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WO2025111571A1 - Procédés et appareil pour fantômes imprimés 3d réalistes - Google Patents

Procédés et appareil pour fantômes imprimés 3d réalistes Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2025111571A1
WO2025111571A1 PCT/US2024/057140 US2024057140W WO2025111571A1 WO 2025111571 A1 WO2025111571 A1 WO 2025111571A1 US 2024057140 W US2024057140 W US 2024057140W WO 2025111571 A1 WO2025111571 A1 WO 2025111571A1
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WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
model
chamber
inner chamber
tissue
generating
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Pending
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PCT/US2024/057140
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English (en)
Inventor
Firas Mourtada
Sara Alison BELKO
Robert S. PUGLIESE
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Thomas Jefferson University
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Thomas Jefferson University
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Publication of WO2025111571A1 publication Critical patent/WO2025111571A1/fr
Pending legal-status Critical Current
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical

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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01R—MEASURING ELECTRIC VARIABLES; MEASURING MAGNETIC VARIABLES
    • G01R33/00—Arrangements or instruments for measuring magnetic variables
    • G01R33/20—Arrangements or instruments for measuring magnetic variables involving magnetic resonance
    • G01R33/44—Arrangements or instruments for measuring magnetic variables involving magnetic resonance using nuclear magnetic resonance [NMR]
    • G01R33/48—NMR imaging systems
    • G01R33/54—Signal processing systems, e.g. using pulse sequences ; Generation or control of pulse sequences; Operator console
    • G01R33/56—Image enhancement or correction, e.g. subtraction or averaging techniques, e.g. improvement of signal-to-noise ratio and resolution
    • G01R33/5608—Data processing and visualization specially adapted for MR, e.g. for feature analysis and pattern recognition on the basis of measured MR data, segmentation of measured MR data, edge contour detection on the basis of measured MR data, for enhancing measured MR data in terms of signal-to-noise ratio by means of noise filtering or apodization, for enhancing measured MR data in terms of resolution by means for deblurring, windowing, zero filling, or generation of gray-scaled images, colour-coded images or images displaying vectors instead of pixels
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B33—ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING TECHNOLOGY
    • B33Y—ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING, i.e. MANUFACTURING OF THREE-DIMENSIONAL [3-D] OBJECTS BY ADDITIVE DEPOSITION, ADDITIVE AGGLOMERATION OR ADDITIVE LAYERING, e.g. BY 3-D PRINTING, STEREOLITHOGRAPHY OR SELECTIVE LASER SINTERING
    • B33Y50/00—Data acquisition or data processing for additive manufacturing
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B33—ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING TECHNOLOGY
    • B33Y—ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING, i.e. MANUFACTURING OF THREE-DIMENSIONAL [3-D] OBJECTS BY ADDITIVE DEPOSITION, ADDITIVE AGGLOMERATION OR ADDITIVE LAYERING, e.g. BY 3-D PRINTING, STEREOLITHOGRAPHY OR SELECTIVE LASER SINTERING
    • B33Y80/00—Products made by additive manufacturing
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01R—MEASURING ELECTRIC VARIABLES; MEASURING MAGNETIC VARIABLES
    • G01R33/00—Arrangements or instruments for measuring magnetic variables
    • G01R33/20—Arrangements or instruments for measuring magnetic variables involving magnetic resonance
    • G01R33/44—Arrangements or instruments for measuring magnetic variables involving magnetic resonance using nuclear magnetic resonance [NMR]
    • G01R33/48—NMR imaging systems
    • G01R33/58—Calibration of imaging systems, e.g. using test probes, Phantoms; Calibration objects or fiducial markers such as active or passive RF coils surrounding an MR active material
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G06—COMPUTING OR CALCULATING; COUNTING
    • G06T—IMAGE DATA PROCESSING OR GENERATION, IN GENERAL
    • G06T17/00—Three dimensional [3D] modelling, e.g. data description of 3D objects
    • G06T17/10—Constructive solid geometry [CSG] using solid primitives, e.g. cylinders, cubes
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G06—COMPUTING OR CALCULATING; COUNTING
    • G06T—IMAGE DATA PROCESSING OR GENERATION, IN GENERAL
    • G06T17/00—Three dimensional [3D] modelling, e.g. data description of 3D objects
    • G06T17/20—Finite element generation, e.g. wire-frame surface description, tesselation
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G06—COMPUTING OR CALCULATING; COUNTING
    • G06T—IMAGE DATA PROCESSING OR GENERATION, IN GENERAL
    • G06T19/00—Manipulating 3D models or images for computer graphics
    • G06T19/20—Editing of 3D images, e.g. changing shapes or colours, aligning objects or positioning parts
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G16—INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY [ICT] SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR SPECIFIC APPLICATION FIELDS
    • G16H—HEALTHCARE INFORMATICS, i.e. INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY [ICT] SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR THE HANDLING OR PROCESSING OF MEDICAL OR HEALTHCARE DATA
    • G16H30/00—ICT specially adapted for the handling or processing of medical images
    • G16H30/40—ICT specially adapted for the handling or processing of medical images for processing medical images, e.g. editing
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B6/00—Apparatus or devices for radiation diagnosis; Apparatus or devices for radiation diagnosis combined with radiation therapy equipment
    • A61B6/02—Arrangements for diagnosis sequentially in different planes; Stereoscopic radiation diagnosis
    • A61B6/03—Computed tomography [CT]
    • A61B6/032—Transmission computed tomography [CT]
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B6/00—Apparatus or devices for radiation diagnosis; Apparatus or devices for radiation diagnosis combined with radiation therapy equipment
    • A61B6/02—Arrangements for diagnosis sequentially in different planes; Stereoscopic radiation diagnosis
    • A61B6/03—Computed tomography [CT]
    • A61B6/037—Emission tomography
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B6/00—Apparatus or devices for radiation diagnosis; Apparatus or devices for radiation diagnosis combined with radiation therapy equipment
    • A61B6/52—Devices using data or image processing specially adapted for radiation diagnosis
    • A61B6/5211—Devices using data or image processing specially adapted for radiation diagnosis involving processing of medical diagnostic data
    • A61B6/5217—Devices using data or image processing specially adapted for radiation diagnosis involving processing of medical diagnostic data extracting a diagnostic or physiological parameter from medical diagnostic data
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B6/00—Apparatus or devices for radiation diagnosis; Apparatus or devices for radiation diagnosis combined with radiation therapy equipment
    • A61B6/58—Testing, adjusting or calibrating thereof
    • A61B6/582—Calibration
    • A61B6/583—Calibration using calibration phantoms
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29L—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS B29C, RELATING TO PARTICULAR ARTICLES
    • B29L2031/00—Other particular articles
    • B29L2031/753—Medical equipment; Accessories therefor
    • B29L2031/7532—Artificial members, protheses
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G06—COMPUTING OR CALCULATING; COUNTING
    • G06T—IMAGE DATA PROCESSING OR GENERATION, IN GENERAL
    • G06T2210/00—Indexing scheme for image generation or computer graphics
    • G06T2210/36—Level of detail
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G06—COMPUTING OR CALCULATING; COUNTING
    • G06T—IMAGE DATA PROCESSING OR GENERATION, IN GENERAL
    • G06T2210/00—Indexing scheme for image generation or computer graphics
    • G06T2210/41—Medical
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G06—COMPUTING OR CALCULATING; COUNTING
    • G06T—IMAGE DATA PROCESSING OR GENERATION, IN GENERAL
    • G06T2219/00—Indexing scheme for manipulating 3D models or images for computer graphics
    • G06T2219/20—Indexing scheme for editing of 3D models
    • G06T2219/2008—Assembling, disassembling

Definitions

  • the present disclosure generally relates to the field of digital models for radiotheranostics.
