WO2025210294A1 - System for storing thermal energy from electrical energy for steam generation - Google Patents
System for storing thermal energy from electrical energy for steam generationInfo
- Publication number
- WO2025210294A1 WO2025210294A1 PCT/ES2025/070180 ES2025070180W WO2025210294A1 WO 2025210294 A1 WO2025210294 A1 WO 2025210294A1 ES 2025070180 W ES2025070180 W ES 2025070180W WO 2025210294 A1 WO2025210294 A1 WO 2025210294A1
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- tank
- steam
- installation according
- section
- salt
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Pending
Links
Classifications
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01K—STEAM ENGINE PLANTS; STEAM ACCUMULATORS; ENGINE PLANTS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; ENGINES USING SPECIAL WORKING FLUIDS OR CYCLES
- F01K3/00—Plants characterised by the use of steam or heat accumulators, or intermediate steam heaters, therein
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01K—STEAM ENGINE PLANTS; STEAM ACCUMULATORS; ENGINE PLANTS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; ENGINES USING SPECIAL WORKING FLUIDS OR CYCLES
- F01K3/00—Plants characterised by the use of steam or heat accumulators, or intermediate steam heaters, therein
- F01K3/14—Plants characterised by the use of steam or heat accumulators, or intermediate steam heaters, therein having both steam accumulator and heater, e.g. superheating accumulator
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01K—STEAM ENGINE PLANTS; STEAM ACCUMULATORS; ENGINE PLANTS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; ENGINES USING SPECIAL WORKING FLUIDS OR CYCLES
- F01K3/00—Plants characterised by the use of steam or heat accumulators, or intermediate steam heaters, therein
- F01K3/14—Plants characterised by the use of steam or heat accumulators, or intermediate steam heaters, therein having both steam accumulator and heater, e.g. superheating accumulator
- F01K3/16—Mutual arrangement of accumulator and heater
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F03—MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS; WIND, SPRING, OR WEIGHT MOTORS; PRODUCING MECHANICAL POWER OR A REACTIVE PROPULSIVE THRUST, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- F03G—SPRING, WEIGHT, INERTIA OR LIKE MOTORS; MECHANICAL-POWER PRODUCING DEVICES OR MECHANISMS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR OR USING ENERGY SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- F03G6/00—Devices for producing mechanical power from solar energy
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F22—STEAM GENERATION
- F22B—METHODS OF STEAM GENERATION; STEAM BOILERS
- F22B1/00—Methods of steam generation characterised by form of heating method
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F22—STEAM GENERATION
- F22B—METHODS OF STEAM GENERATION; STEAM BOILERS
- F22B1/00—Methods of steam generation characterised by form of heating method
- F22B1/02—Methods of steam generation characterised by form of heating method by exploitation of the heat content of hot heat carriers
- F22B1/06—Methods of steam generation characterised by form of heating method by exploitation of the heat content of hot heat carriers the heat carrier being molten; Use of molten metal, e.g. zinc, as heat transfer medium
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F22—STEAM GENERATION
- F22B—METHODS OF STEAM GENERATION; STEAM BOILERS
- F22B1/00—Methods of steam generation characterised by form of heating method
- F22B1/28—Methods of steam generation characterised by form of heating method in boilers heated electrically
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F22—STEAM GENERATION
- F22B—METHODS OF STEAM GENERATION; STEAM BOILERS
- F22B21/00—Water-tube boilers of vertical or steeply-inclined type, i.e. the water-tube sets being arranged vertically or substantially vertically
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F22—STEAM GENERATION
- F22B—METHODS OF STEAM GENERATION; STEAM BOILERS
- F22B29/00—Steam boilers of forced-flow type
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F22—STEAM GENERATION
- F22B—METHODS OF STEAM GENERATION; STEAM BOILERS
- F22B29/00—Steam boilers of forced-flow type
- F22B29/06—Steam boilers of forced-flow type of once-through type, i.e. built-up from tubes receiving water at one end and delivering superheated steam at the other end of the tubes
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F22—STEAM GENERATION
- F22B—METHODS OF STEAM GENERATION; STEAM BOILERS
- F22B29/00—Steam boilers of forced-flow type
- F22B29/06—Steam boilers of forced-flow type of once-through type, i.e. built-up from tubes receiving water at one end and delivering superheated steam at the other end of the tubes
- F22B29/08—Steam boilers of forced-flow type of once-through type, i.e. built-up from tubes receiving water at one end and delivering superheated steam at the other end of the tubes operating with fixed point of final state of complete evaporation
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
- F24H—FLUID HEATERS, e.g. WATER OR AIR HEATERS, HAVING HEAT-GENERATING MEANS, e.g. HEAT PUMPS, IN GENERAL
- F24H1/00—Water heaters, e.g. boilers, continuous-flow heaters or water-storage heaters
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
- F28D—HEAT-EXCHANGE APPARATUS, NOT PROVIDED FOR IN ANOTHER SUBCLASS, IN WHICH THE HEAT-EXCHANGE MEDIA DO NOT COME INTO DIRECT CONTACT
- F28D20/00—Heat storage plants or apparatus in general; Regenerative heat-exchange apparatus not covered by groups F28D17/00 or F28D19/00
Definitions
- the field of application of the present invention is the electrification of thermal consumption in industry, through the generation of process steam from renewable energies.
- renewable energy sources means that electricity generation cannot be adapted to specific demand. This has led to a rapid increase in installed capacity. Therefore, although renewable electricity generation can sometimes exceed seasonal demand in certain markets under favorable weather conditions (abundant solar radiation and continuous moderate wind), the necessary stability of electricity grids imposes restrictions in the form of power limits on photovoltaic and wind energy. Thus, renewable energies that should normally contribute to reducing CO2 emissions are limited in their potential by low demand during certain periods of the day.
- Thermal energy storage facilities have traditionally been developed in the field of Concentrating Solar Power (CSP) plants. These heat storage facilities consist of two molten salt tanks called a cold tank and a hot tank. One of them, the hot tank, stores the salts heated directly or indirectly by concentrated solar radiation. The other tank, the cold tank, receives and stores the salts that have released the previously accumulated sensible heat.
- CSP Concentrating Solar Power
- the main advantage of this type of storage is that it can manage the stored thermal energy to continue producing steam during periods without radiation. Finally, the generated steam is turbined for electricity production.
- the present invention consists of a thermal storage facility using renewable electrical energy for use in steam generation, either simultaneously during the charging process itself or in a deferred manner during times when electricity is unavailable.
- the facility's unique feature lies in its maximum degree of compactness. In this sense, the facility integrates, within a single storage tank, heating via electrical energy (storage charging), steam generation (storage discharging), and molten salt circulation.
- electrical energy storage charging
- steam generation storage discharging
- molten salt circulation molten salt circulation
- the heat dissipating element is preferably an electrical resistor in the form of an elongated bar.
- the functional elements have the following characteristics: they are supported by the support plate, i.e., they are supported by structures independent of the tank's upper enclosure; the flanged connections to the support plate are insulated using expansion joints, preferably textile or metal, thereby ensuring the tightness of the tank's interior atmosphere, preventing the entry of ambient air through the openings in the support plate where the functional elements are inserted, while also preventing the transmission of their weight to the tank.
- Steam generator-type functional elements have an inert gas inlet, for example nitrogen, in the part of the metal casing located on the outside of the tank.
- the inert gas introduced generates a controlled pressure inside the steam generator casing, causing the molten salt column inside to move.
- the pressure exerted by the inert gas must remain below a threshold value, beyond which the surface area of the molten salt column displaced inside the casing would reach the salt outlet section and/or the suction path of the salt drive element.
- the installation may also comprise a prismatic or cylindrical steel casing that is concentric with the axis of the tank and runs vertically from the lower part of the tank to its upper part, without reaching the level of molten salts or the bottom of the tank, housing inside it all the functional units and the drive element.
- the sleeve may include, inside, arranged perpendicular to the longitudinal axis, a group of flat, interior metal plates arranged equidistant from each other, alternating vertically and of two types.
- a first plate the outer perimeter of which closes with the inner surface of the sleeve and has a hole in its central area through which molten salts may flow.
- a second plate the outer perimeter of which encloses a section smaller than that of the sleeve, such that a free section would be established between said plate and the inner surface of the sleeve through which molten salts may flow.
- Figure 2 represents several views of the functional units, both individually and as a whole.
- Figure 3 shows several views of the cylindrical sleeve and the main elements with which it is assembled.
- Figure 4 shows a side and sectional view of the drive element.
- Figure 5 is a sectional view of the installation in an embodiment comprising a functional element of the steam generator type.
- Figure 6 shows a sectional view of the installation in an embodiment comprising a functional element of the heat sink type.
- Figure 7 illustrates the displacement of salts within a functional element of the steam generator type by the action of the inert gas pressure system.
- Figure 8 shows a sectional perspective view of the installation of the invention in which the tank, the volume of salts and a plurality of functional elements can be seen.
- the tank (1) is closed at the top by means of an outer enclosure plate (3) resting on a support structure (4) independent of the tank (1) itself.
