WO2025125182A1 - Methods, architectures, apparatuses and systems for dynamic timing advance switching for ris-aided communications - Google Patents

Abstract

In an embodiment, a method, implemented in a wireless transmit/receive unit, WTRU, comprises: receiving, from a network node, a first message comprising configuration information indicating a use of a first TA value or a second TA value for advancing in time at least one UL transmission; determining the first TA value and an additional TA value; receiving, from the network node, a second message comprising second information indicating scheduling the at least one UL transmission using a TA value from the first and the second TA value; determining the second TA value based on the first TA value and the additional TA value; and transmitting, to the network node, the at least one UL transmission using the determined second TA value for advancing in time the at least one UL transmission.

Description

METHODS, ARCHITECTURES, APPARATUSES AND SYSTEMS FOR DYNAMIC TIMING ADVANCE SWITCHING FOR RIS-AIDED COMMUNICATIONS CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS [0001] The present application claims the benefit of EP Patent Application No.23216427.7 filed December 13^th, 2023, which is incorporated herein by reference. FIELD OF THE INVENTION [0002] The present disclosure is generally directed to enhancement of timing advance for reflective intelligent surface/reconfigurable intelligent surface aided (RIS-aided) communications. More particularly, the present disclosure relates to methods for associating different uplink (UL) timing advance (TA) values with different propagation paths. BACKGROUND [0003] Previous work as part of 3GPP Rel-18 MIMO WI includes dynamic TA switching for multi-downlink control information (DCI) based physical uplink shared channel (PUSCH) transmission to multiple transmission and reception points (TRPs). The dynamic TA switching in 3GPP Rel-18 MIMO WI is based on dynamic switching between TA groups (TAG), where the different TRPs would typically be associated with different TAGs. [0004] In a context of single-DCI based PUSCH transmission to a single TRP, with dynamic switching between PUSCH transmission on at least two paths, dynamic TA switching may be needed. SUMMARY [0005] In an embodiment, a method, implemented in a wireless transmit/receive unit, WTRU, may comprise a step of receiving, from a network node, a first message comprising configuration information indicating a primary timing advance, TA, and a secondary TA respectively associated with a primary TA value and an additional TA value. The method may further comprise a step of determining the primary TA value for the primary TA and the additional TA value for the secondary TA based on the configuration information. The method may further comprise a step of receiving, a second message comprising second information indicating scheduling an uplink, UL, transmission associated with the secondary TA. The method may further comprise a step of determining a secondary TA value for the secondary TA based on the primary TA value and the additional TA value; and a step of transmitting, to the network node, the UL transmission using the determined secondary TA value for delaying the UL transmission. Determining the secondary TA value may comprise adding the primary TA value with the additional TA value. [0006] The method may further comprise a step of receiving, from the network node, a third message comprising one or more primary TA commands for the primary TA, and a step of updating the primary TA value based on the one or more primary TA commands, wherein the determined secondary TA value for the secondary TA is based on the updated primary TA value and the additional TA value. [0007] The method may further comprise a step of receiving, a fourth message comprising one or more secondary TA commands for the secondary TA, and a step of updating the additional TA value based on the one or more secondary TA commands, wherein the determined secondary TA value for the secondary TA is based on the primary TA value and the updated additional TA value. [0008] The one or more secondary TA commands may comprise an absolute additional TA value. The one or more secondary TA commands may comprise an adjustment to the additional TA value. The fourth message may be a radio resource control, RRC, message. [0009] The method may comprise a step of receiving the one or more secondary TA commands for the secondary TA in a Medium Access Control (MAC) control element. [0010] The primary TA may be associated with the secondary TA. The additional TA value may be determined based on a frequency range used for UL transmission. The second message may be a downlink control information comprising a TA indication field indicating using the secondary TA for UL transmission. [0011] In another embodiment, a method, implemented in a wireless transmit/receive unit, WTRU, may comprise a step of receiving, from a network node, a first message comprising configuration information indicating multiple uplink, UL, transmission settings indicating multiple timing advance, TA, values, TA-based order adaptation, and default UL transmission order. The method may further comprise a step of receiving a second message comprising information indicating a command for a set of UL transmissions. The method may further comprise a step of determining a set of UL transmission settings associated to the set of UL transmission based on the configuration information. The method may further comprise a step of determining an order of UL transmissions for the set of UL transmissions based on the determined set of UL transmission settings; and a step of transmitting the set of UL transmission based on the determined order of UL transmissions. [0012] The method may further comprise a step of determining the order of UL transmission among the default UL transmission order and the TA-based order adaptation. Determining the order of UL transmission among the default UL transmission order and the TA-based order adaptation may be based on properties of the set of UL transmission. Determining the order of UL transmission among the default UL transmission order and the TA-based order adaptation may be based on the set of UL transmission settings associated to the set of UL transmission. The method may further comprise a step of determining using the TA-based order adaptation on condition that the default UL transmission order results in that at least two consecutive UL transmissions of the set of UL transmissions overlap at the WTRU side. Determining using the TA-based order adaptation may comprise sorting UL transmissions of the set of UL transmissions in order of TA values of the determined set of UL transmission settings associated with the set of UL transmissions. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS [0013] A more detailed understanding may be had from the detailed description below, given by way of example in conjunction with drawings appended hereto. Figures in such drawings, like the detailed description, are examples. As such, the Figures (FIGs.) and the detailed description are not to be considered limiting, and other equally effective examples are possible and likely. Furthermore, like reference numerals ("ref.") in the FIGs. indicate like elements, and wherein: [0014] FIG.1A is a system diagram illustrating an example communications system; [0015] FIG. 1B is a system diagram illustrating an example wireless transmit/receive unit (WTRU) that may be used within the communications system illustrated in FIG.1A; [0016] FIG.1C is a system diagram illustrating an example radio access network (RAN) and an example core network (CN) that may be used within the communications system illustrated in FIG.1A; [0017] FIG. 1D is a system diagram illustrating a further example RAN and a further example CN that may be used within the communications system illustrated in FIG.1A; [0018] FIG. 2 is a timing diagram illustrating an example of an uplink timing advance at a WTRU; [0019] FIG. 3 is a block diagram illustrating an example of a WTRU configured with multiple timing advance groups (TAGs) in two cell groups according to an embodiment; [0020] FIG. 4 is a block diagram illustrating an example of a RIS comprising a RIS-controller and a RIS panel; [0021] FIG.5 is a block diagram illustrating an example of a RIS architecture where instructions for RIS state come to a RIS controller from TRP or WTRU using control signaling. [0022] FIG.6, (a) and (b), is a system diagram illustrating an example of scenarios of RIS-aided communication between a WTRU and a TRP; [0023] FIG.7 is a timing diagram illustrating an example of transmission timing at the WRU for two back-to-back physical uplink control channel (PUCCH) transmission occasions with different TA values; [0024] FIG.8 is a timing diagram illustrating an example of an additional timing advance (TA) and a secondary timing advance (TA); [0025] FIG. 9 is a flow chart diagram illustrating an example of a high level WTRU procedure for dynamically adjusting WTRU transmission according to one embodiment; [0026] FIG.10 is a flow chart diagram illustrating an example of a high level WTRU procedure for multi-TA UL transmission according to one embodiment; [0027] FIG.11 is a timing diagram illustrating an example of set of UL transmissions (back-to- back), set of UL transmission settings, and UL transmission order; [0028] FIG.12 is a timing diagram illustrating an example of a sequential mapping based on TA value according to one embodiment; [0029] FIG. 13 is a timing diagram illustrating an example of a sequential mapping of four UL Tx settings to a set of eight back-to-back UL transmissions according to another embodiment; [0030] FIG.14 is a timing diagram illustrating an example of a hybrid mapping with two UL Tx settings being mapped to a set of eight UL transmissions according to another embodiment; [0031] FIG. 15 is a timing diagram illustrating an example of another hybrid with three UL Tx settings with three different TA values according to another embodiment; [0032] FIG. 16 is a flow chart diagram illustrating an example of a method, implemented in a WTRU for dynamically switching TA, according to one embodiment; [0033] FIG. 17 is a flow chart diagram illustrating another example of a method, implemented in a WTRU, for multi timing advance transmission, according to one embodiment; and [0034] FIG. 18 is a flow chart diagram illustrating another example of a method, implemented in a WTRU, for multi timing advance transmission, according to another embodiment. DETAILED DESCRIPTION [0035] In the following detailed description, numerous specific details are set forth to provide a thorough understanding of embodiments and/or examples disclosed herein. However, it will be understood that such embodiments and examples may be practiced without some or all of the specific details set forth herein. In other instances, well-known methods, procedures, components and circuits have not been described in detail, so as not to obscure the following description. Further, embodiments and examples not specifically described herein may be practiced in lieu of, or in combination with, the embodiments and other examples described, disclosed or otherwise provided explicitly, implicitly and/or inherently (collectively "provided") herein. Although various embodiments are described and/or claimed herein in which an apparatus, system, device, etc. and/or any element thereof carries out an operation, process, algorithm, function, etc. and/or any portion thereof, it is to be understood that any embodiments described and/or claimed herein assume that any apparatus, system, device, etc. and/or any element thereof is configured to carry out any operation, process, algorithm, function, etc. and/or any portion thereof. [0036] Hereinafter, ‘a’ and ‘an’ and similar phrases are to be interpreted as ‘one or more’ and ‘at least one’. Similarly, any term which ends with the suffix ‘(s)’ is to be interpreted as ‘one or more’ and ‘at least one’. The term ‘may’ is to be interpreted as ‘may, for example’. [0037] A sign, symbol, or mark of forward slash ‘/’ is to be interpreted as ‘and/or’ unless particularly mentioned otherwise, where for example, ‘A/B’ may imply ‘A and/or B’. [0038] The methods, apparatuses and systems provided herein are well-suited for communications involving both wired and wireless networks. An overview of various types of wireless devices and infrastructure is provided with respect to FIGs. 1A-1D, where various elements of the network may utilize, perform, be arranged in accordance with and/or be adapted and/or configured for the methods, apparatuses and systems provided herein. [0039] FIG. 1A is a system diagram illustrating an example communications system 100 in which one or more disclosed embodiments may be implemented. The communications system 100 may be a multiple access system that provides content, such as voice, data, video, messaging, broadcast, etc., to multiple wireless users. The communications system 100 may enable multiple wireless users to access such content through the sharing of system resources, including wireless bandwidth. For example, the communications systems 100 may employ one or more channel access methods, such as code division multiple access (CDMA), time division multiple access (TDMA), frequency division multiple access (FDMA), orthogonal FDMA (OFDMA), single- carrier FDMA (SC-FDMA), zero-tail (ZT) unique-word (UW) discreet Fourier transform (DFT) spread OFDM (ZT UW DTS-s OFDM), unique word OFDM (UW-OFDM), resource block- filtered OFDM, filter bank multicarrier (FBMC), and the like. [0040] As shown in FIG. 1A, the communications system 100 may include wireless transmit/receive units (WTRUs) 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d, a radio access network (RAN) 104/113, a core network (CN) 106/115, a public switched telephone network (PSTN) 108, the Internet 110, and other networks 112, though it will be appreciated that the disclosed embodiments contemplate any number of WTRUs, base stations, networks, and/or network elements. Each of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d may be any type of device configured to operate and/or communicate in a wireless environment. By way of example, the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d, any of which may be referred to as a "station" and/or a "STA", may be configured to transmit and/or receive wireless signals and may include (or be) a user equipment (UE), a mobile station, a fixed or mobile subscriber unit, a subscription-based unit, a pager, a cellular telephone, a personal digital assistant (PDA), a smartphone, a laptop, a netbook, a personal computer, a wireless sensor, a hotspot or Mi- Fi device, an Internet of Things (IoT) device, a watch or other wearable, a head-mounted display (HMD), a vehicle, a drone, a medical device and applications (e.g., remote surgery), an industrial device and applications (e.g., a robot and/or other wireless devices operating in an industrial and/or an automated processing chain contexts), a consumer electronics device, a device operating on commercial and/or industrial wireless networks, and the like. Any of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c and 102d may be interchangeably referred to as a UE. [0041] The communications systems 100 may also include a base station 114a and/or a base station 114b. Each of the base stations 114a, 114b may be any type of device configured to wirelessly interface with at least one of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d, e.g., to facilitate access to one or more communication networks, such as the CN 106/115, the Internet 110, and/or the networks 112. By way of example, the base stations 114a, 114b may be any of a base transceiver station (BTS), a Node-B (NB), an eNode-B (eNB), a Home Node-B (HNB), a Home eNode-B (HeNB), a gNode-B (gNB), a NR Node-B (NR NB), a site controller, an access point (AP), a wireless router, and the like. While the base stations 114a, 114b are each depicted as a single element, it will be appreciated that the base stations 114a, 114b may include any number of interconnected base stations and/or network elements. [0042] The base station 114a may be part of the RAN 104/113, which may also include other base stations and/or network elements (not shown), such as a base station controller (BSC), a radio network controller (RNC), relay nodes, etc. The base station 114a and/or the base station 114b may be configured to transmit and/or receive wireless signals on one or more carrier frequencies, which may be referred to as a cell (not shown). These frequencies may be in licensed spectrum, unlicensed spectrum, or a combination of licensed and unlicensed spectrum. A cell may provide coverage for a wireless service to a specific geographical area that may be relatively fixed or that may change over time. The cell may further be divided into cell sectors. For example, the cell associated with the base station 114a may be divided into three sectors. Thus, in an embodiment, the base station 114a may include three transceivers, i.e., one for each sector of the cell. In an embodiment, the base station 114a may employ multiple-input multiple output (MIMO) technology and may utilize multiple transceivers for each or any sector of the cell. For example, beamforming may be used to transmit and/or receive signals in desired spatial directions. [0043] The base stations 114a, 114b may communicate with one or more of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d over an air interface 116, which may be any suitable wireless communication link (e.g., radio frequency (RF), microwave, centimeter wave, micrometer wave, infrared (IR), ultraviolet (UV), visible light, etc.). The air interface 116 may be established using any suitable radio access technology (RAT). [0044] More specifically, as noted above, the communications system 100 may be a multiple access system and may employ one or more channel access schemes, such as CDMA, TDMA, FDMA, OFDMA, SC-FDMA, and the like. For example, the base station 114a in the RAN 104/113 and the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may implement a radio technology such as Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) Terrestrial Radio Access (UTRA), which may establish the air interface 116 using wideband CDMA (WCDMA). WCDMA may include communication protocols such as High-Speed Packet Access (HSPA) and/or Evolved HSPA (HSPA+). HSPA may include High-Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA) and/or High-Speed Uplink Packet Access (HSUPA). [0045] In an embodiment, the base station 114a and the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may implement a radio technology such as Evolved UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA), which may establish the air interface 116 using Long Term Evolution (LTE) and/or LTE-Advanced (LTE-A) and/or LTE-Advanced Pro (LTE-A Pro). [0046] In an embodiment, the base station 114a and the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may implement a radio technology such as NR Radio Access, which may establish the air interface 116 using New Radio (NR). [0047] In an embodiment, the base station 114a and the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may implement multiple radio access technologies. For example, the base station 114a and the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may implement LTE radio access and NR radio access together, for instance using dual connectivity (DC) principles. Thus, the air interface utilized by WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may be characterized by multiple types of radio access technologies and/or transmissions sent to/from multiple types of base stations (e.g., an eNB and a gNB). [0048] In an embodiment, the base station 114a and the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may implement radio technologies such as IEEE 802.11 (i.e., Wireless Fidelity (Wi-Fi), IEEE 802.16 (i.e., Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX)), CDMA2000, CDMA2000 1X, CDMA2000 EV-DO, Interim Standard 2000 (IS-2000), Interim Standard 95 (IS-95), Interim Standard 856 (IS-856), Global System for Mobile communications (GSM), Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution (EDGE), GSM EDGE (GERAN), and the like. [0049] The base station 114b in FIG.1A may be a wireless router, Home Node-B, Home eNode- B, or access point, for example, and may utilize any suitable RAT for facilitating wireless connectivity in a localized area, such as a place of business, a home, a vehicle, a campus, an industrial facility, an air corridor (e.g., for use by drones), a roadway, and the like. In an embodiment, the base station 114b and the WTRUs 102c, 102d may implement a radio technology such as IEEE 802.11 to establish a wireless local area network (WLAN). In an embodiment, the base station 114b and the WTRUs 102c, 102d may implement a radio technology such as IEEE 802.15 to establish a wireless personal area network (WPAN). In an embodiment, the base station 114b and the WTRUs 102c, 102d may utilize a cellular-based RAT (e.g., WCDMA, CDMA2000, GSM, LTE, LTE-A, LTE-A Pro, NR, etc.) to establish any of a small cell, picocell or femtocell. As shown in FIG.1A, the base station 114b may have a direct connection to the Internet 110. Thus, the base station 114b may not be required to access the Internet 110 via the CN 106/115. [0050] The RAN 104/113 may be in communication with the CN 106/115, which may be any type of network configured to provide voice, data, applications, and/or voice over internet protocol (VoIP) services to one or more of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d. The data may have varying quality of service (QoS) requirements, such as differing throughput requirements, latency requirements, error tolerance requirements, reliability requirements, data throughput requirements, mobility requirements, and the like. The CN 106/115 may provide call control, billing services, mobile location-based services, pre-paid calling, Internet connectivity, video distribution, etc., and/or perform high-level security functions, such as user authentication. Although not shown in FIG. 1A, it will be appreciated that the RAN 104/113 and/or the CN 106/115 may be in direct or indirect communication with other RANs that employ the same RAT as the RAN 104/113 or a different RAT. For example, in addition to being connected to the RAN 104/113, which may be utilizing an NR radio technology, the CN 106/115 may also be in communication with another RAN (not shown) employing any of a GSM, UMTS, CDMA 2000, WiMAX, E-UTRA, or Wi-Fi radio technology. [0051] The CN 106/115 may also serve as a gateway for the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d to access the PSTN 108, the Internet 110, and/or other networks 112. The PSTN 108 may include circuit-switched telephone networks that provide plain old telephone service (POTS). The Internet 110 may include a global system of interconnected computer networks and devices that use common communication protocols, such as the transmission control protocol (TCP), user datagram protocol (UDP) and/or the internet protocol (IP) in the TCP/IP internet protocol suite. The networks 112 may include wired and/or wireless communications networks owned and/or operated by other service providers. For example, the networks 112 may include another CN connected to one or more RANs, which may employ the same RAT as the RAN 104/114 or a different RAT. [0052] Some or all of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d in the communications system 100 may include multi-mode capabilities (e.g., the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d may