voice, image, video) input by the user, and the obtained information/signals can be stored in the memory unit (130). The communication unit (110) converts the information/signals stored in the memory into wireless signals, and can directly transmit the converted wireless signals to other wireless devices or to a base station. In addition, the communication unit (110) can receive wireless signals from other wireless devices or base stations, and then restore the received wireless signals to the original information/signals. The restored information/signals can be stored in the memory unit (130) and then output in various forms (e.g., text, voice, image, video, haptic) through the input/output unit (140c).

FIG. 38 illustrates a vehicle or autonomous vehicle applicable to various embodiments of the present disclosure.

Vehicles or autonomous vehicles can be implemented as mobile robots, cars, trains, manned or unmanned aerial vehicles (AVs), ships, etc.

Referring to FIG. 38, a vehicle or autonomous vehicle (100) may include an antenna unit (108), a communication unit (110), a control unit (120), a driving unit (140a), a power supply unit (140b), a sensor unit (140c), and an autonomous driving unit (140d). The antenna unit (108) may be configured as a part of the communication unit (110). Blocks 110/130/140a to 140d correspond to blocks 110/130/140 of FIG. 36, respectively.

The communication unit (110) can transmit and receive signals (e.g., data, control signals, etc.) with external devices such as other vehicles, base stations (e.g., base stations, road side units, etc.), and servers. The control unit (120) can control elements of the vehicle or autonomous vehicle (100) to perform various operations. The control unit (120) can include an ECU (Electronic Control Unit). The drive unit (140a) can drive the vehicle or autonomous vehicle (100) on the ground. The drive unit (140a) can include an engine, a motor, a power train, wheels, brakes, a steering device, etc. The power supply unit (140b) supplies power to the vehicle or autonomous vehicle (100) and can include a wired/wireless charging circuit, a battery, etc. The sensor unit (140c) can obtain vehicle status, surrounding environment information, user information, etc. The sensor unit (140c) may include an IMU (inertial measurement unit) sensor, a collision sensor, a wheel sensor, a speed sensor, an incline sensor, a weight detection sensor, a heading sensor, a position module, a vehicle forward/backward sensor, a battery sensor, a fuel sensor, a tire sensor, a steering sensor, a temperature sensor, a humidity sensor, an ultrasonic sensor, an illuminance sensor, a pedal position sensor, etc. The autonomous driving unit (140d) may implement a technology for maintaining a driving lane, a technology for automatically controlling speed such as adaptive cruise control, a technology for automatically driving along a set path, a technology for automatically setting a path and driving when a destination is set, etc.

For example, the communication unit (110) can receive map data, traffic information data, etc. from an external server. The autonomous driving unit (140d) can generate an autonomous driving route and driving plan based on the acquired data. The control unit (120) can control the drive unit (140a) so that the vehicle or autonomous vehicle (100) moves along the autonomous driving route according to the driving plan (e.g., speed/direction control). During autonomous driving, the communication unit (110) can irregularly/periodically acquire the latest traffic information data from an external server and can acquire surrounding traffic information data from surrounding vehicles. In addition, during autonomous driving, the sensor unit (140c) can acquire vehicle status and surrounding environment information. The autonomous driving unit (140d) can update the autonomous driving route and driving plan based on newly acquired data/information. The communication unit (110) can transmit information regarding the vehicle location, autonomous driving route, driving plan, etc. to the external server. External servers can predict traffic information data in advance using AI technology or other technologies based on information collected from vehicles or autonomous vehicles, and provide the predicted traffic information data to the vehicles or autonomous vehicles.

Figure 39 illustrates a vehicle applicable to various embodiments of the present disclosure. The vehicle may also be implemented as a means of transportation, a train, an aircraft, a ship, or the like.

Referring to FIG. 39, the vehicle (100) may include a communication unit (110), a control unit (120), a memory unit (130), an input/output unit (140a), and a position measurement unit (140b). Here, blocks 110 to 130/140a to 140b correspond to blocks 110 to 130/140 of FIG. 35, respectively.

The communication unit (110) can transmit and receive signals (e.g., data, control signals, etc.) with other vehicles or external devices such as base stations. The control unit (120) can control components of the vehicle (100) to perform various operations. The memory unit (130) can store data/parameters/programs/codes/commands that support various functions of the vehicle (100). The input/output unit (140a) can output AR/VR objects based on information in the memory unit (130). The input/output unit (140a) can include a HUD. The position measurement unit (140b) can obtain position information of the vehicle (100). The position information can include absolute position information of the vehicle (100), position information within a driving line, acceleration information, position information with respect to surrounding vehicles, etc. The position measurement unit (140b) can include GPS and various sensors.