- the seal between the tank (1) and the outer enclosure plate (3) is achieved on the periphery by means of a connection (5), which in a An embodiment example as shown in Figure 1 is a bellows-type seal (5), whether textile or metal.
- the volume of the tank (1) and salts (2) is calculated based on both the desired storage capacity and the requirements of the required conditions of the steam to be produced.
- Distributed in the tank (1) there are a plurality of functional units (6), each of which integrates:
- a steam generator (8) consisting of a steel conduit that has two sections connected to each other, whose longitudinal axes are parallel to the axis of the heat dissipating element (7): a first longitudinal section (9) through which the water flows downwards to a certain depth and a second section (10) of ascending helical shape, which encompasses in its interior region, surrounding it, both the first longitudinal section (9) and the heat dissipating element (7);
- the tank (1) has an upper end with an upper enclosure (21) which is preferably a flat surface.
- Said upper enclosure (21) comprises a plurality of openings (22) provided with connections (5), which in the embodiments shown in Figures 5 to 8 are flanged connections (5) for the installation of the functional elements (6).
- the openings (22) are closed by means of support plates (23) (preferably metallic) on which functional elements (6) are installed.
- the support plates (23) (which are preferably flat) are supported on a structure independent of the tank (1) such that their weight, together with that of the functional elements (6) that are attached to the support plates (23), is not transmitted to the tank (1).
- the volume of the tank (1) and molten salts (2) is calculated based on both the desired storage capacity and the requirements of the required steam conditions to be produced.
- the functional elements (6) are arranged, attached to the support plate (23) which are selected from: heat sinks (7) and steam generators (8).
- the heat dissipating elements (7) are electrical resistors comprising a plurality of longitudinal conductors (24) that run from an upper part of the tank (1) to a certain depth thereof.
- the functional elements (6) have a salt circulation system comprising: an enclosure (30) (preferably a metal enclosure) surrounding the functional element (6) (the heat dissipating element (7) or the steam generator (8)) where said enclosure (30) has an end arranged on the outside of the tank (1), which in one embodiment is integral with the support plate (23), and the enclosure (30) has a salt inlet section (31), close to the surface of the molten salt volume (2) in the tank (1), and an outlet section (32) at the bottom of the enclosure (30); a salt driving element (12) (which in one example is a pump) with a longitudinal axis that is parallel to the longitudinal axis of the functional element (6) and where the salt driving element (12) is configured to aspirate the molten salt and propel it through the inlet section (31) of the casing (30), favoring a speed of salts around the functional element (6) for adequate heat exchange; a set of partitions (33), placed alternately inside the casing (30), in a direction transverse to the longitudinal direction of said cas
- the installation comprises an atmospheric tank (1), which in a preferred embodiment is cylindrical, and which contains inside a volume of molten salts (2) and which has an upper enclosure (21) of the tank (1) comprising openings (22) with flanged connections (5) that receive a plurality of functional elements (6) (installed in the openings (22) with flanged connections (5).
- These functional elements (6) are selected from at least one heat dissipating element (7) and/or at least one steam generator (8), and are partially submerged in the volume of molten salts (2).
- the functional elements (6) are heat dissipating elements (7), they can be electrical resistors comprising a plurality of longitudinal conductors (24) that extend longitudinally from the outside of the tank (1) to a certain depth inside the tank (1) at which they are submerged in the molten salts (2).
- the functional elements (6) are steam generators (8)
- they may comprise a steel conduit (25) with a water inlet, through which liquid water flows downwards to a collector (26).
- a collector 26
- From said collector (26) extend a plurality of vertical tubes (27), through which a two-phase water-steam mixture flows upwards to a steam collector (28).
- This steam collector (28) is arranged in an upper section of the steam generator (8), where there is a steam outlet conduit (29).
- the steam generators (8) comprise an inert gas inlet (34) in an upper section of the steam generator (8) that is arranged outside the tank (1).
- the installation comprises a pressure tank (35) connected to each steam generator (8) by its upper section that is arranged outside the tank (1), and pressure regulating valves (36) are arranged in each connection.
- the installation may comprise a relief valve (37) in the connections between the pressure tank (35) and the steam generators (8).
- the salt inlet section (31) and the salt outlet section (32) are arranged in a section of the shell (30) that is housed in the tank (1).
- at least the salt outlet section (32) is submerged in the volume of molten salts (2) and the inlet section (31) is arranged at a height greater than that of the salt outlet (32).
- the functional elements of the steam generator type (8) have a heat transfer regulation system consisting of an inert gas inlet (34), for example nitrogen, on the outside of the metal casing (30).
- the inert gas comes from a pressure tank source (35) from which lines are derived to each steam generator (8).
- a pressure regulating valve (36) is installed in each line that adjusts the pressure on the casing (30) of the unit. functional, generating a displacement of the salt column inside it.
- the pressure exerted by the inert gas is such that the surface of the salt column displaced inside the casing (30) does not reach the salt outlet section or the suction path of the drive element (12).
- the functional units (6) are distributed grouped around the central axis thereof (assuming a cylindrical tank (1).
- the axis of the tank (1) is occupied by a drive element (12) provided with a rotating shaft (13) that passes through the outer enclosure plate (3) of the tank (1) through a connection flange (14) and runs to the interior.
- the rotating shaft (13) drives a rotor (15), which produces, depending on its design and direction of rotation, a downward movement of the molten salts (2).
- the drive element (12) can be removed as a whole by disassembling its connection flange (14), which allows for its eventual maintenance or inspection.
- the functional units (6) that surround the drive element (12) are located in such a way as to leave sufficient space to allow the passage of the rotor (15).
- the set of functional units (6) and the drive element (12) are submerged, arranged in the interior volume of the tank (1) and delimited by a prismatic or cylindrical steel jacket (16).
- Said jacket (16) is concentric with the axis of the tank (1) and runs vertically from the lower area of the latter to its upper area, without reaching the salt level (2) or the bottom of the tank (1).
- the jacket (16) has two passage sections for molten salts (2) in its circulation, the upper one (17) being the inlet section for the salts (2) and the lower one (18) being the outlet section.
- this jacket (16) The function of this jacket (16) is to confine the forced flow of salts (2) driven by the rotor (15) in the area of the steam generators (8) and the heat dissipating elements (7), so that appropriate speeds (magnitude and direction) can be obtained to achieve the required heat transfer.
- the length of the rotating shaft (13) of the drive element (12) is such that the rotor (15) is located in the upper section of the cylindrical sleeve (16).
- the sleeve (16) has a bell shape in its lower section (18), its perimeter approximating the lower perimeter area of the tank (1). In this way, the circulation of the molten salts (2) is encouraged in this area, where there is a greater risk of stagnation and, therefore, freezing.
- a group of flat interior metal plates arranged equidistant from each other which are of two types: a first plate (19), whose outer perimeter closes with the inner surface of the sleeve (16) and has an orifice in its central area through which there may be a flow of molten salts (2); and a second plate (20), whose outer perimeter encloses a section lower than that of the sleeve (16), leaving a free section through which a flow of molten salts (2) occurs.
- the inner plates (19, 20) are alternated and have the holes machined for the passage of the functional units (6), leaving the minimum possible space for the extraction of said elements.
- the function of the inner plates (19, 20) is to force a cross flow inside the jacket (16) around the functional units (6), greatly favoring the heat transfer mechanisms during the energy charging and discharging processes.
- the pressure in the casing (30) can be released by a relief valve (37), which can be a three-way valve, so that the level of the molten salts (2) in the casing (30) is equal to the level of the tank.
- the invention comprises an embodiment in which the installation for storing thermal energy from electrical energy for the generation of process steam, comprising:
- a steam generator (8) consisting of a steel duct having two sections connected to each other, whose longitudinal axes are parallel to the axis of the heat dissipating element (7): a first longitudinal section (9) through which the water flows downwards to a certain depth and a second section (10) of ascending helical shape that encompasses in its interior region both the first longitudinal section (9) and the heat dissipating element (7);
- connection flange (11) connected to the outer enclosure plate (3), which provides support to both the heat sink (7) and the steam generator (8);
- said installation may comprise a sleeve (16) of prismatic or cylindrical configuration, made of steel that is concentric with the axis of the tank (1) and runs vertically from the lower area of the latter to its upper area, without reaching the salt level (2) or the bottom of the tank (1), housing inside it all the functional units (6) and the drive element (12).
- the heat dissipating element (7) can be an electrical resistor in the form of an elongated bar.
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- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Thermal Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
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Abstract
Description
INSTALACIÓN DE ALMACENAMIENTO DE ENERGÍA TÉRMICA A PARTIR DE ENERGÍA ELÉCTRICA PARA LA GENERACIÓN DE VAPORTHERMAL ENERGY STORAGE FACILITY FROM ELECTRICAL ENERGY FOR STEAM GENERATION
DESCRIPCIÓNDESCRIPTION
OBJETO DE LA INVENCIÓN OBJECT OF THE INVENTION
La invención se refiere, tal y como expresa el enunciado de la presente memoria descriptiva, a una instalación de almacenamiento de energía térmica cargado a partir de energía eléctrica de origen renovable para la generación de vapor de proceso. El fin último de la invención es la descarbonización de infinidad de procesos industriales que utilizan combustibles fósiles destinados a la generación de vapor de baja y media presión, los cuales contribuyen de una forma muy significativa al incremento de la concentración en la atmósfera de CO2, gas considerado como el principal precursor del efecto invernadero. The invention relates, as expressed in the title of this specification, to a thermal energy storage facility charged with renewable electrical energy for the generation of process steam. The ultimate goal of the invention is the decarbonization of countless industrial processes that use fossil fuels for the generation of low- and medium-pressure steam, which contribute significantly to the increase in atmospheric concentrations of CO2, a gas considered the main precursor to the greenhouse effect.
