WO2025132944A1

WO2025132944A1 - Multi modular system

Info

Publication number: WO2025132944A1
Application number: PCT/EP2024/087642
Authority: WO
Inventors: Jean-François TISSOT
Original assignee: Accelleron Switzerland Ltd
Current assignee: Accelleron Switzerland Ltd
Priority date: 2023-12-21
Filing date: 2024-12-19
Publication date: 2025-06-26
Anticipated expiration: 2026-06-21

Abstract

A multi modular system (100) is described. The multi modular system includes a fuel cell module (110) comprising a fuel cell; a second module (120) selected from an internal combustion engine module (280), a gas turbine module (230), an oxidizer module (240), an electrolyser module (220), a steam generator module, a bypass module (250), a hot-air take out module (260), and a hot-gas take in module (270); a turbocharging system (140) including a turbine (143) and a compressor (141), and an intake manifold (150) in fluid communication with the compressor and an exhaust manifold (160) in fluid communication with the turbine. Each of the fuel cell module (110) and the second module (120) include an intake interface (111, 121) fluidically coupled to the intake manifold for supplying the module with intake air and/or an exhaust interface (112, 122) fluidically coupled to the exhaust manifold for discharging exhaust gas from the module; wherein each of the intake interfaces are substantially similar and/or wherein each of the exhaust interfaces are substantially similar.

Description

MULTI MODULAR SYSTEM

TECHNICAL FIELD

[0001] Embodiments of the present disclosure relate to a multi modular system.

BACKGROUND

[0002] Fuel cells have the potential to offer clean, quiet and efficient power generation. Unlike thermal energy-based engines, fuel cells use an electrochemical or battery-like process to directly convert the chemical energy of hydrogen and/or other fuel(s) into electrical energy.

[0003] A fuel cell hybrid system or multi modular system is a system combining at least one fuel cell module, at least one turbomachinery and any other appropriate module and/or Balance of Plant (“BoP”) component. In such a system, the total produced electrical power can come from the fuel cell module(s) side and/or from the turbomachinery side and/or from other modules included in the system. The multi modular system converts chemical energy into both electrical and thermal energy.

[0004] One drawback of prior art systems is that the individual components of multi modular systems are not flexibly adaptable to the customer’s needs. For example, oftentimes a multi modular system is designed for a specific output power, i.e. the fuel cells and all other additional modules of the system are designed for having a specific output power. In case the desired application requires other parameters, such as a different output power, and/or a different transient response ability, and/or a different load profile or utilization, the entire fuel cell system needs to be redesigned. Another drawback arises when the multi modular system degrades due to aging. Bringing prior art systems back to their initial specifications may require laborious and time-consuming work or even replacement of the entire system.

[0005] There is a continuous demand for improved multi modular systems. There is a need for multi modular systems which are flexibly adaptable to the costumer’s needs, in particular in that individual modules can be exchanged, added, or removed in a simple manner. Further, there is a need for multi modular systems which allow for better mitigating a power decrease when the modules degrade, in particular in that individual modules can be exchanged, added, or removed in a simple manner.

SUMMARY

[0006] In light of the above, a modular fuel cell system according to independent claim 1 is provided. Further aspects, advantages, and features are apparent from the dependent claims, the description, and the accompanying drawings.

[0007] According to an aspect of the present disclosure, a multi modular system is provided. The multi modular system includes a fuel cell module comprising a fuel cell, and a second module selected from an internal combustion engine module, a gas turbine module, an oxidizer module, an electrolyser module, a steam generator module, a bypass module, a hot-air take out module, and a hot-gas take in module. The multi modular system further includes a turbocharging system including a turbine and a compressor, and an intake manifold in fluid communication with the compressor and an exhaust manifold in fluid communication with the turbine. Each of the fuel cell module and the second module include an intake interface fluidically coupled to the intake manifold for supplying the module with intake air and/or an exhaust interface fluidically coupled to the exhaust manifold for discharging exhaust gas from the module. Each of the intake interfaces are substantially similar and/or wherein each of the exhaust interfaces are substantially similar.

[0008] An interface is to be understood as a connection or linkage between a module and a manifold. The interface is configured to establish a fluid connection between the manifolds (intake, exhaust, ...) and the internal components of the respective module (fuel cell, second module, ....). For example, the intake interface may correspond to a connection flange for establishing fluid communication between the intake manifold and the individual modules, and the exhaust interface may correspond to a connection flange for establishing fluid communication between the exhaust manifold and the individual modules. Other interfaces described further below include a power electric interface and a bus interface. Illustratively, the power electric interface and/or the bus interface may correspond to a connection socket.

[0009] The respective manifolds may further include interfaces configured to mate or interconnect with the corresponding module interface. For example, a bus system for data transferal may include several bus system interfaces, with each bus system interface corresponding to a connection plug. Illustratively, the intake manifold and/or the exhaust manifold may, respectively, include several intake manifold interfaces and several exhaust manifold interfaces. Each intake manifold interface and/or each exhaust manifold interface may correspond to a connection flange.

[0010] The intake interface of each module being “substantially similar” is preferably to be understood such that each intake interface has the same type of connection and similar external dimensions. In a preferred embodiment, the intake interface of each module is substantially the same or substantially identical. Corresponding remarks apply to the terms “substantially similar” and “substantially the same” with relation to the exhaust interface or any other interface described further below. [0011] Advantageously, having the intake interface and/or the exhaust interface being substantially similar allows for a simple assembly of the system as well as for a simple replacement of the modules of the system. The external dimensions of each intake and/or exhaust interface are preferably similar or even identical to enable quick replacement of any module with another module with limited effort and without any risk, also regarding the intake manifold and the exhaust manifold. This is the case regardless of whether the replacement module is the same type of module (e.g. replacing a fuel cell module with a fuel cell module) or a different type of module (e.g. replacing a fuel cell module with an internal combustion engine module). In case the first module (fuel cell module) and the second module include both an intake interface and exhaust interface, it is beneficial for the intake interfaces of all modules to be identical and the exhaust interfaces of all modules to be identical. Therefore, the system can be flexibly adapted both initially as well as a later point in time (after assembly and after taking the system into operation). The system can be flexibly adapted for each kind of targeted application, such as a target power level, a kind of application, or a load profile requirement.