For example, the communication unit (110) of the vehicle (100) can receive map information, traffic information, etc. from an external server and store them in the memory unit (130). The location measurement unit (140b) can obtain vehicle location information through GPS and various sensors and store the information in the memory unit (130). The control unit (120) can create a virtual object based on the map information, traffic information, and vehicle location information, and the input/output unit (140a) can display the created virtual object on the vehicle window (1410, 1420). In addition, the control unit (120) can determine whether the vehicle (100) is being driven normally within the driving line based on the vehicle location information. If the vehicle (100) abnormally deviates from the driving line, the control unit (120) can display a warning on the vehicle window through the input/output unit (140a). Additionally, the control unit (120) can broadcast a warning message regarding driving abnormalities to surrounding vehicles through the communication unit (110). Depending on the situation, the control unit (120) can transmit vehicle location information and information regarding driving/vehicle abnormalities to relevant authorities through the communication unit (110).

Figure 40 illustrates an XR device applicable to various embodiments of the present disclosure. The XR device may be implemented as an HMD, a head-up display (HUD) installed in a vehicle, a television, a smartphone, a computer, a wearable device, a home appliance, digital signage, a vehicle, a robot, and the like.

Referring to FIG. 40, the XR device (100a) may include a communication unit (110), a control unit (120), a memory unit (130), an input/output unit (140a), a sensor unit (140b), and a power supply unit (140c). Here, blocks 110 to 130/140a to 140c correspond to blocks 110 to 130/140 of FIG. 36, respectively.

The communication unit (110) can transmit and receive signals (e.g., media data, control signals, etc.) with external devices such as other wireless devices, portable devices, or media servers. The media data can include videos, images, sounds, etc. The control unit (120) can control components of the XR device (100a) to perform various operations. For example, the control unit (120) can be configured to control and/or perform procedures such as video/image acquisition, (video/image) encoding, metadata generation and processing, etc. The memory unit (130) can store data/parameters/programs/codes/commands required for driving the XR device (100a)/generating XR objects. The input/output unit (140a) can obtain control information, data, etc. from the outside, and output the generated XR objects. The input/output unit (140a) can include a camera, a microphone, a user input unit, a display unit, a speaker, and/or a haptic module, etc. The sensor unit (140b) can obtain the XR device status, surrounding environment information, user information, etc. The sensor unit (140b) may include a proximity sensor, an illuminance sensor, an acceleration sensor, a magnetic sensor, a gyro sensor, an inertial sensor, an RGB sensor, an IR sensor, a fingerprint recognition sensor, an ultrasonic sensor, a light sensor, a microphone, and/or a radar. The power supply unit (140c) supplies power to the XR device (100a) and may include a wired/wireless charging circuit, a battery, etc.

For example, the memory unit (130) of the XR device (100a) may include information (e.g., data, etc.) required for creating an XR object (e.g., AR/VR/MR object). The input/output unit (140a) may obtain a command to operate the XR device (100a) from the user, and the control unit (120) may operate the XR device (100a) according to the user's operating command. For example, when a user attempts to watch a movie, news, etc. through the XR device (100a), the control unit (120) may transmit content request information to another device (e.g., a mobile device (100b)) or a media server through the communication unit (130). The communication unit (130) may download/stream content such as movies and news from another device (e.g., a mobile device (100b)) or a media server to the memory unit (130). The control unit (120) controls and/or performs procedures such as video/image acquisition, (video/image) encoding, and metadata generation/processing for content, and can generate/output an XR object based on information about surrounding space or real objects acquired through the input/output unit (140a)/sensor unit (140b).

In addition, the XR device (100a) is wirelessly connected to the mobile device (100b) through the communication unit (110), and the operation of the XR device (100a) can be controlled by the mobile device (100b). For example, the mobile device (100b) can act as a controller for the XR device (100a). To this end, the XR device (100a) can obtain three-dimensional position information of the mobile device (100b), and then generate and output an XR object corresponding to the mobile device (100b).

Figure 41 illustrates robots applicable to various embodiments of the present disclosure. Robots may be classified into industrial, medical, household, and military applications, depending on their intended use or field.

Referring to FIG. 41, the robot (100) may include a communication unit (110), a control unit (120), a memory unit (130), an input/output unit (140a), a sensor unit (140b), and a driving unit (140c). Here, blocks 110 to 130/140a to 140c correspond to blocks 110 to 130/140 of FIG. 36, respectively.