CAMPO DE APLICACIÓN FIELD OF APPLICATION
El campo de aplicación de la presente invención es el de la electrificación de los consumos térmicos en la industria, a través de la generación de vapor de proceso a partir de energías renovables. The field of application of the present invention is the electrification of thermal consumption in industry, through the generation of process steam from renewable energies.
ANTECEDENTES DE LA INVENCIÓN BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
La expansión que han experimentado en las últimas décadas las fuentes de energía renovables ha contribuido a evitar la emisión de ingentes cantidades de CO2 a la atmósfera en el sector de la generación eléctrica. No obstante, la mayor parte de las emisiones de este contaminante proceden de los procesos de generación de calor en la industria, los cuales han continuado su escalada de demanda haciendo que el resultado neto de las emisiones globales de gases de efecto invernadero haya seguido creciendo en los últimos años. The expansion of renewable energy sources in recent decades has helped prevent the emission of huge amounts of CO2 into the atmosphere in the electricity generation sector. However, the majority of emissions of this pollutant come from heat generation processes in industry, which have continued to increase in demand, causing the net result of global greenhouse gas emissions to continue to grow in recent years.
El carácter no gestionable de estas formas de energía renovables hace que no pueda adaptarse la generación de electricidad a la demanda puntual. Esto ha dado lugar a un rápido aumento de la potencia instalada. Por ello, a pesar de que la generación de energía eléctrica renovable puede a veces superar, en determinados mercados, la demanda temporal cuando se dan condiciones meteorológicas favorables (abundante radiación solar y viento moderado continuo), la necesaria estabilidad de las redes eléctricas impone restricciones en forma de límites de potencia a la fotovoltaica y eólica. De esta forma, las energías renovables que normalmente deberían contribuir a la reducción de las emisiones de CO2 se ven limitadas en su potencial por una baja demanda en determinados períodos del día. The unmanageable nature of these renewable energy sources means that electricity generation cannot be adapted to specific demand. This has led to a rapid increase in installed capacity. Therefore, although renewable electricity generation can sometimes exceed seasonal demand in certain markets under favorable weather conditions (abundant solar radiation and continuous moderate wind), the necessary stability of electricity grids imposes restrictions in the form of power limits on photovoltaic and wind energy. Thus, renewable energies that should normally contribute to reducing CO2 emissions are limited in their potential by low demand during certain periods of the day.
A pesar de lo anterior, se espera un continuo crecimiento de las energías renovables y, por tanto, de las situaciones en las que se producen excedentes de energía de este origen. Despite the above, continued growth in renewable energy is expected, and therefore in situations where surplus energy from this source is produced.
En este contexto de aumento continuo de las necesidades de calor y de situaciones de excedentes en la generación eléctrica de origen renovable, se pone de manifiesto la necesidad de instalaciones capaces de consumir dicho excedente de electricidad y almacenarlo en forma de calor para la generación en continuo de vapor para los procesos industriales. In this context of continuously increasing heat requirements and surplus situations in renewable electricity generation, the need for facilities capable of consuming this surplus electricity and storing it in the form of heat for the continuous generation of steam for industrial processes is evident.
De esta forma, se desplazaría el uso de los combustibles fósiles en la generación de vapor, produciéndose una descarbonización efectiva de uno de los sectores con mayor impacto en el calentamiento global. This would shift the use of fossil fuels from steam generation, effectively decarbonizing one of the sectors with the greatest impact on global warming.
Las instalaciones de almacenamiento de energía térmica se han desarrollado tradicionalmente en el ámbito de las plantas de Energía Solar por Concentración (CSP). Estas instalaciones de almacenamiento de calor consisten en dos tanques de sales fundidas llamados tanque frío y taque caliente. En uno de ellos, el tanque caliente, se almacena las sales que son calentadas directa o indirectamente a partir de la radiación solar concentrada. En el otro tanque, el tanque frió, se reciben y almacenan las sales que han cedido el calor sensible previamente acumulado. Este tipo de almacenamiento tiene la principal ventaja de que es capaz de gestionar la energía térmica almacenada para continuar produciendo vapor durante los períodos sin radiación. Finalmente, el vapor generado se turbina para la producción de electricidad. Thermal energy storage facilities have traditionally been developed in the field of Concentrating Solar Power (CSP) plants. These heat storage facilities consist of two molten salt tanks called a cold tank and a hot tank. One of them, the hot tank, stores the salts heated directly or indirectly by concentrated solar radiation. The other tank, the cold tank, receives and stores the salts that have released the previously accumulated sensible heat. The main advantage of this type of storage is that it can manage the stored thermal energy to continue producing steam during periods without radiation. Finally, the generated steam is turbined for electricity production.
Estas instalaciones de almacenamiento se basan en una tecnología y equipamiento muy maduros, hecho que los convierte en excelentes candidatos para el fin de descarbonización anteriormente comentado. En los últimos años, se ha planteado soluciones encaminadas a reducir la complejidad y las necesidades de espacio de estas instalaciones. Un ejemplo de ello es el uso de un único tanque termoclino en el que las sales se estratifican generándose dos zonas, una fría en la parte inferior del tanque y otra caliente en la zona superior. Estas instalaciones suponen un ahorro en el inventario de sales y en inversión de equipos, así como una importante reducción en la huella para su implantación. No obstante, su desarrollo industrial ha quedado relegado a pocas aplicaciones, la mayor parte de ellas de carácter experimental. Además, y como aspecto más relevante, su uso está directamente ligado a instalaciones de concentración solar, por lo que se requiere un trasiego de sal desde el tanque a los equipos externos tanto para la carga de energía como para la descarga. Todas estas operaciones de trasiego implican una considerable inversión en equipos a la vez que suponen un incremento en los riesgos de congelación de la sal por malfunción o fallo en las instalaciones de calentamiento y aislamiento. These storage facilities are based on very mature technology and equipment, making them excellent candidates for the aforementioned decarbonization goals. In recent years, solutions have been proposed aimed at reducing the complexity and space requirements of these facilities. One example is the use of a single thermocline tank in which the salts are stratified, generating two zones: a cold one at the bottom of the tank and a hot one at the top. These facilities represent savings in salt inventory and equipment investment, as well as a significant reduction in the footprint for their implementation. However, their industrial development has been relegated to a few applications, most of them experimental. Furthermore, and most importantly, their use is directly linked to solar concentration facilities, requiring salt transfer from the tank to external equipment for both energy loading and unloading. All these transfer operations entail a considerable investment in equipment while also increasing the risk of salt freezing due to malfunction or failure of the heating and insulation systems.
En este sentido, se han realizado esfuerzos para hacer más compactos estas instalaciones, como la instalación recogida en la publicación CN203131781 U. En ella se describe un tanque de almacenamiento de sales con un conjunto integrado de generación de vapor, pero intrínsecamente asociado a un campo solar y a una torre de concentración para la carga de energía, la cual se realiza en un equipo independiente al tanque. Esto conlleva el necesario movimiento de las sales desde el tanque hacia la torre, conllevando el coste del bombeo y los riesgos de congelación de la sal. In this regard, efforts have been made to make these facilities more compact, such as the installation described in publication CN203131781 U. It describes a salt storage tank with an integrated steam generation unit, but intrinsically associated with a solar field and a concentration tower for energy loading, which is carried out in equipment separate from the tank. This entails the necessary movement of salts from the tank to the tower, which entails the cost of pumping and the risk of the salt freezing.
DESCRIPCIÓN DE LA INVENCIÓN DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
La presente invención consiste en una instalación de almacenamiento térmico a partir de energía eléctrica de origen renovable para su uso en la generación de vapor, ya sea de forma simultánea durante el propio proceso de carga, o bien de forma diferida en los momentos de no disponibilidad de la electricidad. The present invention consists of a thermal storage facility using renewable electrical energy for use in steam generation, either simultaneously during the charging process itself or in a deferred manner during times when electricity is unavailable.
La particularidad de la instalación radica en su máximo grado de compacidad. En este sentido, la instalación integra, en el interior de un único tanque de almacenamiento, el calentamiento a través de energía eléctrica (carga del almacenamiento), la generación de vapor (descarga del almacenamiento) y la circulación de sales fundidas. El concepto propuesto proporciona las siguientes ventajas frente a una instalación convencional de esta naturaleza: The facility's unique feature lies in its maximum degree of compactness. In this sense, the facility integrates, within a single storage tank, heating via electrical energy (storage charging), steam generation (storage discharging), and molten salt circulation. The proposed concept provides the following advantages over a conventional installation of this nature:
Reducción significativa de los costes de inversión, por ahorro en tuberías, equipos de bombeo, válvulas, instrumentos, elementos de calentamiento (traceado eléctrico), calorifugado, suportación, etc. Significant reduction in investment costs, due to savings in piping, pumping equipment, valves, instruments, heating elements (electrical tracing), insulation, support, etc.
