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WO2025111525A1 - Appareil et procédés de modification ou de transformation de substances organiques par voie magnétique - Google Patents

Appareil et procédés de modification ou de transformation de substances organiques par voie magnétique Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2025111525A1
WO2025111525A1 PCT/US2024/057015 US2024057015W WO2025111525A1 WO 2025111525 A1 WO2025111525 A1 WO 2025111525A1 US 2024057015 W US2024057015 W US 2024057015W WO 2025111525 A1 WO2025111525 A1 WO 2025111525A1
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Prior art keywords
conductive
energy
magnetic
conductive target
target
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Inventor
Jonathan BRANT
Kevin KREISLER
Mike RIEBEL
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University of Wyoming
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University of Wyoming
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
    • C02F1/48—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage with magnetic or electric fields
    • C02F1/481—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage with magnetic or electric fields using permanent magnets
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
    • C02F1/48—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage with magnetic or electric fields
    • C02F1/484—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage with magnetic or electric fields using electromagnets
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
    • C02F1/44—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by dialysis, osmosis or reverse osmosis
    • C02F1/441—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by dialysis, osmosis or reverse osmosis by reverse osmosis
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
    • C02F1/44—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by dialysis, osmosis or reverse osmosis
    • C02F1/442—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by dialysis, osmosis or reverse osmosis by nanofiltration
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
    • C02F1/44—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by dialysis, osmosis or reverse osmosis
    • C02F1/445—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by dialysis, osmosis or reverse osmosis by forward osmosis
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F2101/00—Nature of the contaminant
    • C02F2101/30—Organic compounds
    • C02F2101/32—Hydrocarbons, e.g. oil
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F2101/00—Nature of the contaminant
    • C02F2101/30—Organic compounds
    • C02F2101/34—Organic compounds containing oxygen
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F2101/00—Nature of the contaminant
    • C02F2101/30—Organic compounds
    • C02F2101/38—Organic compounds containing nitrogen
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F2201/00—Apparatus for treatment of water, waste water or sewage
    • C02F2201/48—Devices for applying magnetic or electric fields
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F2209/00—Controlling or monitoring parameters in water treatment
    • C02F2209/05—Conductivity or salinity
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F2209/00—Controlling or monitoring parameters in water treatment
    • C02F2209/06—Controlling or monitoring parameters in water treatment pH
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F2303/00—Specific treatment goals
    • C02F2303/26—Reducing the size of particles, liquid droplets or bubbles, e.g. by crushing, grinding, spraying, creation of microbubbles or nanobubbles
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N27/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of electric, electrochemical, or magnetic means
    • G01N27/02—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of electric, electrochemical, or magnetic means by investigating impedance
    • G01N27/021—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of electric, electrochemical, or magnetic means by investigating impedance before and after chemical transformation of the material

Definitions

  • aspects of the present disclosure generally relate to apparatus and methods for magnetically assisted alteration or transformation of an organic substance. Unlike conventional technologies, aspects described herein may utilize magnetic fields for PATENT Attorney Docket No.: UWYO-0086PC02 manipulating the properties of solvents (for example, water or an organic solvent) and solutes (for example, organic compounds, organic molecules, ions thereof, or combinations thereof, among others).
  • solvents for example, water or an organic solvent
  • solutes for example, organic compounds, organic molecules, ions thereof, or combinations thereof, among others.
  • aspects described herein may be used to generate energy.
  • the energy generated and/or the energy involved with use of aspects described herein may be utilized to, e.g., alter a property of a substance.
  • the energy generated may enable a substance’s atomic and/or molecular properties to be altered.
  • the alteration of the substance’s atomic and/or molecular properties may alter a mesoscale property (for example, physicochemical properties of a substance at a Newtonian scale) of the substance.
  • the energy generated and/or the energy involved with use of aspects described herein may be utilized to transform a substance. For example, chemical bonds present in the substance may be broken by the energy generated and/or the energy involved with use of aspects described herein.
  • an apparatus for inducing an alteration or transformation in a target includes a conduit through which a conductive target flows, the conductive target comprising an organic molecule, the conduit comprising a first end, a second end, and a flow path connecting the first end and the second end.
  • the apparatus further includes one or more containers.
  • the apparatus further includes one or more magnets that form a magnetic field through which the conductive target flows, the one or more magnets positioned within an interior of the conduit, each of the one or more magnets housed within a container of the one or more containers, the magnetic field having magnetic energy, wherein the magnetic energy induces an alteration or transformation in the target, the alteration or transformation induced in the absence of electrodes or external electrical inputs into the conduit.
  • the method includes flowing a conductive target through a conduit, the conductive target comprising an organic molecule.
  • the method further includes exposing the conductive target to magnetic energy while flowing the conductive target through the conduit, wherein, as the conductive target is exposed to the magnetic energy, an alteration or transformation is induced in the flowing conductive target without use of electrodes or external electrical inputs into the conduit.
  • PATENT Attorney Docket No.: UWYO-0086PC02 [0009]
  • the method includes determining a magnetic energy introduced by a magnetic field on a flowing conductive fluid comprising a conductive target, the conductive target comprising an organic molecule, wherein the magnetic energy is determined by, at least, Eq.1.0: .
  • the method further includes determining a magnetic energy associated with the conductive target, wherein the magnetic energy associated with the conductive target is determined by, at least, Eq.1.7: .
  • the method further includes determining a net energy based on a comparison of ⁇ ⁇ and ⁇ .
  • the method further includes determining a bond energy of a chemical bond present in the organic molecule that would be altered or transformed based on the net energy.
  • the method further includes exposing the conductive fluid comprising the conductive target to an operational magnetic energy that is greater than the bond energy of the chemical bond present in the organic molecule.
  • the method further includes altering or transforming the conductive target by the exposing the conductive fluid to the operational magnetic energy.
  • the method includes identifying a bond energy of at least one bond present in a conductive target, the conductive target comprising an organic molecule.
  • the method further includes determining an operational magnetic energy that is greater than the bond energy of the at least one bond present in the organic molecule, the operational magnetic energy determined by inputs comprising: ⁇ ⁇ as determined by Eq.1.0; and ⁇ as determined by Eq.1.7.
  • the method further includes setting a source of magnetic energy to the operational magnetic energy.
  • the method further includes exposing the conductive target to the operational magnetic energy while moving a conductive fluid relative to the source of the magnetic energy, the conductive fluid comprising the conductive target.
  • the method includes identifying a bond energy of at least one bond present in a conductive target, the conductive target comprising an organic molecule.
  • the method further includes determining an operational magnetic energy that is greater than the bond energy of the at least one bond present in the organic PATENT Attorney Docket No.: UWYO-0086PC02 molecule, the operational magnetic energy determined by inputs comprising: ⁇ ⁇ as determined by Eq.1.0; and ⁇ as determined by Eq.1.7.
  • the method further includes setting a source of magnetic energy to the operational magnetic energy.
  • the method further includes exposing the conductive target to the operational magnetic energy while moving the source of magnetic energy relative to a conductive fluid, the conductive fluid comprising the conductive target.
  • an apparatus for inducing an EMF in a conductive fluid includes a conduit through which a conductive fluid flows, the conductive fluid comprising a conductive organic molecule, the conduit comprising a first end, a second end, and a flow path connecting the first end and the second end.
  • the apparatus further includes one or more containers.
  • the apparatus further includes one or more magnets that form a magnetic field through which the conductive fluid flows, the one or more magnets positioned within an interior of the conduit, each of the one or more magnets housed within a container of the one or more containers, wherein the magnetic field induces an EMF in a flowing conductive fluid, the induced EMF configured to induce nanobubble generation.
  • a method in another aspect, includes flowing a conductive fluid through a conduit, the conductive fluid comprising a conductive organic molecule.
  • the method further includes exposing the conductive fluid to magnetic energy while flowing the conductive fluid through the conduit, wherein, as the conductive fluid is exposed to the magnetic energy, an EMF is induced in the flowing conductive fluid without use of electrodes or external electrical inputs into the conduit.
  • a method in another aspect is provided a method.
  • the method includes exposing a flowing conductive fluid to magnetic energy to induce an EMF in the flowing conductive fluid, the conductive fluid comprising a conductive organic molecule, the EMF of sufficient energy to generate nanobubbles in the flowing conductive fluid, the EMF generated without use of electrodes or external electrical inputs.
  • FIG.1 shows a non-limiting process flow diagram of an example flow-through magnetic apparatus according to at least one aspect of the present disclosure.
  • FIG. 2 shows a Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrum for glucose in an electrolyte solution used in an example flow-through magnetic apparatus.
  • the absorption band from about 1700 cm –1 to 2400 cm –1 was omitted to illustrate the significant responses of glucose to the mid-to-far IR range.
  • FIG. 3 shows a FTIR spectrum for urea in an electrolyte solution used in an example flow-through magnetic apparatus.
  • FIG.4A shows non-limiting FTIR absorbance intensity data for glucose before and after passing through an example flow-through magnetic apparatus at two different Darcy velocities.
  • FIG. 4B shows non-limiting FTIR absorbance intensity data after recirculating the glucose solution through an example flow-through magnetic apparatus (Darcy velocity ( ⁇ ⁇ ) of about 31.1 cm/sec) and after a once-through pass at a high velocity ( ⁇ ⁇ of about 46.8 cm/sec).
  • FIG.5A shows non-limiting nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) response data of glucose prior to passing through an example flow-through magnetic apparatus.
  • FIG.5B shows non-limiting NMR response data of glucose after passing through an example flow-through magnetic apparatus.
  • FIG. 6 shows non-limiting matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of- flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF) profile data for glucose prior to and posterior to passing through an example flow-through magnetic apparatus at two different Darcy velocities.
  • MALDI-TOF matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of- flight mass spectrometry
  • FIG.7 shows non-limiting MALDI-TOF profile data for glucose dispersed in an electrolyte solution used in flow-through magnetic field experiments.
  • FIG.8A shows non-limiting FTIR response data of urea at low and high Darcy velocities through an example flow-through magnetic apparatus.
  • FIG. 8B shows non-limiting data for changes in Raman intensities for urea following different recirculation times through an example flow-through magnetic apparatus.
  • FIG.10 shows a ball and stick model of glutaraldehyde.
  • FIGS. 11A-11C show AutoCAD modeling images of a conduit of an example flow-through magnetic apparatus where the magnets are arranged in a helical pattern.
  • FIGS. 12A-12D show modeled hydrodynamic property data of water flowing through a conduit of an example flow-through magnetic apparatus.12A-12B show surface pressure (in Pascal) and 12C-12D show the flow behavior around the obstructions (flow velocity).
  • FIGS. 13A-13D are cross-sections of the modeled data shown in FIGS.
  • FIGS. 14A-14C are modeling images, showing various ways in which the magnets in a helical pattern may be oriented so as to apply magnetic fields to achieve flux squeezing or helical poles as fluid flows through the conduit of an example flow-through magnetic apparatus.
  • FIGS.15A-15E show modeled magnetic flux confinement/squeezing data by use of an example flow-through magnetic apparatus.
  • FIGS. 16A-16C show modeled data for the helical magnetic field: FIG.
  • FIG.16A View of the magnets arranged in the helical pattern
  • FIG.16B Constant surface plot of the PATENT Attorney Docket No.: UWYO-0086PC02 magnetic scalar potential in the same profile view
  • FIG.16C end cut view of the magnetic field scalar potential cross-section.
  • Figures included herein illustrate various aspects of the disclosure. It is contemplated that elements and features of one aspect may be beneficially incorporated in other aspects without further recitation.
  • DETAILED DESCRIPTION [0036] Aspects of the present disclosure generally relate to apparatus and methods for magnetically assisted alteration or transformation of an organic substance.
  • the organic substance may be an electrically conductive substance.
  • An electrically conductive substance is a substance that conducts electricity and/or has low electrical impedance.
  • An electrically conductive substance is a substance that has electrons, conducts electricity, and/or has low electrical impedance.
  • a conductive substance may include a conductive fluid, a conductive target, or combinations thereof.
  • the term “substance” refers to any suitable state of matter such as a solid, fluid, liquid, gas, or plasma.
  • the substance may include a molecule, a compound, an ion, or other material.
  • the substance may be organic or inorganic.
  • a substance may include a fluid, a target therein, or combinations thereof.
  • Organic substance refers to an organic material, an organic molecule, an organic compound, ion thereof, or combinations thereof that may be targeted by aspects described herein for, e.g., treatment, transformation, alteration, mineralization, destruction, dissociation, dehydration, change, etc.
