WO2025210185A1

WO2025210185A1 - Media stored and displayed with a surgical video

Info

Publication number: WO2025210185A1
Application number: PCT/EP2025/059183
Authority: WO
Inventors: Jane E. COPE
Original assignee: Digital Surgery Ltd
Current assignee: Digital Surgery Ltd
Priority date: 2024-04-04
Filing date: 2025-04-03
Publication date: 2025-10-09
Anticipated expiration: 2026-10-04

Abstract

Examples described herein provide a computer-implemented method that includes receiving a video of a surgical procedure. The method further includes analyzing the video of the surgical procedure to identify a plurality of features of the surgical procedure. The method further includes generating a video timeline based at least in part on the features of the surgical procedure. The method includes adding media content to the video timeline based on a user input and displaying the media content in combination with the video.

Description

MEDIA STORED AND DISPLAYED WITH A SURGICAL VIDEO

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION

[0001] This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application Serial No. 63/574,604 filed April 4, 2024, the entire content of which is incorporated herein by reference.

BACKGROUND

[0002] The present invention relates in general to computing technology and relates more particularly to computing technology for media stored and displayed with a surgical video.

[0003] Computer-assisted systems, particularly computer-assisted surgery systems (CASs), rely on video data digitally captured during a surgery. Such video data can be stored and/or streamed. In some cases, the video data can be used to augment a person’s physical sensing, perception, and reaction capabilities. For example, such systems can effectively provide the information corresponding to an expanded field of vision, both temporal and spatial, that enables a person to adjust current and future actions based on the part of an environment not included in his or her physical field of view. Alternatively, or in addition, the video data can be stored and/or transmitted for several purposes, such as archival, training, post-surgery analysis, and/or patient consultation. The process of analyzing and comparing a large amount of video data from multiple surgical procedures to identify commonalities can be highly subjective and error-prone due, for example, to the volume of data and the numerous factors (e.g., patient condition, physician preferences, and/or the like including combinations and/or multiples thereof) that impact the workflow of each individual surgical procedure that is being analyzed. Post-operative review of surgical data can be performed. SUMMARY

[0004] In one exemplary aspect, a computer-implemented method is provided. The computer-implemented method includes receiving a video of a surgical procedure. The method further includes analyzing the video of the surgical procedure to identify a plurality of features of the surgical procedure. The method further includes generating a video timeline based at least in part on the features of the surgical procedure. The method includes adding media content to the video timeline based on a user input and displaying the media content in combination with the video.

[0005] In addition to one or more features described herein, a system is described, including a processor configured to receive a video of a surgical procedure from non- transitory memory, wherein the processor is configured to perform one or more computer-implemented methods described herein.

[0006] The above features and advantages, and other features and advantages, of the disclosure are readily apparent from the following detailed description when taken in connection with the accompanying drawings.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0007] The specifics of the exclusive rights described herein are particularly pointed out and distinctly claimed in the claims at the conclusion of the specification. The foregoing and other features and advantages of the aspects of the invention are apparent from the following detailed description taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings in which:

[0008] FIG. 1 depicts a computer-assisted surgery (CAS) system according to one or more aspects described herein;

[0009] FIG. 2 depicts a surgical procedure system according to one or more aspects described herein;

[0010] FIG. 3 depicts a system for analyzing video captured by a video recording system according to one or more aspects described herein; [0011] FIG. 4 depicts a flow diagram of a method according to one or more aspects described herein;

[0012] FIG. 5 depicts a flow diagram of a method according to one or more aspects described herein;

[0013] FIG. 6 depicts a block diagram of a computer system according to one or more aspects described herein;

[0014] FIGS. 7A, 7B, 7C, and 7D depict a sequence of user interface displays according to one or more aspects described herein;

[0015] FIGS. 8A, 8B, 8C, 8D, 8E, 8F, 8G, and 8H depict a sequence of user interface displays according to one or more aspects described herein;

[0016] FIG. 9 depicts a user interface according to one or more aspects described herein;

[0017] FIGS. 10A, 10B, IOC, and 10D depict a sequence of user interface displays according to one or more aspects described herein;

[0018] FIGS. 11 A, 1 IB, 11C, and 1 ID depict a sequence of user interface displays according to one or more aspects described herein; and

[0019] FIGS. 12A and 12B depict a sequence of user interface displays according to one or more aspects described herein.

[0020] The diagrams depicted herein are illustrative. There can be many variations to the diagrams and/or the operations described herein without departing from the spirit of the invention. For instance, the actions can be performed in a differing order, or actions can be added, deleted, or modified. Also, the term “coupled” and variations thereof describe having a communications path between two elements and do not imply a direct connection between the elements with no intervening elements/connections between them. All of these variations are considered a part of the specification. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0021] Exemplary aspects of the technical solutions described herein include systems and methods for media stored and displayed with a surgical video. As described herein, “video” can refer to video captured by an imaging device (e.g., a camera), images captured by an ultrasound device, or other imaging modalities.

[0022] In some situations, it may be desirable to review a surgical procedure after the surgical procedure has been complete. Such post-surgical procedure review provides interested parties, such as surgeons, assistants, nurses, administrators, and/or any other actors, with the ability to review the surgical procedure.

[0023] Contemporary approaches to post-surgical procedure review do not provide comprehensive information about the surgical procedure or a view for quickly and easily consuming such information. In particular, contemporary approaches do not provide for interested parties to review inefficiencies, variations, and key surgical events with reference to supplementary media content.

[0024] According to an aspect, a video timeline is provided that shows a video of a surgical procedure and an analysis for the surgical procedure using data from machine learning algorithms and manual annotation to provide for post-surgical procedure review, including supplementary media content. For example, the video timeline can provide timing information and analytics based on one or more of a general case overview, surgical workflow, anatomy, critical structures, surgical instruments, events, and/or the like, including combinations and/or multiples thereof. According to one or more aspects described herein, the video timeline can present insights extracted from surgical video using machine learning algorithms and manual annotation to enable interested parties to review information about the surgical procedure, such as inefficiencies, variations, and key surgical events in combination with media content, such as video clips and/or images.

[0025] Media content can be added to desired locations in the video timeline such that during playback of the video, the media content is displayed at a desired time point that enhances the video content. For example, a reference image can be placed on the video timeline to trigger display of the reference image during video playback, such as a pre-operative scan image appearing when a corresponding structure appears in the video. Media content can be updated and scrolled between to view multiple media files. A user interface can support switching a current view between a video being played and one or more media files that may provide context or training relevant to the surgical procedure at a particular time. Other content can be included in the video timeline, such as user comments, notifications (e.g., events, warnings, etc.). Placement of the user comments, notifications, and/or media content can be adjustable to align with desired times on the video timeline to trigger appearance during video playback at a relevant time.

