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WO2025128178A1 - Installation de production combinée d'énergie et de chaleur refroidie par refroidissement - Google Patents

Installation de production combinée d'énergie et de chaleur refroidie par refroidissement Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2025128178A1
WO2025128178A1 PCT/US2024/049174 US2024049174W WO2025128178A1 WO 2025128178 A1 WO2025128178 A1 WO 2025128178A1 US 2024049174 W US2024049174 W US 2024049174W WO 2025128178 A1 WO2025128178 A1 WO 2025128178A1
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WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
temperature
process fluid
fluid
flow
power conversion
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Pending
Application number
PCT/US2024/049174
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English (en)
Inventor
Joseph T. Williams
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Siemens Energy Inc
Original Assignee
Siemens Energy Inc
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Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Siemens Energy Inc filed Critical Siemens Energy Inc
Publication of WO2025128178A1 publication Critical patent/WO2025128178A1/fr
Pending legal-status Critical Current
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical

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Classifications

    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01K—STEAM ENGINE PLANTS; STEAM ACCUMULATORS; ENGINE PLANTS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; ENGINES USING SPECIAL WORKING FLUIDS OR CYCLES
    • F01K23/00—Plants characterised by more than one engine delivering power external to the plant, the engines being driven by different fluids
    • F01K23/02—Plants characterised by more than one engine delivering power external to the plant, the engines being driven by different fluids the engine cycles being thermally coupled
    • F01K23/04—Plants characterised by more than one engine delivering power external to the plant, the engines being driven by different fluids the engine cycles being thermally coupled condensation heat from one cycle heating the fluid in another cycle
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01K—STEAM ENGINE PLANTS; STEAM ACCUMULATORS; ENGINE PLANTS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; ENGINES USING SPECIAL WORKING FLUIDS OR CYCLES
    • F01K25/00—Plants or engines characterised by use of special working fluids, not otherwise provided for; Plants operating in closed cycles and not otherwise provided for
    • F01K25/08—Plants or engines characterised by use of special working fluids, not otherwise provided for; Plants operating in closed cycles and not otherwise provided for using special vapours
    • F01K25/10—Plants or engines characterised by use of special working fluids, not otherwise provided for; Plants operating in closed cycles and not otherwise provided for using special vapours the vapours being cold, e.g. ammonia, carbon dioxide, ether
    • F01K25/103—Carbon dioxide
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01K—STEAM ENGINE PLANTS; STEAM ACCUMULATORS; ENGINE PLANTS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; ENGINES USING SPECIAL WORKING FLUIDS OR CYCLES
    • F01K7/00—Steam engine plants characterised by the use of specific types of engine; Plants or engines characterised by their use of special steam systems, cycles or processes; Control means specially adapted for such systems, cycles or processes; Use of withdrawn or exhaust steam for feed-water heating
    • F01K7/32—Steam engine plants characterised by the use of specific types of engine; Plants or engines characterised by their use of special steam systems, cycles or processes; Control means specially adapted for such systems, cycles or processes; Use of withdrawn or exhaust steam for feed-water heating the engines using steam of critical or overcritical pressure