  • organic substance refers to an inorganic material, an inorganic molecule, an inorganic compound, ion thereof, or combinations thereof that may be targeted by aspects described herein for, e.g., treatment, transformation, alteration, mineralization, destruction, dissociation, dehydration, change, etc.
  • the organic substance may be present as a conductive substance and/or may be present in a conductive substance such as a conductive fluid.
  • a conductive fluid is a fluid that has electrons, conducts electricity, and/or has low electrical impedance.
  • distilled water may be used as a conductive fluid.
  • Aspects described herein may be used to generate one or more sources of energy.
  • the one or more sources of energy may be utilized to alter a property of a conductive PATENT Attorney Docket No.: UWYO-0086PC02 substance and/or transform a conductive substance.
  • aspects described herein may induce an electromotive force (EMF) in a conductive substance.
  • EMF electromotive force
  • a conductive substance may be made conductive with any suitably available power input. Additionally, or alternatively, conductive-enhancing constituents may be utilized.
  • Conductive-enhancing constituents may include electrical constituents, physical constituents, chemical constituents, or combination thereof.
  • electrical constituents that are conductive-enhancing may include an application of a voltage, an application of a current, or a combination thereof.
  • Chemical constituents that are conductive-enhancing may be present in the conductive substance and may include an electrolyte. Such chemical constituents, such as an electrolyte, may be added to the conductive substance.
  • Physical constituents that are conductive-enhancing may include an application of ultraviolet light, an application of heat or cold (e.g., a temperature-adjusting source), a source of cavitation (for example, nanobubbles, microbubbles, a nanobubble generator, a microbubble generator, or combinations thereof), a component in the substance such as a metal, or combinations thereof.
  • a source of cavitation for example, nanobubbles, microbubbles, a nanobubble generator, a microbubble generator, or combinations thereof
  • a component in the substance such as a metal, or combinations thereof.
  • nanobubbles may be induced to grow, oscillate, and collapse.
  • Nanobubble, as used herein is interchangeable with the term ultra-fine bubble as described in ISO standard – 20480-1:2017(E).
  • the EMF induced provides electrical energy in the form of voltage or current. Additionally, or alternatively, embodiments described herein may generate nanobubbles within the conductive substance.
  • Nanobubbles are small gas-filled cavities of less than 1 micron, typically having diameters less than 200 nanometers (nm). Collapse of the nanobubbles generates energy and high temperatures (thermal energy).
  • the nanobubbles may be generated by aspects described herein due to the in situ generation of voltage sufficient to dissociate molecules present in the conductive substance. For example, the voltage may dissociate hydrogen atoms from oxygen atoms present in water. The dissociated hydrogen atoms may recombine to form hydrogen gas nanobubbles in the water.
  • the EMF and the nanobubbles produced by operation of aspects described herein are formed without electrodes or external electrical inputs.
  • an EMF may be induced perpendicular to both the flow PATENT Attorney Docket No.: UWYO-0086PC02 direction of the conductive substance and the magnetic field.
  • the nanobubbles and EMF formed by using aspects described herein may contribute to various changes in the conductive substance, including, but not limited to, viscosity changes in the conductive substance; surface tension changes in the conductive substance; thermal dynamic changes in the conductive substance; changing conductivity of the conductive substance; thermal energy sufficient to break bonds present in the conductive substance upon nanobubble collapse; or combinations thereof.
  • the energy may alter an atomic property and/or a molecular property of the conductive substance (e.g., a conductive fluid and/or a conductive target therein).
  • a molecular property of the conductive substance e.g., a conductive fluid and/or a conductive target therein.
  • Such alteration in the atomic property and/or the molecular property of the conductive substance may lead to an alteration in a mesoscale (physicochemical) property of the conductive substance.
  • the inventors found that molecular bond energies of water may be increased to change its molecular geometry and energy state. These changes in turn altered intermolecular interactions between water molecules and/or intramolecular interactions within water molecules and/or intermolecular interactions between water molecules and targets (e.g., other elements/molecules) in solution.
  • the energy involved with use of aspects described herein may include magnetic energy, electrical energy from the induced EMF, thermal energy from the collapse of the nanobubbles, or combinations thereof.
  • the energy generated by use of aspects described PATENT Attorney Docket No.: UWYO-0086PC02 herein includes electrical energy from the induced EMF, thermal energy from the collapse of the nanobubbles, or combinations thereof.
  • the energy involved with aspects described herein including may be of sufficient energy to transform the conductive substance.
  • the energy may be of sufficient energy to break a chemical bond of the conductive fluid, a chemical bond of a molecule of a component (conductive target) present in the conductive fluid, or combinations thereof.
  • the energy may be of sufficient energy to convert at least a portion of alpha-glucose ( ⁇ -glucose) to beta-glucose ( ⁇ -glucose).
  • ⁇ -glucose alpha-glucose
  • ⁇ -glucose beta-glucose
  • the glycosidic bond at the anomeric carbon of the glucose molecule must be broken.
  • aspects described herein may utilize magnetic fields to increase energy efficiency in a wide variety of industries.
  • magnetic fields may be utilized to manipulate or alter one or more molecular properties of a substance, for example, water, molecules (e.g., organic molecules), compounds (e.g., organic compounds), ions thereof, or combinations thereof.
  • a substance for example, water, molecules (e.g., organic molecules), compounds (e.g., organic compounds), ions thereof, or combinations thereof.
  • Such alteration in the molecular property(ies) of a substance may lead to an alteration in the substance’s physicochemical property(ies).
  • the inventors have found that molecular bond energies of water (as an example substance) may be increased in order to decrease the water’s viscosity, and the decrease in water’s viscosity impacts the energy required to move the water.
  • the inventors have found equations, algorithms, and models that may be used to determine the desired process parameter(s) useful to modify the substance’s molecular property(ies).
  • modification of the substance’s molecular property(ies) alters the substance’s physicochemical properties.
  • the substance’s physicochemical properties may be altered as desired for use in specific applications to meet specific objectives.
  • Treating a conductive substance may include exposing a conductive substance to a magnetic field such that the conductive substance is changed. Treating a substance may include altering properties of substances, transforming substances, mineralizing substances, removing substances, destroying substances, dissociating substances, dehydrating substances, or combinations thereof.
  • “Molecular property” includes a property that is intrinsic to a molecule such as bond length, bond energy, bond angle, spin state, energy state, or combinations thereof, among others. Alteration or transformation of a molecular property refers to a change from the ambient or normal molecular property.
  • the term “atomic property” includes a property that is intrinsic to an atom or ion such as a hydration shell, radius, degree of solvation, hydrated radius, or combinations thereof, among others. Alteration or transformation of an atomic property refers to a change from the ambient or normal atomic property.
  • “Mesoscale property” includes physicochemical properties of a conductive substance at a Newtonian scale.
  • Such mesoscale properties may include, but are not limited to, hydrogen bonding, viscosity, dynamic viscosity, vapor pressure, permeability, solubility, density, surface tension, polarity, pH, conductivity, reactivity, thermal conductivity, enthalpy, entropy, boiling point, vapor point, or combinations thereof, among others. These properties, or magnitude of change thereof, may be different depending upon environmental conditions and may differ as a result of unique characteristics of different materials. Alteration of a mesoscale property is a change from the ambient or normal mesoscale property. Alteration of a mesoscale property of a conductive substance may be performed by transformation of the conductive substance’s atomic and/or molecular property(ies).
  • Equations, algorithms, and/or models described herein may be utilized to determine specific magnetic conditioning parameters and/or other process parameters which generate, or assist in generating, energy that, e.g., alters a property of the conductive substance, transforms the conductive substance, or generates a new substance.
  • Magnetic conditioning parameters include one or more parameters of a magnetic device or a magnetic field device, for example, apparatus 100 described herein.
  • Magnetic conditioning parameters may include, but are not limited to: a number of magnets; strength (magnitude) of a magnetic field; a magnetic field flux; a number of magnet pairs; a size of one or more magnets; physical dimensions (e.g., a size) of the permanent magnets (if used); physical spacing and/or orientation of magnetic pairs relative to one another through the magnetic device; pole orientation (for example, a magnet may be magnetized through its thickness rather than through its edges or top/bottom); offset angle from one magnet to another; an orientation of one or more magnets relative to a separate magnet; orientation of the magnetic field(s); a source of magnetic field (e.g., permanent or electromagnetic or combination); a flux density of one or more magnets; a composition of one or more magnets (for example, neodymium, neodymium iron boron (NdFeB), samarium-cobalt, an alloy of aluminum, nickel and cobalt (AlNiCo), ceramic, or combinations thereof, among others); integration of
  • process parameters may be utilized to generate, or assist in generating, energy which, e.g., alters a property of the conductive substance, transforms the conductive substance, and/or generates a new substance.
  • Process parameters may include, but are not limited to: a flow velocity of a conductive substance through a magnetic field; a diameter of a conduit in which the conductive substance travels; a cross-sectional shape of the conduit; a temperature of a conductive substance; a hydraulic pressure; exposure time of a conductive substance to a magnetic field (e.g., a residence time); or combinations thereof, among others.
  • Magnetic conditioning parameters and process parameters may be determined by equations, algorithms, and/or models described herein.
  • the resistivity and/or electrical conductance of the conductive substance may also be variable.
  • conductivity of the conductive substance may be manipulated by using chemical additives to change, for example, the ionic strength of the conductive PATENT Attorney Docket No.: UWYO-0086PC02 substance, the acidity of the conductive substance, the alkalinity of the conductive substance, or combinations thereof.
  • “Transform” includes conversion of a conductive substance such as a compound, molecule, and/or ion into another, often simpler (in terms of, for example, its structure) compound, molecule, and/or ion.
  • transformation may include destroying, dissociating, mineralizing, dehydrating, and/or otherwise changing the chemical properties and/or physical properties of the conductive substance. Transformation may include a structural change and/or degradation of the conductive substance. Therefore, transformation of a conductive substance may include generating a new substance (or a product) from the conductive substance.
  • aspects described herein may be utilized for mineralizing molecules, destroying molecules, dissociating molecules, and the like. Aspects described herein may also be utilized to dehydrate ions. Dehydrating an ion means that the ion loses a portion of its hydration shell/ solvation layers.
  • Removal of these layers then may, in turn, affect the behavior of the ion, for example, solubility in water, pairing with a counter ion during precipitate/scale formation, etc.
  • aspects described herein may be utilized for altering properties of organic molecules, transforming organic molecules, mineralizing organic molecules, destroying organic molecules, dissociating organic molecules, and the like.
  • aspects described herein may also be utilized to dehydrate organic ions. Dehydrating an ion means that the ion loses a portion of its hydration shell/ solvation layers. Removal of these layers then can, in turn, affect the behavior of the ion, for example, solubility in water, pairing with a counter ion during precipitate/scale formation, etc.
  • Target refers to a substance, a material, a molecule, a compound, ion thereof, or combinations thereof that may be targeted by a source of magnetic energy, a magnetic device, or a magnetic system for, e.g., treatment, transformation, alteration, mineralization, destruction, dissociation, dehydration, change, etc.
  • the target may include an organic target, an inorganic target, or both.
  • Organic target refers to an organic substance, an organic material, an organic molecule, an organic compound, ion thereof, or combinations thereof that may be targeted by aspects described herein for, e.g., treatment, transformation, alteration, mineralization, destruction, dissociation, dehydration, change, etc.
  • the term “inorganic target” refers to an inorganic substance, an inorganic material, an inorganic molecule, an inorganic compound, ion thereof, or combinations thereof that PATENT Attorney Docket No.: UWYO-0086PC02 may be targeted by aspects described herein for, e.g., treatment, transformation, alteration, mineralization, destruction, dissociation, dehydration, change, etc.
  • the term “molecule” and “compound” are used interchangeably unless specified to the contrary or the context clearly indicates otherwise.
  • “Mineralize” includes the conversion of the molecule to its fundamental and most simple end products. For example the mineralization end products for most organic compounds will be water, carbon dioxide, and nitrogen gas amongst others.
  • Dissociate includes conversion of a molecule into separate smaller atoms, ions, or molecules. Dissociation may be reversible or irreversible. Dissociation need not result in the formation of the simple end products and can instead include any number of daughter products from the parent compound.
  • Aspects described herein may utilize magnets such as permanent magnets that are arranged in a flow-through tube. The arrangement may create a multi-directional magnetic field. This field may be integrated with, for example, an electromagnetic wave generator by which electromagnetic waves are propagated through the flow-through tube and through the multi-directional magnetic field(s). These fields and waves may impart energy on the media (for example, fluid) and/or solute (organic molecules and/or ions thereof) that is passing through them.