Mejora de la operatividad y la fiabilidad. Improved operability and reliability.
Reducción del mantenimiento. Reduced maintenance.
Reducción de las necesidades de espacio para su implementación en instalaciones existentes, por la disminución de huella necesaria. Reduction in space requirements for implementation in existing facilities, due to the reduced footprint required.
La invención se refiere a una instalación de almacenamiento de energía térmica a partir de energía eléctrica para la generación de vapor de proceso, que puede comprender: un tanque atmosférico cilindrico que contiene en su interior un volumen de sales; un cerramiento superior del tanque por medio de una placa exterior de cerramiento no soportada sobre el tanque; una junta de estanqueidad entre la placa exterior de cerramiento y el tanque atmosférico cilindrico; una pluralidad de elementos funcionales de generación de calor y vapor, agrupados alrededor del eje del tanque, cada uno de los cuales están constituidos por: un elemento disipador de calor de configuración longitudinal que discurre desde la parte superior del tanque hasta una determinada profundidad; un generador de vapor consistente en un conducto de acero que dispone de dos tramos comunicados entre sí, cuyos ejes longitudinales son paralelos al eje del elemento disipador de calor: un primer tramo longitudinal por el que discurre el agua de forma descendente hasta una determinada profundidad y un segundo tramo de forma helicoidal ascendente que engloba en su región interior tanto al tramo vertical anterior como a la resistencia eléctrica; una brida de conexión unida a la placa exterior de cerramiento, que ofrece la suportación tanto al disipador de calor como al generador de vapor; un elemento de impulsión, constituido por: un eje giratorio que atraviesa la placa exterior de cerramiento del tanque a través de una brida de conexión y discurre hasta el interior del tanque; y un rotor situado en uno de los extremos del eje giratorio, el cual produce, en función de su diseño y sentido de giro, un movimiento descendente de las sales fundidas. The invention relates to a thermal energy storage facility from electrical energy for the generation of process steam, which may comprise: a cylindrical atmospheric tank containing a volume of salts inside; an upper enclosure of the tank by means of an outer enclosure plate not supported on the tank; a sealing gasket between the outer enclosure plate and the cylindrical atmospheric tank; a plurality of functional elements for generating heat and steam, grouped around the axis of the tank, each of which consists of: a heat dissipating element of longitudinal configuration that runs from the top of the tank to a certain depth; a steam generator consisting of a steel conduit that has two sections communicated with each other, whose longitudinal axes are parallel to the axis of the heat dissipating element: a first longitudinal section through which the water runs downwards to a certain depth and a second section of ascending helical shape that encompasses in its interior region both the previous vertical section and the electrical resistance; a connection flange attached to the outer enclosure plate, which provides support for both the heat sink and the steam generator; a drive element, consisting of: a rotating shaft that passes through the outer enclosure plate of the tank through a connection flange and runs to the interior of the tank; and a rotor located at one end of the rotating shaft, which produces, depending on its design and direction of rotation, a downward movement of the molten salts.
En la realización descrita, el elemento disipador de calor, preferiblemente, es una resistencia eléctrica con forma de barra alagada. In the described embodiment, the heat dissipating element is preferably an electrical resistor in the form of an elongated bar.
En una realización particular, la invención describe una instalación de almacenamiento de energía térmica a partir de energía eléctrica para la generación de vapor de proceso, que comprende: un tanque atmosférico, que una realización preferente es cilindrico, que contiene en su interior un volumen de sales; un cerramiento superior del tanque y una placa de soporte (que preferente es una placa con una superficie plana) con aberturas dotadas con conexiones embridadas para la instalación de unos elementos funcionales; una pluralidad de elementos funcionales, instalados en el cerramiento superior del tanque, y distribuidos de forma homogénea en el interior del tanque, quedando sumergidos en el volumen de sales fundidas, y estos elementos funcionales pueden ser de dos tipos: elementos disipadores de calor; y generadores de vapor. In a particular embodiment, the invention describes a thermal energy storage facility from electrical energy for the generation of process steam, comprising: an atmospheric tank, which in a preferred embodiment is cylindrical, containing a volume of salts inside; an upper enclosure of the tank and a support plate (which is preferably a plate with a flat surface) with openings provided with flanged connections for the installation of functional elements; a plurality of functional elements, installed in the upper enclosure of the tank, and distributed homogeneously inside the tank, remaining submerged in the volume of molten salts, and these functional elements can be of two types: heat dissipating elements; and steam generating elements.
Los elementos funcionales (tanto los elementos disipadores de calor como los generadores de vapor) tienen, preferentemente, una configuración longitudinal y discurren desde la parte superior del tanque hasta una determinada profundidad. The functional elements (both heat dissipating elements and steam generators) preferably have a longitudinal configuration and run from the top of the tank to a certain depth.
Los elementos funcionales poseen las siguientes características: están sustentados en la placa de soporte, es decir, están apoyados en estructuras independientes del cerramiento superior del tanque; el aislamiento de las conexiones embridadas de la placa de soporte se realiza mediante juntas de dilatación, preferentemente del tipo textil o metálicas, de manera que se asegura la estanqueidad de la atmósfera interior del tanque, evitándose la entrada de aire ambiente a través de las aberturas de la placa de soporte por donde se insertan los elementos funcionales, a la vez que se evita la transmisión del peso de éstos al tanque. The functional elements have the following characteristics: they are supported by the support plate, i.e., they are supported by structures independent of the tank's upper enclosure; the flanged connections to the support plate are insulated using expansion joints, preferably textile or metal, thereby ensuring the tightness of the tank's interior atmosphere, preventing the entry of ambient air through the openings in the support plate where the functional elements are inserted, while also preventing the transmission of their weight to the tank.
Además, en un ejemplo de realización, los elementos funcionales comprenden un sistema de circulación de sales que a su vez comprende: una envolvente metálica que rodea al elemento funcional correspondiente (el elemento disipador de calor o el generador de vapor) y dicha envolvente tiene un extremo dispuesto en el exterior del tanque, solidario a la placa de soporte, y la envolvente comprende una sección de entrada de sales, próxima a la superficie del volumen de sales fundidas en el tanque, y una sección de salida en la parte inferior de la envolvente; un elemento impulsor de sales (que puede ser por ejemplo una bomba), cuyo eje longitudinal es paralelo al eje del elemento funcional, donde el elemento impulsor está configurado para aspirar las sales fundidas e impulsarlas a través de la sección de entrada de la envolvente metálica, favoreciendo una velocidad de sales alrededor del elemento funcional para un adecuado intercambio térmico; un conjunto de tabiques, estando los tabiques colocados de forma alterna en el interior de la envolvente metálica, de tal forma que producen un flujo de sales en sentido transversal, de derecha a izquierda y de izquierda a derecha, a lo largo de la longitud del elemento funcional. Furthermore, in an exemplary embodiment, the functional elements comprise a system salt circulation system which in turn comprises: a metal casing surrounding the corresponding functional element (the heat dissipating element or the steam generator) and said casing has one end arranged on the outside of the tank, integral with the support plate, and the casing comprises a salt inlet section, close to the surface of the volume of molten salts in the tank, and an outlet section at the bottom of the casing; a salt driving element (which may be, for example, a pump), the longitudinal axis of which is parallel to the axis of the functional element, where the driving element is configured to aspirate the molten salts and drive them through the inlet section of the metal casing, favoring a speed of salts around the functional element for adequate heat exchange; a set of partitions, the partitions being placed alternately inside the metal casing, such that they produce a flow of salts in a transverse direction, from right to left and from left to right, along the length of the functional element.
Los elementos funcionales del tipo generador de vapor disponen de una entrada de gas inerte, por ejemplo nitrógeno, en la parte de la envolvente metálica que queda dispuesta en el exterior del tanque. El gas inerte que se introduce genera una presión controlada en el interior de la envolvente del generador de vapor, generando un desplazamiento de la columna de sales fundidas que hay en su interior. La presión ejercida por el gas inerte debe quedar por debajo de un valor umbral a partir del que la superficie de la columna de sales fundidas desplazada en el interior de la envolvente alcanzaría la sección de salida de las sales y/o la vía de aspiración del elemento impulsor de sales. Steam generator-type functional elements have an inert gas inlet, for example nitrogen, in the part of the metal casing located on the outside of the tank. The inert gas introduced generates a controlled pressure inside the steam generator casing, causing the molten salt column inside to move. The pressure exerted by the inert gas must remain below a threshold value, beyond which the surface area of the molten salt column displaced inside the casing would reach the salt outlet section and/or the suction path of the salt drive element.