The communication unit (110) can transmit and receive signals (e.g., driving information, control signals, etc.) with external devices such as other wireless devices, other robots, or control servers. The control unit (120) can control components of the robot (100) to perform various operations. The memory unit (130) can store data/parameters/programs/codes/commands that support various functions of the robot (100). The input/output unit (140a) can obtain information from the outside of the robot (100) and output information to the outside of the robot (100). The input/output unit (140a) can include a camera, a microphone, a user input unit, a display unit, a speaker, and/or a haptic module. The sensor unit (140b) can obtain internal information of the robot (100), surrounding environment information, user information, etc. The sensor unit (140b) may include a proximity sensor, an illuminance sensor, an acceleration sensor, a magnetic sensor, a gyro sensor, an inertial sensor, an IR sensor, a fingerprint recognition sensor, an ultrasonic sensor, a light sensor, a microphone, a radar, etc. The driving unit (140c) may perform various physical operations such as moving the robot joints. In addition, the driving unit (140c) may enable the robot (100) to drive on the ground or fly in the air. The driving unit (140c) may include an actuator, a motor, wheels, brakes, propellers, etc.

FIG. 42 illustrates an AI device applicable to various embodiments of the present disclosure.

AI devices can be implemented as fixed or mobile devices, such as TVs, projectors, smartphones, PCs, laptops, digital broadcasting terminals, tablet PCs, wearable devices, set-top boxes (STBs), radios, washing machines, refrigerators, digital signage, robots, and vehicles.

Referring to FIG. 42, the AI device (100) may include a communication unit (110), a control unit (120), a memory unit (130), an input/output unit (140a/140b), a learning processor unit (140c), and a sensor unit (140d). Blocks 110 to 130/140a to 140d correspond to blocks 110 to 130/140 of FIG. 36, respectively.

The communication unit (110) can transmit and receive wired and wireless signals (e.g., sensor information, user input, learning models, control signals, etc.) with external devices such as other AI devices (e.g., FIG. 39, 100x, 200, 400) or AI servers (200) using wired and wireless communication technology. To this end, the communication unit (110) can transmit information within the memory unit (130) to the external device or transfer a signal received from the external device to the memory unit (130).

The control unit (120) may determine at least one executable operation of the AI device (100) based on information determined or generated using a data analysis algorithm or a machine learning algorithm. In addition, the control unit (120) may control components of the AI device (100) to perform the determined operation. For example, the control unit (120) may request, search, receive, or utilize data from the learning processor unit (140c) or the memory unit (130), and may control components of the AI device (100) to perform at least one executable operation, a predicted operation, or an operation determined to be desirable. In addition, the control unit (120) may collect history information including the operation contents of the AI device (100) or user feedback on the operation, and store the collected history information in the memory unit (130) or the learning processor unit (140c), or transmit the collected history information to an external device such as an AI server (FIG. W1, 400). The collected history information may be used to update a learning model.

The memory unit (130) can store data that supports various functions of the AI device (100). For example, the memory unit (130) can store data obtained from the input unit (140a), data obtained from the communication unit (110), output data of the learning processor unit (140c), and data obtained from the sensing unit (140). In addition, the memory unit (130) can store control information and/or software codes necessary for the operation/execution of the control unit (120).

The input unit (140a) can obtain various types of data from the outside of the AI device (100). For example, the input unit (120) can obtain learning data for model learning, input data to which the learning model will be applied, etc. The input unit (140a) may include a camera, a microphone, and/or a user input unit. The output unit (140b) may generate output related to sight, hearing, or touch. The output unit (140b) may include a display unit, a speaker, and/or a haptic module, etc. The sensing unit (140) can obtain at least one of internal information of the AI device (100), information about the surrounding environment of the AI device (100), and user information using various sensors. The sensing unit (140) may include a proximity sensor, an illuminance sensor, an acceleration sensor, a magnetic sensor, a gyro sensor, an inertial sensor, an RGB sensor, an IR sensor, a fingerprint recognition sensor, an ultrasonic sensor, a light sensor, a microphone, and/or a radar, etc.

The learning processor unit (140c) can train a model composed of an artificial neural network using learning data. The learning processor unit (140c) can perform AI processing together with the learning processor unit of the AI server (Figure W1, 400). The learning processor unit (140c) can process information received from an external device via the communication unit (110) and/or information stored in the memory unit (130). In addition, the output value of the learning processor unit (140c) can be transmitted to an external device via the communication unit (110) and/or stored in the memory unit (130).