Definitions

  • Power generation, and in particular thermal power generation is an energy conversion process in which energy is generated in the form of heat which is in turn used to drive a thermal cycle such as a Brayton cycle. While combustion processes are often used in Brayton cycles, other heat sources can be used to replace the combustor. In addition, waste heat can be used to heat a process fluid as part of the system.
  • a power conversion system includes a heat source operable to provide a flow of hot fluid, a generator operable to produce electrical power in response to rotation, and a low-pressure compressor operable to compress a working fluid to a first pressure.
  • a high-pressure compressor is operable to compress the working fluid from the first pressure to a second pressure
  • an intercooler is arranged to receive the working fluid from the low-pressure compressor and discharging the working fluid to the high-pressure compressor
  • a primary heat exchanger is arranged to receive the flow of hot fluid and the working fluid and to discharge a hot working fluid.
  • a power conversion system includes a Brayton cycle that uses a working fluid to generate electrical power.
  • the Brayton cycle includes an intercooler and a secondary heat exchanger.
  • a heat source is operable outside of the Brayton cycle to generate Docket No.
  • a flow of hot fluid is operable to transfer heat from the heat source to the Brayton cycle, and a process fluid supply is operable to deliver a process fluid.
  • a distributor is positioned to receive the process fluid and operable to deliver a first portion of the process fluid to the secondary heat exchanger to produce a first flow of hot process fluid having a first temperature, and to deliver a second portion of the process fluid to the intercooler to produce a second flow of hot process fluid having a second temperature.
  • a controller is operable to adjust the distributor to vary the first portion and the second portion to maintain the first temperature at a first desired vale and to maintain the second temperature at a second desired value.
  • the method further includes operating the distributor to direct a first portion of the working fluid to the secondary heat exchanger to produce a first flow of hot process fluid having a first temperature, and to direct a second portion of the working fluid to the intercooler to produce a second flow of hot process fluid having a second temperature, and varying the operation of the distributor to maintain the first temperature at a first desired temperature and the second temperature at a second desired temperature.
  • the terms “including,” “having,” and “comprising,” as well as derivatives thereof, mean inclusion without limitation.
  • the singular forms “a”, “an” and “the” are intended to include the plural forms as well, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise.
  • the term “and/or” as used herein refers to and encompasses any and all possible combinations of one or more of the associated listed items.
  • the term “or” is inclusive, meaning and/or, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise.
  • phrases “associated with” and “associated therewith,” as well as derivatives thereof, may mean to include, be included within, interconnect with, contain, be contained within, connect to or with, couple to or with, be communicable with, cooperate with, interleave, juxtapose, be proximate to, be bound to or with, have, have a property of, or the like.
  • any Docket No. 2023PF12321 features, methods, steps, components, etc. described with regard to one embodiment are equally applicable to other embodiments absent a specific statement to the contrary.
  • first”, “second”, “third” and so forth may be used herein to refer to various elements, information, functions, or acts, but should not be considered as limiting in any way. Rather these numeral adjectives are used to distinguish different elements, information, functions or acts from each other. For example, a first element, information, function, or act could be termed a second element, information, function, or act, and, similarly, a second element, information, function, or act could be termed a first element, information, function, or act, without departing from the scope of the present disclosure.
  • FIG. 1 illustrates a power conversion system 100 that includes a Brayton cycle that uses an external heat source 124 in place of the more typical combustor.
  • the heat source 124 may include any source of heat capable of heating a working fluid 142 for use in the Brayton cycle 102.
  • Heat sources 124 may include concentrated solar, combustors, nuclear reactors, including small modular reactors (SMR), geothermal, electrical heaters, waste heat from other processes, and the like.
  • SMR small modular reactors
  • the particular heat source 124 employed by the power conversion system 100 is not critical to the design.
  • a preferred arrangement of the power conversion system 100 includes one or more SMRs that operate as the heat source 124.
  • the SMR operates as the heat source 124 to produce a flow of hot fluid 140.
  • the flow of hot fluid 140 could include water, molten salt, liquid metal, helium, or any other suitable material.
  • the Brayton cycle 102 operates using a working fluid 142 that in the illustrated construction is air.
  • the Brayton cycle 102 illustrated in FIG. 1 is an open cycle. Docket No. 2023PF12321
  • other arrangements could employ a different working fluid 142 and could utilize a closed cycle in which the working fluid 142 is recycled or reused rather than drawn in from the atmosphere.
  • the working fluid 142 in the form of air enters the cycle via an air intake 104.
  • the air intake 104 may include a filter system, inlet guide vanes (variable or fixed), other flow control members, air treatment systems, and the like as may be desired for the particular application.
  • multi-stage axial flow compressors are employed for each of the low- pressure compressor 106 and the high-pressure compressor 110.
  • other constructions may employ single stage fans, centrifugal compressors (single or multi-stage), or combinations thereof.
  • the compressed working fluid 142 After exiting the high-pressure compressor 110 the compressed working fluid 142 passes through a recuperator 112 where the working fluid 142 is further heated. After exiting the recuperator 112 the working fluid 142 enters a primary heat exchanger 114. Within the primary heat exchanger 114, heat from the flow of hot fluid 140 is transferred to the working fluid 142 to heat the working fluid 142 to achieve a desired turbine inlet temperature.
  • the flow of hot fluid 140 is heated by the heat source 124, which in this example is a SMR, to a desired primary heat exchanger inlet temperature which is selected to achieve the desired level of heating for the working fluid 142.