[0012] The intake interfaces of the first and second module, and in particular of all other modules included in the system, are preferably releasably attached to the intake manifold to facilitate disconnection and/or replacement of the respective module. The exhaust interfaces of the first and second module, and in particular of all other modules included in the system, are preferably releasably attached to the exhaust manifold to facilitate disconnection and/or replacement of the respective module.

[0013] Each of the manifolds described herein can be closed off by an additional end cap, if desired. The end cap can be regarded as being part of the manifold or as being part of the individual modules. This allows to provide an interface for each type of manifold, regardless of whether the second module (or any other module described herein) actually requires a connection to the manifold. For example, the second module may be a hot-air take out module, which is in fluid communication with the intake air manifold, but may not necessarily be connected to the exhaust manifold. In this case, the exhaust manifold may be provided with an interface, which is closed off by means of the end cap. In case an exchange of the hot-air take out module is desired at a later point in time, a replacement module can be connected instead of the hot-air take out module. The replacement module may be any kind of module, including a module that requires a fluid communication with the exhaust manifold, in view of the exhaust manifold already having an interface. For instalment of the new module, the end cap then only needs to be removed. The modules of the present disclose may also include an interface, even in case the interface is not connected to a manifold. Each of the manifolds may also include more interfaces than modules being present at a certain point in time. The interfaces which are not used can be closed off with a cap. This allows for flexibly increasing the number of modules connected to the system compared to the initial arrangement.

[0014] The multi modular system may include any number of modules and/or may include any of the described modules several times. For example, the system may include 9 fuel cell modules and one oxidiser module. In addition to the first module (fuel cell module) and the second module, the multi modular system may include a third module, a fourth module and so forth.

[0015] In one embodiment, the multi modular system includes a third module selected from a fuel cell module, a gas turbine module, an internal combustion engine module, an oxidizer module, an electrolyser module, a steam generator module, a bypass module, a hot-air take out module, and a hot gas take in module. The third module includes at least one of, preferably both of, an intake interface fluidically coupled to the intake manifold and an exhaust interface fluidically coupled to the exhaust manifold. The intake interface of the third module is substantially similar to the intake interface of the fuel cell module and/or the exhaust interface of the third module is substantially similar to the exhaust interface of the fuel cell module. Preferably, the intake interfaces of all modules are substantially similar and/or the exhaust interfaces of all modules are substantially similar.

[0016] The multi modular system may include at least one further manifold, such as one or more of a fuel supply manifold, a water supply manifold, a power electric system, a low voltage electric cable system, and a common bus system for data transferal. Preferably, the multi modular system includes all of the aforementioned manifolds (fuel supply manifold, a water supply manifold, a power electric system, a low voltage electric cable system, and a common bus system).

[0017] In one embodiment, the multi modular system further includes a fuel supply manifold fluidically coupled to the fuel cell module via a fuel supply interface. The second module is one of a gas turbine module, an internal combustion engine module, a hot-air take out module and an oxidizer module. The second module is fluidically coupled to the fuel supply manifold via a fuel supply interface. The fuel supply interface of the fuel cell module and the fuel supply interface of the second module are substantially similar. In case the system includes further modules (third, fourth...), the further module(s) may also be fluidically coupled to the fuel supply manifold via a fuel supply interface, with each of the fuel supply interfaces being substantially similar; and/or the further module(s) may not be fluidically coupled to the fuel supply manifold (e.g. in case the module is a hot gas take in module). The type of connection of each fuel supply interface is preferably identical from one module to another one. The external dimensions of each fuel supply interface are preferably similar or even identical to enable quick replacement of any module with another module by using with limited effort and without any risk, also regarding the fuel line. The fuel supplied by the fuel supply manifold may be one or more selected from hydrogen, methane, NG / LNG, ammonia, methanol, dimethyl ether (DME). [0018] In one embodiment, the multi modular system further includes a water supply manifold connected to the fuel cell module via a water supply interface. The second module is one of a steam generator module, a bypass module, and an electrolyser module, wherein the second module is connected to the water supply manifold via a water supply interface. The water supply interface of the fuel cell module and the water supply interface of the second module are substantially similar. In case the system includes further modules (third, fourth, ...), the further module(s) may also be fluidically coupled to the water supply manifold via a water supply interface, with each of the water supply interfaces being substantially similar; and/or the further module(s) may not be fluidically coupled to the water supply manifold (e.g. in case the module is a hot gas take in module). The type of connection of each water supply interface is preferably identical from one module to another one. The external dimensions of each water supply interface are preferably similar or even identical to enable quick replacement of any module with another module by using with limited effort and without any risk, also regarding the water line. The water provided by the water supply manifold may be liquid water and/or steam. For example, the water supply manifold may be branched, with one branch providing liquid water to at least one module, and another branch providing steam to at least one other module. In some embodiments, one module may also be configured to receive both liquid water and steam. Alternatively, the water supply manifold may include two separate water lines, one providing liquid water, one providing steam.

[0019] In one embodiment, the multi modular system further includes a power electric system connected to the fuel cell module via a power electric interface. The second module is one of an electrolyser module, a gas turbine module, and an internal combustion engine module, wherein the second module is connected to the power electric system via a power electric interface. The power electric interface of the fuel cell module and the power electric interface of the second module are substantially similar. In case the system includes further modules (third, fourth, ...), the further module(s) may also be electronically connected to the power electric system, via a power electric interface, with each of the power electric interfaces being substantially similar; and/or the further module(s) may not be electronically connected to the power electric system (e.g. in case the module is a hot gas take in module). The type of connection of each power electric interface is preferably identical from one module to another one. The external dimensions of each power electric interface are preferably similar or even identical to enable quick replacement of any module with another module by using with limited effort and without any risk, also regarding the power electric line.