[0026] Turning now to FIG. 1, an example computer-assisted system (CAS) system 100 is generally shown in accordance with one or more aspects. The CAS system 100 includes at least a computing system 102, a video recording system 104, and a surgical instrumentation system 106. As illustrated in FIG. 1, an actor 112 can be medical personnel that uses the CAS system 100 to perform a surgical procedure on a patient 110. Medical personnel can be a surgeon, assistant, nurse, administrator, or any other actor that interacts with the CAS system 100 in a surgical environment. The surgical procedure can be any type of surgery, such as but not limited to cataract surgery, laparoscopic cholecystectomy, endoscopic endonasal transsphenoidal approach (eTSA) to resection of pituitary adenomas, or any other surgical procedure. In other examples, actor 112 can be a technician, an administrator, an engineer, or any other such personnel that interacts with the CAS system 100. For example, actor 112 can record data from the CAS system 100, configure/update one or more attributes of the CAS system 100, review past performance of the CAS system 100, repair the CAS system 100, and/or the like including combinations and/or multiples thereof.

[0027] A surgical procedure can include multiple phases, and each phase can include one or more surgical actions. A “surgical action” can include an incision, a compression, a stapling, a clipping, a suturing, a cauterization, a sealing, or any other such actions performed to complete a phase in the surgical procedure. A “phase” represents a surgical event that is composed of a series of steps (e.g., closure). A “step” refers to the completion of a named surgical objective (e.g., hemostasis). During each step, certain surgical instruments 108 (e.g., forceps) are used to achieve a specific objective by performing one or more surgical actions. In addition, a particular anatomical structure of the patient may be the target of the surgical action(s).

[0028] The video recording system 104 includes one or more cameras 105, such as operating room cameras, endoscopic cameras, and/or the like including combinations and/or multiples thereof. The cameras 105 capture video data of the surgical procedure being performed. The video recording system 104 includes one or more video capture devices that can include cameras 105 placed in the surgical room to capture events surrounding (i.e., outside) the patient being operated upon. The video recording system 104 further includes cameras 105 that are passed inside (e.g., endoscopic cameras) the patient 110 to capture endoscopic data. The endoscopic data provides video and images of the surgical procedure.

[0029] The computing system 102 includes one or more memory devices, one or more processors, a user interface device, among other components. All or a portion of the computing system 102 shown in FIG. 1 can be implemented for example, by all or a portion of computer system 600 of FIG. 6. Computing system 102 can execute one or more computer-executable instructions. The execution of the instructions facilitates the computing system 102 to perform one or more methods, including those described herein. The computing system 102 can communicate with other computing systems via a wired and/or a wireless network. In one or more examples, the computing system 102 includes one or more trained machine learning models that can detect and/or predict features of/from the surgical procedure that is being performed or has been performed earlier. Features can include structures, such as anatomical structures, surgical instruments 108 in the captured video of the surgical procedure. Features can further include events, such as phases and/or actions in the surgical procedure.

Features that are detected can further include the actor 112 and/or patient 110. Based on the detection, the computing system 102, in one or more examples, can provide recommendations for subsequent actions to be taken by the actor 112. Alternatively, or in addition, the computing system 102 can provide one or more reports based on the detections. The detections by the machine learning models can be performed in an autonomous or semi-autonomous manner. [0030] The machine learning models can include artificial neural networks, such as deep neural networks, convolutional neural networks, recurrent neural networks, vision transformers, encoders, decoders, or any other type of machine learning model. The machine learning models can be trained in a supervised, unsupervised, or hybrid manner. The machine learning models can be trained to perform detection and/or prediction using one or more types of data acquired by the CAS system 100. For example, the machine learning models can use the video data captured via the video recording system 104. Alternatively, or in addition, the machine learning models use the surgical instrumentation data from the surgical instrumentation system 106. In yet other examples, the machine learning models use a combination of video data and surgical instrumentation data.

[0031] Additionally, in some examples, the machine learning models can also use audio data captured during the surgical procedure. The audio data can include sounds emitted by the surgical instrumentation system 106 while activating one or more surgical instruments 108. Alternatively, or in addition, the audio data can include voice commands, snippets, or dialog from one or more actors 112. The audio data can further include sounds made by the surgical instruments 108 during their use.

[0032] In one or more examples, the machine learning models can detect surgical actions, surgical phases, anatomical structures, surgical instruments, and various other features from the data associated with a surgical procedure. The detection can be performed in real-time in some examples. Alternatively, or in addition, the computing system 102 analyzes the surgical data, i.e., the various types of data captured during the surgical procedure, in an offline manner (e.g., post-surgery). In one or more examples, the machine learning models detect surgical phases based on detecting some of the features, such as the anatomical structure, surgical instruments, and/or the like including combinations and/or multiples thereof.

[0033] A data collection system 150 can be employed to store the surgical data, including the video(s) captured during the surgical procedures. The data collection system 150 includes one or more storage devices 152. The data collection system 150 can be a local storage system, a cloud-based storage system, or a combination thereof. Further, the data collection system 150 can use any type of cloud-based storage architecture, for example, public cloud, private cloud, hybrid cloud, and/or the like including combinations and/or multiples thereof. In some examples, the data collection system can use a distributed storage, i.e., the storage devices 152 are located at different geographic locations. The storage devices 152 can include any type of electronic data storage media used for recording machine-readable data, such as semiconductor-based, magnetic-based, optical-based storage media, and/or the like including combinations and/or multiples thereof. For example, the data storage media can include flash-based solid-state drives (SSDs), magnetic-based hard disk drives, magnetic tape, optical discs, and/or the like including combinations and/or multiples thereof.

[0034] In one or more examples, the data collection system 150 can be part of the video recording system 104, or vice-versa. In some examples, the data collection system 150, the video recording system 104, and the computing system 102, can communicate with each other via a communication network, which can be wired, wireless, or a combination thereof. The communication between the systems can include the transfer of data (e.g., video data, instrumentation data, and/or the like including combinations and/or multiples thereof), data manipulation commands (e.g., browse, copy, paste, move, delete, create, compress, and/or the like including combinations and/or multiples thereof), data manipulation results, and/or the like including combinations and/or multiples thereof. In one or more examples, the computing system 102 can manipulate the data already stored/being stored in the data collection system 150 based on outputs from the one or more machine learning models (e.g., phase detection, anatomical structure detection, surgical tool detection, and/or the like including combinations and/or multiples thereof). Alternatively, or in addition, the computing system 102 can manipulate the data already stored/being stored in the data collection system 150 based on information from the surgical instrumentation system 106.

[0035] In one or more examples, the video captured by the video recording system 104 is stored on the data collection system 150. In some examples, the computing system 102 curates parts of the video data being stored on the data collection system 150. In some examples, the computing system 102 filters the video captured by the video recording system 104 before it is stored on the data collection system 150. Alternatively, or in addition, the computing system 102 filters the video captured by the video recording system 104 after it is stored on the data collection system 150.

[0036] Turning now to FIG. 2, a surgical procedure system 200 is generally shown according to one or more aspects described herein. The example of FIG. 2 depicts a surgical procedure support system 202 that can include or may be coupled to the CAS system 100 of FIG. 1. The surgical procedure support system 202 can acquire image or video data using one or more cameras 204. The surgical procedure support system 202 can also interface with one or more sensors 206 and/or one or more effectors 208. The sensors 206 may be associated with surgical support equipment and/or patient monitoring. The effectors 208 can be robotic components or other equipment controllable through the surgical procedure support system 202. The surgical procedure support system 202 can also interact with one or more user interfaces 210, such as various input and/or output devices. The surgical procedure support system 202 can store, access, and/or update surgical data 214 associated with a training dataset and/or live data as a surgical procedure is being performed on patient 110 of FIG. 1. The surgical procedure support system 202 can store, access, and/or update surgical objectives 216 to assist in training and guidance for one or more surgical procedures. User configurations 218 can track and store user preferences.