  • the heat source 124 which in this example is a SMR
  • a desired primary heat exchanger inlet temperature which is selected to achieve the desired level of heating for the working fluid 142.
  • the flow of hot fluid 140 passes through the primary heat exchanger 114 it is cooled. After exiting the primary heat exchanger 114, the flow of hot fluid 140 returns to the heat source 124 and is reheated to complete a hot fluid cycle Docket No. 2023PF12321 [0019]
  • the fully heated and compressed working fluid 142 exits the primary heat exchanger 114 and flows to an inlet of an expander 116.
  • the expander 116 operates to convert the pressure and temperature of the working fluid 142 into rotational energy that drives a generator 118 to generate electrical power.
  • the expander 116 can drive another device such as a compressor, pump or some other device.
  • the expander 116 or another expander or turbine could use a portion of the fully heated working fluid to provide rotational energy to drive the low-pressure compressor 106 and/or the high- pressure compressor 110.
  • the expander 116 may include one or more turbines including single or multi-stage axial or centrifugal flow turbines or combinations thereof. [0020] After exiting the expander 116, the working fluid 142 still has a significant quantity of thermal energy.
  • the working fluid 142 is directed to the recuperator 112 where it is used to preheat the working fluid 142 prior to the working fluid 142 entering the primary heat exchanger 114.
  • the process of preheating the working fluid 142 in the recuperator 112 also serves to cool the working fluid 142 that has been discharged from the expander 116.
  • the discharged working fluid 142 After exiting the recuperator 112, the discharged working fluid 142 still contains useful thermal energy and is therefore directed to a secondary heat exchanger 120. As will be discussed, additional thermal energy is extracted from the working fluid 142 in the secondary heat exchanger 120 before the working fluid 142 is discharged from the Brayton cycle 102 via the air discharge 122.
  • the air discharge 122 may be a simple discharge stack or may include air cleaning components that extract any undesirable components from the working fluid 142 before it is discharged into the atmosphere to complete an open working fluid cycle 148. In closed Brayton cycles 102, the air discharge 122 directs the working fluid 142 back to the air intake 104 thus completing a closed working fluid cycle 148.
  • Each of the intercooler 108, recuperator 112, primary heat exchanger 114, and secondary heat exchanger 120 may include any suitable arrangement of a heat exchanger. Each heat exchanger arrangement is selected to achieve the desired level of heat transfer, at the operating conditions expected, and considering the various media employed. As such, the power conversion system 100 should not be limited to any particular arrangement or design for a heat exchanger. Docket No.
  • the power conversion system 100 also includes a process fluid supply 130 and a distributor 132 that operates to direct a process fluid 144 into one of two process fluid cycles 150.
  • the process fluid supply 130 may include a tank or other collection or storage component or may simply be a collection point or a source of the process fluid 144.
  • the process fluid 144 is directed from the process fluid supply 130 to the distributor 132 that operates to direct a first portion or first percentage of the process fluid 144 to one of the two process fluid cycles 150 and a second portion or second percentage of the process fluid 144 to the other of the two process fluid cycles 150.
  • the distributor 132 includes a multi-position valve 138 that is movable between a first position in which one hundred percent of the process fluid 144 is directed to a first of the two process fluid cycles 150 which includes the secondary heat exchanger 120 and a second position in which one hundred percent of the process fluid 144 is directed to a second of the two process fluid cycles 150 which includes the intercooler 108.
  • the multi-position valve 138 is movable to any position between the first position and the second position to distribute the process fluid 144 to each of the process fluid cycles 150 as desired. [0027] With the multi-position valve 138 in any but the second position, at least a portion of the process fluid 144 flows through the distributor 132 and enters the secondary heat exchanger 120.
  • the working fluid 142 passing through the secondary heat exchanger 120 operates to heat Docket No. 2023PF12321 the process fluid 144 within the secondary heat exchanger 120 before it is discharged at a first temperature 134.
  • the process fluid 144 then flows to a process fluid consumer 126 where that process fluid 144 is used for some purpose. After the process fluid 144 is used, it is returned to the process fluid supply 130 or discharged from the system.
  • the multi-position valve 138 With the multi-position valve 138 in any but the first position, at least a portion of the process fluid 144 flows through the distributor 132 and enters the intercooler 108.
  • the working fluid 142 passing through the intercooler 108 operates to heat the process fluid 144 within the intercooler 108 before it is discharged at a second temperature 136.
  • the process fluid 144 then flows to a process fluid consumer 126 where that process fluid 144 is used for some purpose. After the process fluid 144 is used, it is returned to the process fluid supply 130 or discharged from the system.
  • the process fluid consumer 126 in the two process fluid cycles 150 may be the same consumer or may be different consumers.
  • the first temperature 134 and the second temperature 136 may be equal to one another or may be different.
  • the process fluid 144 is water and the process fluid consumers 126 are hot water users.
  • a controller 128 may be used to control the position of the multi-position valve 138 based at least in part on the first temperature 134 and the second temperature 136.
  • FIG. 2 illustrates a process for operating a power conversion system 200 that includes directing a working fluid through a Brayton cycle to produce electrical power, the Brayton cycle including an intercooler and a secondary heat exchanger 202.
  • the process further includes operating a nuclear reactor to generate heat as shown in block 204 and directing a flow of hot fluid through the nuclear reactor and the Brayton cycle to transfer thermal energy from the nuclear reactor to the Brayton cycle as shown in block 206.