  • the magnitude of this magnetic energy(ies) may be a function of, for example, media properties (e.g., temperature, composition), velocity through the system, field/wave properties (strength, field gradient, number of fields, wavelength, wave form), combinations thereof, among other parameters.
  • media properties e.g., temperature, composition
  • field/wave properties e.g., field gradient, number of fields, wavelength, wave form
  • aspects described herein may be used with other fluids such as organic fluids, e.g., alcohols, hydrocarbons, among others.
  • Aspects described herein generally relate to apparatus for magnetically assisted alteration or transformation of a conductive substance.
  • a non-limiting process flow diagram for a flow-through magnetic apparatus 100 is shown in FIG.1.
  • the apparatus 100 may be utilized with methods described herein, though any suitable apparatus with any suitable configuration are contemplated.
  • Apparatus 100 may be utilized as the magnetic field system described herein.
  • the apparatus 100 may generate one or more sources of energy.
  • the one or more sources of energy may be used to alter a conductive substance’s properties and/or transform PATENT Attorney Docket No.: UWYO-0086PC02 a conductive substance.
  • the apparatus 100 includes one or more magnets for generating magnetic energy further described below.
  • the magnetic energy may be utilized to alter or transform, or assist in altering or transforming, a conductive substance (e.g., a fluid, a target therein, or combinations thereof).
  • the magnetic energy may be utilized to generate, or to assist in generating, a new substance from the conductive substance. For example, aspects described herein may be utilized to convert ⁇ -glucose to ⁇ -glucose.
  • the apparatus 100 may induce an EMF which provides electrical energy in the form of voltage or current.
  • the apparatus 100 may generate nanobubbles within the conductive fluid, and subsequent collapse of the nanobubbles generates energy which may be in the form of thermal energy.
  • the apparatus 100 may include one or more conduits 101a-101c (collectively, conduits 101) through which a conductive substance passes through.
  • Conduit 101 may be referred to herein as a pipe or other fluid passage.
  • the conduits 101 may have any suitable dimensions and may have any suitable shape including, but not limited to, circular, oval, square, or rectangular.
  • the conduits 101 may be made of, or coated with, any suitable material.
  • the conduits 101 may be made of, or coated with, a material that does not react with the conductive substance, such as stainless steel.
  • the conduits 101 may include one, two, or more layers, or “pipe-in-pipe” types of configurations.
  • the pipe-in-pipe configuration may include a pipe to block or reflect the magnetic field for safety and operational efficiency.
  • three conduits 101 are shown, one conduit, two conduits, or more than three conduits may be utilized.
  • the apparatus further includes one or more magnets (a single magnet or an array of magnets) and one or more containers 102 housing the one or more magnets.
  • the one or more magnets are adapted to form a magnetic field through which the conductive substance passes through.
  • the conduits 101, the one or more magnets, and the one or more containers 102 comprise at least a portion a flow-through magnetic field device 104.
  • the one or more magnets within the containers may be positioned within an interior of the conduits 101.
  • one or more magnets may be positioned outside of, or external to, the conduits 101.
  • the containers 102 protect the magnet(s) from the environment in the interior of the conduit 101.
  • the containers 102 protect the magnet(s) from the conductive PATENT Attorney Docket No.: UWYO-0086PC02 substance present in the conduit 101. In the absence of this protection, the magnets may become damaged and lose their magnetic flux density.
  • the containers 102 may be made of, or coated with, any suitable material such as a material that does not react with the conductive substance, such as stainless steel.
  • the container 102 may help adjust the magnetic field between the magnets.
  • each container 102 may include multiple magnets with different field vectors.
  • the design of the magnetic field may include a complex magnetic field such as a “Halbach Array” design that directs the magnetic field to specific regions of the conduits 101.
  • a Halbach array is an arrangement of magnets that enhances the magnetic field on one side of the array while cancelling the field to zero or near zero on the other side of the array.
  • Each of the one or more magnets may be, independently, a permanent magnet. Additionally, or alternatively, at least one of the one or more magnets may include or be implemented as an electromagnet.
  • Permanent magnets are magnets made from a material that is magnetized and creates its own magnetic field. Electromagnets are types of magnets in which the magnetic field is produced by an electric current.
  • the permanent magnet may have any suitable composition.
  • the permanent magnet may include neodymium (Nd), neodymium iron boron (NdFeB), samarium cobalt (SmCo), aluminum nickel cobalt (AlNiCo), ceramic, ferrite, or combinations thereof.
  • the shapes of the one or more magnets may be any suitable shape including, but not limited to, rod, rectangular, square, pyramidal, or irregular shaped.
  • the one or more containers 102 may also be of any suitable shape to house the magnets including, but not limited to, rod, rectangular, square, pyramidal, or irregular shaped.
  • the shape of the containers 102 may affect the flow dynamics of the conductive substance.
  • the one or more magnets and their containers 102 provide for a high intensity magnetic field perpendicular to the flow of the conductive substance within the conduit.
  • the north and south poles of the one or more magnets may be on the ends or the faces of the magnets, such as the faces of the magnets.
  • the array of magnets may have varied orientations, may be suitably spaced apart from one another, may be located at any suitable location of the conduit 101, and may be at any suitable angle with respect to another magnet.
  • the one or more magnets may be arranged in a helical pattern (at any PATENT Attorney Docket No.: UWYO-0086PC02 suitable angular rotation in degrees between adjacent magnets) along the flow path of the conduits 101.
  • Each of the one or more magnets may have, independently, any suitable field strength, such as a magnetic field strength of about 0.1 Tesla (T) or more, about 10 T or less, or combinations thereof, such as in a range from about 0.1 T to about 10 T, such as from about 0.5 T to about 5 T, such as from about 1 T to about 3 T.
  • the one or more magnets may include a permanent neodymium magnet, for example, a N45 Grade NdFeB magnet having a magnetic field strength of about 1.35 T. Other grades of NdFeB magnets are contemplated.
  • the magnetic field energy from the one or more magnets makes up at least a portion of the energy that alters a property of the conductive substance, transforms the conductive substance, and/or generates a new substance from the conductive substance.
  • the magnetic energy may also be utilized to generate other forms of energy including electrical energy (in units of electron-volts (eV)) induced by the magnetic energy in the presence of a moving conductive substance.
  • the conduits 101, one or more magnets, and containers 102 may be configured to enhance fluid dynamics, increase turbulence, increase ion mobility, or combinations thereof within the conduits 101.
  • the one or more magnets may be adapted to enhance fluid dynamics, increase turbulence, increase ion mobility, or combinations thereof within the conduit.
  • the one or more magnets inside the conduit in combination with the containers 102 may serve various functions including, but not limited to, the following: change the dynamic velocity of the conductive substance within the apparatus 100; provide for “pulsing” of the voltage so as to generate higher voltage peaks; and/or provide mixing and turbulence within the apparatus 100.
  • the one or more magnets may be configured to generate any suitable magnetic field configuration. Suitable magnetic field configurations may include a unidirectional PATENT Attorney Docket No.: UWYO-0086PC02 magnetic field configuration or a multi-directional magnetic field configuration.
  • the multi- directional magnetic field configuration may have a regular pattern (e.g., a change in the magnetic field direction according to a regularly spaced helical pattern, such as the same angular rotation between adjacent magnets spaced evenly along a conduit) or a more irregular pattern (e.g., a more randomized or non-continuous change in magnetic field directions, such as different angular rotations between adjacent magnets along a conduit).
  • each of the conduits 101 may include 72 magnets with a centerline spacing of about 6.8 cm.
  • the containers 102, and magnets therein, may be offset from one another forming a double helix shape through the conduits 101 to generate a multi-directional magnetic field configuration.
  • the multi-directional magnetic field configuration may prevent particles in the conduit 101 from moving in only one direction from which unidirectional effects would stem.
  • This non-limiting design may result in non- unidirectional consistent spin alterations for the conductive substance (conductive fluid and/or conductive target therein), which may maximize, or at least increase, the magnetic energy that is gained by the conductive fluid and/or target therein from the magnetic fields.
  • Unidirectional magnetic fields result in a singular directional magnetic field gradient, which may reduce the magnetic energy experienced by a given particle. It is contemplated that unidirectional magnetic fields may be utilized if desired.
  • Each of the conduits 101 may include a first end 131 (influent side), a second end 132 (effluent side), and a flow path 133 through which a conductive substance flows.
  • FIG. 1 shows only the conduit 101a to include a first end, a second end, and a flow path
  • each of the conduits 101 includes a first end, a second end, and a flow path.
  • the first end 131 may include one or more inlets (only one inlet is shown) and the second end 132 may include one or more outlets (only one outlets is shown).
  • the inlets and outlets may be adapted to receive the same conductive substance or different conductive substance.
  • a conductive substance may be introduced through the first end and enter the flow path, and exit the second end of the conduits 101.
  • a first inlet of the one or more inlets may be adapted to receive a “fresh” conductive substance.
  • Fresh conductive substance refers to a conductive substance that has not been exposed to magnetic energy emitted by a conduit 101 described herein.
  • a second inlet of the one or more inlets may be adapted to receive a “recirculated” conductive PATENT Attorney Docket No.: UWYO-0086PC02 substance.
  • Recirculated conductive substance refers to a conductive substance that has been exposed to magnetic energy (a magnetic field) emitted by the one or more magnets described herein. Additionally, or alternatively, a single inlet may be adapted to receive a fresh conductive substance, a recirculated conductive substance, or combinations thereof. That is, apparatus of the present disclosure may be utilized for treating a conductive substance one or more times.
  • the apparatus 100 may include a feed reservoir 110 that contains feed to be flowed through the conduits 101.
  • the feed reservoir 110 may contain the conductive substance.
  • the feed reservoir may be coupled to the first end (influent side) of the conduit 101a.
  • the feed may be drawn from feed reservoir 110 by a flow-regulating mechanism (e.g., pump 114) via line L1.
  • the pump 114 pumps conductive substance through the conduits 101.
  • the velocity of the conductive substance may be controlled using pump 114 or other flow-regulating mechanisms to enhance interaction between the conductive substance and the magnetic field.
  • a valve such as three-way valve V1 may couple the feed reservoir to the rest of the apparatus 100.
  • the apparatus 100 may include a reservoir 112.
  • the reservoir 112 may contain chemicals, for example, a dechlorinating agent, which may be added to the feed.
  • the reservoir 112 may be coupled to the three-way valve V1 via a pump 116 and a line L3.
  • the apparatus 100 may include a three-way valve V2 which is used for permitting a conductive substance to enter the conduits 101. Three-way valve V2 may also be utilized to collect or sample the influent flow, via line 113a, entering the conduit 101a for investigation.
  • the apparatus 100 may include a three-way valve V3 which may be used to collect or sample effluent flow, via line 113b, exiting the conduit 101c.
  • the apparatus 100 may include one or more inline sensors (for example, two inline sensors 105a, 105b are shown). Inline sensor 105a is located along line L1. Inline sensor 105b is located along line L5.
  • the inline sensors may be utilized for measuring various parameters such as flow rate, temperature, pH, electrical conductivity, dissolved oxygen concentration, or combinations thereof in the influent to, and effluent from, the conduits 101.
  • the apparatus 100 may include a drain 118 coupled to the second end of the conduit 101c by a line L5.
  • the drain 118 is utilized to collect at least a portion of the effluent PATENT Attorney Docket No.: UWYO-0086PC02 exiting the conduits 101.
  • lines L3 and L4 may have a valve for collecting sample such that influent and effluent flows from each of the three conduits 101.
  • the apparatus 100 may include a selective membrane (not shown).
  • the selective membrane may be downstream of the flow path from the magnetic device, e.g., downstream of the conduits 101.
  • Useful membranes may include reverse-osmosis (RO) membranes, nanofiltration (NF) membranes, forward osmosis (FO) membranes, proton exchange membranes or combinations thereof, among others.
  • RO membranes include SW30HR (high rejection seawater desalination RO membrane), ACM5 (low-energy brackish water desalination membrane), and ACM1 (high salt rejection brackish water desalination membrane).
  • the conductive substance e.g., a conductive target, a conductive fluid, or combinations thereof
  • the conductive substance may be altered, transformed, or converted to a new substance.
  • the magnetic energy may alter, or assist in altering, an atomic and/or molecular property of the conductive substance, an atomic or molecular property of a component present in the conductive substance, or combinations thereof.