[0037] Turning now to FIG. 3, a system 300 for analyzing video and data is generally shown according to one or more aspects described herein. In accordance with aspects, the video and data is captured from video recording system 104 of FIG. 1. The analysis can result in predicting features that include surgical phases and structures (e.g., instruments, anatomical structures, and/or the like including combinations and/or multiples thereof) in the video data using machine learning. System 300 can be the computing system 102 of FIG. 1, or a part thereof in one or more examples. System 300 uses data streams in the surgical data to identify procedural states according to some aspects. [0038] System 300 includes a data reception system 305 that collects surgical data, including the video data and surgical instrumentation data. The data reception system 305 can include one or more devices (e g., one or more user devices and/or servers) located within and/or associated with a surgical operating room and/or control center. The data reception system 305 can receive surgical data in real-time, i.e., as the surgical procedure is being performed. Alternatively, or in addition, the data reception system 305 can receive or access surgical data in an offline manner, for example, by accessing data that is stored in the data collection system 150 of FIG. 1.

[0039] System 300 further includes a machine learning processing system 310 that processes the surgical data using one or more machine learning models to identify one or more features, such as surgical phase, instrument, anatomical structure, and/or the like including combinations and/or multiples thereof, in the surgical data. It will be appreciated that machine learning processing system 310 can include one or more devices (e.g., one or more servers), each of which can be configured to include part or all of one or more of the depicted components of the machine learning processing system 310. In some instances, a part or all of the machine learning processing system 310 is cloud-based and/or remote from an operating room and/or physical location corresponding to a part or all of data reception system 305. It will be appreciated that several components of the machine learning processing system 310 are depicted and described herein. However, the components are just one example structure of the machine learning processing system 310, and that in other examples, the machine learning processing system 310 can be structured using a different combination of the components. Such variations in the combination of the components are encompassed by the technical solutions described herein.

[0040] The machine learning processing system 310 includes a machine learning training system 325, which can be a separate device (e.g., server) that stores its output as one or more trained machine learning models 330. The machine learning models 330 are accessible by a machine learning execution system 340. The machine learning execution system 340 can be separate from the machine learning training system 325 in some examples. In other words, in some aspects, devices that “train” the models are separate from devices that “infer,” i.e., perform real-time processing of surgical data using the trained machine learning models 330.

[0041] Machine learning processing system 310, in some examples, further includes a data generator 315 to generate simulated surgical data, such as a set of virtual images, or record the video data from the video recording system 104, to generate trained machine learning models 330. Data generator 315 can access (read/write) a data store 320 to record data, including multiple images and/or multiple videos. The images and/or videos can include images and/or videos collected during one or more procedures (e.g., one or more surgical procedures). For example, the images and/or video may have been collected by a user device worn by the actor 112 of FIG. 1 (e.g., surgeon, surgical nurse, anesthesiologist, and/or the like including combinations and/or multiples thereof) during the surgery, anon-wearable imaging device located within an operating room, an endoscopic camera inserted inside the patient 110 of FIG. 1, and/or the like including combinations and/or multiples thereof. The data store 320 is separate from the data collection system 150 of FIG. 1 in some examples. In other examples, the data store 320 is part of the data collection system 150.

[0042] Each of the images and/or videos recorded in the data store 320 for performing training (e g., generating the machine learning models 330) can be defined as a base image and can be associated with other data that characterizes an associated procedure and/or rendering specifications. For example, the other data can identify a type of procedure, a location of a procedure, one or more people involved in performing the procedure, surgical objectives, and/or an outcome of the procedure. Alternatively, or in addition, the other data can indicate a stage of the procedure with which the image or video corresponds, rendering specification with which the image or video corresponds and/or a type of imaging device that captured the image or video (e.g., and/or, if the device is a wearable device, a role of a particular person wearing the device, and/or the like including combinations and/or multiples thereof). Further, the other data can include image-segmentation data that identifies and/or characterizes one or more objects (e.g., tools, anatomical objects, and/or the like including combinations and/or multiples thereof) that are depicted in the image or video. The characterization can indicate the position, orientation, or pose of the object in the image. For example, the characterization can indicate a set of pixels that correspond to the object and/or a state of the object resulting from a past or current user handling. Localization can be performed using a variety of techniques for identifying objects in one or more coordinate systems.

[0043] The machine learning training system 325 uses the recorded data in the data store 320, which can include the simulated surgical data (e g , set of virtual images) and/or actual surgical data to generate the trained machine learning models 330. The trained machine learning models 330 can be defined based on a type of model and a set of hyperparameters (e.g., defined based on input from a client device). The trained machine learning models 330 can be configured based on a set of parameters that can be dynamically defined based on (e.g., continuous or repeated) training (i.e., learning, parameter tuning). Machine learning training system 325 can use one or more optimization algorithms to define the set of parameters to minimize or maximize one or more loss functions. The set of (learned) parameters can be stored as part of the trained machine learning models 330 using a specific data structure for a particular trained machine learning model of the trained machine learning models 330. The data structure can also include one or more non-leamable variables (e.g., hyperparameters and/or model definitions).

[0044] Machine learning execution system 340 can access the data structure(s) of the trained machine learning models 330 and accordingly configure the trained machine learning models 330 for inference (e g., prediction, classification, and/or the like including combinations and/or multiples thereof). The trained machine learning models 330 can include, for example, a fully convolutional network adaptation, an adversarial network model, an encoder, a decoder, or other types of machine learning models. The type of the trained machine learning models 330 can be indicated in the corresponding data structures. The trained machine learning models 330 can be configured in accordance with one or more hyperparameters and the set of learned parameters. [0045] The trained machine learning models 330, during execution, receive, as input, surgical data to be processed and subsequently generate one or more inferences according to the training. For example, the video data captured by the video recording system 104 of FIG. 1 can include data streams (e.g., an array of intensity, depth, and/or RGB values) for a single image or for each of a set of frames (e.g., including multiple images or an image with sequencing data) representing a temporal window of fixed or variable length in a video. The video data that is captured by the video recording system 104 can be received by the data reception system 305, which can include one or more devices located within an operating room where the surgical procedure is being performed. Alternatively, the data reception system 305 can include devices that are located remotely, to which the captured video data is streamed live during the performance of the surgical procedure. Alternatively, or in addition, the data reception system 305 accesses the data in an offline manner from the data collection system 150 or from any other data source (e.g., local or remote storage device).

[0046] The data reception system 305 can process the video and/or data received. The processing can include decoding when a video stream is received in an encoded format such that data for a sequence of images can be extracted and processed. The data reception system 305 can also process other types of data included in the input surgical data. For example, the surgical data can include additional data streams, such as audio data, RFID data, textual data, measurements from one or more surgical instruments/sensors, and/or the like including combinations and/or multiples thereof, that can represent stimuli/procedural states from the operating room. The data reception system 305 synchronizes the different inputs from the different devices/sensors before inputting them in the machine learning processing system 310.