Este sistema permite eliminar el contacto de las sales fundidas con una parte del generador de vapor y, de esta forma, reducir la transferencia de calor al circuito agua-vapor. De esta forma, se evitan evaporaciones súbitas del agua de entrada al generador de vapor en los procesos de arranque. También puede utilizarse como elemento de regulación de la producción de vapor. This system eliminates contact between the molten salts and a portion of the steam generator, thereby reducing heat transfer to the water-steam circuit. This prevents sudden evaporation of the water entering the steam generator during startup. It can also be used to regulate steam production.
Mediante la liberación de la presión de gas inerte, el nivel de las sales fundidas en la envolvente se ¡guala al nivel del tanque (es decir, la altura hasta la que llegan las sales fundidas en la envolvente se ¡guala a la altura a la que se encuentra la superficie del volumen de sales en el tanque). By releasing the inert gas pressure, the level of the molten salts in the shell is equalized to the level of the tank (i.e., the height to which the molten salts reach the shell is equalized to the height at which the surface of the tank is located). volume of salts in the tank).
En una posible realización, la instalación también puede comprender una camisa prismática o cilindrica de acero que es concéntrica con el eje del tanque y discurre verticalmente desde la zona inferior de éste hasta su zona superior, sin alcanzar el nivel de sales fundidas ni el fondo del tanque, albergando en su interior el conjunto de todas las unidades funcionales y el elemento de impulsión. In a possible embodiment, the installation may also comprise a prismatic or cylindrical steel casing that is concentric with the axis of the tank and runs vertically from the lower part of the tank to its upper part, without reaching the level of molten salts or the bottom of the tank, housing inside it all the functional units and the drive element.
Además, la camisa puede incluir en su interior, dispuestas perpendicularmente al eje longitudinal, un grupo de placas metálicas planas interiores colocadas de forma equidistantes entre sí, que se alternan verticalmente y son de dos tipos. Por un lado, hay una primera placa, cuyo perímetro exterior hace cierre con la superficie interior de la camisa y que dispone de un orificio en su zona central por donde puede haber un flujo de sales fundidas. Por otro lado, hay una segunda placa, cuyo perímetro exterior encierra una sección inferior a la de la camisa, de forma que se establecería entre dicha placa y la superficie interior de la camisa una sección libre por donde se produce flujo de sales fundidas. Furthermore, the sleeve may include, inside, arranged perpendicular to the longitudinal axis, a group of flat, interior metal plates arranged equidistant from each other, alternating vertically and of two types. On the one hand, there is a first plate, the outer perimeter of which closes with the inner surface of the sleeve and has a hole in its central area through which molten salts may flow. On the other hand, there is a second plate, the outer perimeter of which encloses a section smaller than that of the sleeve, such that a free section would be established between said plate and the inner surface of the sleeve through which molten salts may flow.
DESCRIPCIÓN DE LOS DIBUJOS DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
Para complementar la descripción, y con objeto de facilitar la compresión de las características de la invención, se adjunta una serie de figuras con carácter ilustrativo y no limitativo: To complement the description, and in order to facilitate the understanding of the characteristics of the invention, a series of figures are attached for illustrative and non-limiting purposes:
La figura 1 muestra una vista general en perspectiva y en sección de la instalación de almacenamiento de energía eléctrica y compuesto por una pluralidad de unidades funcionales (elementos funcionales) distribuidas alrededor del eje del tanque de sales. Figure 1 shows a general perspective and sectional view of the electrical energy storage installation and composed of a plurality of functional units (functional elements) distributed around the axis of the salt tank.
La figura 2 representa varias vistas de las unidades funcionales, independizadas y en conjunto. Figure 2 represents several views of the functional units, both individually and as a whole.
La figura 3 muestra vahas vistas de la camisa cilindrica y los elementos principales con los que se encuentra ensamblada. Figure 3 shows several views of the cylindrical sleeve and the main elements with which it is assembled.
La figura 4 muestra una vista lateral y en sección del elemento de impulsión. La figura 5 una vista seccionada de la instalación en una realización en la que comprende un elemento funcional del tipo generador de vapor. Figure 4 shows a side and sectional view of the drive element. Figure 5 is a sectional view of the installation in an embodiment comprising a functional element of the steam generator type.
La figura 6 muestra una vista seccionada de la instalación en una realización en la que comprende un elemento funcional del tipo disipador de calor. Figure 6 shows a sectional view of the installation in an embodiment comprising a functional element of the heat sink type.
La figura 7 ¡lustra el desplazamiento de las sales dentro un elemento funcional del tipo generador de vapor por acción del sistema de presión por gas inerte. Figure 7 illustrates the displacement of salts within a functional element of the steam generator type by the action of the inert gas pressure system.
La figura 8 muestra una vista en perspectiva seccionada de la instalación de la invención en la que se observan el tanque, el volumen de sales y una pluralidad de elementos funcionales. Figure 8 shows a sectional perspective view of the installation of the invention in which the tank, the volume of salts and a plurality of functional elements can be seen.
Referencias numéricas: Numerical references:
1 : tanque; 2: sales fundidas; 3: placa exterior del cerramiento; 4: estructura de suportación; 5: conexión; 6: elemento funcional; 7: disipador de calor; 8: generador de calor; 9: primer tramo; 10: segundo tramo; 11 : brida de conexión; 12: elemento de impulsión; 13: eje giratorio; 14: brida de conexión; 15: rotor; 16: camisa; 17: sección superior; 18: sección inferior; 19: primera placa; 20: segunda placa; 21 : cerramiento superior; 22: abertura; 23: placa de soporte; 24: conductor longitudinal; 25: conducto de acero; 26: colector; 27: tubo vertical; 28: colector de vapor; 29: conducto de salida de vapor; 30: envolvente; 31 : sección de entrada; 32: sección de salida; 33: conjunto de tabiques; 34: entrada de gas inerte; 35: depósito a presión; 36: válvula reguladora de presión; 37; válvula de alivio 1: tank; 2: molten salt; 3: outer enclosure plate; 4: supporting structure; 5: connection; 6: functional element; 7: heat sink; 8: heat generator; 9: first section; 10: second section; 11: connection flange; 12: drive element; 13: rotating shaft; 14: connection flange; 15: rotor; 16: sleeve; 17: upper section; 18: lower section; 19: first plate; 20: second plate; 21: upper enclosure; 22: opening; 23: support plate; 24: longitudinal conductor; 25: steel duct; 26: collector; 27: vertical pipe; 28: steam collector; 29: steam outlet duct; 30: shell; 31: inlet section; 32: outlet section; 33: Partition assembly; 34: Inert gas inlet; 35: Pressure vessel; 36: Pressure regulating valve; 37: Relief valve
DESCRIPCIÓN DE UNA REALIZACIÓN PREFERENTE DE LA INVENCIÓN DESCRIPTION OF A PREFERRED EMBODIMENT OF THE INVENTION
La instalación de almacenamiento de energía térmica de la invención consiste en un tanqueThe thermal energy storage facility of the invention consists of a tank
(1) atmosférico cilindrico de acero, que contiene en su interior un volumen de sales fundidas(1) cylindrical atmospheric steel, containing a volume of molten salts inside
(2) con circulación suficiente para conseguir una temperatura homogénea (tanque isoclino) . El cerramiento del tanque (1) por su parte superior se produce por medio de una placa exterior de cerramiento (3) que descansa en una estructura de suportación (4) independiente del propio tanque (1). La estanqueidad entre el tanque (1) y la placa exterior de cerramiento (3) se realiza en la periferia por medio de una conexión (5), que en un ejemplo de realización como el mostrado en la figura 1 es una junta (5) de tipo fuelle, ya sea textil o metálica. El volumen del tanque (1) y de sales (2) se calcula tanto en base a la capacidad de almacenamiento deseada como en base a los requerimientos de las condiciones requeridas del vapor a producir. Distribuidas en el tanque (1), se dispone una pluralidad de unidades funcionales (6) cada una de las cuales integra: (2) with sufficient circulation to achieve a homogeneous temperature (isoclinic tank). The tank (1) is closed at the top by means of an outer enclosure plate (3) resting on a support structure (4) independent of the tank (1) itself. The seal between the tank (1) and the outer enclosure plate (3) is achieved on the periphery by means of a connection (5), which in a An embodiment example as shown in Figure 1 is a bellows-type seal (5), whether textile or metal. The volume of the tank (1) and salts (2) is calculated based on both the desired storage capacity and the requirements of the required conditions of the steam to be produced. Distributed in the tank (1), there are a plurality of functional units (6), each of which integrates:
- un elemento disipador de calor (7) de configuración alargada, preferentemente una resistencia eléctrica con forma de barra alagada, que discurre desde la parte superior del tanque (1) hasta una determinada profundidad; - a heat dissipating element (7) of elongated configuration, preferably an electrical resistance in the form of an elongated bar, which runs from the top of the tank (1) to a certain depth;
- un generador de vapor (8) consistente en un conducto de acero que dispone de dos tramos comunicados entre sí, cuyos ejes longitudinales son paralelos al eje del elemento disipador de calor (7): un primer tramo (9) longitudinal por el que discurre el agua de forma descendente hasta una determinada profundidad y un segundo tramo (10) de forma helicoidal ascendente, que engloba en su región interior, rodeándola, tanto al primer tramo (9) longitudinal como al elemento disipador de calor (7); - a steam generator (8) consisting of a steel conduit that has two sections connected to each other, whose longitudinal axes are parallel to the axis of the heat dissipating element (7): a first longitudinal section (9) through which the water flows downwards to a certain depth and a second section (10) of ascending helical shape, which encompasses in its interior region, surrounding it, both the first longitudinal section (9) and the heat dissipating element (7);
- una brida de conexión (11), unida a la placa exterior de cerramiento (3), que permite la extracción del conjunto formado por el elemento disipador de calor (7) y el generador de vapor (8) para su mantenimiento. Adicionalmente, sirve de soporte para las conexiones de entrada de agua y salida de vapor. - a connection flange (11), connected to the outer enclosure plate (3), which allows the removal of the assembly consisting of the heat dissipating element (7) and the steam generator (8) for maintenance. Additionally, it serves as a support for the water inlet and steam outlet connections.