include multiple transceivers for communicating with different wireless networks over different wireless links). For example, the WTRU 102c shown in FIG.1A may be configured to communicate with the base station 114a, which may employ a cellular-based radio technology, and with the base station 114b, which may employ an IEEE 802 radio technology. [0053] FIG. 1B is a system diagram illustrating an example WTRU 102. As shown in FIG. 1B, the WTRU 102 may include a processor 118, a transceiver 120, a transmit/receive element 122, a speaker/microphone 124, a keypad 126, a display/touchpad 128, non-removable memory 130, removable memory 132, a power source 134, a global positioning system (GPS) chipset 136, and/or other elements/peripherals 138, among others. It will be appreciated that the WTRU 102 may include any sub-combination of the foregoing elements while remaining consistent with an embodiment. [0054] The processor 118 may be a general purpose processor, a special purpose processor, a conventional processor, a digital signal processor (DSP), a plurality of microprocessors, one or more microprocessors in association with a DSP core, a controller, a microcontroller, Application Specific Integrated Circuits (ASICs), Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs) circuits, any other type of integrated circuit (IC), a state machine, and the like. The processor 118 may perform signal coding, data processing, power control, input/output processing, and/or any other functionality that enables the WTRU 102 to operate in a wireless environment. The processor 118 may be coupled to the transceiver 120, which may be coupled to the transmit/receive element 122. While FIG. 1B depicts the processor 118 and the transceiver 120 as separate components, it will be appreciated that the processor 118 and the transceiver 120 may be integrated together, e.g., in an electronic package or chip. [0055] The transmit/receive element 122 may be configured to transmit signals to, or receive signals from, a base station (e.g., the base station 114a) over the air interface 116. For example, in an embodiment, the transmit/receive element 122 may be an antenna configured to transmit and/or receive RF signals. In an embodiment, the transmit/receive element 122 may be an emitter/detector configured to transmit and/or receive IR, UV, or visible light signals, for example. In an embodiment, the transmit/receive element 122 may be configured to transmit and/or receive both RF and light signals. It will be appreciated that the transmit/receive element 122 may be configured to transmit and/or receive any combination of wireless signals. [0056] Although the transmit/receive element 122 is depicted in FIG.1B as a single element, the WTRU 102 may include any number of transmit/receive elements 122. For example, the WTRU 102 may employ MIMO technology. Thus, in an embodiment, the WTRU 102 may include two or more transmit/receive elements 122 (e.g., multiple antennas) for transmitting and receiving wireless signals over the air interface 116. [0057] The transceiver 120 may be configured to modulate the signals that are to be transmitted by the transmit/receive element 122 and to demodulate the signals that are received by the transmit/receive element 122. As noted above, the WTRU 102 may have multi-mode capabilities. Thus, the transceiver 120 may include multiple transceivers for enabling the WTRU 102 to communicate via multiple RATs, such as NR and IEEE 802.11, for example. [0058] The processor 118 of the WTRU 102 may be coupled to, and may receive user input data from, the speaker/microphone 124, the keypad 126, and/or the display/touchpad 128 (e.g., a liquid crystal display (LCD) display unit or organic light-emitting diode (OLED) display unit). The processor 118 may also output user data to the speaker/microphone 124, the keypad 126, and/or the display/touchpad 128. In addition, the processor 118 may access information from, and store data in, any type of suitable memory, such as the non-removable memory 130 and/or the removable memory 132. The non-removable memory 130 may include random-access memory (RAM), read- only memory (ROM), a hard disk, or any other type of memory storage device. The removable memory 132 may include a subscriber identity module (SIM) card, a memory stick, a secure digital (SD) memory card, and the like. In other embodiments, the processor 118 may access information from, and store data in, memory that is not physically located on the WTRU 102, such as on a server or a home computer (not shown). [0059] The processor 118 may receive power from the power source 134, and may be configured to distribute and/or control the power to the other components in the WTRU 102. The power source 134 may be any suitable device for powering the WTRU 102. For example, the power source 134 may include one or more dry cell batteries (e.g., nickel-cadmium (NiCd), nickel-zinc (NiZn), nickel metal hydride (NiMH), lithium-ion (Li-ion), etc.), solar cells, fuel cells, and the like. [0060] The processor 118 may also be coupled to the GPS chipset 136, which may be configured to provide location information (e.g., longitude and latitude) regarding the current location of the WTRU 102. In addition to, or in lieu of, the information from the GPS chipset 136, the WTRU 102 may receive location information over the air interface 116 from a base station (e.g., base stations 114a, 114b) and/or determine its location based on the timing of the signals being received from two or more nearby base stations. It will be appreciated that the WTRU 102 may acquire location information by way of any suitable location-determination method while remaining consistent with an embodiment. [0061] The processor 118 may further be coupled to other elements/peripherals 138, which may include one or more software and/or hardware modules/units that provide additional features, functionality and/or wired or wireless connectivity. For example, the elements/peripherals 138 may include an accelerometer, an e-compass, a satellite transceiver, a digital camera (e.g., for photographs and/or video), a universal serial bus (USB) port, a vibration device, a television transceiver, a hands free headset, a Bluetooth® module, a frequency modulated (FM) radio unit, a digital music player, a media player, a video game player module, an Internet browser, a virtual reality and/or augmented reality (VR/AR) device, an activity tracker, and the like. The elements/peripherals 138 may include one or more sensors, the sensors may be one or more of a gyroscope, an accelerometer, a hall effect sensor, a magnetometer, an orientation sensor, a proximity sensor, a temperature sensor, a time sensor; a geolocation sensor; an altimeter, a light sensor, a touch sensor, a magnetometer, a barometer, a gesture sensor, a biometric sensor, and/or a humidity sensor. [0062] The WTRU 102 may include a full duplex radio for which transmission and reception of some or all of the signals (e.g., associated with particular subframes for both the uplink (e.g., for transmission) and downlink (e.g., for reception) may be concurrent and/or simultaneous. The full duplex radio may include an interference management unit to reduce and or substantially eliminate self-interference via either hardware (e.g., a choke) or signal processing via a processor (e.g., a separate processor (not shown) or via processor 118). In an embodiment, the WTRU 102 may include a half-duplex radio for which transmission and reception of some or all of the signals (e.g., associated with particular subframes for either the uplink (e.g., for transmission) or the downlink (e.g., for reception)). [0063] FIG. 1C is a system diagram illustrating the RAN 104 and the CN 106 according to an embodiment. As noted above, the RAN 104 may employ an E-UTRA radio technology to communicate with the WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c over the air interface 116. The RAN 104 may also be in communication with the CN 106. [0064] The RAN 104 may include eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c, though it will be appreciated that the RAN 104 may include any number of eNode-Bs while remaining consistent with an embodiment. The eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c may each include one or more transceivers for communicating with the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c over the air interface 116. In an embodiment, the eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c may implement MIMO technology. Thus, the eNode-B 160a, for example, may use multiple antennas to transmit wireless signals to, and receive wireless signals from, the WTRU 102a. [0065] Each of the eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, and 160c may be associated with a particular cell (not shown) and may be configured to handle radio resource management decisions, handover decisions, scheduling of users in the uplink (UL) and/or downlink (DL), and the like. As shown in FIG.1C, the eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c may communicate with one another over an X2 interface. [0066] The CN 106 shown in FIG. 1C may include a mobility management entity (MME) 162, a serving gateway (SGW) 164, and a packet data network (PDN) gateway (PGW) 166. While each of the foregoing elements are depicted as part of the CN 106, it will be appreciated that any one of these elements may be owned and/or operated by an entity other than the CN operator. [0067] The MME 162 may be connected to each of the eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, and 160c in the RAN 104 via an S1 interface and may serve as a control node. For example, the MME 162 may be responsible for authenticating users of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, bearer activation/deactivation, selecting a particular serving gateway during an initial attach of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, and the like. The MME 162 may provide a control plane function for switching between the RAN 104 and other RANs (not shown) that employ other radio technologies, such as GSM and/or WCDMA. [0068] The SGW 164 may be connected to each of the eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c in the RAN 104 via the S1 interface. The SGW 164 may generally route and forward user data packets to/from the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c. The SGW 164 may perform other functions, such as anchoring user planes during inter-eNode-B handovers, triggering paging when DL data is available for the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, managing and storing contexts of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, and the like. [0069] The SGW 164 may be connected to the PGW 166, which may provide the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c with access to packet-switched networks, such as the Internet 110, to facilitate communications between the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c and IP-enabled devices. [0070] The CN 106 may facilitate communications with other networks. For example, the CN 106 may provide the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c with access to circuit-switched networks, such as the PSTN 108, to facilitate communications between the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c and traditional land-line communications devices. For example, the CN 106 may include, or may communicate with, an IP gateway (e.g., an IP multimedia subsystem (IMS) server) that serves as an interface between the CN 106 and the PSTN 108. In addition, the CN 106 may provide the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c with access to the other networks 112, which may include other wired and/or wireless networks that are owned and/or operated by other service providers. [0071] Although the WTRU is described in FIGs. 1A-1D as a wireless terminal, it is contemplated that in certain representative embodiments that such a terminal may use (e.g., temporarily or permanently) wired communication interfaces with the communication network. [0072] In representative embodiments, the other network 112 may be a WLAN. [0073] A WLAN in infrastructure basic service set (BSS) mode may have an access point (AP) for the BSS and one or more stations (STAs) associated with the AP. The AP may have an access or an interface to a distribution system (DS) or another type of wired/wireless network that carries traffic into and/or out of the BSS. Traffic to STAs that originates from outside the BSS may arrive through the AP and may be delivered to the STAs. Traffic originating from STAs to destinations outside the BSS may be sent to the AP to be delivered to respective destinations. Traffic between STAs within the BSS may be sent through the AP, for example, where the source STA may send traffic to the AP and the AP may deliver the traffic to the destination STA. The traffic between STAs within a BSS may be considered and/or referred to as peer-to-peer traffic. The peer-to-peer traffic may be sent between (e.g., directly between) the source and destination STAs with a direct link setup (DLS). In certain representative embodiments, the DLS may use an 802.11e DLS or an 802.11z tunneled DLS (TDLS). A WLAN using an Independent BSS (IBSS) mode may not have an AP, and the STAs (e.g., all of the STAs) within or using the IBSS may communicate directly with each other. The IBSS mode of communication may sometimes be referred to herein as an "ad-hoc" mode of communication. [0074] When using the 802.11ac infrastructure mode of operation or a similar mode of operations, the AP may transmit a beacon on a fixed channel, such as a primary channel. The primary channel may be a fixed width (e.g., 20 MHz wide bandwidth) or a dynamically set width via signaling. The primary channel may be the operating channel of the BSS and may be used by the STAs to establish a connection with the AP. In certain representative embodiments, Carrier sense multiple access with collision avoidance (CSMA/CA) may be implemented, for example in in 802.11 systems. For CSMA/CA, the STAs (e.g., every STA), including the AP, may sense the primary channel. If the primary channel is sensed/detected and/or determined to be busy by a particular STA, the particular STA may back off. One STA (e.g., only one station) may transmit at any given time in a given BSS. [0075] High throughput (HT) STAs may use a 40 MHz wide channel for communication, for example, via a combination of the primary 20 MHz channel with an adjacent or nonadjacent 20 MHz channel to form a 40 MHz wide channel. [0076] Very high throughput (VHT) STAs may support 20 MHz, 40 MHz, 80 MHz, and/or 160 MHz wide channels. The 40 MHz, and/or 80 MHz, channels may be formed by combining contiguous 20 MHz channels. A 160 MHz channel may be formed by combining 8 contiguous 20 MHz channels, or by combining two non-contiguous 80 MHz channels, which may be referred to as an 80+80 configuration. For the 80+80 configuration, the data, after channel encoding, may be passed through a segment parser that may divide the data into two streams. Inverse fast Fourier transform (IFFT) processing, and time domain processing, may be done on each stream separately. The streams may be mapped on to the two 80 MHz channels, and the data may be transmitted by a transmitting STA. At the receiver of the receiving STA, the above-described operation for the 80+80 configuration may be reversed, and the combined data may be sent to a medium access control (MAC) layer, entity, etc. [0077] Sub 1 GHz modes of operation are supported by 802.11af and 802.11ah. The channel operating bandwidths, and carriers, are reduced in 802.11af and 802.11ah relative to those used in 802.11n, and 802.11ac. 802.11af supports 5 MHz, 10 MHz and 20 MHz bandwidths in the TV white space (TVWS) spectrum, and 802.11ah supports 1 MHz, 2 MHz, 4 MHz, 8 MHz, and 16 MHz bandwidths using non-TVWS spectrum. According to a representative embodiment, 802.11ah may support meter type control/machine-type communications (MTC), such as MTC devices in a macro coverage area. MTC devices may have certain capabilities, for example, limited capabilities including support for (e.g., only support for) certain and/or limited bandwidths. The MTC devices may include a battery with a battery life above a threshold (e.g., to maintain a very long battery life). [0078] WLAN systems, which may support multiple channels, and channel bandwidths, such as 802.11n, 802.11ac, 802.11af, and 802.11ah, include a channel which may be designated as the primary channel. The primary channel may have a bandwidth equal to the largest common operating bandwidth supported by all STAs in the BSS. The bandwidth of the primary channel may be set and/or limited by a STA, from among all STAs in operating in a BSS, which supports the smallest bandwidth operating mode. In the example of 802.11ah, the primary channel may be 1 MHz wide for STAs (e.g., MTC type devices) that support (e.g., only support) a 1 MHz mode, even if the AP, and other STAs in the BSS support 2 MHz, 4 MHz, 8 MHz, 16 MHz, and/or other channel bandwidth operating modes. Carrier sensing and/or network allocation vector (NAV) settings may depend on the status of the primary channel. If the primary channel is busy, for example, due to a STA (which supports only a 1 MHz operating mode), transmitting to the AP, the entire available frequency bands may be considered busy even though a majority of the frequency bands remains idle and may be available. [0079] In the United States, the available frequency bands, which may be used by 802.11ah, are from 902 MHz to 928 MHz. In Korea, the available frequency bands are from 917.5 MHz to 923.5 MHz. In Japan, the available frequency bands are from 916.5 MHz to 927.5 MHz. The total bandwidth available for 802.11ah is 6 MHz to 26 MHz depending on the country code. [0080] FIG. 1D is a system diagram illustrating the RAN 113 and the CN 115 according to an embodiment. As noted above, the RAN 113 may employ an NR radio technology to communicate with the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c over the air interface 116. The RAN 113 may also be in communication with the CN 115. [0081] The RAN 113 may include gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c, though it will be appreciated that the RAN 113 may include any number of gNBs while remaining consistent with an embodiment. The gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c may each include one or more transceivers for communicating with the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c over the air interface 116. In an embodiment, the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c may implement MIMO technology. For example, gNBs 180a, 180b may utilize beamforming to transmit signals to and/or receive signals from the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c. Thus, the gNB 180a, for example, may use multiple antennas to transmit wireless signals to, and/or receive wireless signals from, the WTRU 102a. In an embodiment, the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c may implement carrier aggregation technology. For example, the gNB 180a may transmit multiple component carriers to the WTRU 102a (not shown). A subset of these component carriers may be on unlicensed spectrum while the remaining component carriers may be on licensed spectrum. In an embodiment, the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c may implement Coordinated Multi-Point (CoMP) technology. For example, WTRU 102a may receive coordinated transmissions from gNB 180a and gNB 180b (and/or gNB 180c). [0082] The WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may communicate with gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c using transmissions associated with a scalable numerology. For example, OFDM symbol spacing and/or OFDM subcarrier spacing may vary for different transmissions, different cells, and/or different portions of the wireless transmission spectrum. The WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may communicate with gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c using subframe or transmission time intervals (TTIs) of various or scalable lengths (e.g., including a varying number of OFDM symbols and/or lasting varying lengths of absolute time). [0083] The gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c may be configured to communicate with the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c in a standalone configuration and/or a non-standalone configuration. In the standalone configuration, WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may communicate with gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c without also accessing other RANs (e.g., such as eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c). In the standalone configuration, WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may utilize one or more of gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c as a mobility anchor point. In the standalone configuration, WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may communicate with gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c using signals in an unlicensed band. In a non- standalone configuration WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may communicate with/connect to gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c while also communicating with/connecting to another RAN such as eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c. For example, WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may implement DC principles to communicate with one or more gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c and one or more eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c substantially simultaneously. In the non-standalone configuration, eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c may serve as a mobility anchor for WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c and gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c may provide additional coverage and/or throughput for servicing WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c. [0084] Each of the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c may be associated with a particular cell (not shown) and may be configured to handle radio resource management decisions, handover decisions, scheduling of users in the UL and/or DL, support of network slicing, dual connectivity, interworking between NR and E-UTRA, routing of user plane data towards user plane functions (UPFs) 184a, 184b, routing of control plane information towards access and mobility management functions (AMFs) 182a, 182b, and the like. As shown in FIG.1D, the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c may communicate with one another over an Xn interface. [0085] The CN 115 shown in FIG. 1D may include at least one AMF 182a, 182b, at least one UPF 184a, 184b, at least one session management function (SMF) 183a, 183b, and at least one Data Network (DN) 185a, 185b. While each of the foregoing elements are depicted as part of the CN 115, it will be appreciated that any of these elements may be owned and/or operated by an entity other than the CN operator. [0086] The AMF 182a, 182b may be connected to one or more of the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c in the RAN 113 via an N2 interface and may serve as a control node. For example, the AMF 182a, 182b may be responsible for authenticating users of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, support for network slicing (e.g., handling of different protocol data unit (PDU) sessions with different requirements), selecting a particular SMF 183a, 183b, management of the registration area, termination of NAS signaling, mobility management, and the like. Network slicing may be used by the