[0047] The trained machine learning models 330, once trained, can analyze the input surgical data, and in one or more aspects, predict and/or characterize features (e.g., structures) included in the video data included with the surgical data. The video data can include sequential images and/or encoded video data (e.g., using digital video file/stream formats and/or codecs, such as MP4, MOV, AVI, WEBM, AVCHD, OGG, and/or the like including combinations and/or multiples thereol). The prediction and/or characterization of the features can include segmenting the video data or predicting the localization of the structures with a probabilistic heatmap. In some instances, the one or more trained machine learning models 330 include or are associated with a preprocessing or augmentation (e.g., intensity normalization, resizing, cropping, and/or the like including combinations and/or multiples thereof) that is performed prior to segmenting the video data. An output of the one or more trained machine learning models 330 can include image-segmentation or probabilistic heatmap data that indicates which (if any) of a defined set of structures are predicted within the video data, a location and/or position and/or pose of the structure(s) within the video data, and/or state of the structure(s). The location can be a set of coordinates in an image/frame in the video data. For example, the coordinates can provide a bounding box. The coordinates can provide boundaries that surround the structure(s) being predicted. The trained machine learning models 330, in one or more examples, are trained to perform higher-level predictions and tracking, such as predicting a phase of a surgical procedure and tracking one or more surgical instruments used in the surgical procedure.

[0048] While some techniques for predicting a surgical phase (“phase”) in the surgical procedure are described herein, it should be understood that any other technique for phase prediction can be used without affecting the aspects of the technical solutions described herein. In some examples, the machine learning processing system 310 includes a phase detector 350 that uses the trained machine learning models 330 to identify a phase within the surgical procedure (“procedure”). Phase detector 350 uses a particular procedural tracking data structure 355 from a list of procedural tracking data structures. Phase detector 350 selects the procedural tracking data structure 355 based on the type of surgical procedure that is being performed. In one or more examples, the type of surgical procedure is predetermined or input by actor 112. The procedural tracking data structure 355 identifies a set of potential phases that can correspond to a part of the specific type of procedure as “phase predictions.”

[0049] In some examples, the procedural tracking data structure 355 can be a graph that includes a set of nodes and a set of edges, with each node corresponding to a potential phase. The edges can provide directional connections between nodes that indicate (via the direction) an expected order during which the phases will be encountered throughout an iteration of the procedure. The procedural tracking data structure 355 may include one or more branching nodes that feed to multiple next nodes and/or can include one or more points of divergence and/or convergence between the nodes. In some instances, a phase indicates a procedural action (e.g., surgical action) that is being performed or has been performed and/or indicates a combination of actions that have been performed. In some instances, a phase relates to a biological state of a patient undergoing a surgical procedure. For example, the biological state can indicate a complication (e.g., blood clots, clogged arteries/veins, and/or the like including combinations and/or multiples thereof), pre-condition (e.g., lesions, polyps, and/or the like including combinations and/or multiples thereof). In some examples, the trained machine learning models 330 are trained to detect an “abnormal condition,” such as hemorrhaging, arrhythmias, blood vessel abnormality, and/or the like including combinations and/or multiples thereof.

[0050] Each node within the procedural tracking data structure 355 can identify one or more characteristics of the phase corresponding to that node. The characteristics can include visual characteristics. In some instances, the node identifies one or more tools that are typically in use or available for use (e.g., on a tool tray) during the phase. The node also identifies one or more roles of people who are typically performing a surgical task, a typical type of movement (e.g., of a hand or tool), and/or the like including combinations and/or multiples thereof. Thus, phase detector 350 can use the segmented data generated by machine learning execution system 340 that indicates the presence and/or characteristics of particular objects within a field of view to identify an estimated node to which the real image data corresponds. Identification of the node (i.e., phase) can further be based upon previously detected phases for a given procedural iteration and/or other detected input (e.g., verbal audio data that includes person-to-person requests or comments, explicit identifications of a current or past phase, information requests, and/or the like including combinations and/or multiples thereof). [0051] The phase detector 350 outputs the phase prediction associated with a portion of the video data that is analyzed by the machine learning processing system 310. The phase prediction is associated with the portion of the video data by identifying a start time and an end time of the portion of the video that is analyzed by the machine learning execution system 340. The phase prediction that is output can include segments of the video where each segment corresponds to and includes an identity of a surgical phase as detected by the phase detector 350 based on the output of the machine learning execution system 340. Further, the phase prediction, in one or more examples, can include additional data dimensions, such as, but not limited to, identities of the structures (e.g., instrument, anatomy, and/or the like including combinations and/or multiples thereof) that are identified by the machine learning execution system 340 in the portion of the video that is analyzed. The phase prediction can also include a confidence score of the prediction. Other examples can include various other types of information in the phase prediction that is output.

[0052] ft should be noted that although some of the drawings depict endoscopic videos being analyzed, the technical solutions described herein can be applied to analyze video and image data captured by cameras that are not endoscopic (i.e., cameras external to the patient’s body) when performing open surgeries (i.e., not laparoscopic surgeries). For example, the video and image data can be captured by cameras that are mounted on one or more personnel in the operating room (e.g., surgeon). Alternatively, or in addition, the cameras can be mounted on surgical instruments, walls, or other locations in the operating room. Alternatively, or in addition, the video can be images captured by other imaging modalities, such as ultrasound.

[0053] Machine learning can be used to populate a video timeline, such as labeling phases and events that occur at particular times within a surgical video. Aspects can further edit the video timeline to add media content and other information that enhances user experience and understanding. [0054] Various user interfaces can be designed for specific types of devices, such as handheld mobile devices, for efficient navigation and display of content. Examples of user interfaces are provided in FIGS. 7A-12B as further described herein.

[0055] Turning now to FIG. 4, a flow diagram of a method 400 is shown according to one or more aspects described herein. The method 400 can be performed by any suitable processing system, such as the computing system 102, the processing system 600 of FIG. 6, and/or the like including combinations and/or multiples thereof.

[0056] At block 402, a system, such as the computing system 102 and/or the processing system 600, receives a video of a surgical procedure. The surgical procedure can be any type of surgery, such as but not limited to cataract surgery, laparoscopic cholecystectomy, endoscopic endonasal transsphenoidal approach (eTSA) to resection of pituitary adenomas, or any other surgical procedure. The video can be captured by any suitable system or device, such as the video recording system 104 and/or the surgical procedure system 200. According to one or more aspects, receiving the video can include any form of accessing at least a portion of the video.

[0057] At block 404, the system analyzes the video of the surgical procedure to identify or predict features of the surgical procedure. As an example, the system 300 can be used to analyze the video of the surgical procedure as described herein. The analysis can result in predicting features that include surgical phases and structures (e.g., instruments, anatomical structures, and/or the like including combinations and/or multiples thereof) in the video data using machine learning. For example, machine learning models can be used to detect surgical phases based on detecting features, such as the anatomical structure, surgical instruments, and/or the like including combinations and/or multiples thereof.