En una realización particular de la invención, el tanque (1) dispone de un extremo superior con un cerramiento superior (21) que, preferentemente, es una superficie plana. Dicho cerramiento superior (21) comprende una pluralidad de aberturas (22) dotadas de conexiones (5), que en las realizaciones mostradas en las figuras 5 a 8 son unas conexiones embridadas (5) para la instalación de los elementos funcionales (6). Las aberturas (22) están cerradas por medio de placas de soporte (23) (preferentemente metálicas) sobre las que se instalan unos elementos funcionales (6). Las placas de soporte (23) (que preferentemente son planas) se sustentan en una estructura independiente del tanque (1) de manera que su peso, junto con el de los elementos funcionales (6) que están unidos a las placas de soporte (23), no se transmite al tanque (1). In a particular embodiment of the invention, the tank (1) has an upper end with an upper enclosure (21) which is preferably a flat surface. Said upper enclosure (21) comprises a plurality of openings (22) provided with connections (5), which in the embodiments shown in Figures 5 to 8 are flanged connections (5) for the installation of the functional elements (6). The openings (22) are closed by means of support plates (23) (preferably metallic) on which functional elements (6) are installed. The support plates (23) (which are preferably flat) are supported on a structure independent of the tank (1) such that their weight, together with that of the functional elements (6) that are attached to the support plates (23), is not transmitted to the tank (1).
El volumen del tanque (1) y de sales fundidas (2) se calcula tanto en base a la capacidad de almacenamiento deseada como en base a los requerimientos de las condiciones requeridas del vapor a producir. Distribuidos en el tanque (1), se disponen los elementos funcionales (6), unidos a la placa de soporte (23) que se seleccionan entre: elementos disipadores de calor (7) y generadores de vapor (8). The volume of the tank (1) and molten salts (2) is calculated based on both the desired storage capacity and the requirements of the required steam conditions to be produced. Distributed in the tank (1), the functional elements (6) are arranged, attached to the support plate (23) which are selected from: heat sinks (7) and steam generators (8).
En una realización de la invención, los elementos disipadores de calor (7) son resistencias eléctricas que comprenden una pluralidad de conductores longitudinales (24) que discurren desde una parte superior del tanque (1) hasta una determinada profundidad de este. In one embodiment of the invention, the heat dissipating elements (7) are electrical resistors comprising a plurality of longitudinal conductors (24) that run from an upper part of the tank (1) to a certain depth thereof.
Por su parte, en una realización de la invención, los generadores de vapor (8) comprenden un conducto de acero (25) por donde circula, en sentido descendente, agua líquida hasta un colector (26), y desde dicho colector (26) se extienden una pluralidad de tubos verticales (27) por los que asciende una mezcla bifásica agua-vapor hasta un colector de vapor (28), situado en una parte superior del generador de vapor (8), desde donde sale un conducto de salida de vapor (29). For its part, in one embodiment of the invention, the steam generators (8) comprise a steel conduit (25) through which liquid water circulates downwards to a collector (26), and from said collector (26) a plurality of vertical tubes (27) extend through which a two-phase water-steam mixture ascends to a steam collector (28), located in an upper part of the steam generator (8), from where a steam outlet conduit (29) comes out.
Para favorecer la transferencia de calor, los elementos funcionales (6) disponen de un sistema de circulación de sales que comprende: una envolvente (30) (preferentemente una envolvente metálica) que rodea al elemento funcional (6) (el elemento disipador de calor (7) o el generador de vapor (8)) donde dicha envolvente (30) tiene un extremo dispuesto en el exterior del tanque (1), que en una realización es solidario a la placa de soporte (23), y la envolvente (30) dispone de una sección de entrada de sales (31), próxima a la superficie del volumen de sales fundidas (2) en el tanque (1), y una sección de salida (32) en la en la parte inferior de la envolvente (30); un elemento impulsor de sales (12) (que en un ejemplo es una bomba) con un eje longitudinal que es paralelo al eje longitudinal del elemento funcional (6) y donde el elemento impulsor de sales (12) está configurado para aspirar la sal fundida e impulsarla a través de la sección de entrada (31) de la envolvente (30), favoreciendo una velocidad de sales alrededor del elemento funcional (6) para un adecuado intercambio térmico; un conjunto de tabiques (33), colocados de forma alterna en el interior de la envolvente (30), en dirección transversal a la dirección longitudinal de dicha envolvente (30), de tal forma que producen un flujo de sales en dirección transversal, de derecha a izquierda y de izquierda a derecha, a lo largo de la longitud del elemento funcional. To promote heat transfer, the functional elements (6) have a salt circulation system comprising: an enclosure (30) (preferably a metal enclosure) surrounding the functional element (6) (the heat dissipating element (7) or the steam generator (8)) where said enclosure (30) has an end arranged on the outside of the tank (1), which in one embodiment is integral with the support plate (23), and the enclosure (30) has a salt inlet section (31), close to the surface of the molten salt volume (2) in the tank (1), and an outlet section (32) at the bottom of the enclosure (30); a salt driving element (12) (which in one example is a pump) with a longitudinal axis that is parallel to the longitudinal axis of the functional element (6) and where the salt driving element (12) is configured to aspirate the molten salt and propel it through the inlet section (31) of the casing (30), favoring a speed of salts around the functional element (6) for adequate heat exchange; a set of partitions (33), placed alternately inside the casing (30), in a direction transverse to the longitudinal direction of said casing (30), such that they produce a flow of salts in a transverse direction, from right to left and from left to right, along the length of the functional element.
El número de elementos funcionales (6) distribuidos en el tanque (1), así como su longitud (de los elementos disipadores de calor (7) y los generadores de vapor (8)), dependen de la potencia máxima de calentamiento de diseño y de la cantidad de vapor a generar. The number of functional elements (6) distributed in the tank (1), as well as its length (of the heat dissipating elements (7) and the steam generators (8)), depend on the maximum design heating power and the amount of steam to be generated.
Así pues, en un ejemplo preferente de realización, la instalación comprende un tanque (1) atmosférico, que en una realización preferente es cilindrico, y que contiene en su interior un volumen de sales fundidas (2) y que dispone de un cerramiento superior (21) del tanque (1) que comprende unas aberturas (22) con conexiones (5) embridadas que reciben una pluralidad de elementos funcionales (6) (instalados en las aberturas (22) con conexiones (5) embridadas). Estos elementos funcionales (6) se seleccionan entre al menos un elemento disipador de calor (7) y/o al menos un generador de vapor (8), y están sumergidos, parcialmente, en el volumen de sales fundidas (2). Thus, in a preferred embodiment, the installation comprises an atmospheric tank (1), which in a preferred embodiment is cylindrical, and which contains inside a volume of molten salts (2) and which has an upper enclosure (21) of the tank (1) comprising openings (22) with flanged connections (5) that receive a plurality of functional elements (6) (installed in the openings (22) with flanged connections (5). These functional elements (6) are selected from at least one heat dissipating element (7) and/or at least one steam generator (8), and are partially submerged in the volume of molten salts (2).
Cada elemento funcional (6) comprende un sistema de circulación de sales para mejorar la transferencia de calor y dicho sistema de circulación de sales comprende una envolvente (30), un elemento de impulsión (12) y un conjunto de tabiques (33). La envolvente (30) rodea al elemento disipador de calor (7) o al generador de vapor (8), comprende un extremo dispuesto en el exterior del tanque (1), y comprende una sección de entrada (31) de sales y una sección de salida (32). El elemento de impulsión (12) está configurado para aspirar las sales fundidas del interior del tanque (1) e impulsarlas hasta la sección de entrada (31) de la envolvente (30). El conjunto de tabiques (33), comprende una pluralidad de tabiques dispuestos de forma alterna en el interior de la envolvente (30), en dirección transversal a la dirección longitudinal de la envolvente (30). Each functional element (6) comprises a salt circulation system to improve heat transfer and said salt circulation system comprises a casing (30), a drive element (12) and a set of partitions (33). The casing (30) surrounds the heat dissipating element (7) or the steam generator (8), comprises an end arranged outside the tank (1), and comprises a salt inlet section (31) and an outlet section (32). The drive element (12) is configured to aspirate the molten salts from the interior of the tank (1) and propel them to the inlet section (31) of the casing (30). The set of partitions (33) comprises a plurality of partitions arranged alternately inside the casing (30), in a direction transverse to the longitudinal direction of the casing (30).