AMF 182a, 182b, e.g., to customize CN support for WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c based on the types of services being utilized WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c. For example, different network slices may be established for different use cases such as services relying on ultra-reliable low latency (URLLC) access, services relying on enhanced massive mobile broadband (eMBB) access, services for MTC access, and/or the like. The AMF 162 may provide a control plane function for switching between the RAN 113 and other RANs (not shown) that employ other radio technologies, such as LTE, LTE-A, LTE-A Pro, and/or non-3GPP access technologies such as Wi- Fi. [0087] The SMF 183a, 183b may be connected to an AMF 182a, 182b in the CN 115 via an N11 interface. The SMF 183a, 183b may also be connected to a UPF 184a, 184b in the CN 115 via an N4 interface. The SMF 183a, 183b may select and control the UPF 184a, 184b and configure the routing of traffic through the UPF 184a, 184b. The SMF 183a, 183b may perform other functions, such as managing and allocating UE IP address, managing PDU sessions, controlling policy enforcement and QoS, providing downlink data notifications, and the like. A PDU session type may be IP-based, non-IP based, Ethernet-based, and the like. [0088] The UPF 184a, 184b may be connected to one or more of the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c in the RAN 113 via an N3 interface, which may provide the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c with access to packet-switched networks, such as the Internet 110, e.g., to facilitate communications between the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c and IP-enabled devices. The UPF 184, 184b may perform other functions, such as routing and forwarding packets, enforcing user plane policies, supporting multi- homed PDU sessions, handling user plane QoS, buffering downlink packets, providing mobility anchoring, and the like. [0089] The CN 115 may facilitate communications with other networks. For example, the CN 115 may include, or may communicate with, an IP gateway (e.g., an IP multimedia subsystem (IMS) server) that serves as an interface between the CN 115 and the PSTN 108. In addition, the CN 115 may provide the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c with access to the other networks 112, which may include other wired and/or wireless networks that are owned and/or operated by other service providers. In an embodiment, the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may be connected to a local Data Network (DN) 185a, 185b through the UPF 184a, 184b via the N3 interface to the UPF 184a, 184b and an N6 interface between the UPF 184a, 184b and the DN 185a, 185b. [0090] In view of FIGs.1A-1D, and the corresponding description of FIGs.1A-1D, one or more, or all, of the functions described herein with regard to any of: WTRUs 102a-d, base stations 114a- b, eNode-Bs 160a-c, MME 162, SGW 164, PGW 166, gNBs 180a-c, AMFs 182a-b, UPFs 184a- b, SMFs 183a-b, DNs 185a-b, and/or any other element(s)/device(s) described herein, may be performed by one or more emulation elements/devices (not shown). The emulation devices may be one or more devices configured to emulate one or more, or all, of the functions described herein. For example, the emulation devices may be used to test other devices and/or to simulate network and/or WTRU functions. [0091] The emulation devices may be designed to implement one or more tests of other devices in a lab environment and/or in an operator network environment. For example, the one or more emulation devices may perform the one or more, or all, functions while being fully or partially implemented and/or deployed as part of a wired and/or wireless communication network in order to test other devices within the communication network. The one or more emulation devices may perform the one or more, or all, functions while being temporarily implemented/deployed as part of a wired and/or wireless communication network. The emulation device (e.g., a network node) may be directly coupled to another device for purposes of testing and/or may performing testing using over-the-air wireless communications. [0092] The one or more emulation devices may perform the one or more, including all, functions while not being implemented/deployed as part of a network node (e.g., wired and/or wireless communication network). For example, the emulation devices may be utilized in a testing scenario in a testing laboratory and/or a non-deployed (e.g., testing) wired and/or wireless communication network in order to implement testing of one or more components. The one or more emulation devices may be test equipment. Direct RF coupling and/or wireless communications via RF circuitry (e.g., which may include one or more antennas) may be used by the emulation devices to transmit and/or receive data. [0093] Referring to Fig. 2, to determine an uplink (UL) transmission timing in a serving cell, a wireless transmit/receive unit (WTRU) may take a downlink (DL) reception timing of a reference cell and may advance it with a timing advance (TA) value ^^_^^. Hence, the UL frame timing at the WTRU is ^^_^^ [s] in advance of the received DL frame timing at the WTRU. [0094] Before a network can control an UL transmission timing of a WTRU, the WTRU may need to transmit an initial physical random access channel (PRACH). The transmission timing of the initial PRACH may follow an initial TA, which is given by N_TAoffset×T_c, where T_c is a basic time unit. The parameter N_TAoffset may be configured in a serving cell configuration, e.g., in SIB1, or, if not configured, by a default value for the frequency range. [0095] Upon reception of the initial PRACH, the network may provide a first TA adjustment in a random access response (RAR) or message B (MSGB) that may applies to subsequent UL transmissions, e.g., a PUSCH that carries message 3 in the 4-step random access procedure. A 12- bit TA command value (T_A) in the RAR may indicate a value between 0 and 3846 which is mapped to NTA=TA∙16∙64/2^μ, where μ corresponds to the applicable numerology. The UL transmission timing may be then given by T_TA=(N_TA+N_TAoffset )×T_c. [0096] After random access, the WTRU may also receive a 12-bit absolute timing advance command value T_A in an absolute TA command MAC CE. [0097] The WTRU may also receive a 6-bit timing advance command in a TA command MAC control element (MAC CE) that indicates an adjustment T_A=0,…,63 to a current value N_{TA_old} as NTA_new =NTA_old + (TA - 31)∙16∙64/2^μ. [0098] Adjustment of an NTA value by a positive or a negative amount may indicate advancing or delaying the uplink transmission timing for a timing advance group (TAG) by a corresponding amount, respectively. [0099] The uplink frame transmission may take place (N_TA + N_TAoffset) × T_c before the reception of the first detected path (in time) of the corresponding downlink frame from a reference cell. [0100] Multiple serving cells may be configured to belong to a TA group (TAG). All serving cells in a TAG may use the same reference cell, which also belongs to the TAG, for determining a DL frame timing used for determining a UL transmission timing. A WTRU may determine the DL frame timing of ta reference cell from a received synchronization signal/ Physical Broadcast Channel (SSB) of the reference cell. The WTRU may maintain a separate timing advance value (e.g., ^^_^^ or ^^_^^) per TAG. [0101] Upon reception of a timing advance command for a TAG, the WTRU may adjust uplink timing for PUSCH/sounding reference signal (SRS)/Physical uplink control channel (PUCCH) transmission on all the serving cells in the TAG based on a value ^^_^^୭^^^^^ that the WTRU may expect to be same for all the serving cells in the TAG and based on the received timing advance command where the uplink timing for PUSCH/SRS/PUCCH transmissions is the same for all the serving cells in the TAG. [0102] In an embodiment, all serving cells in a TAG may be transmitted/received by the same TRP or base station (BS). A set of serving cells in a TAG may be the same or different from a set of cells in a multi-connectivity cell group (e.g., in dual connectivity (DC)), e.g., master cell group (MCG) or secondary cell group (SCG). 5G NR may support up to 4 TAGs per cell group (MCS or SCG). [0103] Referring to FIG. 3, a WTRU is configured with two cell groups (MCG and SCG) and three TAGs (first, second, third TAG). In this embodiment, the three TAGs are associated with three different base stations (BS 1, BS 2, BS 3). A BS may transmit/receive signals/channels from one or more TRPs. The serving cells in the MCG are split into two TAGs, while the serving cells in the SCG belong to the same TAG. For each of the three TAGs, the WTRU may use one serving cell from the TAG as reference cell for acquiring DL frame timing. For each of the three TAGs, the WTRU may maintain a separate timing advance value (e.g., ^^_^^ or ^^_^^) that may be applied to the DL frame timing to obtain the UL frame timing for the TAG. For UL transmissions in a serving cell, the WTRU may use the UL frame timing of the TAG to which the serving cell belongs. [0104] Reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS) is an emerging topological solution corresponding to a planar surface comprising a large number of scattering elements called unit- cells, whose response in the electromagnetic domain may be tuned to the propagation environment through control signaling. Referring to FIG. 4, The RIS as a whole may be modeled as a combination of at least a RIS controller and a RIS panel. The RIS panel may comprise a group of elements, which have the capability to change at least one of the properties of the incident radio waves including frequency, amplitude, phase, and polarization. The radio wave may be at least reflected or transmitted to another direction after hitting the RIS panel, depending on the design of RIS. The RIS micro-controller (RIS controller) refers to a component of RIS, responsible for configuring the RIS elements to achieve a wanted way of manipulation of the incident radio wave, potentially processing any signaling received from another network node. The configuration of RIS element by the RIS micro-controller may be proceeded through control signaling from the RIS controller. Inside RIS, at least one interface is an interface between the RIS micro-controller and RIS panel to transmit the control signals. [0105] RIS may turn a channel from a passive actor into a controllable entity through tuning of wireless signal reflections, refractions, focusing, collimation, modulation, and any combination of these. The associated characteristics of RIS have motivated a host of use cases including improving various systems key performance indicators (KPIs) such as coverage and capacity, as well as enabling new applications such as localization and sensing. RIS may be implemented using mostly passive components (e.g., electronics such as pin diodes, varactor didoes, crystal liquids, etc.) without requiring any radio frequency (RF) operation or signal processing. RIS as a topological solution therefore may provide a number of advantages in terms of cost, complexity, deployment flexibility, and energy-efficiency compared to legacy network nodes such as full-stacked cells, integrated access and backhauls (IABs), network controlled repeaters (NCRs), and repeaters. [0106] The use of RISs to boost signal coverage and performance has gained a lot of interest thanks to their ability to tailor the RF characteristics of reflected signals. A RIS is a device expected to be comprising a large number of unit cells that can manipulate (reflect, refract, and/or absorb) electromagnetic waves impinging on it. RIS may be envisioned to be used in wireless systems to partially control the properties of radio environments. Since RISs may (e.g., typically) comprise large number of antenna elements, they may be used to form very narrow beams thus leading to reinforced coverage. In some cases, the unit cells may apply elementary phase shifts to the arriving wave as commanded by a RIS control unit. When a plane wave impinges on the RIS with a given angle of arrival (AoA), the angle of departure (AoD) of the reflected wave may generally depend on the AoA and the relative phases applied on the unit cells, which altogether constitute a RIS beamforming vector. By adjusting those phases, the reflected wave may be steered to the desired direction thus improving coverage and/or capacity performance for a WTRU being serviced in UL and DL. Referring to FIG. 5, dynamically configuring RIS responses may require devising a diverse set of RIS controlling strategies including gNB-controlled (through one or more gNBs/TRPs) and WTRU-controlled (one or more WTRUs). As shown at FIG.5, instructions for RIS state may come to the RIS controller from TRP or WTRU using control signaling via control link. Therefor, RIS-aided for UL and DL may be performed via the RIS. [0107] Referring to FIG.6, a RIS-aided link between a TRP and a WTRU is illustrated. The link comprises two paths with separate propagation delays. Diagram (a) shows a direct path that doesn’t propagate via a RIS and a RIS-aided path that propagates via the RIS. The direct path may include line-of-sight components, non-line-of-sight components, or a combination thereof. Diagram (a) also illustrates TRP-side and WTRU-side beam pairs that may be suitable for the direct path or the RIS-aided path, respectively. [0108] In diagram (b), there are two separate RISs that can aid the TRP-WTRU communication link, while the direct path is obstructed by a building. [0109] In some cases, communication over both paths simultaneously may be possible. This may be the case for example when the RIS(s) is available for communication with the WTRU, e.g., when the RIS(s) is not assigned to serve another WTRU. Furthermore, the TRP and the WTRU should be capable of simultaneous communication over both paths, which for example may be the case in lower frequency bands, e.g., FR1, or with multi-panel WTRUs in higher frequency bands. [0110] In other cases, communication over either of the paths is possible. In one embodiment, a RIS may be temporarily assigned to serve another WTRU. In another embodiment, one of the paths may be temporarily blocked. In yet another embodiment, the WTRU and/or TRP might not be capable of simultaneous transmission and/or reception along both paths. [0111] The propagation delay of the RIS-aided path may be quite different from the propagation delay of the direct path, for example due to significantly longer path distance. Even with the additional path loss corresponding to a longer path distance, the received signal power over the RIS-aided path may be similar to or even exceed the received signal power over the direct path, for example if the RIS itself provides enough signal power boosting or if the direct path is obstructed, (e.g., non-line-of-sight). Similarly, the delay of the 1st RIS-aided path may be quite different from the propagation delay of the 2nd RIS-aided path, depending on the geometry of the scenario. [0112] A network’s scheduling of PUSCH transmissions from a WTRU may be dynamic, for example based on the WTRU traffic or the time-varying availability of UL transmission resources. Furthermore, the availability of the RIS(s) to aid the WTRU’s PUSCH transmissions may be dynamic, for example based on the network’s decision to have a RIS aid other transmissions or perform other tasks. Hence, it may be necessary to support dynamic switching between non-RIS- aided PUSCH transmission and RIS-aided PUSCH transmission, or dynamic switching between PUSCH transmissions aided by a 1^st and 2^nd RIS. [0113] Previous work as part of 3GPP Rel-18 MIMO WI may include dynamic TA switching for multi-DCI based PUSCH transmission to multiple TRPs. Furthermore, the dynamic TA switching in 3GPP Rel-18 MIMO WI is based on dynamic switching between TA groups (TAG), where the different TRPs would typically be associated with different TAGs. Herein, the focus is on dynamic TA switching within a TAG, as well as TA switching for the same transmission configuration indicator (TCI) state, and on single-DCI based PUSCH transmission to a single TRP. [0114] In various embodiments with significant difference between the path delays, it may be necessary to switch between a first TA that corresponds to the 1^st path propagation delay and a second TA that corresponds to the 2^nd path propagation delay. With dynamic switching between PUSCH transmission on the two paths, dynamic TA switching may be needed. [0115] In addition to dynamic switching of TA and UL Tx beam, a WTRU may transmit a set of UL signals/channels back-to-back, e.g., for multi-TRP repetition or UL beam sweeping. The different consecutive UL signals/channels may correspond to different spatial relations or TCI states, as well as different TAs, which may correspond to different paths to the TRP. Examples in NR may include sub-slot PUCCH multi-TRP repetition, PUSCH configured grant with multi-TRP repetition type B, SRS resources for beam management, etc. [0116] For example, PUCCH repetition on different paths may be used, with different TAs used for a first path and a second path. In case of back-to-back repetition, it may be advantageous to first transmit a first PUCCH repetition on the first path with the largest TA (e.g., the RIS-aided path) before transmitting on the second path with the smaller TA (e.g., the direct path). Referring to FIG. 7, ΔT denotes the TA difference between the two paths. In diagram (a), the PUCCH is first transmitted on the path with smallest TA, resulting in a partial collision (at the WTRU) with the subsequent PUCCH (with the larger TA). In figure 7(b), on the other hand, the PUCCH is first transmitted on the path with the largest TA, resulting in no overlap (at the WTRU). A similar situation as in diagram (a) and (b), may occur also for back-to-back PUSCH configured grant with multi-TRP repetition type B, or back-to-back SRS resources. [0117] As non-limited example, in NR, there may be various signalling mechanisms to change the mapping order of spatial relations/TCI states to UL signal/channel transmission occasions, including RRC reconfiguration, MAC CE, and DCI, for various cases. [0118] To avoid or reduce signalling for switching the spatial relation/TCI state/TA mapping order, enhanced TA-based or TA-assisted mapping to back-to-back PUCCH/PUSCH occasions and SRS resources may be employed. [0119] Hereafter, a WTRU may transmit or receive a physical channel or reference signal according to at least one spatial domain filter. The term “beam” may be used to refer to a spatial domain filter. [0120] The WTRU may transmit a physical channel or signal using the same spatial domain filter as the spatial domain filter used for receiving a reference signal (RS), such as channel state information-reference signal (CSI-RS) or a synchronization signal (SS) block. The WTRU transmission may be referred to as “target”, and the received RS or SS block may be referred to as “reference” or “source”. In such case, the WTRU may be said to transmit the target physical channel or signal according to a spatial relation with a reference to such RS or SS block. [0121] The WTRU may transmit a first physical channel or signal according to the same spatial domain filter as the spatial domain filter used for transmitting a second physical channel or signal. The first and second transmissions may be referred to as “target” and “reference” (or “source”), respectively. In such case, the WTRU may be said to transmit the first (target) physical channel or signal according to a spatial relation with a reference to the second (reference) physical channel or signal. [0122] A spatial relation may be implicit, configured by radio resource control (RRC) or signaled by MAC CE or DCI. For example, a WTRU may implicitly transmit PUSCH and demodulation- reference signal (DM-RS) of PUSCH according to the same spatial domain filter as an SRS indicated by a sounding reference signal resource indicator (SRI) indicated in DCI or configured by RRC. In another example, a spatial relation may be configured by RRC for an SRI or signaled by MAC CE for a PUCCH. Such spatial relation may also be referred to as a “beam indication”. [0123] The WTRU may receive a first (target) downlink channel or signal according to the same spatial domain filter or spatial reception parameter as a second (reference) downlink channel or signal. For example, such association may exist between a physical channel such as PDCCH or PDSCH and its respective DM-RS. At least when the first and second signals are reference signals, such association may exist when the WTRU is configured with a quasi-colocation (QCL) assumption type D between corresponding antenna ports. Such association may be configured as a TCI state. A WTRU may be indicated an association between a CSI-RS or SS block and a DM- RS by an index to a set of TCI states configured by RRC and/or signaled by MAC CE. Such indication may also be referred to as a “beam indication”. [0124] A unified TCI, e.g., a common TCI, a common beam, a common RS, etc., may refer to a beam/RS to be simultaneously used for multiple physical channels/signals. The term “TCI” may at least comprise a TCI state that includes at least one source RS to provide a reference (e.g., WTRU assumption) for determining QCL and/or spatial filter. [0125] In an embodiment, a WTRU may receive from a gNB an indication of a first unified TCI to be used/applied for both a physical downlink control channel (PDCCH) and a physical downlink shared channel (PDSCH) and a downlink RS. The source reference signal(s) in the first unified TCI may provide common QCL information at least for WTRU-dedicated reception on the PDSCH and all (or subset of) control resource set (CORESETs) in a component carrier (CC). In an embodiment, a WTRU may receive from a gNB an indication of a second unified TCI to be used/applied for both an PUCCH and an PUSCH, and an uplink RS. The source reference signal(s) in the second unified TCI may provide a reference for determining common UL TX spatial filter(s) at least for dynamic-grant/configured-grant based PUSCH and all (or subset of) dedicated PUCCH resources in a CC. [0126] The WTRU may be configured with a first mode for unified TCI (e.g., SeparateDLULTCI mode) where an indicated unified TCI (e.g., the first unified TCI or the second unified TCI) may be applicable for either downlink (e.g., based on the first unified TCI) or uplink (e.g., based on the second unified TCI). In an embodiment, a WTRU may receive (e.g., from a gNB) an indication of a second unified TCI to be used/applied commonly for a PDCCH, a PDSCH, a PUCCH, and a PUSCH (and a DL RS and/or a UL RS). The WTRU may be configured with a second mode for unified TCI (e.g., JointTCI mode) where an indicated unified TCI, e.g., the third unified TCI, may be applicable for both downlink and uplink. [0127] The WTRU may determine a TCI state applicable to a transmission or reception by first determining a unified TCI state instance applicable to this transmission or reception, then determining a TCI state corresponding to the unified TCI state instance. A transmission may consist of at least PUCCH, PUSCH, SRS. A reception may consist of at least PDCCH, PDSCH, CSI-RS. A unified TCI state instance may also be referred to TCI state group, TCI state process, unified TCI pool, a group of TCI states, a set of time-domain instances/stamps/slots/symbols, and/or a set of frequency-domain instances/RBs/subbands, etc. A unified TCI state instance may be equivalent or identified to a CORESET pool identity (e.g., CORESETPoolIndex, a TRP indicator, and/or the like). [0128] Hereafter, unified