  • Such alteration in the atomic and/or molecular properties of the conductive substance leads to an alteration in a mesoscale (physicochemical) property of the conductive substance.
  • the magnetic energy may be of sufficient energy to break a chemical bond of a molecule present in the conductive substance, break a chemical bond of a molecule of a component present in the conductive substance, or combinations thereof.
  • the conductive substance e.g., a conductive target, a conductive fluid, or combinations thereof
  • energy that includes electrical energy (induced EMF) and/or thermal energy (collapse of nanobubbles) may be generated.
  • the energy generated and the magnetic energy may alter, or assist in altering, an atomic and/or molecular property of the conductive substance, an atomic or molecular property of a component present in the conductive substance, or combinations thereof.
  • Such alteration in the atomic and/or molecular properties of the conductive substance leads to an alteration in a mesoscale (physicochemical) property of the conductive substance.
  • the energy generated by, or involved with, PATENT Attorney Docket No.: UWYO-0086PC02 operation of the apparatus is of sufficient energy to break a chemical bond of a molecule present in the conductive substance, break a chemical bond of a molecule of a component present in the conductive substance, or combinations thereof.
  • the energy generated by, or involved with, operation of the apparatus 100 may be formed in the absence of electrodes or external electrical inputs into the conduits 101.
  • Apparatus described herein may be used with methods described herein.
  • Aspects of the present disclosure also generally relate to methods for magnetically assisted alteration or transformation of a conductive substance.
  • the method may include flowing a conductive substance (e.g., a conductive fluid, a conductive target, or both) through a conduit such as conduit 101.
  • the method further includes exposing the conductive substance to a magnetic field or a series of magnetic fields.
  • a pump e.g., pump 114) or other suitable apparatus may be utilized to cause the conductive substance to flow at a certain velocity through the conduit.
  • the conductive substance may include an organic substance.
  • the conductive fluid may include an organic substance.
  • Organic substances may include a saccharide (e.g., a hexose, a pentose, or combinations thereof), a polysaccharide, a hydrocarbon (e.g., natural gas), an aldehyde functional group (e.g., glutaraldehyde), a carbamide functional group (e.g., urea), a thiol functional group, a thioether functional group, an alcohol functional group, an ether functional group, an ester functional group, an amine functional group, an amide functional group, an alkane, or combinations thereof.
  • a saccharide e.g., a hexose, a pentose, or combinations thereof
  • a polysaccharide e.g., a hydrocarbon (e.g., natural gas)
  • an aldehyde functional group e.g., glutaralde
  • the conductive target may be present in a conductive fluid flowing through the conduit.
  • the conductive fluid may include water.
  • energy is generated that is sufficient to, e.g., alter one or more properties of a conductive substance, transform the conductive substance, or combinations thereof.
  • the energy that is involved with the process e.g., energy generated and magnetic energy
  • the energy generated may be in the form of electrical energy (induced EMF), thermal energy (collapse of nanobubbles), magnetic energy, or combinations thereof, among other forms of energy.
  • the energy generated may be in the form of a voltage, a current, thermal energy, or combinations thereof.
  • the magnetic energy alone, or in combination with another energy source may alter or assist in altering one or more properties of a conductive substance, may transform or assist in transforming the conductive substance, or combinations thereof.
  • the magnetic energy alone, or in combination with another energy source may facilitate dissociation of the conductive substance, may facilitate ionization of the conductive substance, may facilitate mineralization of the conductive substance, or combinations thereof.
  • the magnetic energy alone, or in combination with another energy source may be of sufficient energy to increase an energy state of the conductive substance, may increase a polarizability of the conductive substance, or combinations thereof. Additionally, or alternatively, the magnetic energy alone, or in combination with another energy source, may alter an atomic property of the conductive substance, may alter a molecular property of the conductive substance, may dehydrate an ion present in the conductive substance, or combinations thereof. As described herein, alteration of the molecular property of the conductive substance may alter a mesoscale property of the conductive substance. Additionally, or alternatively, the magnetic energy alone, or in combination with another energy source, may be of sufficient energy to break a chemical bond of the conductive substance.
  • the energy involved with operation of the aspects described herein may be sufficient to break chemical bonds within a water molecule.
  • the conductive substance comprises an organic molecule such as a saccharide (for example, glucose)
  • the energy involved with operation of the aspects described herein may be sufficient to break a glycosidic bond of the saccharide.
  • the conductive substance comprises an organic molecule comprising an aldehyde functional group (for example, glutaraldehyde)
  • the energy involved with operation of the aspects described herein may be sufficient to dissociate the organic molecule comprising the aldehyde functional group.
  • the PATENT Attorney Docket No.: UWYO-0086PC02 energy involved with operation of the aspects described herein may be sufficient to structurally degrade or break the organic molecule comprising the carbamide functional group.
  • other process parameters may be selected to adjust the energy sufficient to alter a property of the conductive substance, assist in altering a property of the conductive substance, transform the conductive substance, and/or assist in transforming the conductive substance.
  • Process parameters may include, but are not limited to: a flow velocity of the conductive substance passing through the magnetic field, a temperature of the conductive substance in the conduit (e.g., conduits 101), a hydraulic pressure within the conduit, exposure time of the conductive substance to the magnetic energy (e.g., a residence time), or combinations thereof. Other process parameters are described herein.
  • the desired magnetic energy applied to the conductive substance may be selected to alter, or assist in altering, one or more molecular properties of the conductive substance. These molecular properties may include, but are not limited to, bond length, bond energy, bond angle, spin state, energy state, or combinations thereof. For ions, atomic properties and molecular properties may come into play.
  • Selection of the desired magnetic energy applied to the conductive substance may be performed by utilization of equations, algorithms, and/or models described herein.
  • the selection of the desired magnetic energy may include determining the magnitude of a magnetic energy that alters, or assists in altering, a conductive substance’s atomic and/or molecular properties based on Eq.1.0: .
  • a description of Eq. 1.0 is described below.
  • the magnetic energy may be produced by a permanent magnet, an electromagnet, or combination thereof present in, e.g., apparatus 100.
  • the magnetic energy may be affected by one or more magnetic conditioning parameters, one or more process parameters, or combinations thereof. Suitable magnetic conditioning parameters and suitable process parameters are described herein.
  • an atomic property and/or molecular property of the conductive substance is altered or transformed.
  • Mesoscale properties of the conductive substance may also be altered because of the alteration in the PATENT Attorney Docket No.: UWYO-0086PC02 atomic and/or molecular scale properties of the conductive substance.
  • Such mesoscale properties may include, but are not limited to, hydrogen bonding, viscosity, dynamic viscosity, vapor pressure, permeability, solubility, density, surface tension, polarity, pH, conductivity, reactivity, thermal conductivity, enthalpy, entropy, boiling point, vapor point, or combinations thereof, among others.
  • methods described herein may include determining a magnetic energy introduced by a magnetic field on a flowing conductive fluid comprising a conductive target.
  • the conductive target may include an organic molecule, and the magnetic energy may be determined by, at least, Eq. 1.0.
  • Methods may further include determining a magnetic energy associated with the conductive target, wherein the magnetic energy associated with the conductive target is determined by, at least, Eq.1.7. .
  • Eq.1.7 A description of Eq.1.7 is described below.
  • Methods may further include determining a net energy based on a comparison of ⁇ ⁇ and ⁇ .
  • Methods may further include determining a bond energy of a chemical bond present in the organic molecule that would be altered or transformed based on the net energy by, e.g., comparing the net energy determined to a known bond energy value. Methods may further include exposing the conductive fluid comprising the conductive target to an operational magnetic energy that is greater than the bond energy of the chemical bond present in the organic molecule. The exposing the conductive fluid to the operational magnetic energy may then alter or transform the conductive target.
  • the conductive substance may be moved relative to the magnetic field(s). Additionally, or alternatively, the conductive substance may be stationary, and the magnetic field(s) may be moved relative to the conductive substance.
  • methods described herein may include identifying a bond energy of at least one bond present in a conductive target, the conductive target comprising an organic molecule.
  • the bond may be a glycosidic bond.
  • Methods may further include determining an operational magnetic energy that is greater than the bond energy of the at least one bond present in the organic PATENT Attorney Docket No.: UWYO-0086PC02 molecule.
  • the operational magnetic energy may be determined by inputs, e.g., ⁇ ⁇ as determined by Eq. 1.0, ⁇ as determined by Eq. 1.7, or a combination thereof, among others.
  • the operational magnetic energy is the magnetic energy that may be set by an operator or a program.
  • Methods may further include setting a source of magnetic energy to the operational magnetic energy.
  • Methods may further include exposing the conductive target to the operational magnetic energy while moving a conductive fluid relative to the source of the magnetic energy, the conductive fluid comprising the conductive target. Additionally, or alternatively, the conductive target may be exposed to the operational magnetic energy while moving the source of magnetic energy relative to a conductive fluid, the conductive fluid comprising the conductive target.
  • a first measured energy state of the conductive substance (e.g., conductive fluid and/or target therein, etc.) measured before directing the conductive substance to flow through the magnetic field may be lower than a second measured energy state of the conductive substance measured after flowing the conductive substance through the magnetic field.
  • Use of methods described herein may result in a first measured polarizability of the conductive substance measured before directing the conductive substance to flow through the magnetic field that is altered relative to a second measured polarizability of the conductive substance measured after flowing the conductive substance through the magnetic field.
  • the method may further include collecting the altered and/or transformed conductive substance for use, if desired, in downstream applications.
  • the altered or transformed conductive substance may enable subsequent processes to be performed in a manner that is less energy intensive and less costly than conventional technologies.
  • the conductive substance having altered properties and/or the transformed conductive substance may be removed by, for example, filtering such as by using a membrane, a media filter, or combinations thereof.
  • the altered or transformed conductive PATENT Attorney Docket No.: UWYO-0086PC02 substance may enable subsequent processes to be performed in a manner that is less energy intensive and less costly than conventional technologies.
  • the conductive substance includes a conductive fluid (e.g., water) and a conductive target (e.g., an organic compound).
  • a conductive fluid e.g., water
  • a conductive target e.g., an organic compound
  • Equations, algorithms, and/or models described herein may be utilized to determine desired magnetic conditioning parameters and/or process parameters useful to: [0114] (a) alter, or assist in altering, molecular properties of the organic compound sufficiently to satisfy the objective; [0115] (b) transform, or assist in transforming, the organic compound and thereby alter mesoscale properties of the organic compound sufficiently to satisfy the objective; [0116] (c) alter, or assist in altering, molecular properties of the water sufficiently to satisfy the objective; [0117] (d) transform, or assist in transforming, the water and thereby alter mesoscale properties of the water sufficiently to satisfy the objective; or [0118] (e) combinations thereof.
  • equations, algorithms, and/or models described herein may be utilized to determine desired magnetic conditioning parameters and/or process parameters useful to alter, or assist in altering, atomic properties of ion(s) present in the organic compound and/or the water.
  • the magnetic energy may be sufficient to alter and/or transform the organic compound and/or the water.
  • use of apparatus and methods of the present disclosure may generate energy sufficient to alter one or more properties of the organic compound, to transform the organic compound, to alter one or more properties of the water, to transform the water, alter one or more properties of ion(s) present, or combinations thereof.
  • Such energy may be a result of the magnetic energy applied to the organic compound or water, induced EMF in the water, collapse of nanobubbles in the water, or combinations thereof.
  • the spatial arrangement of atoms in each molecule is a function of the bond types and strengths that make up the molecular structure. Bond properties, bond length, bond angle relative to neighboring atoms, and bond integrity are a function of their strength or energy state and the energy state of the surrounding environment. Bonds may be broken if the background energy state equals or exceeds that of the bond(s). For example, the application of thermal energy (heating) to a molecule will result in thermal decomposition of the molecule once the thermal energy exceeds some limit for the overall energy state of the target molecule.
  • the energy is supplied by passage of a molecule, organic or otherwise, through a series of magnetic fields.
  • This supplied energy may first alter and then break the bonds making up the molecular structure once some threshold value is achieved.
  • This threshold value is determined by the number and types of bonds making up the overall structure.
  • the susceptibility of a given molecule to be affected by passage through the magnetic system may be determined by the presence of weaker bond types, such as C ⁇ S (typical bond energy ⁇ 260 kJ/mol), S ⁇ H (typical bond energy ⁇ 340 kJ/mol), C-O (typical bond energy ⁇ 360 kJ/mol) , N ⁇ H (typical bond energy ⁇ 390 kJ/mol) , and C ⁇ C (typical bond energy ⁇ 350 kJ/mol) bonds.