Preferentemente, los elementos funcionales (6) están distribuidos de manera homogénea en el tanque (1) respecto a un eje longitudinal central del tanque (1). También preferentemente los elementos funcionales (6) tiene una configuración longitudinal y se extienden desde el exterior del tanque (1) hasta una determinada profundidad en el interior de tanque (1), en la que quedan sumergidos en el volumen de sales fundidas (2). El elemento de impulsión (12) (elemento impulsor de sales (12)) tiene, en una posible realización, un eje longitudinal paralelo a unos ejes longitudinales de los elementos funcionales (6). Preferably, the functional elements (6) are distributed homogeneously in the tank (1) with respect to a central longitudinal axis of the tank (1). Also preferably, the functional elements (6) have a longitudinal configuration and extend from the outside of the tank (1) to a certain depth inside the tank (1), at which they are submerged in the volume of molten salts (2). The drive element (12) (salt drive element (12)) has, in a possible embodiment, a longitudinal axis parallel to longitudinal axes of the functional elements (6).
Cuando los elementos funcionales (6) son elementos disipadores de calor (7), pueden ser resistencias eléctricas que comprenden una pluralidad de conductores longitudinales (24) que se extienden longitudinalmente desde el exterior del tanque (1) hasta una determinada profundidad en el interior del tanque (1) en la que quedan sumergidos en las sales fundidas (2). When the functional elements (6) are heat dissipating elements (7), they can be electrical resistors comprising a plurality of longitudinal conductors (24) that extend longitudinally from the outside of the tank (1) to a certain depth inside the tank (1) at which they are submerged in the molten salts (2).
Asimismo, cuando los elementos funcionales (6) son generadores de vapor (8), pueden comprender un conducto de acero (25) con una entrada de agua, por donde circula, en sentido descendente, agua líquida hasta un colector (26). Desde dicho colector (26) se extienden una pluralidad de tubos verticales (27), por donde circula, en sentido ascendente, una mezcla bifásica agua-vapor hasta un colector de vapor (28). Este colector de vapor (28) está dispuesto en una sección superior del generador de vapor (8), donde se encuentra un conducto de salida de vapor (29). Likewise, when the functional elements (6) are steam generators (8), they may comprise a steel conduit (25) with a water inlet, through which liquid water flows downwards to a collector (26). From said collector (26) extend a plurality of vertical tubes (27), through which a two-phase water-steam mixture flows upwards to a steam collector (28). This steam collector (28) is arranged in an upper section of the steam generator (8), where there is a steam outlet conduit (29).
Además, en un ejemplo de realización los generadores de vapor (8) comprenden una entrada de gas inerte (34) en una sección superior del generador de vapor (8) que está dispuesta en el exterior del tanque (1). En otro ejemplo de realización, la instalación comprende un depósito a presión (35) conectado a cada generador de vapor (8) por su sección superior que queda dispuesta en el exterior del tanque (1), y en cada conexión se disponen unas válvulas reguladoras de presión (36). Adicionalmente, la instalación puede comprender una válvula de alivio (37) en las conexiones entre el depósito a presión (35) y los generadores de vapor (8). Furthermore, in one embodiment, the steam generators (8) comprise an inert gas inlet (34) in an upper section of the steam generator (8) that is arranged outside the tank (1). In another embodiment, the installation comprises a pressure tank (35) connected to each steam generator (8) by its upper section that is arranged outside the tank (1), and pressure regulating valves (36) are arranged in each connection. Additionally, the installation may comprise a relief valve (37) in the connections between the pressure tank (35) and the steam generators (8).
En una realización de la invención, una sección superior de la envolvente (30), en la que se encuentra el extremo de la envolvente (30) que está dispuesto fuera del tanque (1), es solidaria a la placa de soporte (23). En una posible realización de la invención, la sección de entrada (31) de sales y la sección de salida (32) de sales están dispuestas en una sección de la envolvente (30) que queda alojada en el tanque (1). En otra posible realización, además, al menos la sección de salida (32) de sales queda sumergida en el volumen de sales fundidas (2) y la sección de entrada (31) está dispuesta a una altura superior a la de la salida de sales (32). In one embodiment of the invention, an upper section of the shell (30), in which the end of the shell (30) that is arranged outside the tank (1) is located, is integral with the support plate (23). In a possible embodiment of the invention, the salt inlet section (31) and the salt outlet section (32) are arranged in a section of the shell (30) that is housed in the tank (1). In another possible embodiment, in addition, at least the salt outlet section (32) is submerged in the volume of molten salts (2) and the inlet section (31) is arranged at a height greater than that of the salt outlet (32).
En un ejemplo de realización, los elementos funcionales del tipo generador de vapor (8) disponen de un sistema de regulación de la transferencia de calor consistente en una entrada de gas inerte (34), por ejemplo nitrógeno, en la parte externa de la envolvente metálica (30). El gas inerte procede de una fuente depósito a presión (35) desde donde se derivan líneas hasta cada generador de vapor (8). En cada línea se instala una válvula reguladora de presión (36) que adecúa la presión sobre la envolvente (30) de la unidad funcional, generando un desplazamiento de la columna de sal que hay en su interior. La presión ejercida por el gas inerte es tal que la superficie de la columna de sal desplazada en el interior de la envolvente (30) no alcance la sección de salida de las sales ni la vía de aspiración el elemento de impulsión (12). In an exemplary embodiment, the functional elements of the steam generator type (8) have a heat transfer regulation system consisting of an inert gas inlet (34), for example nitrogen, on the outside of the metal casing (30). The inert gas comes from a pressure tank source (35) from which lines are derived to each steam generator (8). A pressure regulating valve (36) is installed in each line that adjusts the pressure on the casing (30) of the unit. functional, generating a displacement of the salt column inside it. The pressure exerted by the inert gas is such that the surface of the salt column displaced inside the casing (30) does not reach the salt outlet section or the suction path of the drive element (12).
En una posible realización de la invención, en el interior del tanque (1), las unidades funcionales (6) están distribuidas agrupadas alrededor del eje central del mismo (suponiendo un tanque (1) cilindrico). Además, el eje del tanque (1) es ocupado por un elemento de impulsión (12) provisto de un eje giratorio (13) que atraviesa la placa exterior de cerramiento (3) del tanque (1) a través de una brida de conexión (14) y discurre hasta el interior. En su extremo, el eje giratorio (13) acciona un rotor (15), el cual produce, en función de su diseño y sentido de giro, un movimiento descendente de las sales fundidas (2). El elemento de impulsión (12) puede ser extraído en su conjunto mediante el desmontaje de su brida de conexión (14), lo cual permite su eventual mantenimiento o inspección. Para ello, las unidades funcionales (6) que rodean al elemento de impulsión (12) se ubican de manera que dejan espacio suficiente para permitir el paso del rotor (15). In a possible embodiment of the invention, inside the tank (1), the functional units (6) are distributed grouped around the central axis thereof (assuming a cylindrical tank (1). In addition, the axis of the tank (1) is occupied by a drive element (12) provided with a rotating shaft (13) that passes through the outer enclosure plate (3) of the tank (1) through a connection flange (14) and runs to the interior. At its end, the rotating shaft (13) drives a rotor (15), which produces, depending on its design and direction of rotation, a downward movement of the molten salts (2). The drive element (12) can be removed as a whole by disassembling its connection flange (14), which allows for its eventual maintenance or inspection. To this end, the functional units (6) that surround the drive element (12) are located in such a way as to leave sufficient space to allow the passage of the rotor (15).
El conjunto de unidades funcionales (6) y el elemento de impulsión (12) están sumergidos dispuestos en el volumen interior del tanque (1) y delimitados por una camisa prismática o cilindrica (16) de acero. Dicha camisa (16) es concéntrica con el eje del tanque (1) y discurre verticalmente desde la zona inferior de éste hasta su zona superior, sin alcanzar el nivel de sales (2) ni el fondo del tanque (1). La camisa (16) dispone de dos secciones de paso de sales fundidas (2) en su circulación, la superior (17) es la sección de entrada de las sales (2) y la inferior (18) que es la sección de salida. La función de esta camisa (16) es la de confinar el flujo forzado de sales (2) impulsado por el rotor (15) en la zona de los generadores de vapor (8) y los elementos disipadores de calor (7), de manera que puedan obtenerse velocidades (magnitud y dirección) apropiadas para lograr la transferencia térmica requerida. La longitud del eje giratorio (13) del elemento de impulsión (12) es tal que el rotor (15) se sitúa en la sección superior de la camisa cilindrica (16). La camisa (16) presenta en su sección inferior (18) forma de campana, aproximando su perímetro a la zona perimetral inferior del tanque (1). De esta forma se fomenta la circulación de las sales fundidas (2) en esta zona, donde se produce un mayor riesgo de estancamiento y, por tanto, de congelación. The set of functional units (6) and the drive element (12) are submerged, arranged in the interior volume of the tank (1) and delimited by a prismatic or cylindrical steel jacket (16). Said jacket (16) is concentric with the axis of the tank (1) and runs vertically from the lower area of the latter to its upper area, without reaching the salt level (2) or the bottom of the tank (1). The jacket (16) has two passage sections for molten salts (2) in its circulation, the upper one (17) being the inlet section for the salts (2) and the lower one (18) being the outlet section. The function of this jacket (16) is to confine the forced flow of salts (2) driven by the rotor (15) in the area of the steam generators (8) and the heat dissipating elements (7), so that appropriate speeds (magnitude and direction) can be obtained to achieve the required heat transfer. The length of the rotating shaft (13) of the drive element (12) is such that the rotor (15) is located in the upper section of the cylindrical sleeve (16). The sleeve (16) has a bell shape in its lower section (18), its perimeter approximating the lower perimeter area of the tank (1). In this way, the circulation of the molten salts (2) is encouraged in this area, where there is a greater risk of stagnation and, therefore, freezing.