[0020] In one embodiment, the multi modular system further includes a low voltage electric cable system connected to the fuel cell module via a low voltage electric cable interface. The second module is connected to the low voltage electric cable system via a low voltage electric cable interface. The low voltage electric cable interface of the fuel cell module and the low voltage electric cable interface of the second module are substantially similar. In case the system includes further modules (third, fourth, ...), the further module(s) may also be electronically connected to the low voltage electric cable system via a low voltage electric cable interface, with each of the low voltage electric cable interfaces being substantially similar; and/or the further module(s) may not be electronically connected to the low voltage electric cable system. The type of connection of each low voltage electric cable interface is preferably identical from one module to another one. The external dimensions of each low voltage electric cable interface are preferably similar or even identical to enable quick replacement of any module with another module by using with limited effort and without any risk, also regarding the low voltage electric cable line.

[0021] In one embodiment, the multi modular system further includes a (common) bus system for data transferal connected to the fuel cell module via a bus interface. The second module is connected to the bus system via a bus interface. The bus interface of the fuel cell module and the bus interface of the second module are substantially similar. In case the system includes further modules (third, fourth, ...), the further module(s) may also be electronically connected to the bus system via a bus interface, with each of the bus interfaces being substantially similar; and/or the further module(s) may not be electronically connected to the bus system. The type of connection of each bus interface is preferably identical from one module to another one. The external dimensions of each bus interface are preferably similar or even identical to enable quick replacement of any module with another module by using with limited effort and without any risk, also regarding the bus system.

[0022] The turbocharging system of the present disclosure allows for providing charged air to the fuel cell module(s) as well as to other modules which require charged air. Moreover, the turbocharging system allows for improving the heat management by recovering thermal energy from the fuel cell modules as well as from other modules, which generate exhaust gas.

[0023] The at least one turbine of the turbocharging system is configured to receive exhaust gas from the exhaust manifold. The turbine is fluidically and mechanically connected to the exhaust manifold at a downstream end thereof. Each turbine of the turbocharging system can have a variable geometry device including a variable nozzle and/or a multi-entry, wherein at least one entry is configured to be closed, or at least partially closed.

[0024] The compressor of the turbocharging system is configured to provide the intake manifold, and subsequently the modules, with charged air. The compressor is fluidically and mechanically connected to the intake manifold at an upstream end thereof.

[0025] The turbocharging system of the present disclosure may be a single stage turbocharging system or a multistage turbocharging system, with, for each stage, at least one turbocharger, including at least one of a turbine and a compressor, preferably both, or alternatively (still for each stage), two or more turbochargers arranged in parallel. For example, the turbocharging system may be a single stage turbocharging system having several turbochargers arranged in parallel. In a preferred embodiment, the turbocharging system is an electric turbocharger including an electric machine. The turbocharging system may also include several electric turbochargers or at least one electric turbocharger and at least one non-electric turbocharger. The turbocharging system may further include a variable or invariable compressor geometry and/or bypass device(s). The bypass device may include one or more control valve(s).

[0026] The electric turbocharger may have a PTI (power take in) functionality and/or a PTO (power take off) functionality. Preferably, the electric machine has a power electric interface connected to the power electric system. The electric machine, and therefore the turbocharging system, can contribute to the overall power generated by the multi modular system.

[0027] The turbocharging system may further include an external or low- temperature heat exchanger (LT HEX). The heat exchanger is “external” in the sense that it is not part of a specific module, i.e. external to the modules. Some of the modules may include “internal” heat exchangers as described in more detail below. The external heat exchanger is configured for exchanging heat between intake air and exhaust gas. Preferably, the external heat exchanger is configured to transfer heat from exhaust gas downstream of the turbine to intake air downstream of the compressor. The external heat exchanger is preferably arranged upstream of any internal heat exchanger with regard to the flow of intake air. Additionally, or alternatively, the multi modular system or some of the modules (e.g. the fuel cell module) may include a heat exchanger configured to transfer heat from the exhaust gas to fuel and/or to water.

[0028] In case the second or a further (third, fourth, ...) module is a gas turbine module or an internal combustion engine module, the module may further include a generator. The gas turbine or the internal combustion engine drives the generator. The gas turbine and/or the internal combustion engine can contribute the overall power generated by the multi modular system. Both the gas turbine module and the internal combustion engine module preferably include a power electric interface connected to the power electric system.

[0029] According to an embodiment, the multi modular system includes a control unit configured to control operation of the fuel cell module and the second module. The control unit may be configured to control operation of any other module, if present, and/or the turbocharging system. Illustratively, the control unit may control the electric machine, such as a power take in mode or a power take off mode of the electric machine. The control unit may also be configured to control operation of the entire multi modular system.

[0030] The control unit may further be configured to control or adapt operating parameters of the module(s). In a preferred embodiment, the control unit is configured to control a mass flow from and/or to the modules. For example, the control unit may control one or more of an air inlet mass flow, a fuel mass flow, and a water mass flow to the fuel cell module and optionally to other modules (second, third, ....). Additionally, or alternatively, the control unit may control an exhaust mass flow from the modules to the exhaust manifold. With the interfaces being substantially similar, a cross-section at the inlet (air, fuel, water...) may be similar or even identical for all modules although different modules may have different requirements for air, fuel and/or water. Beneficially, the control unit allows for individually providing each module with a desired flow of air, fuel and/or water.

[0031] Each of the modules may include a valve downstream of the interface, which allows for adapting a mass flow. For example, the fuel cell module may include an intake line connected to the intake interface, and an intake valve arranged within the intake line downstream of the intake interface. Additionally, or alternatively, the fuel cell module may include a water supply line connected to the water supply interface, and a water supply valve arranged within the water supply line downstream of the water supply interface. Additionally, or alternatively, the fuel cell module may include a fuel supply line connected to the fuel supply interface, and a fuel supply valve arranged within the fuel supply line downstream of the fuel supply interface. The control unit may be configured to control each of the intake valve, the water supply valve, and the fuel supply valve.