[0058] At block 406, the system generates a video timeline based at least in part on the features of the surgical procedure from block 404. Examples of the video timeline are depicted in Appendix A. The examples of these figures are not intended to limit the claims. [0059] At block 408, media content is added to the video timeline based on a user input. At block 410, the media content is displayed in combination with the video.

[0060] According to an aspect, the media content can include one or more of a video clip and an image.

[0061] According to an aspect, the video clip can include one or more of: a training video clip, a pre-operative scan video clip, and a reference video clip.

[0062] According to an aspect, the image can be one or more of: a training image, a pre-operative scan image, a snapshot image, and a reference image. The snapshot image can be a captured screenshot of a frame of the video.

[0063] According to an aspect, the media content can be placed at a user-selected time point on the video timeline.

[0064] According to an aspect, the video timeline can include a region that displays one or more of an events timeline, a phases timeline, a camera timeline, a surgeons timeline, an anatomy timeline, and an instruments timeline in combination with the video.

[0065] According to an aspect, the media content can be displayed with the video upon reaching a timepoint during playback that aligns with placement of the media content on the video timeline.

[0066] According to an aspect, the media content can be displayed as a picture-in- picture view with the video.

[0067] According to an aspect, a comment or notification can be displayed with the video upon reaching a timepoint during playback that aligns with placement of the comment or notification on the video timeline.

[0068] According to an aspect, the comment or notification can be displayed as an overlay on the video. [0069] Turning now to FIG. 5, a flow diagram of a method 500 is shown according to one or more aspects described herein. The method 500 can be performed by any suitable processing system, such as the computing system 102, the processing system 600 of FIG. 6, and/or the like including combinations and/or multiples thereof. The method 500 can be performed in combination with or separately from the method 400 of FIG. 4.

[0070] At block 502, a system, such as the computing system 102 and/or the processing system 600, receives a video of a surgical procedure. The surgical procedure can be any type of surgery, such as but not limited to cataract surgery, laparoscopic cholecystectomy, endoscopic endonasal transsphenoidal approach (eTSA) to resection of pituitary adenomas, or any other surgical procedure. The video can be captured by any suitable system or device, such as the video recording system 104 and/or the surgical procedure system 200. According to one or more aspects, receiving the video can include any form of accessing at least a portion of the video.

[0071] At block 504, the system can generate or edit a clip of the video of the surgical procedure based on a user input. At block 506, the system can display a clip download selection interface based on a user command to download the clip. At block 508, the system can download the clip in combination with one or more other clips as a single video file based on a first user selection from the clip download selection interface. At block 510, the system can download the clip in combination with the one or more other clips as separate video clip files based on a second user selection from the clip download selection interface.

[0072] According to an aspect, the media content of the method 400 of FIG. 4 can include the clip and the one or more other clips.

[0073] According to an aspect, a start and end of the clip can be user adjustable. In some aspects, clips can initially be populated as a full surgical phase or time before and after an event, and the start/end can be adjusted by the user through a graphical user interface (e.g., slidable endpoints).

[0074] According to an aspect, a title of the clip can be user adjustable. [0075] It is understood that one or more aspects described herein is capable of being implemented in conjunction with any other type of computing environment now known or later developed. For example, FIG. 6 depicts a block diagram of a processing system 600 for implementing the techniques described herein. In examples, processing system 600 has one or more central processing units (“processors” or “processing resources” or “processing devices”) 621a, 621b, 621c, etc. (collectively or generically referred to as processor(s) 621 and/or as processing device(s)). In aspects of the present disclosure, each processor 621 can include a reduced instruction set computer (RISC) microprocessor. Processors 621 are coupled to system memory (e.g., random access memory (RAM) 624) and various other components via a system bus 633. Read only memory (ROM) 622 is coupled to system bus 633 and may include a basic input/output system (BIOS), which controls certain basic functions of processing system 600.

[0076] Further depicted are an input/output (I/O) adapter 627 and a network adapter 626 coupled to system bus 633. I/O adapter 627 may be a small computer system interface (SCSI) adapter that communicates with a hard disk 623 and/or a storage device 625 or any other similar component. I/O adapter 627, hard disk 623, and storage device 625 are collectively referred to herein as mass storage 634. Operating system 640 for execution on processing system 600 may be stored in mass storage 634. The network adapter 626 interconnects system bus 633 with an outside network 636 enabling processing system 600 to communicate with other such systems.

[0077] A display 635 (e.g., a display monitor) is connected to system bus 633 by display adapter 632, which may include a graphics adapter to improve the performance of graphics intensive applications and a video controller. In one aspect of the present disclosure, adapters 626, 627, and/or 632 may be connected to one or more I/O busses that are connected to system bus 633 via an intermediate bus bridge (not shown). Suitable I/O buses for connecting peripheral devices, such as hard disk controllers, network adapters, and graphics adapters typically include common protocols, such as the Peripheral Component Interconnect (PCI). Additional input/output devices are shown as connected to system bus 633 via user interface adapter 628 and display adapter 632. A keyboard 629, mouse 630, and speaker 631 may be interconnected to system bus 633 via user interface adapter 628, which may include, for example, a Super I/O chip integrating multiple device adapters into a single integrated circuit.

[0078] In some aspects of the present disclosure, processing system 600 includes a graphics processing unit 637. Graphics processing unit 637 is a specialized electronic circuit designed to manipulate and alter memory to accelerate the creation of images in a frame buffer intended for output to a display In general, graphics processing unit 637 is very efficient at manipulating computer graphics and image processing, and has a highly parallel structure that makes it more effective than general-purpose CPUs for algorithms where processing of large blocks of data is done in parallel.

[0079] Thus, as configured herein, processing system 600 includes processing capability in the form of processors 621, storage capability including system memory (e.g., RAM 624), and mass storage 634, input means, such as keyboard 629 and mouse 630, and output capability including speaker 631 and display 635. In some aspects of the present disclosure, a portion of system memory (e.g., RAM 624) and mass storage 634 collectively store the operating system 640 to coordinate the functions of the various components shown in processing system 600.

[0080] It is to be understood that the block diagram of FIG. 6 is not intended to indicate that the computer system 600 is to include all of the components shown in FIG. 6. Rather, the computer system 600 can include any appropriate fewer or additional components not illustrated in FIG. 6 (e.g., additional memory components, embedded controllers, modules, additional network interfaces, etc.). Further, the aspects described herein with respect to computer system 600 may be implemented with any appropriate logic, wherein the logic, as referred to herein, can include any suitable hardware (e.g., a processor, an embedded controller, or an applicationspecific integrated circuit, among others), software (e.g., an application, among others), firmware, or any suitable combination of hardware, software, and firmware, in various aspects. [0081] FIGS. 7A, 7B, 7C, and 7D depict a sequence of user interface displays according to one or more aspects. User interface 700 is depicted as a mobile device interface in a portrait or vertical orientation. In the example of FIG. 7A, the user interface 700 includes a video viewing portion 701, a media content selection portion 702, and a timeline portion 703. The media content selection portion 702 can include one or more thumbnail images 704 corresponding to media content associated with a surgical case depicted in the video viewing portion 701. Upon a user selection of the media content selection portion 702 of FIG. 7A, an expanded view 706 can be displayed on the user interface 700 as depicted in the example of FIG. 7B. The example of FIG. 7B depicts a first image 708 corresponding to an ultrasound image uploaded for the case, which can be viewed in greater detail as depicted in FIG. 7C. The example of FIG. 7B also depicts a second image 710 corresponding to a sonogram image uploaded for the case, which can be viewed in greater detail as depicted in FIG. 7D. Tapping, clicking, or other gestures can be used to expand or reduce the size of the first image 708 and second image 710. Once displayed in an expanded view, navigation arrows or other controls (e g., tap or swipe detection) may be provided to navigate between available content of the media content selection portion 702. Other examples of media content can include video clips, image sequences, audio files, or other such content that may be uploaded to the case, extracted from the case, or generated based on the case.

