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WO2025106616A2 - Compositions comprenant des bulles ultrafines et procédés pour les utiliser dans des boissons, des produits alimentaires, des produits de soins de la peau et des cheveux, des produits de soins buccaux, des exhausteurs de goût et de sensation gustative, et des produits appliqués par voie topique - Google Patents

Compositions comprenant des bulles ultrafines et procédés pour les utiliser dans des boissons, des produits alimentaires, des produits de soins de la peau et des cheveux, des produits de soins buccaux, des exhausteurs de goût et de sensation gustative, et des produits appliqués par voie topique Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2025106616A2
WO2025106616A2 PCT/US2024/055831 US2024055831W WO2025106616A2 WO 2025106616 A2 WO2025106616 A2 WO 2025106616A2 US 2024055831 W US2024055831 W US 2024055831W WO 2025106616 A2 WO2025106616 A2 WO 2025106616A2
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WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
composition
water
weight
solute
ultrafine bubbles
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Pending
Application number
PCT/US2024/055831
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English (en)
Other versions
WO2025106616A3 (fr
Inventor
Peter A. KOZAK
John Nicholas JACKOWETZ
Carly S. HANSON
Kiriako D. TSOUKALAS
Bob Jacobs
David C. Bom
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Hydrosome Ip LLC
Original Assignee
Hydrosome Ip LLC
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Priority claimed from US18/946,032 external-priority patent/US20250161204A1/en
Application filed by Hydrosome Ip LLC filed Critical Hydrosome Ip LLC
Publication of WO2025106616A2 publication Critical patent/WO2025106616A2/fr
Publication of WO2025106616A3 publication Critical patent/WO2025106616A3/fr
Pending legal-status Critical Current
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical

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Classifications

    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K8/00—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations
    • A61K8/02—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations characterised by special physical form
    • A61K8/04—Dispersions; Emulsions
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
    • A23L—FOODS, FOODSTUFFS OR NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; PREPARATION OR TREATMENT THEREOF
    • A23L2/00—Non-alcoholic beverages; Dry compositions or concentrates therefor; Preparation or treatment thereof
    • A23L2/52—Adding ingredients
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
    • A23L—FOODS, FOODSTUFFS OR NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; PREPARATION OR TREATMENT THEREOF
    • A23L2/00—Non-alcoholic beverages; Dry compositions or concentrates therefor; Preparation or treatment thereof
    • A23L2/52—Adding ingredients
    • A23L2/54—Mixing with gases
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/045—Hydroxy compounds, e.g. alcohols; Salts thereof, e.g. alcoholates
    • A61K31/05—Phenols
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/045—Hydroxy compounds, e.g. alcohols; Salts thereof, e.g. alcoholates
    • A61K31/07—Retinol compounds, e.g. vitamin A
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
    • A61K31/335—Heterocyclic compounds having oxygen as the only ring hetero atom, e.g. fungichromin
    • A61K31/365—Lactones
    • A61K31/375—Ascorbic acid, i.e. vitamin C; Salts thereof
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
    • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
    • A61K31/435—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with one nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom
    • A61K31/44—Non condensed pyridines; Hydrogenated derivatives thereof
    • A61K31/455—Nicotinic acids, e.g. niacin; Derivatives thereof, e.g. esters, amides
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K33/00—Medicinal preparations containing inorganic active ingredients
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K8/00—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations
    • A61K8/18—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations characterised by the composition
    • A61K8/19—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations characterised by the composition containing inorganic ingredients
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P1/00—Drugs for disorders of the alimentary tract or the digestive system
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61Q—SPECIFIC USE OF COSMETICS OR SIMILAR TOILETRY PREPARATIONS
    • A61Q19/00—Preparations for care of the skin
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K2800/00—Properties of cosmetic compositions or active ingredients thereof or formulation aids used therein and process related aspects
    • A61K2800/10—General cosmetic use
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K2800/00—Properties of cosmetic compositions or active ingredients thereof or formulation aids used therein and process related aspects
    • A61K2800/80—Process related aspects concerning the preparation of the cosmetic composition or the storage or application thereof
    • A61K2800/92—Oral administration