[0032] The control unit may be further configured to control one or more of, preferably all of, the power electric system, the low voltage electric cable system, and the (common) bus system.

[0033] The fuel cell module includes an intake interface and an exhaust interface. Additionally, the fuel cell module may include at least one of, preferably all of, a fuel supply interface, a power electric interface, a water supply interface, a low voltage electric cable interface and a bus interface.

[0034] Typically, the multi modular system includes several fuel cell modules. For example, the third module and/or a fourth module may also be a fuel cell module. This allows for increasing the overall efficiency output of the multi modular system. The first module (fuel cell module) may be any kind of fuel cell, but preferably is a high or mid-temperature fuel cell, such as a solid oxide fuel cell, a molten-carbonate fuel cell, or a protonic ceramic fuel cell. Alternatively, the fuel cell may also be any other type of fuel cell, for example a low-temperature or a high-temperature Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell. Any other fuel cell module included in the multi modular system may be of the same type as first module, or may be a different type of fuel cell (e.g. a proton exchange membrane fuel cell).

[0035] The fuel cell module may require intake air at an elevated temperature, for example in case of a solid oxide fuel cell. In some cases, the temperature of the intake air provided by the low-temperature heat exchanger is not sufficient for the requirements of the fuel cell. The fuel cell module may include an internal or high-temperature heat exchanger (HT HEX). The internal heat exchanger may be arranged downstream of the intake interface. The high-temperature heat exchanger may be configured to transfer heat from exhaust gas to intake air. In particular, the high-temperature heat exchanger may be configured to transfer heat from exhaust gas downstream of an afterburner and/or upstream of the low-temperature heat-exchanger (the afterburner is described in more detail below) to intake air downstream of the low-temperature heat-exchanger, and preferably downstream of the intake interface.

[0036] In one embodiment, the second module is a gas turbine module. The gas turbine module includes an intake interface and an exhaust interface. Both the intake interface and the exhaust interface of the first and second modules are substantially similar. Additionally, the gas turbine module may include at least one of, preferably all of, a fuel supply interface, a power electric interface, a low voltage electric cable interface and a bus interface. Preferably, the gas turbine drives a generator. The gas turbine can be cost-efficient to implement thanks to taking advantage of already having pressurised air from the turbine. Furthermore, the gas turbine can be beneficial during transient phases, e.g. during start-up/warming-up phase of the system. The fuel cell may be a limiting factor during warm-up, and the specified power of the system may not be fully available, but already required for an application. The gas turbine module may react faster during transient phases, and allows for the system to provide sufficient output power already during start-up.

[0037] In one embodiment, the second module is an internal combustion engine module. The internal combustion engine module includes an intake interface and an exhaust interface. Both the intake interface and the exhaust interface of the first and second modules are substantially similar. Additionally, the internal combustion engine module may include at least one of, preferably all of, a power electric interface, a low voltage electric cable interface and a bus interface. Preferably, the internal combustion engine module drives a generator. The internal combustion engine may be beneficial during transient phases, e.g. during start-up/warming-up phase of the system. The fuel cell may be a limiting factor during warm-up, and the specified power of the system may not be fully available, but already required for an application. The internal combustion engine may react faster during transient phases, and allows for the system to provide sufficient output power already during start-up.

[0038] The internal combustion engine module may also include a water supply interface, for example to reduce the emission of NOx gases. The internal combustion engine module may also include a fuel supply interface, for example to feed the internal combustion engine with anodic gases. The anodic gases may contain non-utilized hydrogen. In addition, the multi modular system may include a separate fuel supply line to provide the internal combustion engine module with “conventional” fuel, e.g. petrol.

[0039] The internal combustion module may further include an internal heat exchanger downstream of the intake interface. The internal heat exchanger may be configured to cool intake air. For example, the intake air may have a temperature of about 400 °C downstream of the external heat exchanger. The internal heat exchanger may reduce the temperature back down to, for example, approximately 100 °C. The internal combustion engine module may include the water supply interface. The water supply manifold can be connected to the internal heat exchanger via the water supply interface for cooling the intake air.

[0040] In a preferred embodiment, the second module is an oxidiser module. The oxidiser module may also be referred to as oxidation reactor module. The oxidiser module includes a burner, a combustion chamber or an oxidation reactor. The oxidation reactor may be a catalytic or non-catalytic reactor. The oxidiser module enables for an exothermic oxidation reaction, with or without a flame, to take place and enables to utilise the thermal energy that is set free as a result of the reaction.

[0041] The oxidiser module includes an intake interface and an exhaust interface. Both the intake interface and the exhaust interface of the first and second modules are substantially similar. Additionally, the oxidiser module preferably includes a fuel supply interface and/or a bus interface.

[0042] When not in operation, the oxidiser module can play the role of a bypass. The oxidiser module may include one or more control valve, preferably wherein the control unit is configured to control operation of the control valve of the oxidiser. One control valve of the oxidiser may be arranged in a fuel line, the fuel line being in fluid communication with the fuel supply interface, to control a fuel mass flow to the oxidiser module.

[0043] During normal operation of the multi modular system and when the oxidiser is in operation, the oxidiser module may be configured to further increase the temperature of the exhaust gas which allows for better controlling the core fuel cell temperature (material temperature as well as temperature gradients). The thermal energy can be utilised by means of the heat exchanger(s), for example the low-temperature heat exchanger, and/or by increasing the enthalpy at the turbine, making thus possible or easier to increase the intake air flow. This in turn allows to increase the air flow at the cathode(s) of the fuel cell module(s), which is beneficial for cooling the fuel cell stacks or controlling temperature gradients.

[0044] The oxidiser module may also facilitate taking the fuel cell(s) into operation during the multi modular system starting phase and/or during its warming-up period. The oxidiser in combination with an electric turbocharging system allows for accelerating and better controlling both starting and warming phases, which is beneficial for most high or midtemperature fuel cells such as solid oxide fuel cell systems. [0045] During a starting phase and/or during a warming-up period of the multi-modular system, the oxidiser and the electric turbocharger may be configured to heat intake air and/or fuel to a threshold temperature for taking the fuel cells of the fuel cell module(s) into operation. The threshold temperature may be a minimum temperature to which the fluids (charged air, fuel) need to be preheated before the fuel cell stack can be taken into operation.