  • the process for Docket No. 2023PF12321 operating a power conversion system 200 directs a process fluid to a distributor, the distributor then operates to direct a first portion of the working fluid to the secondary heat exchanger to produce a first flow of hot process fluid having a first temperature, and to direct a second portion of the working fluid to the intercooler to produce a second flow of hot process fluid having a second temperature as shown in block 210.
  • the process for operating a power conversion system 200 varies the operation of the distributor to maintain the first temperature at a first desired temperature and the second temperature at a second desired temperature.
  • a heat source 124 such as a small modular reactor (SMR) is operated to generate thermal energy.
  • a Brayton cycle 102 is operated. The Brayton cycle 102 draws in working fluid 142 in the form of air and compresses it in a low-pressure compressor 106. The partially compressed working fluid 142 then flows through the intercooler 108 to be cooled and into the high-pressure compressor 110 where the compression process is completed. The fully compressed working fluid 142 next passes through the recuperator 112 where it is preheated before entering the primary heat exchanger 114.
  • the flow of hot fluid 140 is used to fully heat the working fluid 142 so that it is discharged at a temperature sufficient to achieve a desired turbine inlet temperature.
  • the quantity and pressure of the working fluid 142 as well as the setpoints of the heat source 124 are controlled to achieve the desired exit temperature at the primary heat exchanger 114 at a desired flow rate for the working fluid 142.
  • the fully compressed and heated working fluid 142 passes through the expander 116 which operates to convert a portion of the thermal and pressure energy of the working fluid 142 into rotation of the attached generator 118 which in turn produces the desired electrical power.
  • the expander 116 or another similar expander or turbine may also be driven by the working fluid 142 to drive the low-pressure compressor 106 and/or the high-pressure compressor 110.
  • the working fluid 142 After passing through the expander 116, the working fluid 142 passes through the recuperator 112 where some of the remaining thermal energy is used to preheat the working fluid 142 before it flows into the primary heat exchanger 114, and through the secondary heat exchanger 120 where still more of the thermal energy of the working fluid 142 is extracted and used before the working fluid 142 is discharged from the Brayton cycle 102. Docket No. 2023PF12321 [0034] In some arrangements, process fluid 144 can also be heated using the waste heat from the Brayton cycle 102.
  • the process fluid 144 is delivered to the distributor 132 which operates to direct a first portion of the process fluid 144 to the secondary heat exchanger 120 where it is heated to produce a first flow of hot process fluid.
  • the first flow of hot process fluid exits the secondary heat exchanger 120 at the first temperature 134 and is directed to the process fluid consumer 126 for use.
  • the distributor 132 operates to direct a second portion of the process fluid 144 to the intercooler 108 where it is heated and discharged at the second temperature 136 to define a second flow of hot process fluid.
  • the second flow of hot process fluid flows to the process fluid consumer 126 where it used.
  • the two flows could flow to a single process fluid consumer 126 or to two different process fluid consumers 126 as may be desired.
  • the controller 128 operates to vary the portion of flow to the intercooler 108 and to the secondary heat exchanger 120 to maintain the first temperature at a first desired temperature and to maintain the second temperature at a second desired temperature, where the second desired temperature may be the same as the first desired temperature.
  • the distributor 132 includes a multi-position valve 138 and may include additional valves and flow control devices that allow the distributor 132 to control the flow rate, and thereby the first temperature 134 and the second temperature 136 during operation and under varying operating conditions.
  • a supercritical carbon dioxide (SCO2) cycle may be used in place of or in conjunction with the Brayton cycle 102.
  • Supercritical carbon dioxide (SCO2) is a working fluid that can be used in power generation systems.
  • SCO2 refers to carbon dioxide gas that is brought to a supercritical state, where it exhibits unique properties that make it suitable for power applications.
  • carbon dioxide When carbon dioxide is heated and pressurized above its critical point (31°C and 7.38 MPa), it transitions into a supercritical state where it displays properties of both a gas and a liquid.
  • SCO2 has a high density like a liquid, but it flows like a gas and can efficiently transfer heat.
  • SCO2 offers several advantages over traditional working fluids, such as steam, in power generation. Firstly, it has a higher efficiency due to its higher density, which allows for more compact power generation equipment and reduces energy losses during heat transfer. Secondly, SCO2 has excellent heat transfer properties, enabling effective heat exchange with heat sources and sinks.
  • SCO2 Docket No. 2023PF12321 can operate at lower temperatures, making it suitable for diverse heat sources, including waste heat or solar energy.
  • energy efficiency can be improved, resulting in reduced emissions and increased power generation capacity.
  • the adaptability and potential for integration with various heat sources make SCO2 an attractive option for sustainable and efficient power generation.
  • Using SCO2 may not necessarily increase efficiency, but it may allow for more compact turbomachinery which would help with overall plant economics. Also, as the smaller turbines may allow for considerations such as an independent cycle for waste heat recovery or utilizing cascaded cycles for the higher fusion energy recovery process.
  • SCO2 could be utilized as a coolant in one or more of the coolant loops to efficiently transfer heat between the various loops.
  • the arrangement illustrated in FIG. 1 is capable of delivering heated process fluid 144 to one or more process fluid consumers 126.
  • two process fluid consumers 126 receive a flow from two separate heat exchangers.
  • other arrangements could employ three or more process fluid cycles 150 as may be required by the particular application.
  • each of the intercooler 108 and the secondary heat exchanger 120 are sized and selected to provide the desired first temperature 134 and second temperature 136. In many applications, it is desirable that the first temperature 134 and the second temperature 136 be equal.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Engine Equipment That Uses Special Cycles (AREA)