The claims described in the various embodiments of the present disclosure may be combined in various ways. For example, the technical features of the method claims of the various embodiments of the present disclosure may be combined and implemented as a device, and the technical features of the device claims of the various embodiments of the present disclosure may be combined and implemented as a method. Furthermore, the technical features of the method claims of the various embodiments of the present disclosure may be combined and implemented as a device, and the technical features of the method claims of the various embodiments of the present disclosure may be combined and implemented as a method.

Claims (20)

In a method performed by a first node supporting a first RAT (radio access technology) in a wireless communication system, generating a data signal including at least one simulated signal based on a second RAT; and A step of transmitting the data signal to a second node supporting the second RAT, The second node performs a back-off for the second RAT based on the data signal, The first symbol of the above data signal includes a first imitation signal, A method wherein a second imitation signal is included in the last symbol of the above data signal. In paragraph 1, A method wherein the first and second mock signals include a preamble for the second RAT. In paragraph 1, A method wherein at least one of the first and second imitation signals includes the preamble twice or more. In paragraph 1, A method, wherein the first imitation signal includes signal length information for transmitting the data signal. In the third paragraph, The above length information is a method in which the length is a value obtained by subtracting one symbol length from an integer multiple of the TTI (Transmission Time Interval) of the first RAT. In paragraph 1, A method wherein the second simulated signal includes length information about a backoff time that can be additionally performed after the backoff is terminated. In paragraph 1, Further comprising a step of transmitting setting information related to the backoff to the terminal, A method in which configuration information related to the above backoff is transmitted through at least one of an RRC reconfiguration message and DCI (Downlink Control Information). In a method performed by a second node supporting a second RAT (radio access technology) in a wireless communication system, A step of receiving a data signal including at least one simulated signal based on the second RAT from a first node supporting the first RAT; and A step of performing a back-off for the second RAT based on the data signal, The first symbol of the above data signal includes a first imitation signal, A method wherein a second imitation signal is included in the last symbol of the above data signal. In paragraph 8, A method wherein the first and second mock signals include a preamble for the second RAT. In paragraph 8, A method wherein at least one of the first and second imitation signals includes the preamble twice or more. In paragraph 8, A method, wherein the first imitation signal includes signal length information for transmitting the data signal. In paragraph 11, The above length information is a method in which the length is a value obtained by subtracting one symbol length from an integer multiple of the TTI (Transmission Time Interval) of the first RAT. In paragraph 8, A method wherein the second simulated signal includes length information about a backoff time that can be additionally performed after the backoff is terminated. In paragraph 8, The above first node transmits setting information related to the backoff to the terminal, A method in which configuration information related to the above backoff is transmitted through at least one of an RRC reconfiguration message and DCI (Downlink Control Information). In a first node supporting a first RAT (radio access technology) in a communication system, Transmitter and receiver; at least one processor; and At least one memory operably connectable to said at least one processor and storing instructions that, when executed by said at least one processor, perform operations; The above actions are, A first node comprising all steps of a method according to any one of claims 1 to 7. In a second node supporting a second RAT (radio access technology) in a communication system, Transmitter and receiver; at least one processor; and At least one memory operably connectable to said at least one processor and storing instructions that, when executed by said at least one processor, perform operations; The above actions are, A second node comprising all steps of the method according to any one of claims 8 to 14. In a control device for controlling a first node supporting a first RAT (radio access technology) in a communication system, at least one processor; and comprising at least one memory operably connected to at least one of the processors; The at least one memory stores instructions for performing operations based on being executed by the at least one processor, The above actions are, A control device comprising all steps of a method according to any one of claims 1 to 7. In a control device for controlling a second node supporting a second RAT (radio access technology) in a communication system, at least one processor; and comprising at least one memory operably connected to at least one of the processors; The at least one memory stores instructions for performing operations based on being executed by the at least one processor, The above actions are, A control device comprising all steps of a method according to any one of claims 8 to 14. In one or more non-transitory computer-readable media storing one or more instructions, The one or more instructions perform operations based on being executed by one or more processors, The above actions are, Comprising all steps of the method according to one of claims 1 to 7, Computer readable medium. In one or more non-transitory computer-readable media storing one or more instructions, The one or more instructions perform operations based on being executed by one or more processors, The above actions are, A computer-readable medium comprising all steps of a method according to any one of claims 8 to 14.