Definitions

  • the present disclosure generally relates to aqueous compositions that comprise soft cavitated water and/or ultrafine bubbles and, optionally, non-gaseous solutes and/or gaseous solutes for use in beverages, skin and hair care products, oral care products, flavor and sensation enhancers, topically applied products, and other consumer products.
  • Ultrafine bubbles in aqueous compositions can be generated when “cavitation” occurs.
  • cavitation There are two fundamental types of cavitation: (1) vaporous or “hard” cavitation and (2) gaseous or “soft” cavitation.
  • Vaporous cavitation occurs when the pressure in a liquid drops below the vapor pressure of the liquid, resulting in the formation of unstable low-pressure voids or bubbles formed from vaporized particles or molecules of the liquid itself.
  • gaseous cavitation occurs when gases dissolved within a liquid fall out of solution with decreasing pressure, typically at pressures higher than the vapor pressure of the liquid itself — creating bubbles formed from particles or molecules of the liquid and the released gases.
  • Typical aqueous ultrafine bubbles are created as a result of vaporous or “hard” cavitation, when the resulting voids collapse and form shockwaves.
  • the shockwaves facilitate the formation of ultrafine bubbles from exogenous non-dissolved gases.
  • These ultrafine bubbles have substantially different structural, functional, and stability characteristics than ultrafine bubbles formed from “gaseous” cavitation.
  • ultrafine bubbles formed from “hard” cavitation which comprise bubbles including water molecules surrounding exogenously provided gases
  • ultrafine bubbles formed from “soft” cavitation which comprise bubbles including water molecules surrounding gases released from solution within the water).
  • aqueous compositions it is well known that the organization of water molecules influences the stability, solubility, and bioavailability of any solutes dissolved within. Such organization is also known to influence the bioavailability of the water itself.
  • the organization of water molecules in compositions having ultrafine bubbles produced via vaporous or “hard” cavitation differs substantially from that of the organization of water molecules in compositions containing ultrafine bubbles produced via gaseous or “soft” cavitation
  • the stability, solubility, and bioavailability of solutes dissolved within the two water compositions may be substantially different, as well as the bioavailability of the water molecules themselves.
  • compositions including water and ultrafine bubbles comprising gases released from solution in water — that is, produced via gaseous or “soft” cavitation — which compositions have improved stability, solubility, and bioavailability as compared to compositions including no ultrafine bubbles or solutions comprising or consisting of aqueous ultrafine bubbles formed via vaporous or “hard” cavitation.
  • compositions that comprise water, ultrafine bubbles comprising gases released from solution in water, and a non-gaseous solute and/or gaseous solute that have improved bioavailability, solubility, and/or stability.
  • the non-gaseous solutes and/or gaseous solutes with improved bioavailability have been shown to be effective in permeating cell membranes and delivering the non-gaseous solutes and/or gaseous solutes into cells. This ability to penetrate allows the compositions to be effective means to deliver bioactive agents and/or hydration into human cells.
  • Consumer products such as beverages, oral care solutions, and over-the-counter skin care products
  • bioactive agents and/or hydration are often used to deliver bioactive agents and/or hydration to subjects.
  • efficacy and/or delivery of such bioactives and/or hydration is often limited.
  • the present disclosure provides aqueous compositions and methods for improving the bioactive efficacy and/or hydration capabilities of consumer products (e.g., beverages, oral care products, skin and hair care products), the compositions or solutions including gaseous ultrafine bubbles (i.e., ultrafine bubbles that comprise or consist essentially of water and gases released from solution in the water and produced via gaseous or “soft” cavitation) and at least one non- gaseous solute and/or at least one gaseous solute dissolved within, surrounded by, and/or stabilized by the ultrafine bubbles.
  • gaseous ultrafine bubbles i.e., ultrafine bubbles that comprise or consist essentially of water and gases released from solution in the water and produced via gaseous or “soft” cavitation
  • at least one non- gaseous solute and/or at least one gaseous solute dissolved within, surrounded by, and/or stabilized by the ultrafine bubbles i.e., ultrafine bubbles that comprise or consist essentially of water and gases released
  • the compositions are aqueous compositions for oral administration (e.g., mouthwashes) and/or ingestion (e g., beverages).
  • the compositions include water and ultrafine bubbles comprising gases released from solution in the water.
  • the composition increases cell permeability and/or bioavailability of the water within the composition.