[0046] The control unit of the multi-modular system may be configured to operate the electric machine of the turbocharging system in power take in (PTI) mode. This allows for driving the turbine into rotation up to a given rotational speed, thus providing pressurised air to the multi-modular system, and in particular to the oxidiser module.

[0047] The control unit may be further configured to convey fuel to the oxidiser module, for example by at least partially opening the control valve arranged in the fuel line of the oxidiser.

[0048] The control unit may be further configured to initiate an oxidation reaction in the oxidiser. For example, the oxidiser module may include a spark plug. The fuel and pressurised air mixture may be ignited to start a combustion process. In case of flameless oxidation reaction, a substrate of the oxidiser module may be pre-heated with a heating means, e.g. resistors, to start the reaction.

[0049] The oxidation reaction increases the temperature of the exhaust gas and therefore increases the turbine speed. This in turn increases the pressure of the pressurised air in the intake manifold and subsequently in the oxidiser module. This in turn further increases the heat generated in the oxidiser module thanks to the air density increase and consequently, the additional fuel which is thus possible to inject within the oxidiser module for a given air volume flow. The additional heat may be utilised to increase the temperature of the intake air via a heat exchanger, such as the low-temperature heat exchanger, and/or to increase the temperature of the fuel via a heat exchanger.

[0050] The control unit may be configured to take the fuel cell into operation. This step may be carried out once the intake air and the fuel have reached the threshold temperature. During the warming up phase, even once the fuel cell module(s) is (are) started, the oxidiser module may continue to operate by supporting the system in generating additional heat. Once the fuel cell module temperatures are stabilised to their targeted setpoint values, the parallel oxidiser module may be shut off, for example by closing the control valve in the fuel line.

[0051 ] Additionally, or alternatively to providing the multi modular system with the oxidiser module, each fuel cell module may include any kind of internal oxidiser or internal afterburner, such as a burner, a combustion chamber or an oxidation reactor. The oxidation reactor may be a catalytic or non-catalytic reactor. The internal oxidiser enables for an exothermic oxidation reaction, with or without a flame, to take place and enables to utilise the thermal energy that is set free as a result of the reaction. The afterburner may allow for recovering additional thermal energy from unused (not fully consumed) fuel.

[0052] In one embodiment, the second module is an electrolyser module. The electrolyser module includes an intake interface and an exhaust interface. Both the intake interface and the exhaust interface of the first and second modules are substantially similar. Additionally, the electrolyser module may include at least one of, preferably all of, a water supply interface, a power electric interface, a low voltage electric cable interface and a bus interface. The intake air from the intake manifold may be used for anode air sweep, for extracting generated oxygen from the anode of an electrolysis cell. The electrolyser module may include a solid oxide electrolysis cell. The fuel cell module and the electrolyser module may be operated at the same time (in a certain proportion). This can be advantageous for managing core stack temperatures of the electrodes, and/or the availability of the system. The fuel cell and/or electrolyser inside a module can be reversible, such as based on solid oxide technology.

[0053] In one embodiment, the second module is a steam generator module. The steam generator module includes an intake interface and/or an exhaust interface. Both the intake interface and the exhaust interface of the first and second modules are substantially similar. Additionally, the steam generator module includes a water interface, and optionally a bus interface and/or a power electric interface. The steam generator may be in fluid communication with one or more modules for providing steam. For example, the steam generator module may be in fluid communication with the fuel cell module to provide the fuel cell with steam. A multi modular system including several fuel cells and having a single steam generator module is simpler and more cost efficient to manufacture compared to a system with several fuel cells and each fuel cell having a separate steam generator. The steam generator module may either utilise heat from the intake air or heat from the exhaust gas or electricity to generate the steam. The multi modular system may also receive steam from an external source. In this case the steam generator module can be utilised to increase the pressure and temperature of the steam coming from the external supply. The steam generator module may also be particularly beneficial during a warm-up phase by rapidly providing the fuel cell module(s) with steam.

[0054] Additionally, or alternatively to providing the steam generator module, the fuel cell module may include an internal steam generator. Further, the multi modular system may include, additionally or alternatively to the steam generator module, a steam generator. The steam generator may be arranged within the water supply line to provide one or modules with steam. The water supply line may also be branched, with one branch providing liquid water to one or more modules, and the other branch including the steam generator for providing one or more modules with steam. Having a steam generator as the second module in combination with internal steam generators allows for reducing the size and/or power of the internal steam generators.

[0055] In one embodiment, the second module is a bypass module. The bypass module includes an intake interface and an exhaust interface. Both the intake interface and the exhaust interface of the first and second modules are substantially similar. Additionally, the bypass module may include a low voltage electric cable interface and/or a bus interface. The bypass module may further include one or more control valve(s). The control unit may be configured to adjust the one or more control valve(s).

[0056] In one embodiment, the second module is a hot-air take out module. The hot-air take out module includes an intake interface. The intake interfaces of the first and second modules are substantially similar. Additionally, the hot-air take out module may include a bus interface. The hot-air take out module may further include one or more control valve(s). The control unit may be configured to adjust the one or more control valve(s) of the hot-air take out module. Typically, the hot-air take out module is not provided for being utilized within the multi modular system. Rather, the hot-air take out module allows for improving the overall utilisation of heat generated by the multi modular system by directing thermal energy (in form of hot air) to an external application. For example, the hot air could be used in building applications, such as heating a swimming pool or the like. The hot-air take out module allows for a synergy between the multi modular system and a system within which the multi modular system could be implemented or integrated.