  • the present disclosure is related to methods and apparatus for realistic 3D printed phantoms.
  • a computer-implemented method of generating a digital three-dimensional (3D) anatomical model includes providing health data including a plurality of two-dimensional (2D) tomographic images from a subject.
  • the method further includes segmenting a tissue from the health data, the segmenting generating a realistic 3D digital model of the tissue.
  • the method further includes refining the digital model via polygon reduction.
  • the method further includes generating one or more chambers in the digital model, forming a full scale model.
  • the method further includes creating a duplicate of the full scale model.
  • the method further includes reducing the scale of the duplicate, forming a reduced scale duplicate.
  • the method further includes positioning the reduced scale duplicate within an internal cavity from the one or more internal cavities of the full scale model, forming an outer chamber between the reduced scale duplicate and the full scale model and an inner chamber within the reduced scale duplicate.
  • the method further includes generating a plurality of support structures securing the reduced scale duplicate within the full scale model.
  • the method further includes generating a plurality of ports extending from each of the inner chamber and the outer chamber to an exterior of the full scale model such that each of the inner chamber and the outer chamber can independently receive liquids through at least one of the plurality of ports.
  • the method further includes generating a first channel within a wall of the outer chamber, the first channel housing a plurality of sensors.
  • the method further includes generating a second channel extending from the inner chamber to the exterior of the full scale model. The second channel configured to receive a plurality of sensors into the inner chamber.
  • a computer-implemented method of generating a digital multi-chamber three-dimensional (3D) anatomical model includes providing health data including a plurality of two-dimensional (2D) tomographic images from a subject.
  • the method includes segmenting a plurality of features from the health data, the segmenting generating a realistic 3D digital model of the plurality of features.
  • the method further includes refining the digital model via polygon reduction, such that a skull compartment from the plurality of features is subtracted from a tissue compartment from the plurality of features, forming an outer chamber.
  • the method further includes generating one or more internal cavities in the outer chamber, forming a full scale model, the plurality of internal cavities including a first inner chamber.
  • the method further includes creating a duplicate of the skull compartment.
  • the method further includes reducing the scale of the duplicate, forming a reduced scale duplicate.
  • the method further includes positioning the reduced scale duplicate within the outer chamber, forming a second inner chamber.
  • the method further includes creating a muscle compartment within the outer chamber.
  • the method further includes generating a plurality of ports extending from each of the outer chamber, the first inner chamber, and the second inner chamber to an exterior of the full scale model such that each of the outer chamber, the first inner chamber, and the second inner chamber can independently receive liquids through at least one of the plurality of ports.
  • the method further includes generating a first channel within a wall of the outer chamber, the first channel housing a plurality of sensors.
  • Th method further includes generating a second channel extending from the first inner chamber or the second the inner chamber to the exterior of the full scale model. The second channel configured to receive a plurality of sensors into the first inner chamber or the second the inner chamber.
  • an apparatus in one or more embodiments, includes a 3D model of a soft tissue.
  • the 3D model includes an anatomically correct outer wall defining an internal cavity.
  • the 3D model further includes a reduced scale duplicate of the outer wall positioned with in the internal cavity.
  • the reduced scale duplicate divides the internal cavity into an inner chamber within the reduced scale duplicate and an outer chamber between the reduced scale duplicate and the outer wall.
  • the 3D model further includes a plurality of ports extending from each of the inner chamber and the outer chamber to an exterior of the outer wall, each port from the plurality of ports is configured to connect to a device that is configured to inject liquids into each of the inner chamber and the outer chamber.
  • the 3D model further includes a first channel within the outer wall, the first channel housing a plurality of sensors.
  • the 3D model further includes a second channel extending from the inner chamber to the exterior of the outer wall. The second channel configured to receive a plurality of sensors into the inner chamber.
  • an apparatus in one or more embodiments, includes a 3D model of bone, air, muscle and soft tissue.
  • the 3D model includes an anatomically correct outer wall defining an internal cavity, an anatomically correct bone chamber created via polygon reduction, anatomically correct air cavities, and an anatomically correct organ of interest chamber.
  • the 3D model further includes a plurality of ports extending from each of the bone chamber, internal cavity, and the organ of interest chamber to an exterior of the outer wall. Each port from the plurality of ports is configured to connect to a device that is configured to inject liquids into each of the bone chamber, internal cavity, and the organ of interest chamber.
  • the 3D model further includes a first channel within the outer wall. The first channel houses a plurality of sensors.
  • the 3D model further includes a second channel extending from the bone chamber, internal cavity, or the organ of interest chamber and to the exterior of the outer wall. The second channel configured to receive a plurality of sensors into the bone chamber, internal cavity, or the organ of interest chamber.
  • FIG. l is a block diagram of a system for generating realistic 3D printed phantoms for use in radiotheranostics, according to some embodiments.
  • FIG. 2 is a diagrammatic illustration of a pair of 3D digital models of kidneys, according to some embodiments.
  • FIG. 3 is a schematic illustration of a 3D printed phantom including a parotid chamber, according to some embodiments.
  • FIG. 4 is a diagrammatic illustration of a process for generating phantoms of kidneys, according to some embodiments.
  • FIG. 5 is a diagrammatic illustration of a process for generating phantoms of parotids, according to some embodiments.
  • FIGs. 6A-6B are schematic illustrations of cross-sectional views of skull and parotids, according to some embodiments .
  • FIG. 7 is a flow diagram of a method for generating phantoms of kidneys, according to some embodiments.
  • FIG. 8 is a flow diagram of a method for generating phantoms of parotids, according to some embodiments.
  • the term “about” is understood as within a range of normal tolerance in the art, for example within 2 standard deviations of the mean. “About” can be understood as within 10%, 9%, 8%, 7%, 6%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1%, 0.5%, 0.1%, 0.05%, or 0.01% of the stated value. Unless otherwise clear from context, all numerical values provided herein are modified by the term about.
  • proximal and distal can refer to the position of a portion of a device relative to the remainder of the device or the opposing end as it appears in the drawing.
  • the proximal end can be used to refer to the end manipulated by the user.
  • the distal end can be used to refer to the end of the device that is inserted and advanced and is furthest away from the user.
  • proximal and distal could change in another context, e.g., the anatomical context in which proximal and distal use the patient as reference, or where the entry point is distal from the user.
  • a “phantom” can refer to a three-dimensional (3D) anatomical model representative of an organ of a human body. In some cases, the phantom can include 3D multichamber facial models of a human. As used herein, a “parotid” can refer to a “parotid salivary gland.”
  • Lutetium-177 prostate-specific membrane antigen-617 can be referred as “177LU-PSMA-617.”
  • Ranges provided herein are understood to be shorthand for all of the values within the range.
  • a range of 1 to 50 is understood to include any number, combination of numbers, or sub-range from the group consisting 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, or 50 (as well as fractions thereof unless the context clearly dictates otherwise).