TCI may be interchangeably used with one or more of unified TCI- states, unified TCI instance, TCI, and TCI-state. [0129] Hereafter, a TRP, e.g., transmission and reception point, may be interchangeably used with one or more of TP (transmission point), RP (reception point), RRH (radio remote head), DA (distributed antenna), BS (base station), a sector (of a BS), and a cell (e.g., a geographical cell area served by a BS), but still consistent with this invention. Hereafter, multi-TRP may be interchangeably used with one or more of MTRP, M-TRP, and multiple TRPs. [0130] A WTRU may be configured with (or may receive configuration of) one or more TRPs to which the WTRU may transmit and/or from which the WTRU may receive. The WTRU may be configured with one or more TRPs for one or more cells. A cell may be a serving cell, special cell, secondary cell, non-serving cell, etc. [0131] A WTRU may be configured with at least one RS for the purpose of channel measurement. This RS may be denoted as a channel measurement resource (CMR) and may comprise a CSI-RS, SSB, or other downlink RS transmitted from the TRP to a WTRU. A CMR may be configured or associated with a TCI state. A WTRU may be configured with a CMR group where CMRs transmitted from the same TRP may be configured. Each group may be identified by a CMR group index (e.g., group 1). A WTRU may be configured with one CMR group per TRP, and the WTRU may receive a linkage between one CMR group index and another CMR group index, or between one RS index from one CMR group and another RS index from another group. [0132] A WTRU may be configured with (or receive configuration of) one or more pathloss (PL) reference groups (e.g., sets) and/or one or more SRS groups, SRS resource indicator (SRI) or SRS resource sets. [0133] A PL reference group may correspond to or may be associated with a TRP. A PL reference group may include, identify, correspond to or be associated with one or more TCI states, SRIs, reference signal sets (e.g., CSI-RS set, SRI sets), CORESET index, and or reference signals (e.g., CSI-RS, SSB). [0134] A WTRU may receive a configuration (e.g., any configuration described herein). The configuration may be received from a gNB or TRP. For example, the WTRU may receive configuration of one or more TRPs, one or more PL reference groups and/or one or more SRI sets. A WTRU may implicitly determine an association between a RS set/group and a TRP. As a non- limited example, if a WTRU is configured with two SRS resource sets, then the WTRU may determine to transmit to TRP1 with SRS in the first resource set, and to TRP2 with SRS in the second resource set. The configuration may be via RRC signaling. [0135] In the examples and embodiments described herein, TRP, PL reference group, SRI group, and SRI set may be used interchangeably. The terms set and group may be used interchangeably herein. [0136] A WTRU may report a subset of channel state information (CSI) components, where CSI components may correspond to at least a CSI-RS resource indicator (CRI), a SSB resource indicator (SSBRI), an indication of a panel used for reception at the WTRU (such as a panel identity or group identity), measurements such as L1-RSRP, L1-SINR taken from SSB or CSI-RS (e.g. cri-RSRP, cri-SINR, ssb-Index-RSRP, ssb-Index-SINR), and other channel state information such as at least rank indicator (RI), channel quality indicator (CQI), precoding matrix indicator (PMI), Layer Index (LI), and/or the like. [0137] A property of a grant or assignment may consist of at least one of the following: a frequency allocation, an aspect of time allocation, such as a duration, a priority, a modulation and coding scheme, a transport block size, a number of spatial layers, a number of transport blocks, a TCI state, CRI or SRI, a number of repetitions, whether the repetition scheme is type A or type B, whether the grant is a configured grant type 1, type 2 or a dynamic grant, whether the assignment is a dynamic assignment or a semi-persistent scheduling (configured) assignment, a configured grant index or a semi-persistent assignment index, a periodicity of a configured grant or assignment, a channel access priority class (CAPC), and any parameter provided in a DCI, by MAC or by RRC for the scheduling the grant or assignment. [0138] An indication by DCI may consist of at least one of the following: an explicit indication by a DCI field or by radio network identifier (RNTI) used to mask cyclic redundancy check (CRC) of the PDCCH; and an implicit indication by a property such as DCI format, DCI size, CORESET or search space, aggregation level, first resource element of the received DCI (e.g., index of first control channel element), where the mapping between the property and the value may be signaled by RRC or MAC. [0139] A signal may be interchangeably used with one or more of following: sounding reference signal (SRS), channel state information – reference signal (CSI-RS), demodulation reference signal (DM-RS), phase tracking reference signal (PT-RS), synchronization signal block (SSB). [0140] A channel may be interchangeably used with one or more of following: physical downlink control channel (PDCCH), physical downlink shared channel (PDSCH), physical uplink control channel (PUCCH), physical uplink shared channel (PUSCH), and physical random access channel (PRACH). [0141] Hereafter, downlink reception may be used interchangeably with Rx occasion, PDCCH, PDSCH, and SSB reception. Uplink transmission may be used interchangeably with Tx occasion, PUCCH, PUSCH, PRACH, SRS transmission. RS may be interchangeably used with one or more of RS resource, RS resource set, RS port and RS port group. RS may be interchangeably used with one or more of SSB, CSI-RS, SRS and DM-RS. Time instance may be interchangeably used with slot, symbol, subframe. The terms RS and pilot are used interchangeably. In an OFDM system, an RS/pilot may comprise multiple (known) reference/pilot symbols mapped to different sub-carriers and OFDM symbols. [0142] A RIS state represents its overall reflection behavior that may include at least the overall phase shift(s) and/or amplification gain(s) associated with one or more unit-cell(s) or sub- surface(s) of RIS, e.g., all unit-cells of a RIS or all sub-surfaces of a RIS. A RIS state may correspond to an M-tuple of RIS element factors, e.g., a set of values of all RIS element factors of a RIS. A RIS state may also correspond to an S-tuple of RIS sub-surface factors, e.g., a set of values of all S sub-surfaces factors of a RIS. A RIS state with S RIS sub-surface factors may be mapped to a RIS state with M RIS element factors by setting the RIS element factors that belong to a sub-surface to the corresponding sub-surface factor. The terms RIS state and RIS configuration are used interchangeably herein. [0143] In an embodiment comprising a dynamic TA switching, a WTRU may maintain a secondary TA, in addition to a primary TA, update the secondary TA based on received TA command(s), receiving an indication of the secondary (or primary TA), and applying the secondary TA to an UL transmission. [0144] Accordingly, the WTRU may be configured with a primary TA and a secondary TA. The primary TA and the secondary TA may be configured in a TAG. The WTRU may determine an initial primary TA value for the primary TA and an initial additional TA value (e.g., 0, default value, or configured value). The WTRU may receive a first one or more TA commands for the primary TA and adjusts the initial primary TA value based on the first one or more TA commands. The WTRU may receive a second one or more TA commands for the secondary TA and adjusts the additional TA value based on the second one or more TA commands. The WTRU may receive a DCI (e.g., 0_1/0_2) that schedules an UL transmission (e.g., a PUSCH). A TA indication field in the DCI may indicate to the WTRU to use the secondary TA for the UL transmission. [0145] The WTRU may add the primary TA value (e.g., the adjusted initial primary TA value) and the additional TA value (e.g., the adjusted additional TA offset value), resulting in a secondary TA value associated with the secondary TA. The WTRU may transmit the UL transmission using the secondary TA value, e.g., to adjust the timing of the UL transmission. [0146] Various embodiments herein enable dynamic adjustment of WTRU transmission timing to allow for dynamic switching of (dominant) propagation path between a WTRU and the wireless communication network. The dynamic switching of propagation paths may provide benefits in terms of more efficient utilization of RIS(s) deployed in the network, e.g., in the context of multi- user scheduling. Additional benefits may be reaped in networks that also include multiple transmission and reception point (TRPs) communication, in which dynamic switching of propagation path (and thereby propagation delay) to different TRPs may be prevalent. [0147] Various embodiments herein enable dynamic switching between different TAs for UL transmissions in a TAG. In existing systems, a single TA is maintained by a WTRU in a TAG. The multiple TAs may be enabled by introducing one or more additional TA(s) to a primary TA value. [0148] Referring to FIG. 8, a resulting TA value, after applying an additional TA value to the primary TA value may be called a secondary TA value. In various embodiments, an additional TA may be positive, or non-negative if the additional TA may be zero. In some cases, an additional TA may be positive or negative, or non-negative or negative if the additional TA may be zero. [0149] The primary TA value may be a TA value obtained by legacy procedures and may be represented by, for example, T_TA or N_TA. [0150] The network may update an additional TA using TA command(s). For uplink transmissions, the network may indicate which TA the WTRU shall use to determine the UL frame timing. The same DL frame timing, e.g., based on the same DL RS, may be used for determining a secondary UL frame timing (based on a secondary TA) as for the UL frame timing (based on the primary TA). [0151] Referring to FIG. 9, a high level WTRU procedure for dynamically adjusting WTRU transmission timing is shown. After the procedure starts in step 1, at step 2, a WTRU may be configured with the use of a secondary TA, an initial additional TA value, etc. In step 3, the WTRU may determine if it received a TA command or if it receives a command to transmit an UL signal/channel. [0152] If the WTRU received a TA command, in step 4 the WTRU may determine if the TA command is for the primary TA or for the additional TA corresponding to the secondary TA. If the TA command is for the primary TA, in step 5, the WTRU may update both the primary TA value and the secondary TA value based on the TA command. If the TA command is for the additional TA, in step 6, the WTRU may update the secondary TA value. [0153] If the WTRU is to transmit an UL signal/channel, in step 7, the WTRU may determine if the primary or secondary TA value is to be applied to the UL transmission. [0154] If the primary TA value is to be applied, in step 8, the WTRU may transmit the UL signal/channel based on the primary TA value. If the secondary TA value is to be applied, in step 9, the WTRU may transmit the UL signal/channel based on the secondary TA value. [0155] More particularly, a WTRU may be configured by a network to use one or more secondary TA(s), e.g., for a serving cell, for a TAG and/or for a CORESET pool. A WTRU may be configured by the network with one or more additional TA(s), e.g., for a serving cell, for a TAG and/or for a CORESET pool. [0156] For brevity, the configuration, update, indication, application, etc., of secondary/additional TA(s) for a TAG may be used in various embodiments herein. However, the various embodiments are equally applicable to configuration, update, indication, application, etc., of secondary/additional TA(s) for a serving cell or a CORESET pool. [0157] The number of secondary TA(s) or additional TA(s), e.g., in a TAG, may be denoted Q. For example, Q may be optionally configured in a TAG configuration. For instance, if Q is configured, the WTRU may use Q secondary TAs in addition to the primary TA, and if Q is not configured, the WTRU may fall back to legacy behavior based on only the primary TA. [0158] A configuration (or re-configuration) of a secondary TA may comprise an initial additional TA value, e.g., N_{TAoffset,add.} In case of multiple configured secondary TAs, an initial additional TA value may be configured per secondary TA, e.g., NTAoffset,add,i for the i^th secondary TA. In an alternative embodiment, an initial additional TA value may be configured per TAG that may be applicable to the secondary TAs associated with the TAG, e.g., NTAoffset,add,j for the j^th TAG. In another alternative embodiment, an initial additional TA value may be configured per CORESET pool that may be applicable to the secondary TAs associated with the CORESET pool, e.g., N_{TAoffset,add,j} for the j^th CORESET pool. In yet another alternative embodiment, an initial additional TA value may be configured per WTRU that may be applicable to all secondary TAs of the WTRU. [0159] In some cases, the configuration of one or more secondary TAs may be included in a system information block (SIB) e.g., SIB1, that may be received by the WTRU. The configuration may include the one or more initial additional TA value(s). [0160] A configuration of secondary TA(s) received in a cell, e.g., by dedicated RRC configuration or reception of a SIB, may be applicable to (or associated with) the cell and/or to the TAG to which the cell belongs. [0161] A secondary TA may be associated with a primary TA by configuration. For example, a secondary TA is associated with the primary TA that is used for the TAG for which the secondary TA has been configured. Each secondary TA may be associated with a primary TA. A primary TA may thus be associated with one or more secondary TAs. [0162] The WTRU may use a default value for the initial additional TA value. The default value may have a fixed value, e.g., 0. Alternatively, the default value may be based on the frequency range and/or band of cell used for uplink transmission. In yet another alternative, the default value may be based on the numerology of the UL bandwidth part (BWP) used for uplink transmission, e.g., the active UL BWP. For example, the default value may be based on, e.g., a fraction or a multiple of, an OFDM symbol duration or a cyclic prefix (CP) duration. The default value for the initial additional TA value may be use in case of the WTRU is not configured with an initial additional TA value for a secondary TA. [0163] In an embodiment, a WTRU may be (e.g., optionally) configured with a parameter in a TCI state, e.g., a joint TCI state or UL TCI state, that may indicate that UL transmission with spatial domain filters corresponding to the TCI state may use a secondary TA value. [0164] For the case with a single secondary TA (e.g., Q=1), the optional parameter may comprise a single candidate value, for example “secondaryTA ENUMERATED {true} OPTIONAL”. For the case with multiple secondary TAs (e.g., Q>1), the optional parameter may comprise a secondary TA ID, wherein the ID may take values from 0, …, (Q-1), or 1, …, Q, for instance. In other words, a TCI state may be associated with a TA, e.g., a secondary TA or a primary TA. [0165] If the WTRU is configured with Q secondary TA(s), this may imply that a TA indication field is included in one or more DCI formats, for example, NR DCI format 0_0, 0_1, 0_2, 1_0, 1_1, 1_2, 2_2, and/or 2_3. The inclusion of a TA indication field may be configurable, separately from the configuration of Q secondary TA(s), e.g., per BWP, serving cell, etc. A TA indication field may indicate one or more TA(s). [0166] The number of bits for a TA indication field may be determined by Q, for example as ceil(log2(Q+1)), e.g., if the TA indication field codepoints each correspond to a single TA and if the field can indicate any of the Q secondary TAs and the primary TA. [0167] In various embodiments, the number of bits for the field may be less than ceil(log2(Q+1)), e.g., if the TA indication field can only indicate a subset of the Q secondary TAs and/or the primary TA, or if one or more codepoints correspond to multiple TAs. For example, a 1-bit TA indication DCI field may be configured while Q>1. The network may configure the correspondence between TA indication field codepoints and TAs, e.g., the primary TA and a subset of the secondary TAs, or a subset of secondary TAs but not the primary TA. For instance, for a 1-bit TA indication field, a first codepoint may correspond to the primary TA and a second codepoint may correspond to a secondary TA, e.g., according to a configuration. [0168] In various embodiments, a TA indication field codepoint may be configured to correspond to multiple TAs, e.g., multiple secondary TAs, or a primary TA and one or more secondary TA(s). In some cases, a set of TAs may be configured, e.g., a primary TA and/or a set of secondary TA(s), and a MAC CE may activate a subset of the configured set of TAs, wherein the activation may also map one or more activated TA(s) to a TA indication field codepoint. [0169] In various embodiments, a WTRU may be configured with multiple SRS resource sets for codebook based and/or non-codebook based usage, e.g., for a serving cell. In such cases, one or more DCI formats may comprise multiple SRS resource indicator (SRI) fields, wherein an SRI field is associated with an SRS resource set for codebook based and/or non-codebook based usage. Such a DCI format may schedule multiple UL transmissions, e.g., multiple PUSCH transmissions, wherein the transmission of an UL transmission is based on an SRI field in the DCI. [0170] In various embodiments, a WTRU may be configured to include multiple TA indication fields in a DCI format. For example, a TA indication field per SRI field may be included in the DCI format, wherein a TA indication field may be associated with an SRI field. Alternatively, a TA indication field codepoint may correspond to multiple TAs, wherein a TA from the multiple TAs may be associated with an SRI field, for instance a first TA corresponding to the codepoint may be associated with a first SRI field, etc. [0171] A PUCCH resource may be configured with an association with a TA, e.g., a primary TA or a secondary TA. For instance, a TA index may be configured in a PUCCH resource configuration. [0172] A PUSCH configured grant may be configured with an association with a TA, e.g., a primary TA or a secondary TA. For instance, a TA index may be configured in a PUSCH configured grant configuration. In various embodiments, a PUSCH configured grant may comprise PUSCH repetition in time. Such a configured grant may comprise associations to multiple TAs, e.g., in the form of multiple TA indices. Different PUSCH occasions may be associated with different TAs, e.g., with sequential or cyclical mapping. Sequential mapping may map a first TA to the first occasion(s), the second TA to the subsequent occasion(s), etc., e.g., TA1, TA1, TA2, TA2. Cyclic mapping may map a first TA to the first occasion, the second TA to the subsequent occasion, until the last TA is mapped, and the wrap around to the first TA again, until TAs have been mapped to all occasions, e.g., TA1, TA2, TA1, TA2. The WTRU may be configured to use sequential or cyclic mapping for a PUSCH configured grant. Similarly, a WTRU may be configured with sequential or cyclic mapping of TAs to occasions of a PUCCH resource with repetition. [0173] A WTRU may receive an indication of an update of an additional TA value in a secondary TA command. The secondary TA command may for example comprise an absolute additional TA value or an adjustment to an additional TA value. [0174] About additional TA value, in various embodiments, the WTRU may receive a TA command comprising an absolute additional TA value, e.g., in a MAC PDU, MAC CE or in an RRC message. [0175] The WTRU may receive an indication of an absolute additional TA value in a RAR, e.g., in Message 2 in a 4-step or in Message B in a 2-step random access procedure. The WTRU may determine that a RAR may comprise an absolute additional TA value for example by one or more of the following means: [0176] (i) If the random access procedure was triggered by a PDCCH order, the DCI that carried the PDCCH order may indicate if the RAR comprises an absolute additional TA value, or for instance a TA command for the primary TA. As non-limited example, if a WTRU is configured with secondary TA, the DCI may include a field that indicates if the RAR comprises a legacy TA command for the primary TA, or an absolute additional TA value. In case of multiple secondary TAs, the field may indicate one of the multiple absolute additional TA values. In some cases, the UE is configured to include such a field in the DCI, separately from the configuration of secondary TA(s). [0177] (ii) The PDCCH that schedules the PDSCH that includes the RAR may indicate if it comprises an absolute additional TA value, e.g., similarly as for the PDCCH order DCI described above. [0178] (iii) The RAR, (e.g., in a MAC PDU), indicates if it contains an absolute additional TA value or a TA command for the primary TA. In one example, the indication may be carried by the previously reserved bit in the first octet in the MAC RAR, e.g., if the bit is ‘1’, the WTRU may interpret the “Timing advance command” in the RAR as an absolute additional TA value, and if the bit is ‘0’, the WTRU may interpret the “Timing advance command” in the RAR as a TA command for the primary TA. In another example, the indication may be carried by the UL grant field, or a part thereof, in the MAC RAR. For example, a value of the UL grant field, or a part thereof, from a particular set of values (e.g., specified or configured) may indicate to the WTRU to interpret the “Timing advance command” in the RAR as an absolute additional TA value, while other values may indicate to the WTRU to interpret the “Timing advance command” in the RAR as a TA command for the primary TA. In yet another example, the indication may be carried by a combination of the UL grant field and the temporary C-RNTI field. In a fourth example, a new type of MAC RAR may be defined to indicate a “Timing advance command” to the WTRU that is to be interpreted as an absolute additional TA value. [0179] A TA command may comprise an Labs-bit absolute additional TA value, e.g., TAdd,i, wherein i may correspond to a secondary TA index, for instance i=0, 1, …, (Q-1). [0180] In some cases, the Labs-bit value may indicate a value between Aabs and Babs, for example A_abs = -2^Labs-1 and B_abs = 2^Labs-1 -1, A_abs = 0 and B_abs = 2^Labs - 1, or A_abs=-2^Labs + 1 and B_abs = 0. [0181] The indicated additional TA value may be mapped to additional TA value, for example as N_Add,i = T_Add,i ∙ C₀, wherein C₀ may correspond to a constant, e.g., C₀ =16∙64. [0182] Alternatively, the indicated additional TA value may be mapped to additional TA value in a reference numerology, for example as N_Add,i = T_Add,I ∙C₁/2^μi, wherein C₁ may correspond to a constant, e.g., C1 = 16∙64, and μi may correspond to the applicable numerology for the i^th secondary TA. In some cases, μ_i =μ, e.g., the same numerology is applicable for each additional TA value. [0183] About the adjustment to additional TA value, a WTRU may receive a TA command comprising an adjustment to an additional TA value, e.g., in a MAC PDU, MAC CE or in an RRC message. A TA command may comprise an ^^_^ௗ^-bit adjustment value, e.g., ^^_^^୨,^. [0184] In various embodiments, the ^^_^ௗ^-bit value may indicate a value between ^^_^ௗ^ and ^^_^ௗ^, f_{or example ^^^ௗ^ ൌ െ2^ೌ^ೕି^ and ^^ ^ ^ௗ^ ൌ 2 ೌ^ೕି^ െ 1, ^^ ^ ^ௗ^ ൌ 0 and ^^^ௗ^ ൌ 2 ೌ^ೕ െ 1, or ^}