En el interior de la camisa (16), y dispuestas perpendicularmente a su eje longitudinal, se ubican un grupo de placas metálicas planas interiores dispuestas de forma equidistantes entre sí, que son de dos tipos: una primera placa (19), cuyo perímetro exterior hace cierre con la superficie interior de la camisa (16) y dispone de un orificio en su zona central por donde puede haber un flujo de sales fundidas (2); y una segunda placa (20), cuyo perímetro exterior encierra una sección inferior a la de la camisa (16), dejando una sección libre por donde se produce flujo de sales fundidas (2). Inside the sleeve (16), and arranged perpendicular to its longitudinal axis, there are They locate a group of flat interior metal plates arranged equidistant from each other, which are of two types: a first plate (19), whose outer perimeter closes with the inner surface of the sleeve (16) and has an orifice in its central area through which there may be a flow of molten salts (2); and a second plate (20), whose outer perimeter encloses a section lower than that of the sleeve (16), leaving a free section through which a flow of molten salts (2) occurs.
Las placas interiores (19, 20) están alternadas y tienen mecanizados los orificios necesarios para el paso de las unidades funcionales (6) dejando el mínimo hueco posible para la extracción de dichos elementos. The inner plates (19, 20) are alternated and have the holes machined for the passage of the functional units (6), leaving the minimum possible space for the extraction of said elements.
La función de las placas interiores (19, 20) es la de forzar dentro de la camisa (16) un flujo cruzado alrededor de las unidades funcionales (6) favoreciendo enormemente los mecanismos de transferencia de calor durante los procesos de carga y descarga de energía. The function of the inner plates (19, 20) is to force a cross flow inside the jacket (16) around the functional units (6), greatly favoring the heat transfer mechanisms during the energy charging and discharging processes.
La presión en la envolvente (30) puede liberarse mediante una válvula de alivio (37), que puede ser una válvula de tres vías, de manera que el nivel de las sales fundidas (2) en la envolvente (30) se ¡guala al nivel del tanque. The pressure in the casing (30) can be released by a relief valve (37), which can be a three-way valve, so that the level of the molten salts (2) in the casing (30) is equal to the level of the tank.
Por lo tanto, la invención comprende una realización en la que la instalación de almacenamiento de energía térmica a partir de energía eléctrica para la generación de vapor de proceso, que comprende: Therefore, the invention comprises an embodiment in which the installation for storing thermal energy from electrical energy for the generation of process steam, comprising:
- un tanque (1) atmosférico cilindrico que contiene en su interior un volumen de sales fundidas (2); - a cylindrical atmospheric tank (1) containing a volume of molten salts (2);
- un cerramiento superior del tanque (1) por medio de una placa exterior de cerramiento (3); - an upper enclosure of the tank (1) by means of an outer enclosure plate (3);
- una estructura de suportación (4) donde descansa la placa exterior de cerramiento (3);- a support structure (4) where the outer enclosure plate (3) rests;
- una junta de estanqueidad (5) entre la placa exterior (3) de cerramiento y el tanque (1) atmosférico cilindrico; - a sealing gasket (5) between the outer enclosure plate (3) and the cylindrical atmospheric tank (1);
- una pluralidad de elementos funcionales (6) de generación de calor y vapor, agrupados alrededor del eje del tanque (1), cada uno de los cuales están constituidos por: - a plurality of functional elements (6) for generating heat and steam, grouped around the axis of the tank (1), each of which consists of:
- un elemento disipador de calor (7) de configuración longitudinal que discurre desde la parte superior del tanque (1) hasta una determinada profundidad; - a heat dissipating element (7) of longitudinal configuration that runs from the top of the tank (1) to a certain depth;
- un generador de vapor (8) consistente en un conducto de acero que dispone de dos tramos comunicados entre sí, cuyos ejes longitudinales son paralelos al eje del elemento disipador de calor (7): un primer tramo (9) longitudinal por el que discurre el agua de forma descendente hasta una determinada profundidad y un segundo tramo (10) de forma helicoidal ascendente que engloba en su región interior tanto al primer tramo (9) longitudinal como al elemento disipador de calor (7); - a steam generator (8) consisting of a steel duct having two sections connected to each other, whose longitudinal axes are parallel to the axis of the heat dissipating element (7): a first longitudinal section (9) through which the water flows downwards to a certain depth and a second section (10) of ascending helical shape that encompasses in its interior region both the first longitudinal section (9) and the heat dissipating element (7);
- una brida de conexión (11) unida a la placa exterior de cerramiento (3), que ofrece la suportación tanto al disipador de calor (7) como al generador de vapor (8); - a connection flange (11) connected to the outer enclosure plate (3), which provides support to both the heat sink (7) and the steam generator (8);
- un elemento de impulsión (12), constituido por: - a drive element (12), consisting of:
- un eje giratorio (13) que atraviesa la placa exterior de cerramiento (3) de cierre del tanque (1) a través de una brida de conexión (14) y discurre hasta el interior del tanque (1); y - a rotating shaft (13) passing through the outer enclosure plate (3) closing the tank (1) through a connection flange (14) and extending into the interior of the tank (1); and
- un rotor (15) situado en uno de los extremos del eje giratorio (13), el cual produce, en función de su diseño y sentido de giro, un movimiento descendente de las sales fundidas (2). - a rotor (15) located at one end of the rotating shaft (13), which produces, depending on its design and direction of rotation, a downward movement of the molten salts (2).
Además, dicha instalación puede comprender una camisa (16) de configuración prismática o cilindrica, de acero que es concéntrica con el eje del tanque (1) y discurre verticalmente desde la zona inferior de éste hasta su zona superior, sin alcanzar el nivel de sales (2) ni el fondo del tanque (1), albergando en su interior el conjunto de todas las unidades funcionales (6) y el elemento de impulsión (12). En esta posible realización, la camisa (16) dispone en su interior, dispuestas perpendicularmente al eje longitudinal, un grupo de placas interiores (19, 20) metálicas planas colocadas de forma equidistantes entre sí, donde las placas interiores (19, 20) son de dos tipos que se alternan verticalmente, una primera placa (19), cuyo perímetro exterior hace cierre con la superficie interior de la camisa (16) y dispone de un orificio en su zona central por donde puede haber un flujo de sales fundidas (2); y una segunda placa (20), cuyo perímetro exterior encierra una sección inferior a la de la camisa (16), estableciéndose entre la segunda placa (20) y la superficie interior de la camisa (16) una sección libre por donde se produce flujo de sales fundidas (2). Furthermore, said installation may comprise a sleeve (16) of prismatic or cylindrical configuration, made of steel that is concentric with the axis of the tank (1) and runs vertically from the lower area of the latter to its upper area, without reaching the salt level (2) or the bottom of the tank (1), housing inside it all the functional units (6) and the drive element (12). In this possible embodiment, the sleeve (16) has inside it, arranged perpendicular to the longitudinal axis, a group of flat metallic inner plates (19, 20) placed equidistant from each other, where the inner plates (19, 20) are of two types that alternate vertically, a first plate (19), whose outer perimeter closes with the inner surface of the sleeve (16) and has an orifice in its central area through which there may be a flow of molten salts (2); and a second plate (20), the outer perimeter of which encloses a section lower than that of the sleeve (16), establishing between the second plate (20) and the inner surface of the sleeve (16) a free section through which a flow of molten salts (2) is produced.
En la instalación, el elemento disipador de calor (7) puede ser una resistencia eléctrica con forma de barra alagada. In the installation, the heat dissipating element (7) can be an electrical resistor in the form of an elongated bar.
Claims
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| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| ES202430643U ES1310951Y (en) | 2024-04-05 | 2024-04-05 | THERMAL ENERGY STORAGE INSTALLATION FROM ELECTRICAL ENERGY FOR STEAM GENERATION |
| ESU202430643 | 2024-04-05 |
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| PCT/ES2025/070180 Pending WO2025210294A1 (en) | 2024-04-05 | 2025-04-04 | System for storing thermal energy from electrical energy for steam generation |
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| WO (1) | WO2025210294A1 (en) |
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| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| ES1310951Y (en) | 2025-01-08 |
| ES1310951U (en) | 2024-10-08 |
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