  • the invention provides three dimensional (3D) printed anthropomorphic models of organs, such as, but not limited to, right and left kidneys as well as parotid glands with surrounding anatomic structures with consideration for maintaining anatomic accuracy, for use in quantifying the dosimetric uncertainty from patients scans.
  • this invention would be useful in any radiotheranostics treatment where monitoring of the kidneys and parotid glands is necessary.
  • the invention provides a method to design and 3D print a realistic anthropomorphic model, including both right and left kidneys, with two compartments within each, representing the medulla and the cortex components, to calculate specific radiation dosimetry for patient treatments.
  • Other embodiments include an anthropomorphic facial model with compartments representing parotid glands surrounded by chambers and parts representing bone, soft tissue, and air also for calculating specific radiation dosimetry for patient treatments.
  • a user can use health data including 2D images of deidentified CT scans to create rough 3D digital models of organs.
  • the present disclosure can include enabling the user to, via computer aided design (CAD), wrap, smooth, and reduce triangles to the original kidney parts to produce a more natural appearance.
  • CAD computer aided design
  • the user can be enabled to hollow out the kidney phantoms to create a 1 -millimeter wall to minimize potential radiation attenuation from 3D printed material.
  • the user can further be enabled to duplicate the parts and scaling down by 0.31 to create resulting chambers of 67% volume cortical (outer) chamber and 31% volume medulla (inner) chamber.
  • the user can add angled support structures to secure the inner medulla chamber to the outer chamber wall.
  • the user can create two luer ports per chamber (i.e., four in total per kidney phantom) to be used with standard hospital one way valves to inject water or saline and 177Lu-PSMA-617 into the chambers.
  • the user can position the luer ports to minimize air in the chamber during injection.
  • the user can create a peg and base system (180 degree lock and key design) to allow the kidney phantoms to be positioned in their natural anatomic positions when being scanned and immersed in a water bath and/or anchored within a phantom of a pelvic.
  • the user can further label the base with left, right, head, and feet to demonstrate proper orientation to viewers.
  • the finalized 3D digital models can be exported as 3D files (surface tessellation language, STL, etc.) to be used for 3D printing.
  • a user can use health data including 2D images of deidentified CT scans to create rough 3D digital models of organs.
  • the present disclosure can include enabling the user to, via computer aided design (CAD), wrap, smooth, and reduce triangles to the original bone, skin, and parotid parts to produce a more natural appearance.
  • CAD computer aided design
  • the user can be enabled to cut the skin (at mid-sagittal) to produce two hemispheres.
  • the user can be enabled to smooth the bone to simplify the organic structure.
  • the user can be enabled to Boolean subtract the bone from the skin.
  • the user can hollow the newly formed skin to produce a 1 millimeter (about 0.04 in) wall to create the first chamber (soft tissue) to be filled with water.
  • the user can hollow the original bone part to produce a 1 -millimeter wall and add back to the skin to create the second chamber (bone) to be injected.
  • the user can hollow the parotid to produce a 1 millimeter wall to create the last chamber (soft tissue for the parotid).
  • the user can mirror one side to be the same for the other.
  • the user can add the segmented muscles to the model.
  • the user can create two luer ports per chamber (i.e., six in total per hemisphere) to be used with standard hospital one way valves to inject water or saline and 177Lu-PSMA-617 into the chambers.
  • the user can position the luer ports to minimize air in the chamber during injection.
  • the 3D printed models and a positioning base can be printed in FormLab’s® clear resin using stereolithography (SLA) on a FormLabs® 3D printer.
  • SLA can be an additive manufacturing type also known as vat photopolymerization or resin 3D printing. It requires a build plate, photosensitive resin, a vat (or tank), and a UV light (or laser). The printing process occurs by dipping the build plate down into liquid resin, the UV laser passes under curing the layer, then the build plate lifts up to allow the excess resin to drip off, then the build plate lowers again to add the new layer. The process goes layer by layer until the model is finished.
  • the type of printing was used because of its potential to print highly accurate, isotropic, watertight models in multitudes of different materials.
  • the clear resin material was chosen because it is partially transparent which allows for visual confirmation when watertight testing with food dye. It can be printed in 100, 50, and 25 micrometer layers to allow for better resolution of fine details than fused filament fabrication (FFF) printing.
  • FFF fused filament fabrication
  • the STL files can be prepared for 3D printing using Formlabs’ PreForm® print preparation software.
  • the 3D digital models of kidneys and parotids can be oriented so the one port of each chamber can act as a drain hole to allow for uncured resin to drain out of the digital models while printing. Density of supports can be set to 70%, touchpoint size can be set to 0.40 mm, internal supports can be turned off and layer thickness can be set to 100 pm.
  • Each multi-chambered kidney and positioning base can be printed as individual pieces in single prints.
  • the 3D printed models can be post-processed in isopropyl alcohol for 10 minutes in an agitator and manual flushing of internal uncured resin can be repeated until removed. 3D printed models can be cured for 15 minutes at 60 degrees Celsius in accordance to the instructions for use published by the material manufacturer. In some cases, 3D printed support structures used to generate the 3D printed models can be removed manually.
  • acquired hospital generic one-way values with luer lock ends can be screwed onto the four ports of each 3D printed model (e.g., left and right kidneys, left and right parotids, etc.)
  • blue and yellow water can be used such that an inner chamber of each 3D printed model can be filled first with blue water by tilting the 3D printed model 90 degrees and placing a syringe without the plunger on the top ports. This can open the valve to act as an air vent. Then, a 60 milliliter syringe was used to insert water through a bottom valve.
  • the 3D printed model can be tilted and moved throughout the water injection stage to allow all the air bubbles to leave the inner chamber. This same process can be done to the other chambers (e.g., outer chamber) with yellow water.
  • the 3D printed models can be left for 24 hours to confirm that the yellow and blue water did not mix and that the 3D printed model were in fact watertight. Further verification using CT using 1-2 mm slice thickness can be used to verify the 3D print build quality.
  • the present disclosure can include a phantom system for generating a phantom of any organ (e.g., kidney, parotid, etc.) using segmentation from CT or MRI scans, computer aided design, and 3D printing to produce low-cost, anthropomorphic models that can be used to, but not limited to, calculate radiation dosimetry for radiotheranostics.
  • the phantom system can generate a phantom of any organ that can be derived from CT or MR scans such as, for example, a liver, pancreas, bones, prostate, and/or the like.
  • the phantom system can be more accessible for utilization across hospitals and institutions with phantoms of high precision, this is essential for harmonization among the radiotheranostics providers. For those with access to an SLA printer and readily accessible supplies, this work allows for low-cost accessible quality improvement of radiation treatments including theranostics.
  • the phantom system can be developed to be used for 177Lu-PSMA-617 radiotheranostics dosimetry or single photon emission tomography (SPECT) scanner calibration but can be used for any radiotheranostics agent.
  • SPECT single photon emission tomography
  • the present disclosure can include the generation of a watertight anthropomorphic phantom with 2-chamber left and right kidneys that can be tested with 177Lu- PSMA-617.
  • the total amount of material used can be 307.45 milliliters (mL) of FormLabs’® clear resin with 174.95 mL for the positioning base, 64.89 mL for the left kidney, and 67.61 mL for the right kidney.
  • the total cost of the phantom system can be less than 200 US dollars, 149 USD for the Form 3 Resin Tank and 45.80 USD for the clear resin material based on the current value.