v_{alue, e.g., ^^^^^,^, as ^^^^^_୬^^,^ ൌ ^^^^^_୭୪^,^ ^ ൫^^^^୨,^ െ ^^൯ ∙ ^^ଷ, wherein D may correspond to a constant, e.g., 0 or 2^ೌ^ೕି^ െ 1, and ^^ଷ may correspond to a constant, e.g., ^^ଷ ൌ 16 ∙ 64. ^^^^^_୭୪^,^} and ^^_{^^^_୬^^,^} may be current additional TA values for the i^th secondary TA, before and after the adjustment, respectively. [0186] Alternatively, the adjustment value, e.g., ^^_^^୨,^, may indicate an adjustment to a current a_{dditional TA value, e.g., ^^^^^,^, in a reference numerology as ^^^^^_୬^^,^ ൌ ^^^^^_୭୪^,^ ^ ൫^^^^୨,^ െ ^^൯ ∙ ^^ସ/2ఓ, wherein D may correspond to a constant, e.g., 0 or 2^ೌ^ೕି^ െ 1, and ^^ସ may}

_{e.g., ^^ସ ൌ 16 ∙ 64. ^^^^^_୭୪^,^ and ^^^^^_୬^^,^ may be current additional} TA values in a reference numerology for the i^th secondary TA, before and after the adjustment, respectively. [0187] About an update of secondary TA and primary TA, if the WTRU has updated an additional TA value, or an initial additional TA value, the WTRU may determine a corresponding secondary TA value in a time unit, e.g., seconds, the basic time unit, or the like. The WTRU may determine a secondary TA value as the sum of the primary TA value and the additional TA value corresponding to the secondary TA. [0188] In an embodiment, the WTRU may determine an i^th secondary TA value in seconds, ^^_^^ଶ,^ as: ^_{^^^ଶ,^ ൌ ൫^^^^ ^ ^^^^୭^^^^^ ^ ^^^^^,^ ^ ^^^^୭^^^^^,ୟ^^,^൯ ൈ ^^^ (1) wherein ^^^}

[0189] Alternatively formulated, the i^th secondary TA value in seconds, ^^_^^ଶ,^ may be determined as: ^_{^^^ଶ,^ ൌ ^^^^^ ^ ^^^^୭^^^^^^ ൈ ^^^ ^ ൫^^^^^,^ ^ ^^^^୭^^^^^,ୟ^^,^൯ ൈ ^^^ (2) [0190] In}