[0082] FIGS. 8A, 8B, 8C, 8D, 8E, 8F, 8G, and 8H depict a sequence of user interface displays according to one or more aspects. In the example of FIG. 8 A, the user interface 700, a control 802 can be selected to display an expanded menu 804, which can include options such as export case, create clip, and delete case. Upon making a scrolling gesture on the timeline portion 703 of the user interface 700, selectable content can be displayed that relate to timing with respect to a video that can be viewed through the video viewing portion 701 as depicted in FIG. 8B. The timeline portion 703 can include, for example, timing of surgical phases, steps, notes, and other such information. Further, media content can be inserted a relevant point in time, such as inserting a scan reference 806 with a thumbnail image 808 at a time where such content may be useful to view with a segment of video. For instance, at a time where a ligation and division of a cystic duct and artery may be visible in video displayed in the video viewing portion 701, it may also be useful to view a corresponding reference image, such as the scan reference 806. Upon selecting the scan reference 806 through a user gesture (e.g., tapping, clicking, etc ), the thumbnail image 808 can be partially expanded as image 810 (FIG. 8C), which may be viewed as video is played in the video viewing portion 701. The image 810 can be fully expanded, as depicted in the example of FIG. 8D. In some aspects, the user interface 700 can have an picture-in-picture viewing option 812 (FIG. 8E) that allows the image 810 to be displayed in a picture-in-picture mode while the video is played in the video viewing portion 701. Rotating the mobile device or selecting a full screen mode can allow the video to be viewed as a full screen view along with the image 810 in a picture-in-picture arrangement as depicted in the example of FIG. 8F. In a landscape or horizonal display mode, a visual timeline summary 814 can be depicted (FIG. 8G) that illustrates points in time where media content, notes, and other related information are associated with portions of video that can be displayed in the video viewing portion 701. Selecting content 816 from the visual timeline summary 814 can result in displaying the content 816 in greater detail. For example, where the content 816 is a comment 818 associated with a bookmark or time tag of the video, selecting the content 816 may result in the video displayed in the video viewing portion 701 to jump to the associated time and display the comment 818 as depicted in the example of FIG. 8H.

[0083] FIG. 9 depicts a user interface 900 according to one or more aspects. The user interface 900 can depict case information, such as a case title, date, contributors, descriptive tags, and/or other such information in a case summary portion 902. The user interface 900 can also include, for example, selectable content, such as a video selection 904, reference media content selection 906, clip selection 908, and other such content. As updates are made, a status message 910 can be displayed to inform the user of action performed and to provide additional options, such as undoing or changing content or bookmarks.

[0084] FIGS. 10A, 10B, 10C, and 10D depict a sequence of user interface displays according to one or more aspects. User interface 1000 is depicted as a mobile device interface in a portrait or vertical orientation. In the example of FIG. 10 A, the user interface 1000 includes a video viewing portion 1001. The user interface 1000 can include an option to view a time in timeline portion 1003, which can visually depict where content may be viewed relative to a video displayed in the video viewing portion 1001, as depicted in FIG. 10B. The timeline portion 1003 can include a phase summary 1002, which may be depicted as bars having different characteristics (e.g., color, shading, etc.) to visually delineate portions of a surgical procedure shown in the video. The phase summary 1002 can also indicate when a change of surgeons occurs during the procedure (e g., changing roles of primaiy surgeon / surgeon swap). A supplemental timeline 1004 can illustrate when supplemental content may be available, such as media content, reference images, comments, warnings, etc. A time indicator 1006 can illustrate where the currently displayed video in the video viewing portion 1001 aligns in time with various items depicted on the timeline portion 1003. In some aspects, the user can slide the time indicator 1006 or tap within the timeline portion 1003 to fast forward, rewind, or skip to various times. A control panel 1008 may be used to select various actions such as clipping, snapshots, pause, skip forward, or skip backwards. The timeline portion 1003 can be scrollable to view additional information that may extend beyond the viewable display area. Examples of information that may be viewable / selectable through the timeline portion 1003 can include timing of clips, screenshots, analytics, surgical instruments, anatomy, and other such information / content. For example, selecting an analytics icon 1009 on the supplemental timeline 1004 may display a popup analytics message 1010, as depicted in FIG. 10C. Selecting a comments icon 1011 on the supplemental timeline 1004 may display a popup comment 1012, as depicted in FIG. 10D. Initiating playback after selecting the analytics icon 1009 or the comments icon 1011 would result in showing a corresponding part of the video in the video viewing portion 1001, for example.

[0085] FIGS. 11 A, 1 IB, 11C, and 1 ID depict a sequence of user interface displays according to one or more aspects. User interface 1100 is depicted as a mobile device interface in a portrait or vertical orientation. In the example of FIG. 11 A, the user interface 1100 includes a video viewing portion 1101. A clip menu 1105 can be displayed that provides a summary of clips associated with the video that is viewable through the video viewing portion 1101. A clip selection mode of the user interface 1100 can allow a user to select a start and end of a clip, as depicted in the example of FIG. 11B. The clip selection mode can display a timeline 1104, a time indicator 1106, and a clip selection interface 1108. The clip selection interface 1108 can depict representative video frames associated with points in time of the video which may visually assist in selecting a portion of interest of the video. Other context information can also be provided, such as phase or event information to assist in selecting start and end points of clips. Upon selecting start and end points of a clip, a keyboard interface 1107 can be displayed to support entiy or editing of a title of the clip, as depicted in the example of FIG. 11C. Upon completion of clip creation an associated clip summary 1109 can be added to the clip menu 1105, as depicted in the example of FIG. 11D.

[0086] FIGS. 12A and 12B depict a sequence of user interface displays according to one or more aspects. User interface 1200 can display a video viewing portion 1201, a clip summary portion 1204, and a workflow portion 1205, as depicted in the example of FIGS. 12A and 12B. The user interface 1200 may provide a download option 1207 that allows a user to select between downloading the clips listed in the clip summary portion 1204 as one video or as separate videos, as depicted in FIG. 12A. When downloaded as one video, the arrangement can default to chronological order of the clips. The user interface 1200 can also provide clip creation support through a clip selection interface 1208, as depicted in FIG. 12B. The clip selection interface 1208 can depict representative video frames associated with points in time of the video which may visually assist in selecting a portion of interest of the video. Other context information can also be provided, such as phase or event information to assist in selecting start and end points 1210 of a clip. A time indicator 1206 can illustrate where the currently displayed video in the video viewing portion 1201 aligns in time relative to the start and end points 1210. The user interface 1200 can also allow a user to enter a clip title and save or cancel creation of the clip. Further, the clip selection interface 1208 can be used to edit the start and end points 1210 of previously created clips. [0087] The present invention may be a system, a method, and/or a computer program product at any possible technical detail level of integration. The computer program product may include a computer-readable storage medium (or media) having computer-readable program instructions thereon for causing a processor to carry out aspects of the present invention.