  • Total print time on one printer for one phantom system can be less than 30 hours with the base print time at roughly 11 hours, the left kidney print time at roughly 9 hours, and the right kidney print time at roughly 9 hours.
  • FIG. 1 is a block diagram of a system 100 for generating a realistic 3D printed phantoms for use in radiotheranostics, according to some embodiments.
  • the system 100 can include a compute device 101, a 3D printer 120, and a network 114 that connects the 3D printer and the compute device 101.
  • the compute device 101 can be referred to as a “phantom system” as described herein.
  • the 3D printer 120 can be remotely located form the compute device 101 and can be utilized in hospitals and/or other health institutions.
  • the compute device 101 can include a processor 102 and a memory 103 that communicate with each other, and with other components, via a bus 104.
  • the bus 104 can include any of several types of bus structures including, but not limited to, a memory bus, a memory controller, a peripheral bus, a local bus, and any combinations thereof, using any of a variety of bus architectures.
  • the compute device 101 can be or include, for example, a computer workstation, a terminal computer, a server computer, a handheld device (e.g., a tablet computer, a smartphone, etc.), a web appliance, a network router, a network switch, a network bridge, any machine capable of executing a sequence of instructions that specify an action to be taken by that machine, and any combinations thereof.
  • the compute device 101 can also include multiple compute devices that can be used to implement a specially configured set of instructions for causing one or more of the compute devices to perform any one or more of the aspects and/or methodologies described herein.
  • the compute device 101 can include a network interface 106.
  • the network interface 106 can be utilized for connecting the compute device 101 to one or more of a variety of networks (e.g., network 114) and one or more remote devices connected thereto.
  • networks e.g., network 114
  • remote devices e.g., network 112
  • the various devices including computer device 101 can communicate with other devices via the network 114.
  • the network 114 can include, for example, private network, a Virtual Private Network (VPN), a Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS) circuit, the Internet, an intranet, a local area network (LAN), a wide area network (WAN), a metropolitan area network (MAN), a worldwide interoperability for microwave access network (WiMAX®), an optical fiber (or fiber optic)-based network, a Bluetooth® network, a virtual network, and/or any combination thereof.
  • the network can be a wireless network such as, for example, a Wi-Fi or wireless local area network (“WLAN”), a wireless wide area network (“WWAN”), and/or a cellular network.
  • the network can be a wired network such as, for example, an Ethernet network, a digital subscription line (“DSL”) network, a broadband network, and/or a fiber-optic network.
  • the compute device 101 can use Application Programming Interfaces (APIs) and/or data interchange formats (e.g., Representational State Transfer (REST), JavaScript Object Notation (JSON), Extensible Markup Language (XML), Simple Object Access Protocol (SOAP), and/or Java Message Service (JMS)).
  • the communications sent via the network 114 can be encrypted or unencrypted.
  • the network 1 14 can include multiple networks or subnetworks operatively coupled to one another by, for example, network bridges, routers, switches, gateways and/or the like.
  • the processor 102 can be or include, for example, a hardware based integrated circuit (IC), or any other suitable processing device configured to run and/or execute a set of instructions or code.
  • the processor 102 can be a general-purpose processor, a central processing unit (CPU), an accelerated processing unit (APU), an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC), a field programmable gate array (FPGA), a programmable logic array (PLA), a complex programmable logic device (CPLD), a programmable logic controller (PLC) and/or the like.
  • the processor 102 can be configured to run any of the methods and/or portions of methods discussed herein.
  • the memory 103 can be or include, for example, a random-access memory (RAM), a memory buffer, a hard drive, a read-only memory (ROM), an erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROM), and/or the like.
  • the memory can store, for example, one or more software programs and/or code that can include instructions to cause the processor 102 to perform one or more processes, functions, and/or the like.
  • the memory 103 can include extendable storage units that can be added and used incrementally.
  • the memory 103 can be a portable memory (e.g., a flash drive, a portable hard disk, and/or the like) that can be operatively coupled to the processor 102.
  • the memory 103 can include various components (e g., machine-readable media) including, but not limited to, a random-access memory component, a read only component, and any combinations thereof.
  • a basic input/output system (BIOS), including basic routines that help to transfer information between components within the compute device 101, such as during start-up, can be stored in memory 103.
  • the memory 103 can further include any number of program modules including, for example, an operating system, one or more application programs, other program modules, program data, and any combinations thereof.
  • the memory 103 can store health data 108 such as, for example, 2D tomographic images, deidentified CT scans, MRI scans, and/or the like.
  • the memory 103 can further store a 3D digital model 109 of an organ that can be generated using the health data 108.
  • the memory 103 can store multiple 3D digital models 109 of different sizes and different types of organs.
  • the organ can include, for example, a parotid, a kidney, and/or the like.
  • the organ can include organs from animals other than humans such as, for example, mice.
  • the compute device 101 can include an I/O interface(s) 107 that can be used to connect the compute device 101 to one or more of a variety of networks and one or more remote devices connected thereto.
  • the I/O interface(s) 107 can be any suitable component(s) that enable communication between internal components of the compute device 101 and external devices.
  • the compute device 101 can include a database 105 configured to store information generated by the processor 102 and/or received at the processor 102.
  • the database 105 can include, for example, hard disk drives (HDDs), solid-state drives (SSDs), USB flash drives, memory cards, optical discs such as CDs and DVDs, and/or the like.
  • the database 105 can include a cloud database, a local database, and/or the like that can be different from the memory 103.
  • the memory 103 can be volatile, meaning that its contents can be lost when the compute device 101 is turned off.
  • the storage device 105 can be configured to be persistent, meaning that its contents can be retained even when the compute device 101 is turned off.
  • the database 105 can be configured to organize and manage large amounts of data, whereas the memory 103 can be configured to be used for temporary storage of data and program instructions.
  • the database 105 can be configured to provide efficient and reliable storage and retrieval of data and can include features such as, for example, indexing, querying, and transaction management, while the memory 103 can be configured for rapid access and manipulation of data.
  • the database 105 can store various 3D digital models of different types of organs that can be used as templates and readily used such that hospitals and/or health institutions can quickly download copies of the 3D digital models and quickly print them using 3D printers such as, for example to produce 3D printed models.
  • the 3D printer 120 can be or include any printer as described herein and used to print 3D printed models.
  • the 3D printer 120 can be configured to generate a 3D printed model 121 that mimics the 3D digital model 109 of an organ such as, for example, a kidney, a parotid, and/or the like.
  • the 3D printed model 121 can be printed using any material or combination of materials as described herein.
  • the 3D printed model 121 can be applied to small animals such as mice to print realistic organ models via small scale printing to aid in developing novel radiotheranostics agents to improve in vivo dosimetry derived from microSPECT/CT or microPET/CT.
  • 3D printed models of animal organs can be used for calibration of animal imaging systems.
  • FIG. 2 is a diagrammatic illustration of a pair of 3D digital models of kidneys, according to some embodiments.
  • a 3D digital model can include multi-chamber model that includes chambers for a left kidney and/or a right kidney.
  • a left kidney phantom 200 can include an outer chamber 202, an inner chamber 203, a wall 201 around and external of the outer chamber 202, and support structures 204 securing the inner chamber 203 within the outer chamber 202.
  • the left kidney phantom 200 can include openings in the wall 201 and outer chamber 202 such that an outer port 205 can extend through and into the outer chamber 202.