and the additional TA value corresponding to the i^th secondary TA. [0191] In another embodiment, the WTRU may determine an i^th secondary TA value in another time unit. For example, i^th secondary TA value in the basic time unit may be formulated as in equation (1) or equation (2), but with the multiplication with ^^_^ removed. Similar formulations for other time units may be readily derived. [0192] If a WTRU has updated a primary TA value, e.g., ^^_^^, or an initial TA value, e.g., ^^_^^୭^^^^^, the WTRU may determine a corresponding primary TA value in a time unit. Furthermore, the WTRU may also update all secondary TA values that are associated with the primary TA, since the secondary TA value may be a function of the associated primary TA value. For example, the WTRU may determine the secondary TA value, ^^_^^ଶ,^, for each secondary TA i that is associated with the primary TA, e.g., according to equation (1) or equation (2), or the like. [0193] About an indication of secondary TA or primary TA, as described above, a WTRU may be configured with one or more DCI formats that include one or more TA indication fields. A WTRU may (e.g., successfully) receive a DCI comprising one or more TA indication fields, that may indicate one or more TA(s), e.g., secondary TA(s) and/or primary TA. [0194] As also described above, a WTRU may be configured with an association between a TCI state and one or more TA(s), e.g., a secondary TA or a primary TA. [0195] A WTRU may successfully receive a TCI state activation, e.g., in a MAC CE. The TCI state activation may comprise one or more TCI state(s) activated for a single TCI codepoint, which may imply that the WTRU shall use the activated TCI state(s) for one or more subsequent UL transmissions. In various embodiments, the WTRU may receive a TCI state activation, e.g., in a MAC CE, that both activates one or more TCI states for multiple TCI codepoints, wherein different sets of TCI states may be activated for different TCI codepoints. In some cases, the TCI state activation, e.g., in a MAC CE, may also comprise a TA indication, wherein an activated TCI state may be associated with an indicated TA. For example, the activation command may indicate a set of TA(s), e.g., a TA, for each activated TCI state, e.g., in the form of a set of TA indexes, e.g., a TA index, wherein the set of TA(s) may be associated with the activated TCI state. In various embodiments, the activation command may indicate a set of TA(s), e.g., a TA, for each TCI codepoint for which one or more TCI state(s) is activated by the command, e.g., in the form of a set of TA indexes, e.g., a TA index, wherein the set of TA(s) may be associated with the activated TCI state for the TCI codepoint. Multiple codepoints may be activated with the same TCI state(s), but with different TA(s), in some cases. In various embodiments, the association of TA(s) to activated TCI state(s) may be carried in a MAC CE that is separate from the TCI state activation MAC CE and may be carried by the same or a different PDSCH. [0196] The WTRU may receive a DCI comprising one or more TCI fields, which may indicate one or more TCI codepoints, wherein a TCI codepoint may correspond to one or more TCI states. The WTRU may use the one or more TCI states indicated by the DCI for one or more subsequent UL transmissions. The indicated TCI state(s) may implicitly indicate one or more TA(s) to use for the one or more subsequent UL transmissions, e.g., by a configured association between TCI state and TA or by an association indicated in an activation command as described above. [0197] Hence, the WTRU may be indicated one or more TA(s), e.g., the i^th secondary TA and/or the primary TA, for one or more UL transmission(s), e.g., an UL transmission triggered or scheduled by the DCI, wherein the indication may be based on one or more TA indication fields, one or more TCI fields, one or more SRI fields, etc. [0198] In various embodiments, a WTRU may be configured to include one or more fields that may indicate multiple TCI states, e.g., joint TCI states and/or UL TCI states. A TCI field in a DCI may correspond to multiple TCI states, (e.g., as in NR). Alternatively, multiple TCI fields in a DCI may indicate multiple TCI states, wherein a TCI field may indicate one or more TCI states. A TA indicated in a DCI, e.g., by a TA indication field, may correspond to one or more of the TCI states indicated in the DCI. For example, if the number of indicated TCI states equals the number of indicated TAs, each TA indicated in the DCI may correspond to a TCI state indicated by the DCI. If the number of indicated TCI states is less than the number of indicated TAs, only a subset of the indicated TAs may correspond to indicated TCI states, whereas the other indicated TAs are not used in the context of the DCI. [0199] In various embodiments, a MAC CE may activate TCI states for five TCI codepoints (0- 4), for example: for codepoint 0, TCI state 0 may be activated, for codepoint 1, TCI state 1 may be activated, for codepoint 2, TCI state 1 may be activated, for codepoint 3, both TCI state 0 and TCI state 1 may be activated, and for codepoint 4, both TCI state 0 and TCI state 1 may be activated. [0200] The TCI state activation MAC CE may also indicate association between the codepoints/TCI states and TA(s), for example: for codepoint 0, TA 0 may be activated (and associated with TCI state 0), for codepoint 1, TA 0 may be activated (and associated with TCI state 1), for codepoint 2, TA 1 may be activated (and associated with TCI state 1), for codepoint 3, TA 0 and TA 1 may be activated (and associated with TCI state 0 and TCI state 1, respectively), and for codepoint 4, TA 0 may be activated (and associated with both TCI state 0 and TCI state 1). [0201] Note that in this example, TA 0 or TA 1 may be associated with TCI state 1, e.g., depending on if codepoint 1 or codepoint 2 is indicated. TA 0 and TA 1 may correspond to primary TA and/or secondary TA(s). [0202] About application of secondary TA or primary TA, if a WTRU is configured and/or indicated to use a secondary TA, e.g., the i^th secondary TA, for an UL transmission, the WTRU may determine the UL transmission timing (or UL frame timing) based on the applicable DL reception timing, e.g., the DL frame timing, and the secondary TA value, e.g., the i^th secondary TA value. An UL transmission may comprise a PUSCH, PUCCH, DMRS, SRS, PRACH, or the like. [0203] The WTRU may determine the UL transmission timing corresponding to a secondary TA as the applicable DL reception timing advanced by secondary TA value, (e.g., the sum of the primary TA value and the additional TA value), as discussed above. In other words, the UL transmission timing corresponding to a secondary TA may be determined by the WTRU as the UL transmission timing corresponding to the primary TA, but additionally advanced by the additional TA value. [0204] As non-limited example, the uplink frame transmission may take place ^^_^^ଶ,^ before the applicable DL reception timing. The applicable DL reception timing may for example be the reception of the first detected path (in time) of the corresponding downlink frame from a reference cell. The applicable DL reception timing, e.g., a downlink frame timing, may be based on the received timing of a synchronization signal, e.g., an SSB, PSS, SSS, etc., which may be associated with the reference cell. [0205] If a WTRU is configured and/or indicated to use the primary TA for an UL transmission, the WTRU may determine the UL transmission timing as the applicable DL reception timing advanced by the primary TA, e.g., as in legacy procedures. [0206] If a PUSCH transmissions is scheduled by a DCI that includes an SRI field that is applicable to the PUSCH transmission, and a TA is associated with the SRI field, the WTRU may use the TA for the PUSCH transmission. [0207] In some cases, a PUSCH transmission may be associated with multiple TAs. In an embodiment, multiple TCI states (e.g., two) are applicable to the PUSCH transmission and different TAs may be associated with the TCI states. In another embodiment, multiple TAs (e.g., two) may have been indicated by one or more TA indication fields. In yet another embodiment, multiple SRS resources, e.g., through multiple indicated SRI values in the DCI that scheduled the PUSCH, may be used as spatial references for a non-codebook based multi-layer PUSCH, wherein different PUSCH layers may be transmitted using the same spatial filter as the corresponding reference SRS resource (e.g., an indicated SRS resource corresponding to a PUSCH layer). In other words, the UL transmission using a TA, e.g., a secondary or primary TA, as described above, may correspond to a PUSCH layer. Different PUSCH layers of the same PUSCH transmission may be transmitted using the different TAs. In some cases, different PUSCH repetition occasions are transmitted using the different TAs. [0208] In an embodiment comprising multi-TA UL transmission, a WTRU may transmit a set of back-to-back UL transmissions associated with multiple TA values, without overlapping transmissions at the WTRU side. This may be achieved by adapting the UL transmission order based on the multiple TA values. [0209] Accordingly, a WTRU may be configured with multiple TA values, TA-based order adaptation, UL signals/channels, UL transmission settings (e.g., TCI states, UL power control settings, etc.), default UL transmission order(s), etc. In case of the WTRU receives a TA command, the WTRU may update the corresponding TA value(s). In case of the WTRU is to transmit a set of UL transmissions, the WTRU may determine if it is to adapt the UL transmission order for the set of UL transmissions. [0210] In case of it is to adapt the UL transmission order for the set of UL transmissions, the WTRU may adapt the UL transmission order, for example, according to the following steps: (i) the WTRU may sort the set of TA values in order of TA value; (ii) for the largest TA value, the WTRU may map (or may associate) the corresponding UL transmission setting(s) (comprising the largest TA value) to the first one or more UL transmission(s) in time, an UL transmission setting may comprise TA value, TCI state(s), SRI(s), power control settings, etc.; (iii) for the second largest TA value, the WTRU may map (or associate) the corresponding UL transmission setting(s) (comprising the second largest TA value) to the second one or more UL transmission(s) in time, following the first one or more UL transmission(s) in time; (iv) etc., until all UL transmissions in the set of UL transmissions have been mapped to (or associated with) an UL transmission setting. [0211] In case of it is not to adapt the UL transmission order for the set of UL transmissions, the WTRU may determine a default UL transmission order, e.g., according to a configuration. [0212] The WTRU may transmit the set of UL transmissions based on the UL transmission order (e.g., adapted UL transmission order or default UL transmission order). [0213] Various embodiments herein enable the UL transmission order adaptation with reduced signalling overhead based on TA aware ordering. Without TA aware ordering, back-to-back UL transmissions with different TA values may result in overlapping transmissions at the WTRU side, which some WTRU might not be able to handle, resulting in cancellation of some transmissions, or parts thereof. [0214] The various embodiments may be based on that TA values are indicated by the network the WTRU, which means that both network and WTRU may know the applicable TA values at any given time. The WTRU may therefore apply a rule for ordering back-to-back UL transmissions in the descending order of TA value, thereby avoiding overlapping UL transmissions. [0215] Referring to FIG. 10, a high level WTRU procedure for multi-TA UL transmission is shown. A WTRU may be configured to maintain multiple TA values. Different UL transmissions may be associated with the same or different TA values. The different TA values may be associated with the same DL frame timing, for instance the received timing of RS(s) of a reference cell. The different TA values may consequently correspond to different UL frame timing. For instance, if a first TA value is ΔT larger than a second TA value, the UL frame timing corresponding to the first TA value may be ΔT earlier than the UL frame timing corresponding to the second TA value. [0216] The WTRU may be configured with one or more UL transmission settings, wherein an UL transmission setting may include one or more of: a TA value, one or more TCI state(s), one or more spatial relation(s), UL power control setting(s), etc. [0217] The WTRU may be configured with one or more UL signal(s)/channel(s). The WTRU may be configured with TA based UL transmission order adaptation. [0218] Referring to FIG. 10, after the procedure starts in step 1, in step 2 the WTRU may be configured, (e.g., as described above) with multiple TA values, TA based order adaptation, etc... In step 3, the WTRU may determine if it has received a TA command or if it’s to transmit UL transmission(s). [0219] In step 4, if the WTRU has received at least one TA command, the WTRU may adjust one or more of the multiple maintained TA values, based on the received at least one command. [0220] In step 5, if the WTRU is to transmit a set of UL transmissions, the WTRU may determine if it’s to adapt an UL transmission order, e.g., based on a set of TA values. An UL transmission order may comprise a mapping (or association) between the UL transmissions in the set of UL transmissions and UL transmission settings. The set of UL transmissions may be consecutive in time (e.g., back-to-back, contiguous), non-consecutive in time, or partly consecutive in time (e.g., some subsequent UL transmissions in the set may be consecutive, while other subsequent UL transmissions may be non-consecutive). [0221] If the WTRU is not to adapt the UL transmission order based on the set of TA values, the WTRU may determine an UL transmission order, e.g., a default UL transmission order, based on a configuration (e.g., in an RRC message), activation (e.g., in a MAC CE or DCI), and/or indication (e.g., in a DCI) to the WTRU, or based on a default order in a specification. Then in step 7, the WTRU may transmit the set of UL transmissions, for example based on a default UL transmission order. [0222] As determined above, the WTRU is to transmit a set of UL transmissions, wherein an UL transmission may correspond to a time and/or frequency resource allocation, etc. Furthermore, the set of UL transmissions may be associated with a set of UL transmission settings. An UL transmission setting may be associated with one or more UL transmissions in the set of UL transmissions. [0223] If the WTRU has determined to adapt the UL transmission order, in step 6, the WTRU may adapt the UL transmission order, e.g., based on the set of TA values. Various methods of order adaptation are discussed below. For example, a first UL transmission setting comprising a first TA value may be associated with a first UL transmission that is transmitted prior to a second UL transmission associated with a second UL transmission setting comprising a second TA value, wherein the first TA value is larger than the second TA value. Hence, transmission collision at the WTRU between the first and second UL transmission may be avoided. [0224] In step 7, upon determining the UL transmission order, the WTRU may transmit the set of UL transmissions, for example based on a default UL transmission order or an adapted UL transmission order determined in step 6. [0225] Referring to FIG. 11, different UL transmissions in the set of UL transmissions may be associated with different UL transmission settings in the set of UL transmission settings. The set of UL transmission settings may comprise a set of TA values. [0226] About configurations relating to UL transmission order adaptation, a WTRU may be configured to maintain multiple TA values. The different TA values may be configured to be associated with the same DL frame timing, for instance the received timing of RS(s) of a reference cell. [0227] In various embodiments, different TA values may be associated with different DL frame timing, for example configured with different reference cells in the same TAG or in different TAGs. [0228] A TA (or TA value) may be configured with a TA ID, which may be used to identify the TA in a configuration, activation, indication, etc. In some cases, a TA may be identified using a combination of a TA ID and other parameter(s), for example CORESET pool ID, TAG ID, cell ID (e.g., PCI or serving cell index). [0229] A WTRU may be configured with one or more UL transmission settings, e.g., in one or more sets of UL transmission settings, for instance for a serving cell or a BWP. An UL transmission setting may comprise one or more parameters applicable to UL transmission, as, for example, one or more of the following: a TA or TA value, e.g., a through a TA ID or a TAG ID; one or more TCI state(s), which may comprise one or more QCL information parameters; one or more QCL information parameters, which may comprise one or more source RS(s) and corresponding QCL type(s); one or more spatial relation(s), which may comprise one or more RS(s); an SRS resource set (or SRS resource set ID), e.g., an SRS resource set for codebook-based PUSCH and/or an SRS resource set for non-codebook-based PUSCH; UL power control setting(s), which may comprise one or more pathloss RS(s), one or more closed loop power control indexes, one or more target received power parameters (e.g., P0), etc.; data scrambling ID; transmission scheme (e.g., codebook based, non-codebook based, transmit diversity, etc.); rate matching pattern; DMRS configuration, e.g., DMRS type, DMRS density in frequency, additional DMRS symbol(s), DMRS antenna ports, etc.; etc. [0230] In an embodiment, the one or more UL transmission settings may comprise a pool of TCI states, for example a pool of joint DL/UL TCI states, or a pool of UL TCI states. [0231] In another embodiment, an UL transmission setting may comprise a TCI state and additional one or more parameters associated with the TCI state. The one or more UL transmission settings may then comprise a pool of TCI states, and a set of additional parameters associated with the TCI states in the pool. [0232] For example, a TCI state may be associated with a TA by a TA ID and/or TAG ID configured in a TCI state. In another embodiment, a TCI state may be associated with a TA through a source RS configured in the TCI state, wherein the source RS may be associated with a TA. An RS may be associated with a TA for instance through the cell to which the RS is associated, wherein the cell is associated with a TA. A cell may be associated with a TA through the TAG to which the cell belongs. An RS may be associated with a cell for instance if a cell ID is encoded in the RS, e.g., a PCI encoded in an SSB, or if a cell ID is encoded in a source RS of the RS. [0233] In various embodiments, one or more UL transmission settings may be configured in a configuration for a channel or a signal, e.g., PUSCH, PUCCH, or SRS. Furthermore, UL transmission order adaptation may be enabled in the configuration for the channel/signal. For example, UL transmission order adaptation may be enabled for all PUCCH, all PUSCH, all SRS, and/or all PRACH in a BWP or serving cell. In another embodiment, UL transmission order adaptation may be enabled for a particular resource, resource set, grant, group, etc. For instance, it may be enabled for a particular PUCCH resource, SRS resource set, PUSCH grant, etc. Similarly, a default UL transmission order may be configured in the configuration for the channel/signal. In some cases, UL transmission order adaptation may be configured (as enabled) for a BWP or serving cell of the WTRU, which may imply that it’s enabled for multiple or kinds of UL channels/signals. [0234] In an embodiment, one or more TCI state(s) (or SRI(s)) and one or more TA(s) may be configured in an SRS configuration, e.g., for an SRS resource set. An UL transmission setting may comprise one or more of these TCI state(s) (or SRI(s)) and one of the TAs. The number of TCI state(s) configured for an SRS resource set may be less than or equal to the number of SRS resources in the set. Similarly, the number of TA(s) configured for an SRS resource set may be less than or equal to the number of SRS resources in the set. A set of SRS resources, e.g., the SRS resources in an SRS resource set, or a transmission occasion thereof, may comprise a set of UL transmissions. The UL transmission settings configured for a set of SRS resources, e.g., an SRS resource set, may comprise a set of UL transmission settings. [0235] In another embodiment, one or more TCI state(s) (or SRI(s)) and one or more TA(s) may be configured in a PUCCH configuration, e.g., for a PUCCH resource. An UL transmission setting may comprise one or more of these TCI state(s) (or SRI(s)) and one of the TAs. The PUCCH resource may be configured with time domain repetition, e.g., inter-slot repetition. The number of TA(s) configured for a PUCCH resource may be less than or equal to the number of PUCCH repetitions. The number of UL transmission settings may be less than or equal to the number of PUCCH repetitions. A set of PUCCH transmission occasions, e.g., the repeated transmission of a PUCCH resource, may comprise a set of UL transmissions. The UL transmission settings configured for a PUCCH resource may comprise a set of UL transmission settings. [0236] In yet another embodiment, one or more TCI state(s) (or SRI(s)) and one or more TA(s) may be configured in a PUSCH configuration, e.g., for a PUSCH configured grant. An UL transmission setting may comprise one or more of these TCI state(s) (or SRI(s)) and one of the TAs. The PUSCH configuration may be configured with time domain repetition, e.g., intra- or inter-slot repetition. The number of TA(s) configured for a PUSCH grant may be less than or equal to the number of PUSCH repetitions. The number of UL transmission settings may be less than or equal to the number of PUSCH repetitions. A set of PUSCH transmission occasions, e.g., the repeated transmission of a PUSCH, may comprise a set of UL transmissions. PUSCH repetition herein includes repetition of PUSCH carrying the same set of transport blocks, e.g., the same transport block, as well as repetition of PUSCH carrying different sets of transport blocks, e.g., a transport block per PUSCH, but different transport blocks in different PUSCHs. UL transmission order adaptation, e.g., for PUSCH, may be enabled by configuring a new mapping pattern, e.g., in a PUSCH configuration wherein legacy mapping patterns may include cyclic and sequential mapping. The UL transmission settings configured for a PUSCH grant may comprise a set of UL transmission settings. [0237] In various embodiments, the one or more UL transmission settings may be activated by one or more MAC CE(s), for example MAC CE(s) for TCI state activation, etc. For instance, the one or more UL transmission settings may comprise the activated TCI states, for example for a serving cell, an active BWP, etc. The one or more UL transmission settings may also comprise other parameters associated with the activated TCI states, such as TA(s), e.g., through a TA ID or TAG ID. In some cases, one or more MAC CE(s) may activate TCI states as well as associate the activated TCI state(s) with other parameters that may be a part of the UL transmission settings, such as TA(s). [0238] About maintenance of multiple TA values, the WTRU may receive one or more TA commands, comprising one or more absolute TA values, and/or relative TA values, e.g., for TA accumulation. A TA command may indicate a TA value update for one or more TAs by including one or more TA IDs and/or TAG IDs. [0239] About determination of a set of UL transmission order settings, for an upcoming set of UL transmissions, the WTRU may determine a set of associated UL transmission settings. The set of UL transmission settings may be the configured UL transmission settings for the set of UL transmissions, e.g., an SRS resource set, a PUCCH resource with repetition, a PUSCH grant with repetition, etc. The set of UL transmission settings may have been indicated in an activation command, e.g., in a MAC CE or DCI, for the set of UL transmissions, e.g., in the case of semi- persistent UL transmissions. The set of UL transmission settings may have been indicated when scheduling, or triggering, the set of UL transmissions, e.g., in the case of aperiodic UL transmissions. In some cases, a set of UL transmission settings may be associated with a set of UL transmissions by the configuration/activation/indication of one of the UL transmission setting parameters. For example, a set of TCI state(s) or SRI(s) may be configured/activated/indicated for a set of UL transmissions, whereby the set of UL transmission settings comprising the TCI state(s) or SRI(s) are associated with the set of UL transmissions. [0240] About determination if UL transmission order adaptation is to be used, for an upcoming set of UL transmissions, the WTRU may determine if UL transmission order adaptation order is to be performed. If not, the WTRU may apply a default UL transmission order. [0241] The WTRU may determine if UL transmission order adaptation order is to be performed based on a configuration, e.g., a general enabling configuration or a configuration corresponding to the set of UL transmissions. [0242] The WTRU may determine if UL transmission order adaptation order is to be performed based on the properties of the set of UL transmissions and/or the set of UL transmission settings. If the set of UL transmissions fulfills a criterion, the WTRU may determine that UL transmission order adaptation order is to be performed (or, in a variation, not to be performed). Example criteria may include one or more (e.g., in a combined and/or criterion) of the following: at least two subsequent UL transmissions in the set of UL transmissions may be back-to-back, e.g., there are no symbols between the subsequent UL transmissions; the default UL transmission order may result in that at least two consecutive UL transmissions overlap at the WTRU side; the set of UL transmissions may include multiple UL transmissions; the set of UL transmission settings may include multiple TA values; a default UL transmission order may be not configured, not indicated, or not applicable; the set of UL transmissions may comprise periodic signals/channels, e.g., periodic SRS, a periodic PUCCH resource, a configured PUSCH grant with a periodicity, etc; the set of UL transmissions may comprise semi-persistent signals/channels, e.g., semi-persistent SRS, a semi-persistent PUCCH resource, a semi-persistent PUSCH grant, etc; the set of UL transmissions in this criterion may exclude any cancelled UL transmissions. In case of PUSCH repetition, e.g., type B, the set of UL transmissions may correspond to actual PUSCH transmission occasions. [0243] About UL order adaptation, if the WTRU has determined to perform UL transmission order adaptation, the WTRU may map (or associate) UL transmission settings in the set of UL transmission settings to UL transmissions in the set of UL transmissions, such that each UL transmission is mapped to an UL transmission setting. A WTRU may adapt an UL transmission order as follows: the WTRU may sort the set of TA values in order of TA value; for the largest TA value, the WTRU may map the corresponding UL transmission setting(s) (comprising the largest TA value) to the first one or more UL transmission(s) in time; for the second largest TA value, the WTRU may maps the corresponding UL transmission setting(s) (comprising the second largest TA value) to the second one or more UL transmission(s) in time, following the first one or more UL transmission(s) in time; etc., until all UL transmissions in the set of UL transmissions have been mapped to an UL transmission setting. [0244] In various embodiments, the number of UL transmission settings in the set of UL transmission settings may be equal to the number of UL transmissions in the set of UL transmissions. If so, each UL transmission setting may be associated with a single UL transmission. [0245] In various embodiments, the number of UL transmission settings in the set of UL transmission settings may be less than the number of UL transmissions in the set of UL transmissions. If so, one or more UL transmission setting(s) may be associated with a multiple UL transmission(s). The manner by which an UL transmission setting may be associated with multiple UL transmissions may be configurable. For instance, cyclic or sequential manner may be used. The adaptation in the bullets above may be a variation of sequential mapping. [0246] In an exemplary cyclic mapping, the UL transmission settings in the set of UL transmission settings may be first mapped to an UL transmission each, in the order of decreasing TA value. If multiple UL transmission settings comprise the same TA value, the WTRU may use another principle to determine the internal order among these, for instance following the order in the default order. For the remaining UL transmissions, the mapping may be repeated cyclically. [0247] Referring to FIG. 12, a sequential mapping based on TA value is shown. Diagram (a) shows the mapping of the four UL transmission (Tx) settings in the set of UL transmission settings to the eight UL transmissions (Tx) in the set of UL transmissions. The two UL Tx settings with largest TA value (setting 3 and 2) may be mapped to the first two UL transmissions, whereas the two UL Tx settings with smallest TA value (setting 1 and 4) may be mapped to the subsequent two UL transmissions. The mapping may be repeated cyclically in the following four UL transmissions. Note that the cyclic wrap around may wrap back to an UL Tx setting with the largest TA value, not necessarily an UL Tx setting with lowest setting index. Note that the x-axis in diagram (a) represents a time resource in a frame structure, for example (UL) symbols, which doesn’t show the impact of different UL transmissions with different associated TA values. Diagram (b), on the other hand, includes an illustration of different TA values applied to different UL transmissions. The TA value difference between the largest and smallest TA values is illustrated with ΔT. Thereby, the x-axis in diagram (b) may illustrate transmission time at the WTRU side. [0248] Referring to FIG. 12, it can be noted that