[0088] The computer-readable storage medium can be a tangible device that can retain and store instructions for use by an instruction execution device. The computer- readable storage medium may be, for example, but is not limited to, an electronic storage device, a magnetic storage device, an optical storage device, an electromagnetic storage device, a semiconductor storage device, or any suitable combination of the foregoing. A non-exhaustive list of more specific examples of the computer-readable storage medium includes the following: a portable computer diskette, a hard disk, a random access memory (RAM), a read-only memory (ROM), an erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROM or Flash memory), a static random access memory (SRAM), a portable compact disc read-only memory (CD- ROM), a digital versatile disk (DVD), a memory stick, a floppy disk, a mechanically encoded device, such as punch-cards or raised structures in a groove having instructions recorded thereon, and any suitable combination of the foregoing. A computer-readable storage medium, as used herein, is not to be construed as being transitory signals per se, such as radio waves or other freely propagating electromagnetic waves, electromagnetic waves propagating through a waveguide or other transmission media (e.g., light pulses passing through a fiber-optic cable), or electrical signals transmitted through a wire.

[0089] Computer-readable program instructions described herein can be downloaded to respective computing/processing devices from a computer-readable storage medium or to an external computer or external storage device via a network, for example, the Internet, a local area network, a wide area network, and/or a wireless network. The network may comprise copper transmission cables, optical transmission fibers, wireless transmission, routers, firewalls, switches, gateway computers, and/or edge servers. A network adapter card or network interface in each computing/processing device receives computer-readable program instructions from the network and forwards the computer-readable program instructions for storage in a computer-readable storage medium within the respective computing/processing device.

[0090] Computer-readable program instructions for carrying out operations of the present invention may be assembler instructions, instruction-set-architecture (ISA) instructions, machine instructions, machine-dependent instructions, microcode, firmware instructions, state-setting data, configuration data for integrated circuitry, or either source-code or object code written in any combination of one or more programming languages, including an object-oriented programming language, such as Smalltalk, C++, or the like, and procedural programming languages, such as the “C” programming language or similar programming languages. The computer-readable program instructions may execute entirely on the user’s computer, partly on the user’s computer, as a stand-alone software package, partly on the user’s computer and partly on a remote computer, or entirely on the remote computer or server. In the latter scenario, the remote computer may be connected to the user’s computer through any type of network, including a local area network (LAN) or a wide area network (WAN), or the connection may be made to an external computer (for example, through the Internet using an Internet Service Provider). In some aspects, electronic circuitry including, for example, programmable logic circuitry, field-programmable gate arrays (FPGA), or programmable logic arrays (PLA) may execute the computer- readable program instruction by utilizing state information of the computer-readable program instructions to personalize the electronic circuitiy, in order to perform aspects of the present invention.

[0091] Aspects of the present invention are described herein with reference to flowchart illustrations and/or block diagrams of methods, apparatus (systems), and computer program products according to aspects of the invention. It will be understood that each block of the flowchart illustrations and/or block diagrams, and combinations of blocks in the flowchart illustrations and/or block diagrams, can be implemented by computer-readable program instructions. [0092] These computer-readable program instructions may be provided to a processor of a general-purpose computer, special purpose computer, or other programmable data processing apparatus to produce a machine, such that the instructions, which execute via the processor of the computer or other programmable data processing apparatus, create means for implementing the functions/acts specified in the flowchart and/or block diagram block or blocks. These computer-readable program instructions may also be stored in a computer-readable storage medium that can direct a computer, a programmable data processing apparatus, and/or other devices to function in a particular manner, such that the computer-readable storage medium having instructions stored therein comprises an article of manufacture including instructions which implement aspects of the function/act specified in the flowchart and/or block diagram block or blocks.

[0093] The computer-readable program instructions may also be loaded onto a computer, other programmable data processing apparatus, or other device to cause a series of operational steps to be performed on the computer, other programmable apparatus or other devices to produce a computer-implemented process, such that the instructions which execute on the computer, other programmable apparatus, or other device implement the functions/acts specified in the flowchart and/or block diagram block or blocks.

[0094] The flowchart and block diagrams in the Figures illustrate the architecture, functionality, and operation of possible implementations of systems, methods, and computer program products according to various aspects of the present invention. In this regard, each block in the flowchart or block diagrams may represent a module, segment, or portion of instructions, which comprises one or more executable instructions for implementing the specified logical function(s). In some alternative implementations, the functions noted in the blocks may occur out of the order noted in the Figures. For example, two blocks shown in succession may, in fact, be executed substantially concurrently, or the blocks may sometimes be executed in the reverse order, depending upon the functionality involved. It will also be noted that each block of the block diagrams and/or flowchart illustration, and combinations of blocks in the block diagrams and/or flowchart illustration, can be implemented by special purpose hardware-based systems that perform the specified functions or acts or carry out combinations of special purpose hardware and computer instructions.

[0095] The descriptions of the various aspects of the present invention have been presented for purposes of illustration but are not intended to be exhaustive or limited to the aspects disclosed. Many modifications and variations will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art without departing from the scope and spirit of the described aspects. The terminology used herein was chosen to best explain the principles of the aspects, the practical application or technical improvement over technologies found in the marketplace, or to enable others of ordinary skill in the art to understand the aspects described herein.

[0096] Various aspects of the invention are described herein with reference to the related drawings. Alternative aspects of the invention can be devised without departing from the scope of this invention. Various connections and positional relationships (e.g., over, below, adjacent, etc.) are set forth between elements in the following description and in the drawings. These connections and/or positional relationships, unless specified otherwise, can be direct or indirect, and the present invention is not intended to be limiting in this respect. Accordingly, a coupling of entities can refer to either a direct or an indirect coupling, and a positional relationship between entities can be a direct or indirect positional relationship. Moreover, the various tasks and process steps described herein can be incorporated into a more comprehensive procedure or process having additional steps or functionality not described in detail herein.

[0097] The following definitions and abbreviations are to be used for the interpretation of the claims and the specification. As used herein, the terms “comprises,” “comprising,” “includes,” “including,” “has,” “having,” “contains,” or “containing,” or any other variation thereof are intended to cover a non-exclusive inclusion. For example, a composition, a mixture, process, method, article, or apparatus that comprises a list of elements is not necessarily limited to only those elements but can include other elements not expressly listed or inherent to such composition, mixture, process, method, article, or apparatus. [0098] Additionally, the term “exemplary” is used herein to mean “serving as an example, instance or illustration.” Any aspect or design described herein as “exemplary” is not necessarily to be construed as preferred or advantageous over other aspects or designs. The terms “at least one” and “one or more” may be understood to include any integer number greater than or equal to one, i.e., one, two, three, four, etc. The terms “a plurality” may be understood to include any integer number greater than or equal to two, i.e., two, three, four, five, etc. The term “connection” may include both an indirect “connection” and a direct “connection.”