  • Liquids can be injected via the outer port 205 to fill the outer chamber 202 to test for watertightness and for filling with liquid during phantom use.
  • the left kidney 200 can include an inner port 206 that extends through the wall 201, the outer chamber 202, and the inner chamber 203.
  • Liquids can be injected via the inner port 206 to fill the inner chamber 203 to test for watertightness and for filling with liquid during phantom use.
  • Testing for watertightness can include ensuring that the liquid in the inner chamber 203 and the liquid in the outer chamber 202 do not mix.
  • the watertightness can be essential to injecting a precise amount of radioactivity of the radiotheranostics for dosimetry validation.
  • a right kidney phantom 210 can include an outer chamber 212, an inner chamber 213, a wall 211 around and external of the outer chamber 212, and support structures 214 securing the inner chamber 213 within the outer chamber 212.
  • the right kidney phantom 210 can include openings in the wall 211 and outer chamber 212 such that an outer port 215 can extend through and into the outer chamber 212. Liquids can be injected via the outer port 215 to fill the outer chamber 212 to test for watertightness and for filling with liquid during phantom use.
  • the right kidney 210 can include an inner port 216 that extends through the wall 211, the outer chamber 212, and the inner chamber 213.
  • Liquids can be injected via the inner port 216 to fill the inner chamber 213 to test for watertightness and for filling with liquid during phantom use. Testing for watertightness can include ensuring that the liquid in the inner chamber 213 and the liquid in the outer chamber 212 do not mix.
  • a 3D digital model (e.g., left kidney phantom 200 or right kidney phantom 210) can be a model of a soft tissue such as, for example, a kidney, that includes an anatomically correct outer wall (e.g., wall 201 / 21 1) defining an internal cavity (e.g., outer chamber 202 / 212).
  • the 3D digital model can include a reduced scale duplicate of the outer wall positioned with in the internal cavity that divides the internal cavity into an inner chamber (e.g., inner chamber 203 / 213) within the reduced scale duplicate and the outer chamber (e.g., outer chamber 202 / 212) between the reduced scale duplicate and the outer wall (e.g., wall 201 / 211).
  • the reduced scale duplicate can be scaled down by 0.31.
  • the 3D digital model of a kidney can be a two-chambered model that is made by shrinking the outer chamber to create a smaller inner chamber.
  • the 3D digital model can include ports (e.g., outer port 205 / 215 or inner port 206 / 216) extending from each of the inner chamber and the outer chamber to an exterior of the outer wall, in which each port is configured to connect to a device that is configured to inject liquids into each of the inner chamber and the outer chamber.
  • at least one of the ports can include a one-way valve configured to inject liquids into each of the inner chamber and the outer chamber.
  • the liquids can include at least one of water, mixtures that mimic the density, radionuclides, radiographic properties of various bodily tissues, gel dosimeters, and liquids containing radioactive compounds or other markers, the radionuclides including gamma-rays, beta-particles, alpha-particles, neutrons, or Auger electron emitters.
  • the outer wall 201 / 211 can include one or more that house sensors including radioactive sensors such as, for example, films, diodes, gel dosimeters, plastic scintillators, and/or the like.
  • the one or more channels in the outer wall 201 / 211 do not make contact with the interior of the outer chamber 202 / 212.
  • films e.g., 5 millimeters wide, 5 millimeters long
  • liquids such as gel dosimeters
  • channels extending into inner chamber 203 / 213 and/or the outer chamber 202 / 212 such that the films or liquids and can feely float and mix with radioactive solutions in the inner chamber 203 / 213 and/or the outer chamber 202 / 212.
  • the 3D digital model can be designed to be a single printed watertight anthropomorphic phantom.
  • the 3D digital model can be printed to produce a 3D printed model comprised of a clear resin or any type of clear or semi-transparent 3D printing resin.
  • the 3D printed model can be printed in at least one of 100, 50, and 25 micrometer layers.
  • the 3D printed model can be comprised of material that can be transparent and/or comprised using cost effective resin.
  • the 3D printed model can be printed in 0.1, 0.05, and 0.025 mm layers (or 25, 50, and 100 micron layers).
  • the 3D printed models of the left kidney phantom 200 and the right kidney phantom 210 can each be single printed models, each with a medulla inner (e.g., inner chamber 203 / 213) and cortex outer (e.g., outer chamber 202 / 212) having realistic curvature, position, and volumes.
  • Each port e.g., inner port 206 / 216 and outer port 205 / 215) can have ends to be compatible for connection with standard one-way valves for water and radiation injection with standard syringes.
  • the 3D printed models can be printed with a peg mechanism (lock and key) to be secured on a base.
  • a 3D printed model can include a protrusion extending from the outer wall of the 3D printed model in which the base is arranged and disposed to connect to the protrusion.
  • the base and the protrusion are configured to position the 3D model in a plurality of natural anatomic positions (to mimic an anatomical position of a human) when connected.
  • the protrusion and the base can be generated to ensure a 180-degree alignment such that the 3D printed model does not rotate.
  • the base can include labels to demonstrate orientation of the 3D printed model with respect to a user.
  • 3D printed models of the left kidney and the right kidney can include a 3D printed spinal column that is configured to connect the 3D printed models of the left kidney and the right kidney to each other and/or soft tissue.
  • FIG. 3 is a schematic illustration of a 3D printed phantom including a parotid chamber, according to some embodiments.
  • the 3D printed phantom can be a 3D printed model 300 such as, for example, a multi-chambered facial model chambers created from segmented facial structures including bone, soft tissues, muscles, parotids, air cavities/sinuses, and/or the like.
  • the phantom 300 can include a parotid chamber 303 and filled with liquids of a specific color as shown in FIG. 3 to test for watertightness. For instance, if the liquid mixes with the liquid filled in a soft tissue chamber 302 of the phantom, the phantom is not watertight.
  • the phantom can also include a bone chamber, as seen as an internal structure filled with a white liquid in in FIG. 3.
  • the phantom can also include openings for ports 305 that can enable liquids to be injected into the parotid chamber 303, the soft tissue chamber 302, and/or the bone chamber.
  • the 3D printed model 300 can be a parotid phantom of a human head (which can also be printed into a 3D printed model).
  • the 3D printed model 300 can be or include a parotid salivary gland phantom
  • anatomical elements of interest can include, for example, the surrounding bone, adjacent salivary glands, soft tissue, muscle, sinus cavities fdled with air, air and the fillable parotids.
  • a de-identified CT scan can be segmented to create appropriate anatomical contour, volume, and positioning. Bone, soft tissue, and the parotids can be given their own watertight compartments with ports for injection. Bonemimicking liquid made from calcium chloride and water can be injected into a bone chamber. Distilled water was injected into the soft tissue compartment. 177Lu-PSMA-617 in distilled water was injected into the parotid compartment.
  • current parotid volume can be 24-cc which is in the range of 10 to 60cc from literature.
  • masseter muscles can be printed in solid resin material as the resin used can have similar radiographic properties to muscle tissue.
  • a chamber represented the masseter muscles can also be made into a liquid filled cavity.
  • An air compartment of the 3D printed model 300 can include the sinuses and esophagus can be left open to the surrounding air.
  • the parotid phantom can be designed in realistic heterogeneous tissue types for all compartments which can be important in attenuation correction factors from dosimetry.