there is a gap between UL Tx 4 and UL Tx 5. The gap may represent one or more symbol(s) not assigned to UL transmissions in the set of UL transmissions. Without the gap, UL Tx 4 and UL Tx 5 would have been back-to-back, and with the assigned mapping, UL Tx 4 and UL Tx 5 would have overlapped at the WTRU side, due to the larger TA value for UL Tx 5. The use of cyclic mapping with multiple mapping cycles (as in Figure 12) may be limited sets of UL transmissions with such a gap. In some cases, cyclic mapping with multiple mapping cycles may be applied also to the case without such a gap, e.g., with back- to-back UL transmissions. This may be handled by the cancellation of one or more UL transmissions, e.g., the later of any two overlapping transmissions. Alternatively, one of the two overlapping transmissions may be shortened by one or more symbols (e.g., as many symbols as would be required to avoid the overlap), for instance the first one or more symbols of the later of any two overlapping transmissions. [0249] In another exemplary sequential mapping, the UL transmission settings in the set of UL transmission settings with largest TA value may be mapped to a first one or more UL transmission(s), the UL transmission settings with second largest TA value are mapped to a second one or more UL transmission(s), following the first one or more UL transmissions, etc. If multiple UL transmission settings comprise the same TA value, the WTRU may use another principle to determine the internal order among these, for instance following the order in the default order. [0250] Referring to FIG.13, an example with sequential mapping of four UL Tx settings to a set of eight back-to-back UL transmissions is shown. No gap may be required in this case, since UL Tx settings with larger TA value are mapped to earlier UL transmissions, without a cyclic wrap around to the setting with largest TA value, as in the cyclic mapping. [0251] A combination of sequential mapping and cyclic mapping maybe devised for a set of UL transmissions that comprises one or more subsets of back-to-back UL transmissions, but with a gap between the subsets. A sequential mapping principle may be applied to each subset of UL transmissions, with cyclic wrap around between the subsets. [0252] Referring to FIG. 14, such a hybrid mapping is shown, with two UL Tx settings being mapped to a set of eight UL transmissions. The set of eight UL transmissions may comprise two subsets of back-to-back UL transmissions, namely UL Tx 1-6 and UL Tx 7-8, with a gap between UL Tx 6 and UL Tx 7. In the hybrid mapping approach, sequential mapping of the UL transmissions may be applied within each subset. If the final UL Tx setting with the smallest TA value was mapped to the last UL transmission in a subset, cyclic wrap around to the first UL Tx setting with the largest TA value may be applied for the subsequent subset, such that the subsequent subset uses sequential mapping starting with an UL Tx setting with the largest TA value. [0253] If all UL Tx settings in the set of UL transmission settings can’t be (sequentially) mapped to a subset of UL transmissions, the sequential mapping may include the subsequent subset with a cyclic wrap around. If all UL Tx settings could be mapped across the multiple subsets without cyclic wrap around, the cyclic wrap around may be applied after the last of the multiple subsets. [0254] Referring to FIG. 15, an example of a selective cyclic wrap around is shown, with three UL Tx settings with three different TA values. If sequential mapping is performed only in the first subset, the three UL Tx settings may not be mapped since there are less UL transmissions in the first subset than there are UL Tx settings. Hence, there is no cyclic wrap around between the first and second subsets. Instead, the sequential mapping may be performed across both the first and the second subsets. [0255] In various embodiments of a hybrid mapping, the WTRU may be configured with a number of UL transmissions for which sequential mapping is to be applied, and after which a cyclic wrap around to an UL Tx setting with largest TA value is performed. In various embodiments, the WTRU may apply sequential mapping to at least the configured number of UL transmissions, before a cyclic wrap around is applied, wherein the number of UL transmissions for which sequential mapping is applied may be the smallest number greater than the configured number such that the cyclic wrap around occurs between two subsets of UL transmissions with at least a gap symbol between. A number may be configured per WTRU, serving cell, UL BWP, channel (e.g., PUSCH, PUCCH), signal (e.g., SRS, PRACH), resource set (e.g., SRS resource set), resource (e.g., PUCCH resource), and/or grant (e.g., PUSCH grant). [0256] Upon determining an UL transmission order, e.g., by UL transmission order adaptation, the WTRU may transmit the UL transmissions in the set of UL transmissions, applying the corresponding associated (mapped) UL transmission settings. [0257] Referring to FIG. 16, a method 1600 for dynamically switching TA, implemented in a wireless transmit/receive unit, WTRU, may comprise a step of receiving 1610, from a network node, a first message comprising configuration information indicating a primary timing advance, TA, and a secondary TA respectively associated with a primary TA value and an additional TA value. The method 1600 may further comprise a step of determining 1620 the primary TA value for the primary TA and the additional TA value for the secondary TA based on the first message. The additional TA value may be determined based on a frequency range used for UL transmission The method 1600 may comprise a step of receiving 1630 a second message comprising second information indicating scheduling an uplink, UL, transmission associated with the secondary TA. The method 1600 may comprise a step of determining 1640 a secondary TA value for the secondary TA based on the primary TA value and the additional TA value. More particularly, determining 1640 the secondary TA value may comprise a step of adding the primary TA value with the additional TA value. The method 1600 may comprise a step of transmitting 1650 to the network node, the UL transmission using the determined secondary TA value for delaying the UL transmission. [0258] Referring to FIG.17, a method 1700, implemented in a WTRU, for multi timing advance transmission, may comprise a step of receiving 1710, from a network node, a first message comprising configuration information indicating multiple UL transmission settings indicating multiple timing advance, TA, values, TA-based order adaptation, and default UL transmission order. The method 1700, may further comprise a step of receiving 1720 a second message comprising information indicating a command for a set of UL transmissions. The method 1700, may further comprise a step of determining 1730 a set of UL transmission settings associated to the set of UL transmission based on the configuration information. The method 1700 may further comprise a step of determining 1740 an order of UL transmissions for the set of UL transmissions based on the determined set of UL transmission settings; and a step of transmitting 1750 the set of UL transmission based on the determined order of UL transmissions. [0259] The method may further comprise determining the order of UL transmission among the default UL transmission order and the TA-based order adaptation. Determining the order of UL transmission among the default UL transmission order and the TA-based order adaptation may be based on properties of the set of UL transmission. Determining the order of UL transmission among the default UL transmission order and the TA-based order adaptation may be based on the set of UL transmission settings associated to the set of UL transmission. The method 1700 wherein determining using the TA-based order adaptation may be based on condition that the default UL transmission order results in that at least two consecutive UL transmissions of the set of UL transmissions overlap at the WTRU side. Determining using the TA-based order adaptation may comprise sorting UL transmissions of the set of UL transmissions in order of TA values of the determined set of UL transmission settings associated with the set of UL transmissions. [0260] Referring to FIG. 18, an according to an embodiment, a method 1800 implemented in a WTRU, for multi timing advance transmission, may comprise a step wherein the WTRU may receive 1810, from a network node, a first message comprising configuration information indicating a use of a first timing advance, TA, value or a second TA value for advancing in time at least one uplink, UL, transmission. The first TA value may be a preconfigured TA value or the configuration information may indicate the first TA value. [0261] The method 1800, may comprise a step wherein the WTRU may determine 1820 the first TA value and an additional TA value. The additional TA value may be a preconfigured TA value, or the configuration information may indicate the additional TA value, or the additional TA value may be determined based on a frequency range used for the at least one UL transmission. [0262] The method 1800, may comprise a step wherein the WTRU may receive 1830, from the network node, a second message comprising second information indicating scheduling the at least one UL transmission using a TA value from the first and the second TA value. The second message may be a downlink control information comprising a TA indication field indicating using the TA value from the first and the second TA value. [0263] The method 1800, may comprise a step wherein, on condition that the second information indicates scheduling the at least one UL transmission using the second TA value, the WTRU may determine 1840 the second TA value based on the first TA value and the additional TA value, and the WTRU may transmit 1850, to the network node, the at least one UL transmission using the determined second TA value for advancing in time the at least one UL transmission. The WTRU may determine the second TA value by adding the first TA value with the additional TA value. [0264] The method 1800, may comprise a step wherein, on condition that the second information indicates scheduling the at least one UL transmission using the first TA value, the WTRU may transmit 1860, to the network node, the at least one UL transmission using the determined first TA value for advancing in time the at least one UL transmission. [0265] The method 1800, may comprise a step wherein the WTRU may receive, from the network node, a third message comprising one or more first TA commands for the first TA value, such that the WTRU may update the first TA value based on the one or more first TA commands, and the determined second TA value may be based on the updated first TA value and the additional TA value. The method 1800, may also comprise a step wherein the WTRU may receive, a fourth message comprising one or more second TA commands for the additional TA value, such that the WTRU may update the additional TA value based on the one or more second TA commands and the determined second TA value may be based on the first TA value and the updated additional TA. value. The fourth message may be a radio resource control, RRC, message. [0266] In an option, the determined second TA value may be based on the updated first TA value and the updated additional TA value. [0267] The one or more second TA commands may comprise an absolute additional TA value or an adjustment to the additional TA value. [0268] The method 1800 ay comprise a step wherein the WTRU may receive the one or more second TA commands for the second TA value in a Medium Access Control, MAC, control element. [0269] Although features and elements are provided above in particular combinations, one of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that each feature or element can be used alone or in any combination with the other features and elements. The present disclosure is not to be limited in terms of the particular embodiments described in this application, which are intended as illustrations of various aspects. Many modifications and variations may be made without departing from its spirit and scope, as will be apparent to those skilled in the art. No element, act, or instruction used in the description of the present application should be construed as critical or essential to the invention unless explicitly provided as such. Functionally equivalent methods and apparatuses within the scope of the disclosure, in addition to those enumerated herein, will be apparent to those skilled in the art from the foregoing descriptions. Such modifications and variations are intended to fall within the scope of the appended claims. The present disclosure is to be limited only by the terms of the appended claims, along with the full scope of equivalents to which such claims are entitled. It is to be understood that this disclosure is not limited to particular methods or systems. [0270] The foregoing embodiments are discussed, for simplicity, with regard to the terminology and structure of infrared capable devices, i.e., infrared emitters and receivers. However, the embodiments discussed are not limited to these systems but may be applied to other systems that use other forms of electromagnetic waves or non-electromagnetic waves such as acoustic waves. [0271] It is also to be understood that the terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only and is not intended to be limiting. As used herein, the term "video" or the term "imagery" may mean any of a snapshot, single image and/or multiple images displayed over a time basis. As another example, when referred to herein, the terms "user equipment" and its abbreviation "UE", the term "remote" and/or the terms "head mounted display" or its abbreviation "HMD" may mean or include (i) a wireless transmit and/or receive unit (WTRU); (ii) any of a number of embodiments of a WTRU; (iii) a wireless-capable and/or wired-capable (e.g., tetherable) device configured with, inter alia, some or all structures and functionality of a WTRU; (iii) a wireless-capable and/or wired-capable device configured with less than all structures and functionality of a WTRU; or (iv) the like. Details of an example WTRU, which may be representative of any WTRU recited herein, are provided herein with respect to FIGs.1A-1D. As another example, various disclosed embodiments herein supra and infra are described as utilizing a head mounted display. Those skilled in the art will recognize that a device other than the head mounted display may be utilized and some or all of the disclosure and various disclosed embodiments can be modified accordingly without undue experimentation. Examples of such other device may include a drone or other device configured to stream information for providing the adapted reality experience. [0272] In addition, the methods provided herein may be implemented in a computer program, software, or firmware incorporated in a computer-readable medium for execution by a computer or processor. Examples of computer-readable media include electronic signals (transmitted over wired or wireless connections) and computer-readable storage media. Examples of computer- readable storage media include, but are not limited to, a read only memory (ROM), a random access memory (RAM), a register, cache memory, semiconductor memory devices, magnetic media such as internal hard disks and removable disks, magneto-optical media, and optical media such as CD-ROM disks, and digital versatile disks (DVDs). A processor in association with software may be used to implement a radio frequency transceiver for use in a WTRU, UE, terminal, base station, RNC, or any host computer. [0273] Variations of the method, apparatus and system provided above are possible without departing from the scope of the invention. In view of the wide variety of embodiments that can be applied, it should be understood that the illustrated embodiments are examples only, and should not be taken as limiting the scope of the following claims. For instance, the embodiments provided herein include handheld devices, which may include or be utilized with any appropriate voltage source, such as a battery and the like, providing any appropriate voltage. [0274] Moreover, in the embodiments provided above, processing platforms, computing systems, controllers, and other devices that include processors are noted. These devices may include at least one Central Processing Unit ("CPU") and memory. In accordance with the practices of persons skilled in the art of computer programming, reference to acts and symbolic representations of operations or instructions may be performed by the various CPUs and memories. Such acts and operations or instructions may be referred to as being "executed," "computer executed" or "CPU executed." [0275] One of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that the acts and symbolically represented operations or instructions include the manipulation of electrical signals by the CPU. An electrical system represents data bits that can cause a resulting transformation or reduction of the electrical signals and the maintenance of data bits at memory locations in a memory system to thereby reconfigure or otherwise alter the CPU's operation, as well as other processing of signals. The memory locations where data bits are maintained are physical locations that have particular electrical, magnetic, optical, or organic properties corresponding to or representative of the data bits. It should be understood that the embodiments are not limited to the above-mentioned platforms or CPUs and that other platforms and CPUs may support the provided methods. [0276] The data bits may also be maintained on a computer readable medium including magnetic disks, optical disks, and any other volatile (e.g., Random Access Memory (RAM)) or non-volatile (e.g., Read-Only Memory (ROM)) mass storage system readable by the CPU. The computer readable medium may include cooperating or interconnected computer readable medium, which exist exclusively on the processing system or are distributed among multiple interconnected processing systems that may be local or remote to the processing system. It should be understood that the embodiments are not limited to the above-mentioned memories and that other platforms and memories may support the provided methods. [0277] In an illustrative embodiment, any of the operations, processes, etc. described herein may be implemented as computer-readable instructions stored on a computer-readable medium. The computer-readable instructions may be executed by a processor of a mobile unit, a network element, and/or any other computing device. [0278] There is little distinction left between hardware and software implementations of aspects of systems. The use of hardware or software is generally (but not always, in that in certain contexts the choice between hardware and software may become significant) a design choice representing cost versus efficiency tradeoffs. There may be various vehicles by which processes and/or systems and/or other technologies described herein may be effected (e.g., hardware, software, and/or firmware), and the preferred vehicle may vary with the context in which the processes and/or systems and/or other technologies are deployed. For example, if an implementer determines that speed and accuracy are paramount, the implementer may opt for a mainly hardware and/or firmware vehicle. If flexibility is paramount, the implementer may opt for a mainly software implementation. Alternatively, the implementer may opt for some combination of hardware, software, and/or firmware. [0279] The foregoing detailed description has set forth various embodiments of the devices and/or processes via the use of block diagrams, flowcharts, and/or examples. Insofar as such block diagrams, flowcharts, and/or examples include one or more functions and/or operations, it will be understood by those within the art that each function and/or operation within such block diagrams, flowcharts, or examples may be implemented, individually and/or collectively, by a wide range of hardware, software, firmware, or virtually any combination thereof. In an embodiment, several portions of the subject matter described herein may be implemented via Application Specific Integrated Circuits (ASICs), Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs), digital signal processors (DSPs), and/or other integrated formats. However, those skilled in the art will recognize that some aspects of the embodiments disclosed herein, in whole or in part, may be equivalently implemented in integrated circuits, as one or more computer programs running on one or more computers (e.g., as one or more programs running on one or more computer systems), as one or more programs running on one or more processors (e.g., as one or more programs running on one or more microprocessors), as firmware, or as virtually any combination thereof, and that designing the circuitry and/or writing the code for the software and or firmware would be well within the skill of one of skill in the art in light of this disclosure. In addition, those skilled in the art will appreciate that the mechanisms of the subject matter described herein may be distributed as a program product in a variety of forms, and that an illustrative embodiment of the subject matter described herein applies regardless of the particular type of signal bearing medium used to actually carry out the distribution. Examples of a signal bearing medium include, but are not limited to, the following: a recordable type medium such as a floppy disk, a hard disk drive, a CD, a DVD, a digital tape, a computer memory, etc., and a transmission type medium such as a digital and/or an analog communication medium (e.g., a fiber optic cable, a waveguide, a wired communications link, a wireless communication link, etc.). [0280] Those skilled in the art will recognize that it is common within the art to describe devices and/or processes in the fashion set forth herein, and thereafter use engineering practices to integrate such described devices and/or processes into data processing systems. That is, at least a portion of the devices and/or processes described herein may be integrated into a data processing system via a reasonable amount of experimentation. Those having skill in the art will recognize that a typical data processing system may generally include one or more of a system unit housing, a video display device, a memory such as volatile and non-volatile memory, processors such as microprocessors and digital signal processors, computational entities such as operating systems, drivers, graphical user interfaces, and applications programs, one or more interaction devices, such as a touch pad or screen, and/or control systems including feedback loops and control motors (e.g., feedback for sensing position and/or velocity, control motors for moving and/or adjusting components and/or quantities). A typical data processing system may be implemented utilizing any suitable commercially available components, such as those typically found in data computing/communication and/or network computing/communication systems. [0281] The herein described subject matter sometimes illustrates different components included within, or connected with, different other components. It is to be understood that such depicted architectures are merely examples, and that in fact many other architectures may be implemented which achieve the same functionality. In a conceptual sense, any arrangement of components to achieve the same functionality is effectively "associated" such that the desired functionality may be achieved. Hence, any two components herein combined to achieve a particular functionality may be seen as "associated with" each other such that the desired functionality is achieved, irrespective of architectures or intermedial components. Likewise, any two components so associated may also be viewed as being "operably connected", or "operably coupled", to each other to achieve the desired functionality, and any two components capable of being so associated may also be viewed as being "operably couplable" to each other to achieve the desired functionality. Specific examples of operably couplable include but are not limited to physically mateable and/or physically interacting components and/or wirelessly interactable and/or wirelessly interacting components and/or logically interacting and/or logically interactable components. [0282] With respect to the use of substantially any plural and/or singular terms herein, those having skill in the art can translate from the plural to the singular and/or from the singular to the plural as is appropriate to the context and/or application. The various singular/plural permutations may be expressly set forth herein for sake of clarity. [0283] It will be understood by those within the art that, in general, terms used herein, and especially in the appended claims (e.g., bodies of the appended claims) are generally intended as "open" terms (e.g., the term "including" should be interpreted as "including but not limited to," the term "having" should be interpreted as "having at least," the term "includes" should be interpreted as "includes but is not limited to," etc.). It will be further understood by those within the art that if a specific number of an introduced claim recitation is intended, such an intent will be explicitly recited in the claim, and in the absence of such recitation no such intent is present. For example, where only one item is intended, the term "single" or similar language may be used. As an aid to understanding, the following appended claims and/or the descriptions herein may include usage of the introductory phrases "at least one" and "one or more" to introduce claim recitations. However, the use of such phrases should not be construed to imply that the introduction of a claim recitation by the indefinite articles "a" or "an" limits any particular claim including such introduced claim recitation to embodiments including only one such recitation, even when the same claim includes the introductory phrases "one or more" or "at least one" and indefinite articles such as "a" or "an" (e.g., "a" and/or "an" should be interpreted to mean "at least one" or "one or more"). The same holds true for the use of definite articles used to introduce claim recitations. In addition, even if a specific number of an introduced claim recitation is explicitly recited, those skilled in the art will recognize that such recitation should be interpreted to mean at least the recited number (e.g., the bare recitation of "two recitations," without other modifiers, means at least two recitations, or two or more recitations). Furthermore, in those instances where a convention analogous to "at least one of A, B, and C, etc." is used, in general such a construction is intended in the sense one having skill in the art would understand the convention (e.g., "a system having at least one of A, B, and C" would include but not be limited to systems that have A alone, B alone, C alone, A and B together, A and C together, B and C together, and/or A, B, and C together, etc.). In those instances where a convention analogous to "at least one of A, B, or C, etc." is used, in general such a construction is intended in the sense one having skill in the art would understand the convention (e.g., "a system having at least one of A, B, or C" would include but not be limited to systems that have A alone, B alone, C alone, A and B together, A and C together, B and C together, and/or A, B, and C together, etc.). It will be further understood by those within the art that virtually any disjunctive word and/or phrase presenting two or more alternative terms, whether in the description, claims, or drawings, should be understood to contemplate the possibilities of including one of the terms, either of the terms, or both terms. For example, the phrase "A or B" will be understood to include the possibilities of "A" or "B" or "A and B." Further, the terms "any of" followed by a listing of a plurality of items and/or a plurality of categories of items, as used herein, are intended to include "any of," "any combination of," "any multiple of," and/or "any combination of multiples of" the items and/or the categories of items, individually or in conjunction with other items and/or other categories of items. Moreover, as used herein, the term "set" is intended to include any number of items, including zero. Additionally, as used herein, the term "number" is intended to include any number, including zero. And the term "multiple", as used herein, is intended to be synonymous with "a plurality". [0284] In addition, where features or aspects of the disclosure are described in terms of Markush groups, those skilled in the art will recognize that the disclosure is also thereby described in terms of any individual member or subgroup of members of the Markush group. [0285] As will be understood by one skilled in the art, for any and all purposes, such as in terms of providing a written description, all ranges disclosed herein also encompass any and all possible subranges and combinations of subranges thereof. Any listed range can be easily recognized as sufficiently describing and enabling the same range being broken down into at least equal halves, thirds, quarters, fifths, tenths, etc. As a non-limiting example, each range discussed herein may be readily broken down into a lower third, middle third and upper third, etc. As will also be understood by one skilled in the art all language such as "up to," "at least," "greater than," "less than," and the like includes the number recited and refers to ranges which can be subsequently broken down into subranges as discussed above. Finally, as will be understood by one skilled in the art, a range includes each individual member. Thus, for example, a group having 1-3 cells refers to groups having 1, 2, or 3 cells. Similarly, a group having 1-5 cells refers to groups having 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 cells, and so forth. [0286] Moreover, the claims should not be read as limited to the provided order or elements unless stated to that effect. In addition, use of the terms "means for" in any claim is intended to invoke 35 U.S.C. §112, ¶ 6 or means-plus-function claim format, and any claim without the terms "means for" is not so intended.