[0057] In one embodiment, the second module is a hot-gas take in module. The hot-gas take in module includes an exhaust interface. The exhaust interfaces of the first and second modules are substantially similar. Additionally, the hot-gas take in module may include a bus interface. The hot-gas take in module may further include one or more control valve(s). The control unit may be configured to adjust the one or more control valve(s) of the hot-gas take in module. The hot-gas take in module may be utilised in case any other hot gas source is present, for example from an external application, to improve the overall utilisation of thermal energy. The thermal energy of the hot gas provided by the hot-gas take in module can be utilised by expansion within a turbine of the turbocharging system, particularly where the turbocharging system is an electric turbocharging system and/or to better full-fill operating conditions, for example during fuel cell module warming- up phase. The hot-gas take in module allows for a synergy between the multi modular system and a system within which the multi modular system could be implemented or integrated.

[0058] In addition to the one or more of the interfaces of the modules being substantially similar, an external housing of the first and second module may have substantially similar external dimensions. Preferably, the external housing of the first and second module may be substantially similar or even substantially the same. For example, in case of multiple fuel cell modules, each fuel cell module may have the same external housing.

[0059] In the following, an exemplary utilisation scenario is explained for illustrative purposes. According to the exemplary utilisation scenario, the multi modular system has - at the beginning of its operating lifetime - 9 fuel cell modules and one oxidiser module. During a starting phase and/or during a warming-up period the oxidiser module is activated to improve and reduce the reduce the starting and warming-up phase. The additional heat generated by the oxidiser module goes toward the intake side of the fuel cell modules through heat exchangers, including a low temperature heat exchanger of the turbocharging system, and a high temperature heat exchanger, one being arranged within each fuel cell module. Once each fuel cell module is at the right operating temperature, the oxidiser module is shut-down. [0060] At 15000h operating time, the user decides to use the system for another application and/or load profile, with very few starting phases, but in same time, the fuel cell have partially degraded, and the overall output power is reduced compared to the beginning of the operating lifetime. The user decides to replace the oxidiser module with another fuel cell module, in a way to maximize the power. The oxidiser module is simply to replace with a new fuel cell module in view of the substantially similar interfaces.

[0061] At 30000h operating time, all the fuel cell modules are exchanged with new ones, and the old ones are sent to a dedicated site for being reconditioned.

[0062] At 60000h operating time, all the fuel cell modules are exchanged by new ones again, and the load profile changes again, becoming very demanding for transient response: 2 fuel cell modules are replaced by 2 gas turbine modules, in a way to improve the transient ability up to a desired level. Alternatively, these 2 fuel cell modules could also have been replaced by 2 internal combustion engine modules, each one of these modules also including a generator driven by the internal combustion engine.

[0063] At 90000h operating time, all the fuel cell modules are exchanged by new ones again, and the customer needs to increase the power; 2 additional fuel cell modules are added.

[0064] The multi modular system of the present disclosure may be particularly utilised in the fields of power generation, industry, especially industrial processes within which both heat and electrical power are needed and need to be controlled independently, building combined heat and power, transportation, rail, and marine, especially cruise ships where high temperature heat and electrical power are needed onboard for a hotel and need to be managed. [0065] Those skilled in the art will recognise additional features and advantages upon reading the following detailed description, and upon viewing the accompanying drawings.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0066] The components in the Figures are not necessarily to scale, instead emphasis being placed upon illustrating the principles of the invention. Moreover, in the Figures, like reference signs designate corresponding parts. The accompanying drawings relate to embodiments of the disclosure and are described in the following:

Fig. 1 shows a schematic view of a multi modular system according to embodiments described herein;

Fig. 2A-H show schematic views of various types of modules of the multi modular system according to embodiments described herein.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS

[0067] Reference will now be made in detail to the various embodiments, one or more examples of which are illustrated in each figure. Each example is provided by way of explanation and is not meant as a limitation. For example, features illustrated or described as part of one embodiment can be used on or in conjunction with any other embodiment to yield yet a further embodiment. It is intended that the present disclosure includes such modifications and variations.

[0068] Within the following description of the drawings, the same reference numbers refer to the same or to similar components. Generally, only the differences with respect to the individual embodiments are described. Unless specified otherwise, the description of a part or aspect in one embodiment can apply to a corresponding part or aspect in another embodiment as well.

[0069] With exemplary reference to Fig. 1, a multi modular system 100 is described. The modular fuel cell system 100 includes three modules: a fuel cell module 110, a second module 120 and a third module 130.

[0070] The multi modular system 100 further includes a turbocharging system 140 having a compressor 141 and a turbine 143. The turbocharging system is a shafted turbocharger. An electric machine is arranged around the shaft of the turbocharger, and can drive the turbocharger (in power take in mode) or generate electricity (in power take off mode).

[0071] The multi modular system 100 further includes an intake manifold 150 and an exhaust manifold 160. The exhaust manifold 160 is in fluid communication with the turbine 143, the exhaust manifold 160 providing the turbine 143 with exhaust gas. The intake manifold 150 is in fluid communication with the compressor 141, the compressor 141 providing the intake manifold 150 with charged air. The compressor sucks in ambient air from a compressor air inlet 142. An air filtration system and/or a muffler may be arranged upstream of the compressor 141.

[0072] The exhaust gas may still have a considerable temperature after expanding in the turbine 143, allowing the remaining thermal energy to be used elsewhere. The turbocharging system 140 includes a low temperature heat exchanger or external heat exchanger 145. The heat exchanger 145 is configured to transfer thermal energy from the exhaust gas from downstream of the turbine 143 or a turbine outlet 144 to intake air downstream of the compressor 141 or a compressor outlet. The exhaust gas may exit through an exhaust outlet 146 of the external heat exchanger. The intake air may exit through an intake air outlet 147 of the external heat exchanger 145 and is provided to the intake manifold 150. Some of the modules, such as the fuel cell module 110, may further include an internal heat exchanger or high temperature heat exchanger to increase the temperature of the charged air even further. The high-temperature heat exchanger is configured to transfer thermal energy from the exhaust gas from upstream of the turbine 143, and in particular upstream of the exhaust manifold 160 to intake air downstream of the low temperature heat exchanger, and in particular downstream of the intake manifold 150.