  • the parotid phantom can mimic surrounding tissue to be more realistic of patient boundary conditions including the complex skin contour and sinus cavity and face bone that causes SPECT/CT to be attenuated with similar modulation to the patient scan.
  • calcium chloride in distilled water is found to be optimal for this purpose after several materials experimentation with various heavy elements suspended in water as well as in epoxy.
  • Calcium chloride in distilled water can have low viscosity allowing it to flow into all of the complex compartments of the skull compartment.
  • This mixture can also have a measured density of ⁇ 1.5 g/cm 3 which can be in range of documented density of bone being 1.4 to 1.8 g/cm 3 .
  • the 3D printed model 300 can have realistic curvature, position, and volumes of compartments (e.g., parotid compartment, skull compartment, tissue compartment, etc.).
  • the ports 305 can have ends to connect standard one-way valves for water and radionuclide injection with standard syringes.
  • the 3D printed models can be printed with a peg mechanism (lock and key) to be secured on a base.
  • the 3D printed model 300 can be printed without pathology and positioned in a supine position.
  • the 3D printed model 300 can be comprised of material that is transparent for watertight testing.
  • the 3D printed model 300 can be printed in 0.1, 0.05, and 0.025 mm layers (or 25, 50, and 100 micron layers).
  • the 3D printed model 300 can be comprised of cost effective resin and/or bone-like epoxy.
  • the 3D printed model 300 can have air cavities for nasal, esophagus, ear canals, maxillary sinuses, and/or the like.
  • the 3D printed model 300 can include a 3D model for bone, air, muscle and soft tissue.
  • the 3D model can include an anatomically correct outer wall defining an internal cavity, an anatomically correct bone chamber created via polygon reduction, anatomically correct air cavities, and an anatomically correct organ of interest chamber.
  • the 3D model can also include a plurality of ports extending from each of the bone chamber, internal cavity, and the organ of interest chamber to an exterior of the outer wall, each port from the plurality of ports configured to connect to a device that is configured to inject liquids into each of the bone chamber, internal cavity, and the organ of interest chamber.
  • the 3D model can include one or more channels within a wall of the 3D model or the outer wall of the internal cavity that houses a plurality of sensors.
  • the sensors can include radioactive sensors such as, for example, film, diodes, or plastic scintillators.
  • the 3D model can also include one or more channels extending from within the bone chamber, internal cavity, or the organ of interest chamber and to the exterior of the outer wall.
  • the one or more extending channels can also include radioactive sensors such as film strips (approximately 5 millimeter wide, 5 millimeter long) or gel dosimeters that can be inserted in the bone chamber, internal cavity, or the organ of interest chamber such that the film strips or gel dosimeters can float freely in the inner chamber and mix with radioactive solution.
  • radioactive sensors such as film strips (approximately 5 millimeter wide, 5 millimeter long) or gel dosimeters that can be inserted in the bone chamber, internal cavity, or the organ of interest chamber such that the film strips or gel dosimeters can float freely in the inner chamber and mix with radioactive solution.
  • the 3D model, following radioactive decay can be cracked open such that the strip films can be retrieved for dosimetry analysis.
  • the 3D printed model 300 can be printed with a peg mechanism (lock and key) to be secured on a base, the 3D printed model 300 can include a protrusion extending from the outer wall of the 3D printed model 300 in which the base is arranged and disposed to connect to the protrusion.
  • the base and the protrusion are configured to position the 3D printed model 300 in a plurality of natural anatomic positions when connected.
  • the protrusion and the base can be generated to ensure a 180-degree alignment such that the 3D 300 printed model does not rotate.
  • the base can include labels to demonstrate orientation of the 3D printed model 300 with respect to a user.
  • FIG. 4 is a diagrammatic illustration of a process 400 for generating phantoms of kidneys, according to some embodiments.
  • nonpathological organs such as, for example, kidneys can be segmented and identified.
  • each of a left and right kidney can be identified and modeled into a 3D digital model.
  • each of the 3D digital models of the left kidney and the right kidney from 403 can be processed using a 3D modeling software.
  • the processed 3D digital models can be designed using CAD.
  • the 3D digitals can be printed to produce 3D printed models with internal cavities (e.g., chambers).
  • the 3D printed models can be tested for 177Lu-PSMA-617 under SPECT or CT.
  • FIG. 5 is a diagrammatic illustration of a process 500 for generating phantoms of parotids, according to some embodiments.
  • features such as parotids, mandible, skull, skin, and/or sinuses can be segmented and/or identified.
  • a 3D digital model e.g., parotid phantom
  • the 3D digital model can be printed into 3D printed models.
  • segmented features can be hollowed using a similar shrinking process to that of generating a 3D digital model of a kidney so that there is a thin wall around each chamber in the parotid phantom.
  • the thin wall can have a thickness between 0.1 mm and 3 mm, in various embodiments, 1 mm thickness.
  • Features such as muscles can be solid as the 3D printed material is radiographically similar to muscle.
  • the full human anterior skull/face can be divided into multiple parts to enable it to fit within the build chamber of a 3D printer.
  • the parotid phantom can be created by dividing the head down the midsagittal plane and then printing in two hemispheres separately, each as fully contained multi -chambered fluid filled phantoms, that can be scanned together to measure the effect of SPECT/CT or PET/CT scanning a full anterior skull/face
  • FIGs. 6A-6B are schematic illustrations of cross-sectional views of skull and parotids, according to some embodiments.
  • FIG. 7 is a flow diagram of a method 700 for generating phantoms of kidneys, according to some embodiments.
  • the method 700 can be performed by a process or a compute device.
  • the compute device can be utilized for CAD.
  • the method 700 includes providing health data including a plurality of 2D tomographic images from a subject.
  • the 2D tomographic images can include at least one of CT images and MRI images.
  • the method 700 includes segmenting a tissue from the health data, the segmenting generating a realistic 3D digital model of the tissue.
  • the tissue can include a left kidney and a right kidney.
  • the tissue can include different types of tissue such as, for example, skin tissue, soft tissue, bone tissue, and/or the like.
  • segmenting the tissue from the health data can include delineating features of the tissue displaying a healthy state and a cavity displaying a disease state (e.g., malignant tissue, tumor, etc.).
  • segmenting the tissue from the health data further can include identifying the tissue based on a predetermined threshold for distinguishing tissues in a human body from the plurality of 2D images.
  • the method 700 includes refining the digital model via polygon reduction.
  • the polygon reduction can be at least one of hollowing and Boolean subtraction.
  • the method 700 includes generating one or more chambers in the digital model, forming a full scale model.
  • the full scale model can include a full scale physical model of an organ.
  • the method 700 includes creating a duplicate of the full scale model.
  • the method 700 includes reducing the scale of the duplicate, forming a reduced scale duplicate.
  • the method 700 includes positioning the reduced scale duplicate within an internal cavity from the one or more internal cavities of the full scale model, forming an outer chamber between the reduced scale duplicate and the full scale model and an inner chamber within the reduced scale duplicate.
  • the one or more internal cavities can include creating a thin wall (e.g., between 0.1 mm and 3 mm) to minimize wall dose attenuation for the full scale model.
  • one or more small cavities can be placed to allow for positioning of sensors including plastic scintillation detectors or diodes for absorbed dose measurements.
  • the method 700 includes generating a plurality of support structures securing the reduced scale duplicate within the full scale model.