  • weaker bond types such as C ⁇ S (typical bond energy ⁇ 260 kJ/mol), S ⁇ H (typical bond energy ⁇ 340 kJ/mol), C-O (typical bond energy ⁇ 360 kJ/mol) , N ⁇ H (typical bond energy ⁇ 390 kJ/mol) , and C ⁇ C (typical bond energy ⁇ 350 kJ/mol) bonds.
  • the magnetic energy may be used as a tool to assist in generating energy to alter one or more properties of a conductive substance, to transform a conductive substance, to generate a new substance, or combinations thereof.
  • Energy sufficient to alter a property of a conductive substance or transform a conductive substance may be a result of, e.g., magnetic energy alone.
  • Energy sufficient to alter a property of a conductive substance or transform a conductive substance may be a result of, e.g., magnetic energy, electrical energy (induced EMF), thermal energy (collapse of nanobubbles), or combinations thereof.
  • organic molecules/compounds are conductive substances.
  • starches and cellulosic feedstocks may be converted into ethanol through biochemical processes, which may be energy intensive. Removing SOCs and/or transforming naturally occurring compounds with minimum material and energy, as a new treatment technology, may provide cost savings relative to conventional technologies.
  • conventional technologies rely on physical mechanisms (such as membranes) or chemical mechanisms (such as catalysts or reagents) for removing or transforming organic compounds into less harmful or useful materials.
  • aspects described herein may utilize magnetic fields for manipulating the properties of solvents (for example, water) and solutes (for example, molecules, ions thereof, or combinations thereof, among others).
  • the magnetic fields may be utilized to, for example, transform, mineralize, destroy, dissociate, dehydrate, and/or alter properties of the solutes.
  • transform, mineralizing, dissociating, dehydrating, destroying, and/or altering PATENT Attorney Docket No.: UWYO-0086PC02 properties of the solutes the removal of the solute through secondary processes/systems may be enhanced.
  • aspects of the present disclosure may be utilized to transform organic molecules and/or ions thereof without dissociating the organic molecules and/or ions thereof, for example, by increasing bond energy, thereby enabling altered reaction properties with other substances.
  • aspects of the present disclosure may be utilized to dissociate organic molecules and/or ions thereof into smaller organic molecules. These smaller organic molecules have different properties than the organic molecules and/or ions prior to subjecting to a magnetic field (magnetic energy).
  • the dissociation products can, depending on their respective properties and the magnetic field, may recombine into different organic molecules of various sizes and/or various properties than the organic molecules prior to subjecting to the magnetic field.
  • a spin charge carrier is a particle, or quasiparticle, that is not restrained from movements and could contain electromagnetic properties. With changes in the carriers, the overall properties of a particle system could potentially be altered. [0132] Studies have also found that magnetic fields may alter the intensity and direction of currents in an organic molecular spin-photovoltaic circuit. Here, it has been suggested that magneto current may not have a clear role for such changes but changes in the magnetization alignment could lead to the generation of the spin-polarized output current.
  • Organic molecules generally include various types of functional groups and bond structures in which there may be different arrangements of nuclear spins. With the existing spins in the organic materials, potential changes in the spin status, as well as subsequent changes in the physiochemical properties of the molecule, may be induced in the presence of a magnetic field(s). Direct measurement of spin status is experimentally difficult.
  • Changes in molecular properties may be evaluated in terms of parameters related to applied hydrodynamic conditions and the total Gibbs free energy induced by movements within the multi-directional magnetic fields.
  • Theoretical [0136] A statistical-physical model for predicting changes in total energy state of a particle resulting from passage through the magnetic field system was developed using data acquired from information gathered at different scales.
  • ⁇ may be flow velocity or Darcy velocity, which is the nominal velocity through the conduit considering only the flowrate and conduit cross sectional area.
  • ⁇ may be flow velocity or Darcy velocity, which is the nominal velocity through the conduit considering only the flowrate and conduit cross sectional area.
  • Up-scaled experimental data were employed to build and examine the predictive models to better estimate overall performance and responses of the particle system to the magnetic treatment. Experimental data was not available for describing the phenomenon at each of the different scales, and thus they could not be integrated directly due to discreteness between different scales. Therefore, data from the upper nanoscale were also integrated after which the statistical physical modeling (Eq.1.0) was built based on bridged data from the different scales, which was generated from the varied scales of data from the magnetic treatments. [0139] Eq.
  • 1.0 may be used to predict how the overall energy state of a particle, of a known initial energy state, will change under a given set of operating set points for the magnetic field system. For instance, granted that the velocity was the only operational variable employed here, the magnetic energy obtained from Eq. 1.0 may be practically logarithmic in nature, indicating that the model, in some instances, could be further simplified under specific circumstances to predict or estimate particle energy changes. Under the hydrodynamic conditions used in this study ( ⁇ ⁇ > ⁇ 10 cm/sec), the flow conditions were all characterized as turbulent. Therefore, it was assumed that the particles flowing through the magnetic field system experienced all magnetic field gradients, ⁇ . Therefore, for these simulations and tests, the ultimate magnetic energy a material experiences is a function of flow velocity through the magnetic field system.
  • a particle such as an ion, molecule, particulate, combinations thereof, among others, passing through a magnetic field may be exposed to energy.
  • the magnitude and action of this energy may be a function of, for example, the particle properties, magnetic field(s) properties, motion of the particle relative to the magnetic field(s), or combinations thereof.
  • Einstein s function, the general term of magnetic energy, ⁇ , was estimated in earlier studies, and details pertaining to the computation of ⁇ have been described in International Patent Application No. PCT/US2024/051781, filed October 17, 2024, entitled PATENT Attorney Docket No.: UWYO-0086PC02 “Magnetically Assisted Alteration or Transformation of a Substance”, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
  • Energy introduced into water by a magnetic field, ⁇ may calculated according to Eq.1.1: wherein: ⁇ is the strength of the magnetic field (for example, about 1.350 T); ⁇ ⁇ is the uniform angular momentum, or spin, of the target through the magnetic device at constant temperature; is the exchange coefficient for each target in the fluid (e.g., fluid is water); ⁇ is the dimensionless magnetic moment of the target; ⁇ ⁇ is the permeability of the permanent magnet(s) (e.g., permanent neodymium magnets); ⁇ is total momentum of substances moving through the magnetic field; and ⁇ is number of lattice sites of the target.
  • the value of ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ is a linear function of the flow velocity through the magnetic field.
  • Eq.1.2 was expanded and expressed as a Taylor series approximation (Eq.1.3).
  • Eq. 1.3 shows how molecular mechanics may be combined with Newtonian mechanics when water molecules were considered collectively, [0143] The energy of water molecules was dependent on the structure of the molecule and would be changed when temperature changed or other external energy was applied, and ⁇ ⁇ thus when external energy was considered as another aspect ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ of Eq.
  • ⁇ represents the linear momentum
  • ⁇ is the mass of all substances in the fluid (e.g., water);
  • ⁇ is radius of rotation of the target; and
  • ⁇ is the velocity of the target.
  • Eq.1.2 and Eq.1.3 supports that potentiality, molecular mechanics could be correlated to Newtonian mechanics
  • the total angular momentum, ⁇ in Eq. 1.1 is substituted with ⁇ in Eq.1.4 to form Eq.1.5.
  • the energy introduced by the magnetic field, ⁇ may increase linearly with flow velocity.
  • parameters accounting for, e.g., the dimensional characteristics of that system may be introduced.
  • the magnets may be defined as cylinders with a length ⁇ of 7.62 cm and a radius ⁇ of 2.54 cm.
  • the cylindrical geometry may be selected to simplify the computational requirements required for determining ⁇ . Because permanent magnets were used, no external electric current applied was applied, though it is contemplated that external electric current may be applied. Therefore, the current density may be determined using the magnetic polarization, ⁇ , which is measured in units of Tesla (like ⁇ ) and accessed through the magnetization, and vacuum permeability of the magnets, ⁇ ⁇ , according to Maxwell’s equations.
  • a dimensionless estimation for the difference in magnetic energy may be computed using the six-order Landau expansion, which may be adapted to evaluate magnetic energy of materials with multiple states, as shown in Eq.1.7: [0152]
  • ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ is the vicinal magnetic transition of the target as a function of time;
  • ⁇ ⁇ is an independent characteristic temperature of the fluid comprising the target and passing through the magnetic field, which is an intrinsic property based upon elemental properties;
  • ⁇ is a bulk temperature of the fluid passing through the magnetic field;
  • ⁇ is the magnetization of the target under a given magnetic field;
  • ⁇ ⁇ is a temperature dependent magnetization constant for normalization;
  • ⁇ ⁇ is the initial energy state of the target at the given temperature;
  • ⁇ is the initial magnetic identity factor for the relevant target, which is sometimes referred to as the heat-specific magnetic identity factor for the relevant target (e.g., ⁇ ⁇ 1.0);
  • Eq. 1.7 is a new mathematical developed to evaluate magnetic energy of materials with multiple states for comparison with the generated magnetic energy. That is, Eq.1.7 is a new equation to calculate energy associated with any suitable organic molecule.
  • ⁇ is a magnetic energy associated with a target and indicates an energy that may be utilized to transform a target. This magnetic energy associated with the target may include a magnetic energy that a target (which may have multiple spin states) experiences upon exposure to the magnetic field or passing through the magnetic field.
  • the magnitude(s) of the magnetic energy ⁇ may be compared with the bond energies that make up the glucose and urea molecules.
  • molecular dynamics simulations may be performed to determine an operational magnetic energy that the fluid comprising the target(s) may be subjected to.
  • the molecular dynamics simulations may utilize ⁇ , ⁇ , and/or a net energy (a comparison of ⁇ , ⁇ ) as inputs for the molecular dynamics’ simulations.
  • the operational magnetic energy may be greater than the bond energy of at least one bond present in the target.
  • the fluid and/or the target(s) present in the fluid may be altered, transformed, mineralized, dissociated, and/or dehydrated, among other effects. 2.1. Equation S1.
  • the energy that a particle is exposed to upon passing through the magnetic field system may be estimated using Eq.
  • ⁇ is the total number of particles per unit volume (dimensionless); ⁇ ⁇ is the effective mass of the particle of interest and is computed using the electron energy and wave vectors of the particle of interest (kg); the relevant particle refers to the target particle of interest, e.g., sodium ions; ⁇ is the magnetic mobility of the particle of interest (m 2 /V ⁇ sec); ⁇ is the linear bulk velocity of the target particle population along the x-axis through a magnetic field(s) (cm/sec); ⁇ is a strength of the magnetic field, ⁇ is the local magnetic field gradient (T), which is difference in magnetic field per unit change at a direction in the Faraday balance; ⁇ ⁇ is Boltzmann’s constant (1.380649 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 23 J/K); ⁇ is the solution temperature (where the solution refers to the liquid or liquid mixture of a solvent containing particles, e.g., a conductive fluid) (°K); ⁇ is the state of spin density of the particle (dimensionless),
  • the targets investigated include glucose, urea, and glutaraldehyde.
  • All solutions were made using ultrapure water from a Milli-Q Direct 16 water system (Millipore Sigma, Burlington, MA) having a resistivity of 18.2 M ⁇ cm and an unbuffered pH of 6.07 ⁇ 0.05.
  • Citric acid purity of 99.6%
  • sodium hydroxide purity of 98%) were acquired from Fisher Scientific (Hampton, NH).
  • Deuterium oxide (99.8 atom%) and glucose (purity ⁇ 99.5%, GC grade) were acquired from Millipore Sigma (Burlington, MA).
  • Glucose includes C–H groups, O–H groups, and carbonyl groups, which are representative functional groups that exist in a wide range of carbohydrates. And carbohydrates are one of the major components in wastewater to be removed or recovered.
  • the N–H group in urea represents another common type of functional group, as well as functional groups in compounds found in municipal wastewater.
  • FTIR Fourier transform infrared
  • FTIR Fourier transform infrared
  • Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) imaging was performed to characterize the structural properties of the organic molecules in a liquid phase. NMR measurements on the virgin and treated organic compounds were performed using a Bruker 400 MHz NMR (Bruker, Billerica, MA). The NMR was tuned to a 1 H (proton) nucleus. Prior to NMR analyses, aqueous samples were freeze-dried using a lyophilizer at ⁇ 84°C (Labconco Freezone, Kansas City, MO).
  • deuterium oxide D 2 O
  • 1 H NMR analysis was then conducted for the deuterated solution using a 5 mm NMR tube.