[0073] The fuel cell 110 has an intake interface 111 and exhaust interface 112. The interfaces 111, 112 allow to establish a fluid connection between the manifolds (intake, exhaust) and the internal components of the fuel cell modules 110 such that fluids may flow from the intake manifold 150 to the fuel cell module 110 and from the fuel cell module to the exhaust manifold 160.

[0074] In the particular example shown in Figure 1, the second module 120 and the third module 130 each also include an intake interface 121, 131 and an exhaust interface 122, 132. Each of the intake interfaces of the fuel cell module 110 and the second module 120, and preferably of the third module 130, are substantially similar.

[0075] The multi modular system 100 further includes a fuel supply manifold 170 and a fuel reservoir 171 or gas network connected to the fuel supply manifold 170. The fuel cell module 110 includes a fuel supply interface 113 fluidically coupled to the fuel supply manifold 170. The second and third module 120, 130 also each include a fuel supply interface 123, 133 fluidically coupled to the fuel supply manifold 170.

[0076] The multi modular system 100 further includes a power electric system 180. The power electric system 180 is preferably electrically connected to a power source 181 or a power grid. The fuel cell module 110 includes a power electric interface 114 electrically coupled to the power electric system 180. The second and third module 120, 130 also each include a power electric interface 124, 134 electrically coupled to the power electric system 180. In addition, the electric machine of the turbocharging system may be electrically connected to the power electric system 180 (indicated at 148).

[0077] The multi modular system 100 further includes a water supply manifold 190. The water supply manifold 190 is fluidically connected to a water source 191, such as a water reservoir. The fuel cell module 110 includes a water supply interface 115 in fluid communication with the water supply manifold 190. The second and third module 120, 130 also each include a water supply interface 125, 135 fluidically coupled to the water supply manifold 190.

[0078] The multi modular system 100 further includes a control unit 101. The control unit is configured to control operation of each of the modules as well as the turbocharging system 140.

[0079] With exemplary reference to Fig. 2A, a solid oxide fuel cell module 210 is described. The solid oxide fuel cell module 210 typically is connected to the intake manifold 150, the exhaust manifold 160, the power electric system 180, the fuel supply manifold 170 and the water supply manifold 190. The fuel cell module 210 includes an intake interface 211, an exhaust interface 212, a fuel supply interface 213, a power electric interface 214, and a water supply interface 215.

[0080] With exemplary reference to Fig. 2B, a solid oxide electrolyser module 220 is described. The solid oxide electrolyser module 220 typically is connected to the intake manifold 150, the exhaust manifold 160, the power electric system 180, the fuel supply manifold 170 and the water supply manifold 190. The solid oxide electrolyser module 220 includes an intake interface 221, an exhaust interface 222, a fuel supply interface 223, a power electric interface 224, and a water supply interface 225.

[0081] With exemplary reference to Fig. 2C, a gas turbine module 230 is described. The gas turbine module 230 (in particular in combination with a generator) typically is connected to the intake manifold 150, the exhaust manifold 160, the power electric system 180, and the fuel supply manifold 170. The gas turbine module 230 includes an intake interface 231, an exhaust interface 232, a fuel supply interface 233, and a power electric interface 234. Instead of having a water supply interface, the gas turbine module 230 may optionally have a cap 235, which closes off the water supply manifold. In this case, the gas turbine module 230 can be exchanged with another module requiring supply of water (e.g. a fuel cell module).

[0082] With exemplary reference to Fig. 2D, an oxidiser module 240 is described. The oxidiser module 240 is typically connected to the intake manifold 150, the exhaust manifold 160, and the fuel supply manifold 170. Optionally, the oxidiser module 240 can be connected to the power electric system. The oxidiser module 240 includes an intake interface 241, an exhaust interface 242, and a fuel supply interface 233. Instead of having a water supply interface and a power electric interface, the oxidiser 240 may optionally have caps 244, 245 which close off the water supply manifold and the power electric system. Alternatively, the oxidiser module 240 may include a water supply manifold connected to water supply manifold 190. The supply of water to the oxidiser module may allow for a reduced NOx emission (for example due to a flame burner).

[0083] With exemplary reference to Fig. 2E, a bypass module 250 is described. The bypass module 250 is typically connected to the intake manifold 150, and the exhaust manifold 160. The bypass module 250 includes an intake interface 251, and an exhaust interface 252. Instead of having a water supply interface, a power electric interface and a fuel supply interface, the bypass module 250 may optionally have caps 253, 254, 255, which close off the water supply manifold, the power electric system, and the fuel supply manifold. [0084] With exemplary reference to Fig. 2F, a hot-air take out module 260 is described. The hot-air take out module 260 is typically connected to the intake manifold 150. The hot-air take out module 260 includes an intake interface 251. Instead of having an exhaust interface, a water supply interface, a power electric interface and a fuel supply interface, the hot-air take out module 260 may optionally have caps 262, 263, 264, 265, which close off the exhaust manifold, the water supply manifold, the power electric system, and the fuel supply manifold.

[0085] With exemplary reference to Fig. 2G, a hot gas take in module 270 is described. The hot gas take in module 270 is typically connected to the exhaust manifold 160. The hot gas take in module 270 includes an exhaust interface 272. Instead of having an intake interface, a water supply interface, a power electric interface and a fuel supply interface, the hot gas take in module 270 may optionally have caps 271, 273, 274, 275, which close off the intake manifold, the water supply manifold, the power electric system, and the fuel supply manifold.

[0086] With exemplary reference to Fig. 2H, an internal combustion engine module 280 is described. The internal combustion engine module 280 typically is connected to the intake manifold 150, the exhaust manifold 160, the power electric system 180, and the fuel supply manifold 170. The internal combustion engine module 280 includes an intake interface 281, an exhaust interface 282, a fuel supply interface 283, and a power electric interface 284. Instead of having a water supply interface, the internal combustion engine module 280 may optionally have a cap 285, which closes off the water supply manifold. Alternatively, the internal combustion engine module 280 may include a water supply manifold connected to water supply manifold 190. The supply of water to the internal combustion engine module 280 may allow for a reduced NOx emission. [0087] While the foregoing is directed to embodiments, other and further embodiments may be devised without departing from the basic scope, and the scope is determined by the claims that follow.