  • the method 700 includes generating a plurality of ports extending from each of the inner chamber and the outer chamber to an exterior of the full scale model such that each of the inner chamber and the outer chamber can independently receive liquids through at least one of the plurality of ports.
  • the plurality of ports can include two luer ports for each chamber (e g., inner chamber, outer chamber, etc.).
  • the method 700 includes generating a first channel within a wall of the outer chamber, the first channel housing a plurality of sensors.
  • the sensors can include active/passive radioactive sensors such as, for example, film, diodes, plastic scintillators, and/or the like.
  • the wall can include multiple channels for sensors.
  • the method 700 includes generating a second channel (or multiple channels) extending from the inner chamber to the exterior of the full scale model, the second channel configured to receive a plurality of sensors into the inner chamber.
  • the sensors in the second channel can include active/passive radioactive sensors such as, for example, film, diodes, plastic scintillators, and/or the like.
  • film strips (approximately 5 millimeter wide, 5 millimeter long) or gel dosimeters can be inserted in the second channel such that the film strips or gel dosimeters can float freely in the inner chamber and mix with radioactive solution.
  • the method 700 can include generating another channel from within the outer chamber to the exterior of the outer chamber such that sensors (e.g., films, gel dosimeters, etc.) can also enter into the outer chamber.
  • sensors e.g., films, gel dosimeters, etc.
  • the channels extending within the outer chamber or the inner chamber can be sealed with a cap.
  • the phantoms, following radioactive decay can be cracked open such that the strip films can be retrieved for dosimetry analysis.
  • the method 700 can include generating a protrusion on the digital model such that the protrusion can be arranged and disposed to orient the digital model in a natural anatomic position for improved viewing by a user.
  • the method 700 can include generating a base configured to be connected to the protrusion, such that when the protrusion is secured to the base the model is oriented in a natural anatomic position.
  • the base can be labeled to demonstrate orientation of the digital model with respect to the user.
  • the protrusion and the base can be generated to ensure a 180-degree alignment such that the digital model does not rotate (or be shaken out of place).
  • the digital model and the base can be exported as a file to be sent to a 3D printer for printing.
  • the 3D printer can 3D print the full scale model to produce a printed 3D model.
  • 3D printing can include vat polymerization.
  • the 3D printed model can be used in calculating, using the printed model, radiation dosimetry for treatment of a subject.
  • the thickness of the wall in the full scale model can reduce radiation attenuation from the 3D printed model.
  • the 3D printed model can be comprised of clear resin.
  • FIG. 8 is a flow diagram of a method 800 for generating phantoms of parotids, according to some embodiments.
  • the method 800 includes providing health data including a plurality of two- dimensional (2D) tomographic images from a subject.
  • the 2D tomographic images can include at least one of CT images and MRI images.
  • the method 800 includes segmenting a plurality of features from the health data, the segmenting generating a realistic 3D digital model of the plurality of features.
  • the plurality of features can include organs such as, for example, tissue (e.g., bone tissue, tumor tissue, soft tissue, skin tissue, etc ), skull, mandible, bone, parotids (e.g., left parotid salivary gland, a right parotid salivary gland, etc.), air cavities, and/or the like.
  • segmenting can include delineating features from the plurality of features displaying a healthy state and a cavity displaying a disease state (e.g., malignant tissue, tumor, etc.).
  • segmenting can also include identifying the plurality of features based on a predetermined threshold for distinguishing features in a human body from a plurality of 2D images from the health data.
  • the 2D tomographic images can include at least one of CT images and MRI images generating the digital model can include contouring bone and sinus air cavities.
  • the 3D digital model can be a representation of a parotid (e.g., left parotid salivary gland, a right parotid salivary gland, etc.).
  • the method 800 includes refining the digital model via polygon reduction, such that a skull compartment from the plurality of features is subtracted from a tissue compartment from the plurality of features, forming an outer chamber.
  • the polygon reduction can be at least one of hollowing and Boolean subtraction.
  • the polygon reduction includes Boolean subtraction, wherein segmenting the plurality of key features includes Boolean subtracting the skull compartment including a skull or mandible from the tissue compartment including skin tissue or soft tissue.
  • the method 800 includes generating one or more internal cavities in the outer chamber, forming a full scale model, the plurality of internal cavities including a first inner chamber.
  • generating the one or more internal cavities can include creating a thin wall (e.g., between 0.1 mm and 3 mm, in various embodiments, 1 mm) to reduce unneeded radiation attenuation for the full scale model.
  • the full scale model can include a full scale physical model of an organ.
  • one or more small cavities are placed to allow for positioning of sensors including plastic scintillation detectors or diodes.
  • the method 800 includes creating a duplicate of the skull compartment.
  • the method 800 includes reducing the scale of the duplicate, forming a reduced scale duplicate.
  • the method 800 includes positioning the reduced scale duplicate within the outer chamber, forming a second inner chamber.
  • the method 800 includes creating a muscle compartment within the outer chamber.
  • the method 800 includes generating a plurality of ports extending from each of the outer chamber, the first inner chamber, and the second inner chamber to an exterior of the full scale model such that each of the outer chamber, the first inner chamber, and the second inner chamber can independently receive liquids through at least one of the plurality of ports.
  • the plurality of ports can include two luer ports for each chamber (e.g., outer chamber, first inner chamber, second inner chamber, etc.).
  • the full scale model can include a mid-sagittal section.
  • the method 800 includes generating a first channel within a wall of the outer chamber, the first channel housing a plurality of sensors.
  • the sensors can include radioactive sensors such as, for example, film, diodes, plastic scintillators, and/or the like.
  • the wall can include one or more channels for the sensors.
  • the method 800 includes generating a second channel (or multiple channels) extending from the first inner chamber or the second the inner chamber to the exterior of the full scale model, the second channel configured to receive a plurality of sensors into the first inner chamber or the second the inner chamber.
  • the method 800 can include generating another channel from within the outer chamber to the exterior of the full scale model.
  • the sensors in the second channel can include active/passive radioactive sensors such as, for example, film, diodes, plastic scintillators, and/or the like.
  • active/passive radioactive sensors such as, for example, film, diodes, plastic scintillators, and/or the like.
  • a film strips (approximately 5 millimeter wide, 5 millimeter long) or gel dosimeters can be inserted in the second channel such that the film strips or gel dosimeters can float freely in the first inner chamber and/or the second inner chamber and mix with radioactive solution.
  • the channel extending from within the outer chamber to the exterior of the full scale model can also receive radioactive sensors.
  • the phantoms, following radioactive decay can be cracked open such that the strip films can be retrieved for dosimetry analysis.
  • the method 800 can include generating a protrusion on the digital model such that the protrusion can be arranged and disposed to orient the digital model in a natural anatomic position for improved viewing by a user.
  • the method 800 can include generating a base configured to be connected to the protrusion, such that when the protrusion is secured to the base the model is oriented in a natural anatomic position.
  • the base can be labeled to demonstrate orientation of the digital model with respect to the user.
  • the protrusion and the base can be generated to ensure a 180-degree alignment such that the digital model does not rotate (or be shaken out of place).
  • the digital model and the base can be exported as a file to be sent to a 3D printer for printing.
  • the plurality of features can include facial muscles that is printed in resin to mimic human muscles.
  • the 3D printer can 3D print the full scale model to produce a 3D printed model.