[0099] The terms “about,” “substantially,” “approximately,” and variations thereof are intended to include the degree of error associated with measurement of the particular quantity based upon the equipment available at the time of filing the application. For example, “about” can include a range of ± 8% or 5%, or 2% of a given value.

[0100] For the sake of brevity, conventional techniques related to making and using aspects of the invention may or may not be described in detail herein. In particular, various aspects of computing systems and specific computer programs to implement the various technical features described herein are well known. Accordingly, in the interest of brevity, many conventional implementation details are only mentioned briefly herein or are omitted entirely without providing the well-known system and/or process details.

[0101] It should be understood that various aspects disclosed herein may be combined in different combinations than the combinations specifically presented in the description and accompanying drawings. It should also be understood that, depending on the example, certain acts or events of any of the processes or methods described herein may be performed in a different sequence, may be added, merged, or left out altogether (e.g., all described acts or events may not be necessary to carry out the techniques). In addition, while certain aspects of this disclosure are described as being performed by a single module or unit for purposes of clarity, it should be understood that the techniques of this disclosure may be performed by a combination of units or modules associated with, for example, a medical device. [0102] In one or more examples, the described techniques may be implemented in hardware, software, firmware, or any combination thereof. If implemented in software, the functions may be stored as one or more instructions or code on a computer-readable medium and executed by a hardware-based processing unit. Computer-readable media may include non-transitory computer-readable media, which corresponds to a tangible medium, such as data storage media (e.g., RAM, ROM, EEPROM, flash memory, or any other medium that can be used to store desired program code in the form of instructions or data structures and that can be accessed by a computer).

[0103] Instructions may be executed by one or more processors, such as one or more digital signal processors (DSPs), general-purpose microprocessors, applicationspecific integrated circuits (ASICs), field programmable logic arrays (FPGAs), or other equivalent integrated or discrete logic circuitry. Accordingly, the term “processor” as used herein may refer to any of the foregoing structure or any other physical structure suitable for implementation of the descnbed techniques. Also, the techniques could be fully implemented in one or more circuits or logic elements.

[0104] The following examples are illustrative of the techniques described herein.

[0105] Example 1. A computer-implemented method comprising: receiving a video of a surgical procedure; analyzing the video of the surgical procedure to identify a plurality of features of the surgical procedure; generating a video timeline based at least in part on the features of the surgical procedure; adding media content to the video timeline based on a user input; and displaying the media content in combination with the video.

[0106] Example 2. The computer-implemented method of Example 1, wherein the media content comprises one or more of a video clip and an image.

[0107] Example 3. The computer-implemented method of Example 2, wherein the video clip comprises one or more of: a training video clip, a pre-operative scan video clip, and a reference video clip. [0108] Example 4. The computer-implemented method of Example 2, wherein the image is one or more of: a training image, a pre-operative scan image, a snapshot image, and a reference image.

[0109] Example 5. The computer-implemented method of Example 1, further comprising: placing the media content at a user-selected time point on the video timeline.

[0110] Example 6. The computer-implemented method of Example 1, wherein the video timeline comprises a region that displays one or more of an events timeline, a phases timeline, a camera timeline, a surgeons timeline, an anatomy timeline, and an instruments timeline in combination with the video.

[0111] Example 7. The computer-implemented method of Example 1, further comprising: displaying the media content with the video upon reaching a timepoint during playback that aligns with placement of the media content on the video timeline.

[0112] Example 8. The computer-implemented method of Example 7, wherein the media content is displayed as a picture-in-picture view with the video.

[0113] Example 9. The computer-implemented method of Example 1, further comprising: displaying a comment or notification with the video upon reaching a timepoint during playback that aligns with placement of the comment or notification on the video timeline.

[0114] Example 10. The computer-implemented method of Example 9, wherein the comment or notification is displayed as an overlay on the video.

[0115] Example 11. The computer-implemented method of Example 1, further comprising: generating or editing a clip of the video of the surgical procedure based on a user input; displaying a clip download selection interface based on a user command to download the clip; downloading the clip in combination with one or more other clips as a single video file based on a first user selection from the clip download selection interface; and downloading the clip in combination with the one or more other clips as separate video clip files based on a second user selection from the clip download selection interface.

[0116] Example 12. The computer-implemented method of Example 11, wherein the media content comprises the clip and the one or more other clips.

[0117] Example 13. The computer-implemented method of Example 11, wherein a start and end of the clip is user adjustable.

[0118] Example 14. The computer-implemented method of Example 11, wherein a title of the clip is user adjustable.

[0119] Example 15. A system, comprising: a processor configured to receive a video of a surgical procedure from non-transitory memory; wherein the processor is configured to perform one or more of the computer-implemented methods disclosed herein.

Claims

CLAIMS What is claimed is:

1. A computer-implemented method comprising: receiving a video of a surgical procedure; analyzing the video of the surgical procedure to identify a plurality of features of the surgical procedure; generating a video timeline based at least in part on the features of the surgical procedure; adding media content to the video timeline based on a user input; and displaying the media content in combination with the video.

2. The computer-implemented method of claim 1, wherein the media content comprises one or more of a video clip and an image.

3. The computer-implemented method of claim 2, wherein the video clip comprises one or more of: a training video clip, a pre-operative scan video clip, and a reference video clip.

4. The computer-implemented method of claim 2, wherein the image is one or more of: a training image, a pre-operative scan image, a snapshot image, and a reference image.

5. The computer-implemented method of any preceding claim, further comprising: placing the media content at a user-selected time point on the video timeline.

6. The computer-implemented method of any preceding claim, wherein the video timeline comprises a region that displays one or more of an events timeline, a phases timeline, a camera timeline, a surgeons timeline, an anatomy timeline, and an instruments timeline in combination with the video.

7. The computer-implemented method of any preceding claim, further comprising: displaying the media content with the video upon reaching a timepoint during playback that aligns with placement of the media content on the video timeline.

8. The computer-implemented method of claim 7, wherein the media content is displayed as a picture-in-picture view with the video.

9. The computer-implemented method of any preceding claim, further comprising: displaying a comment or notification with the video upon reaching a timepoint during playback that aligns with placement of the comment or notification on the video timeline.

10. The computer-implemented method of any preceding claim, wherein the comment or notification is displayed as an overlay on the video.

11. The computer-implemented method of any preceding claim, further comprising: generating or editing a clip of the video of the surgical procedure based on a user input; displaying a clip download selection interface based on a user command to download the clip; downloading the clip in combination with one or more other clips as a single video file based on a first user selection from the clip download selection interface; and downloading the clip in combination with the one or more other clips as separate video clip files based on a second user selection from the clip download selection interface.

12. The computer-implemented method of claim 11, wherein the media content comprises the clip and the one or more other clips.

13. The computer-implemented method of claim 11, wherein a start and end of the clip is user adjustable.

14. The computer-implemented method of claim 11, wherein a title of the clip is user adjustable.

15. A system, comprising: a processor configured to receive a video of a surgical procedure from non- transitory memory; wherein the processor is configured to perform any of the computer- implemented methods of claims 1 to 14.