Abstract

L'invention concerne un système de conversion de puissance qui comprend un cycle de Brayton qui utilise un fluide de travail pour produire de l'énergie électrique. Le cycle de Brayton comprend un refroidisseur intermédiaire et un échangeur de chaleur secondaire. Une source de chaleur peut fonctionner à l'extérieur du cycle de Brayton pour générer de la chaleur, un flux de fluide chaud peut fonctionner pour transférer de la chaleur de la source de chaleur au cycle de Brayton, et une alimentation en fluide de traitement est utilisable pour distribuer un fluide de traitement. Un distributeur est positionné pour recevoir le fluide de traitement et est capable de fonctionner pour distribuer une première partie du fluide de traitement à l'échangeur de chaleur secondaire pour produire un premier flux de fluide de traitement chaud présentant une première température, et pour distribuer une seconde partie du fluide de traitement au refroidisseur intermédiaire pour produire un second flux de fluide de traitement chaud présentant une seconde température. Un dispositif de commande est capable de fonctionner pour ajuster le distributeur afin de faire varier la première partie et la seconde partie pour maintenir la première température à une première valeur souhaitée et pour maintenir la seconde température à une seconde valeur souhaitée.
PCT/US2024/049174 2023-12-12 2024-09-30 Installation de production combinée d'énergie et de chaleur refroidie par refroidissement Pending WO2025128178A1 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US202363608963P 2023-12-12 2023-12-12
US63/608,963 2023-12-12

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WO2025128178A1 true WO2025128178A1 (fr) 2025-06-19

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Citations (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN205591975U (zh) * 2016-04-29 2016-09-21 厦门大学 采用超临界co2的小型核反应堆能量转换系统
US20180156075A1 (en) * 2016-12-06 2018-06-07 Doosan Heavy Industries & Construction Co., Ltd Supercritical co2 generation system for series recuperative type

Patent Citations (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN205591975U (zh) * 2016-04-29 2016-09-21 厦门大学 采用超临界co2的小型核反应堆能量转换系统
US20180156075A1 (en) * 2016-12-06 2018-06-07 Doosan Heavy Industries & Construction Co., Ltd Supercritical co2 generation system for series recuperative type

Non-Patent Citations (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Title
XINGYAN BIAN ET AL: "Optimal selection of supercritical CO2 Brayton cycle layouts based on part-load performance", ENERGY, ELSEVIER, AMSTERDAM, NL, vol. 256, 6 July 2022 (2022-07-06), XP087158120, ISSN: 0360-5442, [retrieved on 20220706], DOI: 10.1016/J.ENERGY.2022.124691 *

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