REFERENCE NUMERALS

100 multi modular system

101 control unit

110 fuel cell module

111, 121, 131 intake interface

112, 122, 132 exhaust interface

113, 123, 133 fuel supply interface

114, 124, 134 power electric interface

115, 125, 135 water supply interface

120 second module

130 third module

140 turbocharging system

141 compressor

142 compressor air inlet

143 turbine

144 turbine outlet

145 external heat exchanger

146 (external heat exchanger) exhaust outlet

147 (external heat exchanger) intake air outlet

148 power electric interface

150 intake manifold

160 exhaust manifold

170 fuel supply manifold

171 fuel supply/reservoir/tank 180 power electric system

181 power source

190 water supply manifold

191 water source

210 solid oxide fuel cell module

211 intake interface

212 exhaust interface

213 fuel supply interface

214 power electric interface

215 water supply interface

220 solid oxide electrolyser module

221 intake interface

222 exhaust interface

223 fuel supply interface

224 power electric interface

225 water supply interface

230 gas turbine module

231 intake interface

232 exhaust interface

233 fuel supply interface

234 power electric interface

235 cap

240 oxidizer module

241 intake interface

242 exhaust interface

243 fuel supply interface

244, 245 cap

250 bypass module

251 intake interface 252 exhaust interface

253, 254, 255 cap

260 hot-air take out module

261 intake interface 262, 263, 264, 265 cap

270 hot gas take in module

271, 273, 274, 275 cap

272 exhaust interface

280 internal combustion engine module 281 intake interface

282 exhaust interface

283 fuel supply interface

284 power electric interface

285 cap

Claims

1. A multi modular system (100) comprising:

- a fuel cell module (110) comprising a fuel cell;

- a second module (120) selected from an internal combustion engine module (280), a gas turbine module (230), an oxidizer module (240), an electrolyser module (220), a steam generator module, a bypass module (250), a hot-air take out module (260), and a hot-gas take in module (270);

- a turbocharging system (140) including a turbine (143) and a compressor (141); - an intake manifold (150) in fluid communication with the compressor and an exhaust manifold (160) in fluid communication with the turbine; wherein each of the fuel cell module (110) and the second module (120) include an intake interface (111, 121) fluidically coupled to the intake manifold for supplying the module with intake air and/or an exhaust interface (112, 122) fluidically coupled to the exhaust manifold for discharging exhaust gas from the module; wherein each of the intake interfaces are substantially similar and/or wherein each of the exhaust interfaces are substantially similar.

2. The multi modular system of claim 1, further comprising a fuel supply manifold (170) fluidically coupled to the fuel cell module (110) via a fuel supply interface (113), wherein the second module (120) is one of a gas turbine module (230), an internal combustion engine module (280), a hotair take out module (260) and an oxidizer module (240), wherein the second module is fluidically coupled to the fuel supply manifold (170) via a fuel supply interface (123), and wherein the fuel supply interface of the fuel cell module and the fuel supply interface of the second module are substantially similar.

3. The multi modular system of any preceding claim, further comprising a water supply manifold (190) connected to the fuel cell module (110) via a water supply interface (115), wherein the second module (120) is one of a steam generator module, a bypass module (220), and an electrolyser module (250), wherein the second module is connected to the water supply manifold (190) via a water supply interface (125), and wherein the water supply interface of the fuel cell module and the water supply interface of the second module are substantially similar.

4. The multi modular system of any preceding claim, wherein the second module is a gas turbine module (230) or an oxidizer module (240), wherein each of the fuel cell module and the second module include an intake interface (111, 121) fluidically coupled to the intake manifold (150) and an exhaust interface (112, 122) fluidically coupled to the exhaust manifold (160), wherein each of the intake interfaces are substantially similar and wherein each of the exhaust interfaces are substantially similar.

5. The multi modular system of any preceding claim, further comprising a third module (130) selected from a fuel cell module (110), a gas turbine module, an internal combustion engine module, an oxidizer module, an electrolyser module, a steam generator module, a bypass module, a hot-air take out module, and a hot gas take in module; wherein the third module (130) includes an intake interface (131) fluidically coupled to the intake manifold (150) and/or an exhaust interface (132) fluidically coupled to the exhaust manifold (160); wherein the intake interface of the third module is substantially similar to the intake interface of the fuel cell module and/or wherein the exhaust interface of the third module is substantially similar to the exhaust interface of the fuel cell module.

6. The multi modular system of any preceding claim, wherein the turbocharging system includes an external heat exchanger (145) configured for exchanging heat between intake air and exhaust gas, in particular wherein the external heat exchanger is configured to transfer heat from exhaust gas downstream of the turbine (143) to intake air downstream of the compressor (141).

7. The multi modular system of any preceding claim, wherein the turbocharging system is an electric turbocharger comprising an electric machine, optionally wherein the electric machine has a power electric interface (148) connected to the power electric system (180).

8. The multi modular system of any preceding claim, wherein the second module is a gas turbine module or an internal combustion engine module and further includes a generator.

9. The multi modular system of any preceding claim, further comprising a control unit (101) configured to control operation of the fuel cell module and the second module (120), optionally further configured to control operation of the turbocharging system (140) and/or the third module (130).

10. The multi modular system of any preceding claim, wherein the control unit (101) is configured to control a mass flow of at least one of an air inlet mass flow, a fuel mass flow, and a water mass flow to the fuel cell module and the second module (120), optionally to the third module (130).

11. The multi modular system of any preceding claim, wherein the second module (120) is an internal combustion engine module, and wherein the second module (120) further includes an internal heat exchanger downstream of the intake interface (121), the internal heat exchanger configured to cool intake air.

12. The multi modular system of any preceding claim, wherein the intake interfaces (111, 121, 131) are releasably attached to the intake manifold and/or wherein the exhaust interfaces (112, 122) are releasably attached to the exhaust manifold to facilitate disconnection and/or replacement of the respective module.