  • the tubes were cleaned with ethanol and air-dried before filling with the deuterated solutions.
  • Auto shim was performed to lock the NMR signal.
  • Deuterated solvent the deuterium oxide
  • 16 scans were performed for each sample. Exponential multiplication on free induction decay was utilized to improve the signal to noise ratio. Fourier transformation and phase correction were applied to the NMR signals. Phase correction was automatically performed by the instrument.
  • FTIR Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy
  • Raman spectroscopy was utilized to determine the chemical structures of the organic compounds prior to, and posterior to, passing through the magnetic fields. Spectra were obtained using a Raman spectrometer (XploRATM PLUS, Horiba, Kyoto, Japan). Sample preparations for Raman spectroscopy were the same as those for the NMR measurements. The Raman spectrometer was equipped with a laser having a wavelength of 532 nm and a power of 76 mW. The filter and grating for the Raman instrument were set to 10% and 750 nm, respectively. The Raman range for sampling was 100 cm –1 to 4000 cm –1 .
  • Free chlorine concentration in the influent, after addition of the dechlorinating agent, may be monitored using the following models: pH (DPD1P1), conductivity (3700 Digital Inductive Conductivity Sensor), dissolved oxygen (LDO® Model 2), and free chlorine (CL 17).
  • DPD1P1 pH
  • conductivity 3700 Digital Inductive Conductivity Sensor
  • LDO® Model 2 dissolved oxygen
  • free chlorine CL 17
  • Table 1 the magnetic energy was computed based on an ideal particle under selected test conditions and using Eq.1.7.
  • Table 1 3.4. Organic Materials Exposure to the Magnetic Fields
  • Flow-through experiments were performed using a mixed electrolyte solution.
  • the feed solution chemistry and the composition of the mixed electrolyte solution for the flow-through magnetic field experiments (n ⁇ 3) is summarized in Table 2.
  • the temperature in Table 2 was the ambient temperature of the water.
  • the feed solution selected was tap water, which was utilized due to the flowrates that were used in the experiments.
  • the ionic composition of the water was monitored through regular sampling throughout the duration of the experiments.
  • Free chlorine may be quenched using sodium metabisulfite (Na 2 S 2 O 5 ) and may be dosed into the feed solution.
  • the influent concentrations of urea and glucose were each about 1000 mg/L.
  • the organic materials were exposed to the magnetic field at different flow velocities, ⁇ ⁇ of about 7.8 cm/sec, about 15.6 cm/sec, about 23.3 cm/sec, about 31.1 cm/sec, and about 46.8 cm/sec. Samples were acquired for subsequent analysis on the influent and effluent flows, from each of the three flow-through magnetic tubes. Control tests were performed using the same hydraulic conditions as those in the organic trials. In the control tests the feed solution bypassed the magnetic system, but was otherwise subjected to the same chemical addition and processing. 4.
  • the increase in absorbance was determined to be more substantial when the velocity increased from about 7.8 cm/sec to about 31.1 cm/sec relative to that measured when the velocity increased from about 31.1 cm/sec to about 46.8 cm/sec. This may be due to the logarithmic relationship between magnetic energy and flow velocity through the magnetic field.
  • the observed increases in absorbance at the noted wavelengths PATENT Attorney Docket No.: UWYO-0086PC02 may be indicative of increase in the energy state of the glucose. At a higher energy state, a molecule may be more easily excited by the infrared, resulting in vibrational energy differences and a more intense absorption peak.
  • the O–H group Prior to the magnetic field, the O–H group had a singular broad absorbance band at 3500 cm –1 ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ Posterior to the treatment, the O–H group presented sharp peaks at a wavelength ( ⁇ ) of about The peaks at about 3000 cm –1 point to a more saturated O–H group, or an O–H group having a higher energy state relative to the initial bond. When the solution was recirculated through the system, these peaks became more pronounced, as well as two new peaks emerged at wavelengths of about 2917 cm –1 and about While not experimentally accessible, the changes in molecular energy states may be a potential sign of differences in the spin state of the glucose molecule.
  • ⁇ -D-glucose is more reactive (less stable) and of a higher energy state compared with ⁇ -D-glucose. This higher reactivity may be due to the respective locations of the hydroxyl groups on the anomeric carbon (the C1 carbon), where the ⁇ position is characterized by the hydroxyl group being on the same side as the C6 carbon. Conversely, it is on the opposite side of the C6 carbon for the ⁇ -position.
  • the naturally-occurring ratio of ⁇ -D-glucose to ⁇ -D-glucose is about 1:1.725, which was also measured for the control samples and shown in FIG.5A.
  • the measured energy states of ⁇ -D-glucose and ⁇ -D-glucose in a condensed phase are about ⁇ 2805 kJ/mol and about ⁇ 2723 kJ/mol, respectively.
  • the overall energy state of the glucose molecules increased.
  • energy state increases less energy may be required to break the constituent bonds of a given molecule.
  • aspects described herein may enable the utilization of less amounts of energy and/or other inputs for transforming and/or decomposing molecules.
  • FIG.6 The suggestion that passing through the magnetic system may make the glucose more susceptible to degradation was supported by measured changes in the charge to mass ratios for the untreated and treated glucose (FIG.6). Data from the control tests (no magnetic treatment) suggested that there was no interference introduced by the system (FIG. 7). Samples that had passed through the magnetic system were characterized by molecules of lower charge to mass ratio (molecular weights), showing m/z at 203 and 219. These “smaller” structures were determined to be more predominant as the flow velocity increased from about 7.8 cm/sec to about 31.1 cm/sec (FIG.
  • the absorbance intensity at a wavelength range of from about 3200 cm –1 to about 3400 cm –1 was found to increase from about 0.04 to about 0.09, indicative of intramolecular bonding between amine and carbonyl groups and/or stronger vibration of NH stretching.
  • the observed increase in the FTIR absorption intensity may further indicate an increase in the molecular energy state, in agreement with the findings for the glucose. Like that observed for the glucose, the increase in magnitude of the IR absorbance became less substantial at a ⁇ ⁇ of about 31.1 cm/sec.
  • the increase due to the outlier velocity ( ⁇ ⁇ of about 46.8 cm/sec) was determined to be not as significant compared with that of the samples exposed to magnetic fields for a longer time at the high velocity ( ⁇ ⁇ of about 31.1 cm/sec).
  • the observed increase in the Raman intensity of the treated urea may suggest that structural changes in the molecule(s) had occurred.
  • One potential pathway by which the Raman intensity may be strengthened includes through the formation of different rovibronic states of the urea molecule. Passage through the magnetic system may also have increased the degree of modes of vibration, for example, mode of N–H.
  • the molecular weight of urea was measured using MALDI-TOF as shown in FIGS. 9A and 9B.
  • the MALDI-TOF presented the weight of molecules existing in the samples. While the peak of urea is theoretically at 60.06 m/z as it has a molecular weight of 60.06 g/mol, peaks at a mass-to-charge ratio higher than 60.06 m/z could be found depending on formation of urea clusters or a mass-to-charge ratio lower than 60.06 m/z might be observed due to fragmentations caused by gaining energy from MALDI-TOF.
  • Glutaraldehyde ((CH2)3(CHO)2) removal/transformation upon passage through a multi-directional magnetic field was evaluated using the same apparatus and protocols used for the two natural organic molecules (glucose, urea).
  • a ball and stick model for glutaraldehyde is shown in FIG.10.
  • the chemical structure of glutaraldehyde is: [0195] The glutaraldehyde molecule is characterized by 2 double bonds between the terminal carbon atoms and oxygen atoms, 4 rotatable bonds, and 2 aldehydes.
  • the changes in the organic materials were determined to be in accordance with the increase in velocity of passing through the magnetic fields. As velocities rose from about 7.8 cm/sec to about 31.1 cm/sec, the difference in mass to charge ratio of glucose varied, whereby as the velocity increased, smaller particles were found (from ⁇ 200 m/z to ⁇ 64 m/z).
  • the FTIR results indicated a new bond structure of glucose posterior to the treatment such that new peaks were found at wavelengths of about 2854 cm –1 , about 2926 cm –1 , and about 2954 cm –1 .
  • the findings of urea agreed with that of glucose. [0205] Further, the findings may suggest that flow-through velocity and residence time in the magnetic fields are two interrelated parameters.
  • the degree of transformation that is realized may be rate dependent functions. Higher velocities may have higher transformation rates, while longer residence times at lower velocities may have slower transformation rates but with a similar extent. Accordingly, magnetic field based technologies may be used as a tool for affecting the properties of organic structures in, for example, aqueous media.
  • the examples illustrate a predictive energy model for magnetically assisted alteration or transformation of a conductive substance. As described herein, aspects of the present disclosure may be used as a tool to assist in generating energy to alter one or more properties of a conductive substance, to transform a conductive substance, or to generate a new substance. 6.
  • the magnets of an example flow-through magnetic apparatus may apply a magnetic field ( ⁇ 10,000 oersted (Oe)) to a fluid flowing through a helically patterned volume.
  • a magnetic field ⁇ 10,000 oersted (Oe)
  • the analysis of such a system includes understanding the hydrodynamics (physics of fluids in motion) and magneto- dynamics (physics of magnetics in motion). The combination is the study of magneto- hydrodynamics.
  • COMSOL was utilized to model the interactions of these physical systems. Studies included single physics simulations, modeling one property of the system at a time.
  • FIGS.11A-11C show a fully modeled conduit of an example flow-through magnetic apparatus, with its magnets arranged in the helical pattern outside the diameter. The magnets are inserted into the sleeves along the tube length, allowing for fluids flowing through the tube to be exposed to high magnetic field, in a variety of geometries.
  • Hydrodynamic properties of water flowing through the conduit may be “visualized”, allowing characterization of the surface pressure (in units of Pascal, FIGS. 12A and 12B) and characterization of the flow behavior around the obstructions (shading indicates flow velocity).
  • FIGS.12A-12D were modeled as a turbulent flow, accounting for swirling and other non-ideal behavior (conditions: 90 gallons per minute flow, 6 foot conduit, and 25 cavity obstructions). “m” of 0.5, 1, and 1.5 is the distance in meters along the conduit. [0211]
  • the modeling images shown in FIGS.12A-12D were sliced to give view cross- sections of the relevant data. Here, the same model is sliced in half, and presents the geometry (FIG. 13A), the pressure (FIG.13B), the constant velocity surfaces (FIG. 13C), and the flow lines (FIG. 13D). Such modeling enables the investigation of the fluid dynamics in detail throughout the model. Note that the pressure in (FIG.13B) is plotted on a linear scale.
  • FIGS.15A-15E show modeled magnetic flux confinement/squeezing caused by magnets of a conduit of an example flow-through magnetic apparatus. While the magnets are oriented in a helical pattern (FIG.15A and 15D), the fields are oriented along the flow direction, in repelling orientations (North-North and South-South). This causes the fluid to travel through volumes of high magnetic field, with opposite polarity as the fluid travels through a conduit of a flow-through apparatus.
  • FIGS. 16A-16C show modeled data for the helical magnetic field: FIG. 16A) view of the magnets arranged in the helical pattern; FIG.16B) constant surface plot of the magnetic scalar potential in the same profile view; and FIG. 16C) end cut view of the magnetic field scalar potential cross-section. As shown by FIGS. 16A-16C, while the magnets are oriented in the same helical pattern, the fields are oriented perpendicular to the primary flow direction.
  • aspects of the present disclosure generally relate to apparatus and methods for magnetically assisted treatment and/or transformation of a substance. Overall, aspects described herein may enable transformation of, for example, an organic substance by use of a magnetic field.
  • PATENT Attorney Docket No.: UWYO-0086PC02 Aspects Listing [0217] The present disclosure provides, among others, the following aspects, each of which may be considered as optionally including any alternate aspects: [0218] Aspect 1.
  • An apparatus for inducing an alteration or transformation in a target comprising: a conduit through which a conductive target flows, the conductive target comprising an organic molecule, the conduit comprising a first end, a second end, and a flow path connecting the first end and the second end; one or more containers; and one or more magnets that form a magnetic field through which the conductive target flows, the one or more magnets positioned within an interior of the conduit, each of the one or more magnets housed within a container of the one or more containers, the magnetic field having magnetic energy, wherein the magnetic energy induces an alteration or transformation in the conductive target, the alteration or transformation induced in the absence of electrodes or external electrical inputs into the conduit.
  • Aspect 1 wherein the conductive target is in the form of a liquid, a gas, or a combination thereof.