  • 3D printing can include vat polymerization.
  • the 3D printed model can be used in calculating, using the printed model, radiation dosimetry for treatment of a subject.
  • the thickness of the wall in the full scale model can reduce radiation attenuation from the 3D printed model.
  • the 3D printed model can be comprised of clear resin.
  • MCRPC Metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer
  • ADT androgen deprivation monotherapy
  • ADT suppresses testosterone levels by inhibiting the circulation of androgens at receptors; while this modality does slow disease progression, it can lead to serious patient side effects including osteoporosis, stroke, and gynecomastia.
  • An alternative method that can be utilized to target MCRPC cells is membrane or surface antigen expression, such as prostatespecific membrane antigens (PSMAs), transmembrane glutamate carboxypeptidases.
  • PSMAs prostatespecific membrane antigens
  • Lutetium-177 prostate-specific membrane antigen-617 (177Lu-PSMA-617), which was recently approved by the FDA in the United States, is a radioligand theranostic that delivers beta particle radiation to PSMA-expressing cells in metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer.
  • 177Lu-PSMA-617 is a radioligand theranostic that can selectively deliver beta-particle radiation to PSMA-expressing cells and, in conjunction with PET imaging, confirms radionuclide binding to cells in metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer.
  • 177Lu-PSMA- 617 has been associated with promising radiographic and biochemical response rates. Although initial results are encouraging, the kidneys specifically have shown to be critical dose-limiting organs in the administration of 177Lu-PSMA-617. The risk of possible injury to these organs makes them especially critical to close monitoring during a patient’s treatment course.
  • Radioactivity distribution is crucial for planning and monitoring of molecular radiotherapies like 177Lu-PSMA-617.
  • Quantitative assessment is completed through dosimetry in a SPECT (Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography-I think this is already defined in text above) scan in conjunction with a CT scan.
  • SPECT Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography-I think this is already defined in text above
  • utilization of SPECT/CT still has some limitations such as poor spatial resolution (centimeter range), which can lead to the partial-volume effect.
  • the partial-volume effect is seen in the displacement of pixel counts (versus true to life), further induced by low resolution of an image, where spills can occur between the organ of interest and the background of adjacent organs or structures.
  • a phantom is a specifically designed object that is functionally utilized as a ‘stand-in’ for human tissues, in imaging, to evaluate, to analyze, and to fine-tune the performance of an imaging device.
  • Correction techniques for partial volume in dosimetry rely on anatomic information or predetermined experimental findings from spherical phantoms of a known activity. Despite efforts to prioritize correcting the partial-volume effect, whole-organ radiation activities continue to be challenging to precisely measure.
  • 177Lu-PSMA-617 has been shown to accumulate in the kidneys, bone marrow, and parotids which can lead to possible injury thus are organs of interest to monitor during treatment.
  • anthropomorphic phantoms of a known activity can be used to assess dosimetric uncertainty arising from multiple sources, including SPECT (Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography) partial-volume errors.
  • SPECT Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography
  • Previous studies have used simplified spherical or ellipsoidal phantoms to represent a kidney; however, these are time consuming to make and do not have the realistic curvature of the kidney.
  • Parotid specific phantoms have not been developed nor tested, despite being another area of accumulation. The kidney and parotid phantoms described herein
  • the phantoms can allow users to inject radiotheranostics agents such as Lu- 177 PSMA with high precision.
  • the injected phantoms can then be placed on the SPECT/CT scanner and the same image acquisition protocols used for a patient can be used, including scanner radioactivity calibration factor, attenuation correction, partial volume corrections, and/or the like.
  • the phantom images can be sent to a radiotheranostics treatment planning system (TPS) such as MIM MRT for instance to calculate a 3D dose distribution in organs such as, for example, the kidney cortex or parotid gland.
  • TPS radiotheranostics treatment planning system
  • ETET end-to- end test
  • the validated dosimetric data can be then reliably used by radiation oncologists with confidence to make important decisions for managing the subject’s radiotheranostics future cycles, toxicity, and tumor response.

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  • High Energy & Nuclear Physics (AREA)
  • Radiology & Medical Imaging (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
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  • Nuclear Medicine, Radiotherapy & Molecular Imaging (AREA)
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Abstract

Un appareil selon l'invention comprend un modèle 3D d'un tissu mou. Le modèle 3D comprend une paroi externe anatomiquement correcte délimitant une cavité interne. Le modèle 3D comprend en outre un double à échelle réduite de la paroi externe positionné dans la cavité interne. Le double à échelle réduite divise la cavité interne en une chambre interne à l'intérieur du double à échelle réduite et une chambre externe entre le double à échelle réduite et la paroi externe. Le modèle 3D comprend en outre des orifices s'étendant depuis chacune de la chambre interne et de la chambre externe vers un extérieur de la paroi externe. Chaque orifice est conçu pour être relié à un dispositif qui est conçu pour injecter des liquides dans chacune de la chambre interne et de la chambre externe.
PCT/US2024/057140 2023-11-22 2024-11-22 Procédés et appareil pour fantômes imprimés 3d réalistes Pending WO2025111571A1 (fr)

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Citations (7)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US20100202001A1 (en) * 2007-07-16 2010-08-12 Miller Michael A Anatomically realistic three dimensional phantoms for medical imaging
US20180130381A1 (en) * 2016-05-30 2018-05-10 MAX-PLANCK-Gesellschaft zur Förderung der Wissenschaften e.V. Method of producing a phantom and phantom
US20220405920A1 (en) * 2021-06-17 2022-12-22 National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University Portable medical education device, medical education platform, and medical education methods
WO2023278864A1 (fr) * 2021-07-02 2023-01-05 Virginia Commonwealth University Modèles de tête de rongeur de précision anatomique et fantômes cérébraux et leurs procédés de fabrication et d'utilisation
US20230263497A1 (en) * 2022-02-23 2023-08-24 Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University Heterogeneous multimodal breast phantom
KR20230124386A (ko) * 2022-02-18 2023-08-25 영남대학교 산학협력단 의인화 팬텀의 뼈조직 구현용 조성물
WO2023184043A1 (fr) * 2022-03-31 2023-10-05 Sussman Dafna Matériaux imitant un tissu et fantômes d'abdomen gravide associés

Patent Citations (7)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US20100202001A1 (en) * 2007-07-16 2010-08-12 Miller Michael A Anatomically realistic three dimensional phantoms for medical imaging
US20180130381A1 (en) * 2016-05-30 2018-05-10 MAX-PLANCK-Gesellschaft zur Förderung der Wissenschaften e.V. Method of producing a phantom and phantom
US20220405920A1 (en) * 2021-06-17 2022-12-22 National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University Portable medical education device, medical education platform, and medical education methods
WO2023278864A1 (fr) * 2021-07-02 2023-01-05 Virginia Commonwealth University Modèles de tête de rongeur de précision anatomique et fantômes cérébraux et leurs procédés de fabrication et d'utilisation
KR20230124386A (ko) * 2022-02-18 2023-08-25 영남대학교 산학협력단 의인화 팬텀의 뼈조직 구현용 조성물
US20230263497A1 (en) * 2022-02-23 2023-08-24 Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University Heterogeneous multimodal breast phantom
WO2023184043A1 (fr) * 2022-03-31 2023-10-05 Sussman Dafna Matériaux imitant un tissu et fantômes d'abdomen gravide associés

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