Claims

CLAIMS 1. A method, implemented in a wireless transmit/receive unit, WTRU, the method comprising: receiving, from a network node, a first message comprising configuration information indicating a use of a first timing advance, TA, value or a second TA value for advancing in time at least one uplink, UL, transmission; determining the first TA value and an additional TA value; receiving, from the network node, a second message comprising second information indicating scheduling the at least one UL transmission using a TA value from the first and the second TA value; on condition that the second information indicates scheduling the at least one UL transmission using the second TA value: determining the second TA value based on the first TA value and the additional TA value; and transmitting, to the network node, the at least one UL transmission using the determined second TA value for advancing in time the at least one UL transmission.

2. The method of claim 1 comprising: on condition that the second information indicates scheduling the at least one UL transmission using the first TA value, transmitting, to the network node, the at least one UL transmission using the determined first TA value for advancing in time the at least one UL transmission.

3. The method of any of claim 1 and claim 2, wherein determining the second TA value comprising adding the first TA value with the additional TA value.

4. The method of any of the preceding claims, comprising: receiving, from the network node, a third message comprising one or more first TA commands for the first TA value; updating the first TA value based on the one or more first TA commands; and wherein the determined second TA value is based on the updated first TA value and the additional TA value.

5. The method of any of the preceding claims, comprising: receiving, a fourth message comprising one or more second TA commands for the additional TA value; updating the additional TA value based on the one or more second TA commands; and wherein the determined second TA value is based on the first TA value and the updated additional TA value.

6. The method of claim 4 and claim 5, wherein the determined second TA value is based on the updated first TA value and the updated additional TA value.

7. The method of any of claims 5 and 6, wherein the one or more second TA commands comprise an absolute additional TA value.

8. The method of any of claims 5 and 6, wherein the one or more second TA commands comprise an adjustment to the additional TA value.

9. The method of any of the claims 5 to 8, wherein the fourth message is a radio resource control, RRC, message.

10. The method of any of the claims 5 to 8, comprising receiving the one or more second TA commands for the second TA value in a Medium Access Control, MAC, control element.

11. The method of any of the preceding claims, wherein the second message is a downlink control information comprising a TA indication field indicating using the TA value from the first and the second TA value.

12. The method of any of the preceding claims, wherein the first TA value is a preconfigured TA value.

13. The method of any of the claims 1 to 11, wherein the configuration information indicates the first TA value.

14. The method of any of the preceding claims, wherein the additional TA value is a preconfigured TA value.

15. The method of any of the claims 1 to 13, wherein the configuration information indicates the additional TA value.

16. The method of any of the claims 1 to 13, wherein the additional TA value is determined based on a frequency range used for the at least one UL transmission.

17. A wireless transmit/receive unit, WTRU, comprising a processor, a transceiver unit and a storage unit, and configured to: receive, from a network node, a first message comprising configuration information indicating a use of a first timing advance, TA, value or a second TA value for advancing in time at least one uplink, UL, transmission; determine the first TA value and an additional TA value; receive, from the network node, a second message comprising second information indicating scheduling the at least one UL transmission using a TA value from the first and the second TA value; on condition that the second information indicates scheduling the at least one UL transmission using the second TA value: determine the second TA value based on the first TA value and the additional TA value; and transmit, to the network node, the at least one UL transmission using the determined second TA value for advancing in time the at least one UL transmission.

18. The WTRU of claim 17 configured to: transmit, to the network node, the at least one UL transmission using the determined first TA value for advancing in time the at least one UL transmission, on condition that the second information indicates scheduling the at least one UL transmission using the first TA value.

19. The WTRU of any of claim 17 and claim 18, wherein the determination of the second TA value comprises adding the first TA value with the additional TA value.

20. The WTRU of any of the claims 17 to 19, configured to: receive, from the network node, a third message comprising one or more first TA commands for the first TA value; update the first TA value based on the one or more first TA commands; and wherein the determined second TA value is based on the updated first TA value and the additional TA value.

21. The WTRU of any of the claims 17 to 20, configured to: receive, a fourth message comprising one or more second TA commands for the additional TA value; update the additional TA value based on the one or more second TA commands; and wherein the determined second TA value is based on the first TA value and the updated additional TA value.

22. The WTRU of claim 20 and claim 21, wherein the determined second TA value is based on the updated first TA value and the updated additional TA value.

23. The WTRU of any of the claims 21 and 22, wherein the one or more second TA commands comprise an absolute additional TA value.

24. The WTRU of any of the claims 21 and 22, wherein the one or more second TA commands comprise an adjustment to the additional TA value.

25. The WTRU of any of the claims 21 to 24, wherein the fourth message is a radio resource control, RRC, message.

26. The WTRU of any of the claims 21 to 24, configured to receive the one or more second TA commands for the second TA value in a Medium Access Control, MAC, control element.

27. The WTRU of any of the claims 17 to 26, wherein the second message is a downlink control information comprising a TA indication field indicating using the TA value from the first and the second TA value.

28. The WTRU of any of the claims 17 to 27, wherein the first TA value is a preconfigured TA value.

29. The WTRU of any of the claims 17 to 27, wherein the configuration information indicates the first TA value.

30. The WTRU of any of the claims 17 to 29, wherein the additional TA value is a preconfigured TA value.

31. The WTRU of any of the claims 17 to 29, wherein the configuration information indicates the additional TA value.

32. The WTRU of any of the claims 17 to 29, wherein the additional TA value is determined based on a frequency range used for the at least one UL transmission.