  • Aspect 3 The apparatus according to any one of the preceding Aspects, wherein the magnetic energy alone, or in combination with another energy source (for example, an induced EMF, nanobubble collapse, or a combination thereof), facilitates dissociation of the conductive target, facilitates ionization of the conductive target, facilitates mineralization of the conductive target, or combinations thereof.
  • Aspect 5 The apparatus according to any one of the preceding Aspects, wherein the magnetic energy alone, or in combination with another energy source (for example, an induced EMF, nanobubble collapse, or a combination thereof), alters an atomic property of the conductive target, alters a molecular property of the conductive target, dehydrates an ion present in the conductive target, or combinations thereof.
  • Aspect 5 The apparatus according to Aspect 4, wherein the molecular property of the conductive target comprises a bond length, a bond energy, a bond angle, a spin state, an energy state, or combinations thereof.
  • Aspect 7 The apparatus according to Aspect 6, wherein the mesoscale property of the conductive target comprises a dynamic viscosity, a surface tension, a density, a vapor pressure, hydrogen bonding, a viscosity, a permeability, a solubility, a density, a surface tension, a polarity, a pH, a conductivity, a reactivity, a thermal conductivity, an enthalpy, an entropy, a boiling point, a vapor point, or combinations thereof.
  • Aspect 9 The apparatus according to any one of the preceding Aspects, wherein the magnetic energy alone, or in combination with another energy source (for example, an induced EMF, nanobubble collapse, or a combination thereof), is of sufficient energy to increase an energy state of the conductive target, increase a polarizability of the conductive target, or combinations thereof.
  • Aspect 9 The apparatus according to any one of the preceding Aspects, wherein the magnetic energy alone, or in combination with another energy source (for example, an induced EMF, nanobubble collapse, or a combination thereof), is of sufficient energy to break a chemical bond of the conductive target.
  • Aspect 11 The apparatus according to any one of the preceding Aspects, wherein the conductive target is present in a conductive fluid flowing through the conduit, the conductive fluid comprising a liquid, a gas, or a combination thereof.
  • the magnetic energy alone, or in combination with another energy source facilitates dissociation of the conductive fluid, facilitates ionization of the conductive target, mineralization of the conductive fluid, or combinations thereof; and/or alters an atomic property of the conductive fluid, alters a molecular property of the conductive fluid, dehydrates an ion present in the conductive fluid, or combinations thereof.
  • Aspect 12 The apparatus according to Aspect 11, wherein the molecular property of the conductive fluid comprises a bond length, a bond energy, a bond angle, a spin state, an energy state, or combinations thereof.
  • PATENT Attorney Docket No.: UWYO-0086PC02 [0230]
  • Aspect 13 The apparatus according to any one of Aspects 11-12, wherein the altered molecular property of the conductive fluid alters a mesoscale property of the conductive fluid.
  • Aspect 14 Aspect 14.
  • the mesoscale property of the conductive fluid comprises a dynamic viscosity, a surface tension, a density, a vapor pressure, hydrogen bonding, a viscosity, a permeability, a solubility, a density, a surface tension, a polarity, a pH, a conductivity, a reactivity, a thermal conductivity, an enthalpy, an entropy, a boiling point, a vapor point, or combinations thereof.
  • Aspect 15 The apparatus according to any one of the preceding Aspects, wherein, when the apparatus comprises more than one magnet, the magnets are positioned in a helical arrangement along the flow path. [0233] Aspect 16.
  • the one or more magnets are permanent magnets, electromagnets, or combinations thereof.
  • Aspect 17 The apparatus according to any one of the preceding Aspects, wherein: the one or more magnets within the one or more containers are configured to enhance fluid dynamics, increase turbulence, increase ion mobility, increase cavitation, or combinations thereof within the conduit; the apparatus further comprises a flow-regulating mechanism to pump the conductive target through the conduit; or a combination thereof.
  • the conductive target is a fresh conductive target or a recirculated conductive target; when the conductive target is present in a conductive fluid flowing through the conduit, the conductive fluid is a fresh conductive fluid or a recirculated conductive fluid; a strength of the magnetic field is in a range from about 0.1 Tesla to about 10 Tesla; or combinations thereof.
  • the organic molecule comprises a saccharide (e.g., a hexose, a pentose, or combinations thereof), a polysaccharide, a hydrocarbon (e.g., natural gas), an aldehyde functional group (e.g., glutaraldehyde), a carbamide functional group (e.g., urea), a thiol functional group, a thioether functional group, an alcohol functional group, an ether functional group, an ester functional group, an amine functional group, an amide functional group, an alkane, or combinations thereof;
  • the conductive target is present in a conductive fluid flowing through the conduit, the conductive fluid comprising water; or combinations thereof.
  • Aspect 20 The apparatus according to any one of the preceding Aspects, wherein: when the organic molecule comprises a saccharide (for example, glucose), the apparatus produces sufficient energy to break a glycosidic bond of the saccharide; when the organic molecule comprises an aldehyde functional group (for example, glutaraldehyde), the apparatus produces sufficient energy to dissociate the organic molecule comprising the aldehyde functional group; when the organic molecule comprises a carbamide functional group (for example, urea), the apparatus produces sufficient energy to structurally degrade or break the organic molecule comprising the carbamide functional group; or combinations thereof.
  • a saccharide for example, glucose
  • an aldehyde functional group for example, glutaraldehyde
  • the apparatus when the organic molecule comprises a carbamide functional group (for example, urea)
  • the apparatus produces sufficient energy to structurally degrade or break the organic molecule comprising the carbamide functional group; or combinations thereof.
  • a method comprising: flowing a conductive target through a conduit, the conductive target comprising an organic molecule; and exposing the conductive target to magnetic energy while flowing the conductive target through the conduit, wherein, as the conductive target is exposed to the magnetic energy, an alteration or transformation is induced in the flowing conductive target without use of electrodes or external electrical inputs into the conduit.
  • Aspect 23 The method according to any one of Aspects 21-22, further comprising: adjusting a flow velocity of the conductive target flowing in the conduit; adjusting a temperature of the conductive target flowing in the conduit; adjusting a hydraulic pressure within the conduit; adjusting a residence time in which the conductive target is exposed to the magnetic energy in the conduit; or combinations thereof.
  • Aspect 24 The method according to any one of Aspects 21-23, wherein the conductive target is in the form of a liquid, a gas, or a combination thereof.
  • Aspect 25 Aspect 25.
  • the magnetic energy alone, or in combination with another energy source facilitates dissociation of the conductive target, facilitates ionization of the conductive target, mineralization of the conductive target, or combinations thereof; is of sufficient energy to increase an energy state of the conductive target, increase a polarizability of the conductive target, or combinations thereof; is of sufficient energy to break a chemical bond of the conductive target; or combinations thereof.
  • another energy source for example, an induced EMF, nanobubble collapse, or a combination thereof
  • Aspect 27 The method according to Aspect 26, wherein the molecular property of the conductive target comprises a bond length, a bond energy, a bond angle, a spin state, an energy state, or combinations thereof.
  • Aspect 28 The method according to any one of Aspects 21-25, wherein the magnetic energy alone, or in combination with another energy source (for example, an induced EMF, nanobubble collapse, or a combination thereof), alters an atomic property of PATENT Attorney Docket No.: UWYO-0086PC02 the conductive target, alters a molecular property of the conductive target, dehydrates an ion present in the conductive target, or combinations thereof.
  • Aspect 27 The method according to Aspect 26, wherein the molecular property of the conductive target comprises a bond length, a bond energy, a bond angle, a spin state, an energy state, or combinations thereof.
  • Aspect 29 The method according to Aspect 28, wherein the mesoscale property of the conductive target comprises a dynamic viscosity, a surface tension, a density, a vapor pressure, hydrogen bonding, a viscosity, a permeability, a solubility, a density, a surface tension, a polarity, a pH, a conductivity, a reactivity, a thermal conductivity, an enthalpy, an entropy, a boiling point, a vapor point, or combinations thereof.
  • Aspect 30 Aspect 30.
  • Aspect 31 The method according to Aspect 30, wherein the magnetic energy alone, or in combination with another energy source (for example, an induced EMF, nanobubble collapse, or a combination thereof): facilitates dissociation of the conductive fluid, facilitates ionization of the conductive target, mineralization of the conductive fluid, or combinations thereof; is of sufficient energy to increase an energy state of the conductive fluid, increase a polarizability of the conductive fluid, or combinations thereof; is of sufficient energy to break a chemical bond of the conductive fluid; or combinations thereof.
  • another energy source for example, an induced EMF, nanobubble collapse, or a combination thereof
  • Aspect 32 The method according to any one of Aspects 30-31, wherein the magnetic energy alone, or in combination with another energy source (for example, an induced EMF, nanobubble collapse, or a combination thereof), alters an atomic property of the conductive fluid, alters a molecular property of the conductive fluid, dehydrates an ion present in the conductive fluid, or combinations thereof.
  • Aspect 33 The method according to Aspect 32, wherein the molecular property of the conductive fluid comprises a bond length, a bond energy, a bond angle, a spin state, an energy state, or combinations thereof.
  • Aspect 35 The method according to Aspect 34, wherein the mesoscale property of the conductive fluid comprises a dynamic viscosity, a surface tension, a density, a vapor pressure, hydrogen bonding, a viscosity, a permeability, a solubility, a density, a surface tension, a polarity, a pH, a conductivity, a reactivity, a thermal conductivity, an enthalpy, an entropy, a boiling point, a vapor point, or combinations thereof.
  • Aspect 36 Aspect 36.
  • the conductive target is a fresh conductive target or a recirculated conductive target; when the conductive target is present in a conductive fluid flowing through the conduit, the conductive fluid is a fresh conductive fluid or a recirculated conductive fluid; a strength of the magnetic field is in a range from about 0.1 Tesla to about 10 Tesla; or combinations thereof.
  • Aspect 37 The method according to any one of Aspects 21-36, wherein: the organic molecule comprises any organic molecule described herein; the conductive target is present in a conductive fluid flowing through the conduit, the conductive fluid comprising water; or a combination thereof.
  • a method comprising: determining a magnetic energy introduced by a magnetic field on a flowing conductive fluid comprising a conductive target, the conductive target comprising an organic molecule, wherein the magnetic energy is determined by, at least, Eq.1.0 , wherein: ⁇ ⁇ is the magnetic energy experienced by a particle passing through a magnetic field; ⁇ is the strength of a single magnetic field; ⁇ is the local magnetic field gradient; ⁇ is the particle exposure time to the magnetic field; ⁇ ⁇ is effective mass of the relevant particle; ⁇ ⁇ is a dimensionless total number of particles in the conductive fluid; ⁇ is flow velocity of the conductive fluid; ⁇ ⁇ is Boltzmann’s constant (1.380649 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 23 J/K); ⁇ is PATENT Attorney Docket No.: UWYO-0086PC02 temperature of the conductive fluid; ⁇ ⁇ is magnetic permeability in a vacuum (1.256637 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 6 H/m); ⁇ ⁇ , ⁇ is the state of spin density
  • Aspect 39 The method of Aspect 38, wherein the altering or transforming the conductive target by the exposing the conductive fluid to the operational magnetic energy comprises: altering an atomic property of the conductive target; altering a mesoscale property of the conductive target; mineralizing the conductive target; ionizing the conductive target; dissociating the conductive target; or PATENT Attorney Docket No.: UWYO-0086PC02 combinations thereof.
  • Aspect 40 The method according to any one of Aspects 38-39, wherein the altered molecular property of the conductive target alters a mesoscale property of the conductive target.
  • the mesoscale property of the conductive target comprises a dynamic viscosity, a surface tension, a density, a vapor pressure, hydrogen bonding, a viscosity, a permeability, a solubility, a density, a surface tension, a polarity, a pH, a conductivity, a reactivity, a thermal conductivity, an enthalpy, an entropy, a boiling point, a vapor point, or combinations thereof.
  • Aspect 43 The method according to any one of Aspects 38-42, further comprising: adjusting a flow velocity of the conductive fluid flowing in the conduit; adjusting a temperature of the conductive fluid flowing in the conduit; adjusting a hydraulic pressure within the conduit; adjusting a residence time in which the conductive fluid is exposed to the magnetic energy in the conduit; or combinations thereof.
  • Aspect 44 The method according to any one of Aspects 38-41, wherein the operational magnetic energy is determined based on a molecular dynamics simulation using ⁇ ⁇ , ⁇ , and the net energy as inputs for the molecular dynamics simulation.
  • a method comprising: identifying a bond energy of at least one bond present in a conductive target, the conductive target comprising an organic molecule; determining an operational magnetic energy that is greater than the bond energy of the at least one bond present in the organic molecule, the operational magnetic energy determined by inputs comprising: ⁇ ⁇ as determined by Eq. 1.0; and ⁇ as determined by Eq.1.7; setting a source of magnetic energy to the operational magnetic energy; and exposing the conductive target to the operational magnetic energy while moving a conductive fluid relative to the source of the magnetic energy, the conductive fluid comprising the conductive target.
  • a method comprising: PATENT Attorney Docket No.: UWYO-0086PC02 identifying a bond energy of at least one bond present in a conductive target, the conductive target comprising an organic molecule; determining an operational magnetic energy that is greater than the bond energy of the at least one bond present in the organic molecule, the operational magnetic energy determined by inputs comprising: ⁇ ⁇ as determined by Eq. 1.0; and ⁇ as determined by Eq.1.7; and setting a source of magnetic energy to the operational magnetic energy; and exposing the conductive target to the operational magnetic energy while moving the source of magnetic energy relative to a conductive fluid, the conductive fluid comprising the conductive target.
  • An apparatus for inducing an electromotive force (EMF) in a conductive fluid comprising: a conduit through which a conductive fluid flows, the conductive fluid comprising a conductive organic molecule, the conduit comprising a first end, a second end, and a flow path connecting the first end and the second end; one or more containers; and one or more magnets that form a magnetic field through which the conductive fluid flows, the one or more magnets positioned within an interior of the conduit, each of the one or more magnets housed within a container of the one or more containers, wherein the magnetic field induces an EMF in a flowing conductive fluid, the induced EMF configured to induce nanobubble generation.
  • EMF electromotive force
  • Aspect 46 wherein: a velocity of the conductive fluid flowing through the conduit contributes to the induced EMF; the magnetic field contributes to the induced EMF; and/or dimensions of the conduit through which the conductive fluid flows contributes to the induced EMF.
  • Aspect 48 The apparatus according to any one of aspects 46-47, wherein the EMF is induced in the absence of electrodes or external electrical inputs into the conduit.
  • Aspect 49 The apparatus according to any one of aspects 46-48, wherein: the conductive organic molecule is in the form of a liquid, a gas, or a combination thereof; and the conductive fluid is in the form of a liquid, a gas, or a combination thereof.
  • Aspect 50 The apparatus according to any one of aspects 46-49, wherein: the conductive organic molecule comprises any organic molecule described herein; and/or the conductive fluid comprises water.
  • Aspect 51 The apparatus according to any one of aspects 46-50, wherein the induced EMF alone, or in combination with another energy source (for example, a magnetic energy, nanobubble collapse, or a combination thereof), facilitates ionization of the conductive organic molecule, facilitates dissociation of the conductive organic molecule, or a combination thereof.
  • Aspect 52 Aspect 52.
  • Aspect 53 The apparatus according to Aspect 52, wherein the altered molecular property of the conductive organic molecule alters a mesoscale property of the conductive organic molecule.
  • Aspect 55 The apparatus according to any one of aspects 46-54, wherein, when the apparatus comprises more than one magnet, the magnets are positioned in a helical arrangement along the flow path. [0273] Aspect 56.
  • the one or more magnets are permanent magnets, electromagnets, or combinations thereof; the one or more magnets within the one or more containers are configured to enhance fluid dynamics, increase turbulence, increase ion mobility, increase cavitation, or combinations thereof within the conduit; the apparatus further comprises a flow-regulating mechanism to pump the conductive fluid through the conduit; or combinations thereof.
  • Aspect 58 The apparatus according to any one of aspects 46-57, wherein: PATENT Attorney Docket No.: UWYO-0086PC02 the conductive organic molecule is a fresh conductive organic molecule or a recirculated conductive organic molecule; the conductive fluid is a fresh conductive fluid or a recirculated conductive fluid; a strength of the magnetic field is in a range from about 0.1 Tesla to about 10 Tesla; or combinations thereof. [0275] Aspect 58. The apparatus according to any one of aspects 46-57, wherein a strength of the magnetic field is about 0.1 Tesla or more, about 10 Tesla or less, or combinations thereof. [0276] Aspect 59.
  • a method comprising: flowing a conductive fluid through a conduit, the conductive fluid comprising a conductive organic molecule; and exposing the conductive fluid to magnetic energy while flowing the conductive fluid through the conduit, wherein, as the conductive fluid is exposed to the magnetic energy, an electromotive force (EMF) is induced in the flowing conductive fluid without use of electrodes or external electrical inputs into the conduit.
  • EMF electromotive force
  • Aspect 59 wherein the induced EMF is of sufficient voltage that alters a molecular property of the conductive organic molecule, dehydrates an ion present in the conductive organic molecule, liberates a hydrogen ion from the conductive organic molecule, liberates a hydrogen radical from the conductive organic molecule, or combinations thereof.
  • Aspect 61 The method according to any one of Aspects 59-60, wherein the altered molecular property of the conductive organic molecule alters a mesoscale property of the conductive organic molecule.
  • Aspect 62 The method according to any one of Aspects 59-61, wherein the induced EMF generates nanobubbles by breaking chemical bonds present in the conductive fluid.
  • Aspect 63 The method according to any one of Aspects 59-62, wherein the EMF is a function of a velocity of the conductive fluid flowing through the conduit, dimensions of the conduit through which the conductive fluid flows, and the magnetic energy to which the conductive fluid is exposed.
  • PATENT Attorney Docket No.: UWYO-0086PC02 [0281] Aspect 64.
  • ⁇ ⁇ is the magnetic energy experienced by a particle passing through the magnetic field
  • ⁇ is the strength of a single magnetic field
  • ⁇ is the local magnetic field gradient
  • ⁇ is the particle exposure time to the magnetic field
  • ⁇ ⁇ is effective mass of the relevant particle
  • ⁇ ⁇ is a dimensionless total number of particles in the conductive fluid
  • ⁇ is flow velocity of the conductive fluid
  • ⁇ ⁇ is Boltzmann’s constant (1.380649 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 23 J/K)
  • ⁇ is temperature of the conductive fluid
  • ⁇ ⁇ is magnetic permeability in a vacuum (1.256637 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 6 H/m)
  • ⁇ ⁇ , ⁇ is the state of spin density of the particle (dimensionless), whose value accounts for the exposure time to the magnetic field
  • ⁇ is the hydraulic pressure in the
  • Aspect 65 The method according to any one of Aspects 59-64, wherein the magnetic energy to which the conductive fluid is exposed by passing through a magnetic field is determined by, at least, Eq.1.7: , wherein: ⁇ is the magnetic energy associated with the conductive organic molecule; ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ is a vicinal magnetic transition of the conductive organic molecule as a function of time; ⁇ is a bulk temperature of the conductive fluid passing through the magnetic field; ⁇ ⁇ is an independent characteristic temperature of the conductive fluid passing through the magnetic field; ⁇ is a magnetization of the conductive organic molecule under a given magnetic field; ⁇ ⁇ is a temperature dependent magnetization constant for normalization; ⁇ ⁇ is an initial energy state of the conductive organic molecule at a given temperature; ⁇ is an initial magnetic identity factor for the conductive organic molecule; ⁇ is a flux factor for the conductive target; and ⁇ is a domain wall energy of the conductive organic molecule.
  • Aspect 66 The method according to any one of Aspects 59-65, further comprising: adjusting a flow velocity of the conductive fluid flowing in the conduit; adjusting a temperature of the conductive fluid flowing in the conduit; PATENT Attorney Docket No.: UWYO-0086PC02 adjusting a hydraulic pressure within the conduit; adjusting a residence time in which the conductive fluid is exposed to the magnetic energy in the conduit; or combinations thereof.
  • Aspect 67 Aspect 67.
  • a method comprising: exposing a flowing conductive fluid to magnetic energy to induce an electromotive force (EMF) in the flowing conductive fluid, the conductive fluid comprising a conductive organic molecule, the EMF of sufficient energy to generate nanobubbles in the flowing conductive fluid, the EMF generated without use of electrodes or external electrical inputs.
  • EMF electromotive force
  • the magnetic energy is determined by, at least, Eq.1.0: , wherein: ⁇ ⁇ is the magnetic energy experienced by a particle passing through a magnetic field; ⁇ is the strength of a single magnetic field; ⁇ is the local magnetic field gradient; ⁇ is the particle exposure time to the magnetic field; ⁇ ⁇ is effective mass of the relevant particle; ⁇ ⁇ is a dimensionless total number of particles in the conductive fluid; ⁇ is flow velocity of the conductive fluid; ⁇ ⁇ is Boltzmann’s constant (1.380649 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 23 J/K); ⁇ is temperature of the conductive fluid; ⁇ ⁇ is magnetic permeability in a vacuum ⁇ is the state of spin density of the particle (dimensionless), whose value accounts for the exposure time to the magnetic field; and ⁇ is the hydraulic pressure in a conduit through which the conductive fluid flows.
  • compositions, an element or a group of elements are preceded with the transitional phrase “comprising,” it is understood that we also contemplate the same composition or group of elements with transitional phrases “consisting essentially of,” “consisting of,” “selected from the group of consisting of,” or “Is” preceding the recitation of the composition, element, or elements and vice versa, such as the terms “comprising,” “consisting essentially of,” “consisting of” also include the product of the combinations of elements listed after the term.
  • ranges from any lower limit may be combined with any upper limit to recite a range not explicitly recited, as well as, ranges from any lower limit may be combined with any other lower limit to recite a range not explicitly recited, in the same way, ranges from any upper limit may be combined with any other upper limit to recite a range not explicitly recited.
  • the recitation of the numerical range 1 to 5 includes the subranges 1 to 4, 1.5 to 4.5, 1 to 2, among other subranges.
  • the recitation of the numerical ranges 1 to 5, such as 2 to 4 includes the subranges 1 to 4 and 2 to 5, among other subranges.
  • within a range includes every point or individual value between its end points even though not explicitly recited.
  • the recitation of the numerical range 1 to 5 includes the PATENT Attorney Docket No.: UWYO-0086PC02 numbers 1, 1.5, 2, 2.75, 3, 3.80, 4, 5, among other numbers.
  • every point or individual value may serve as its own lower or upper limit combined with any other point or individual value or any other lower or upper limit, to recite a range not explicitly recited.
  • the term “coupled” is used herein to refer to elements that are either directly connected or connected through one or more intervening elements.
  • an opening may be directly connected to a fluid passage, or it may be connected to the fluid passage via intervening elements.
  • the indefinite article “a” or “an” shall mean “at least one” unless specified to the contrary or the context clearly indicates otherwise.
  • aspects comprising “a target” include aspects comprising one, two, or more targets, unless specified to the contrary or the context clearly indicates only one target is included.

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  • Hydrology & Water Resources (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Environmental & Geological Engineering (AREA)
  • Water Supply & Treatment (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Electromagnetism (AREA)
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Abstract

Des aspects de la présente divulgation concernent de manière générale un appareil et des procédés de modification ou de transformation d'une substance organique par voie magnétique. Selon un aspect, l'invention concerne un appareil pour induire une modification ou une transformation dans une cible. L'appareil comprend un conduit dans lequel circule une cible conductrice, la cible conductrice comprenant une molécule organique, le conduit comprenant des première et seconde extrémités, ainsi qu'une voie d'écoulement reliant les première et seconde extrémités ; un ou plusieurs récipients ; et un ou plusieurs aimants formant un champ magnétique à travers lequel circule la cible conductrice, le ou les aimants étant positionnés à l'intérieur du conduit, chacun du ou des aimants étant logé à l'intérieur du ou des récipients, le champ magnétique induisant une modification ou une transformation de la cible.
PCT/US2024/057015 2023-11-22 2024-11-22 Appareil et procédés de modification ou de transformation de substances organiques par voie magnétique Pending WO2025111525A1 (fr)

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US20170173893A1 (en) * 2014-10-03 2017-06-22 Massachusetts Institute Of Technology Magnetic field alignment of emulsions to produce porous articles
US20180340997A1 (en) * 2017-05-29 2018-11-29 Elegant Mathematics LLC Real-Time Methods for Magnetic Resonance Spectra Acquisition
US20190225521A1 (en) * 2018-01-24 2019-07-25 Stephan HEATH Systems, apparatus, and/or methods for providing liquid treatment comprising at least one of disinfection, filtration and/or purification
US11309107B2 (en) * 2020-02-21 2022-04-19 Niron Magnetics, Inc. Anisotropic iron nitride permanent magnets

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