  • the compositions include one or more non-gaseous solutes and/or one or more gaseous solutes (e.g., flavoring agents, antibacterial agents, fluoride sources, nutrients, electrolytes, minerals, warming-sensation agents, and cooling-sensation agents).
  • the water is selected from deionized (“DI”) water, ultrapure water, tap water, groundwater, surface water, and reverse osmosis water.
  • DI deionized
  • the water has a resistivity between about 17 to about 18.2 meg-ohm cm.
  • the water has a pH of between about 3 to about 7.
  • the water has an oxidative reduction potential of about -200 mV to about 800 mV.
  • the aqueous compositions including ultrafine bubbles comprising or consisting essentially of water and gases released from solution in the water have improved bioavailability relative to naturally occurring water, and relative to compositions including ultrafine bubbles not formed via gaseous cavitation.
  • the ultrafme bubbles comprising or consisting essentially of water and gases released from solution in the water improve bioavailability of the water by about 10%, about 20%, about 30%, about 40%, about 50%, about 60%, about 70%, about 80%, or about 90% relative to naturally occurring water, and/or relative to compositions including ultrafine bubbles not formed via gaseous cavitation.
  • the ultrafine bubbles comprising or consisting essentially of water and dissolved/surrounded/stabilized solutes improve bioavailability of the water by about 1%, about 2%, about 3%, about 4%, about 5%, about 6%, about 7%, about 8%, or about 9% relative to naturally occurring water, and/or relative to compositions including ultrafme bubbles not formed via gaseous cavitation.
  • the at least one non-gaseous solute and/or at least one gaseous solute is dissolved within, surrounded by, and/or stabilized by the ultrafme bubbles.
  • the composition increases cell permeability and/or bioavailability of the at least one dissolved non-gaseous solute and/or at least one gaseous solute.
  • the at least one non-gaseous solute and/or at least one gaseous solute is present at a concentration of 0.1-30% by weight of the composition.
  • the at least one non-gaseous solute and/or at least one gaseous solute is stable within the composition for at least 2 years.
  • the ultrafme bubbles have a median diameter of between 2-400 nanometers. In some embodiments, the ultrafme bubbles remain stable within the composition for at least two years. In particular embodiments, the ultrafme bubbles remain stable within the composition for at least 2.5 years. In some embodiments, the ultrafine bubbles are concentrated within the composition via rotary evaporation and/or cross flow filtration. In particular embodiments, concentrated ultrafine bubbles are stable within the composition for at least 2 years. [0012] In some embodiments, the compositions for oral administration and/or ingestion include at least one non-gaseous solute and/or at least one gaseous solute. In some embodiments, the at least one non-gaseous solute includes one or more electrolytes and minerals. In some embodiments, the one or more electrolytes and minerals comprises magnesium, sodium, potassium, chloride, sulfate, benzoate, bicarbonate, zinc, or combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the at least one gaseous solute may include one or more
  • the composition is a beverage for ingestion.
  • the beverage is a juice, a still beverage, a carbonated beverage, an energy drink, an electrolyte drink, an alcoholic beverage, a mocktail, coffee, tea, or sweetened, flavored water.
  • the beverage for ingestion includes one or more flavoring agents.
  • the one or more flavoring agents comprise one or more salts.
  • the one or more salts comprise at least one of magnesium chloride, calcium chloride, and sodium bicarbonate.
  • the one or more flavoring agents is a pungency enhancer.
  • the pungency enhancer includes one or more agents derived from black pepper including piperine, chavicine, isopiperine, isochavicine, dihydropiperine, and combinations thereof.
  • the beverage for ingestion includes one or more coolingsensation agents.
  • the one or more cooling-sensation agents includes one or more of menthol, menthyl lactate, WS-3, WS-23, menthyl carboxamides, and combinations thereof.
  • the beverage for ingestion includes one or more warmingsensation agents.
  • the one or more warming-sensation agents includes one or more of capsaicin, camphor, eugenol, sanshools, and combinations thereof.
  • the beverage for ingestion includes one or more nutrients.
  • the one or more nutrients includes dietary collagen.
  • the at least one non-gaseous solute includes at least one of maltodextrin, vitamin c, gum acacia, niacinamide, monkfruit extract, and zinc sulfate.
  • the beverage for ingestion comprises 5 wt% or less of ethanol.
  • a method for enhancing and/or extending duration of a cooling sensation imparted by a beverage for ingestion in accordance with the disclosure herein comprises ingesting the beverage comprising the ultrafine bubbles.
  • the cooling sensation imparted by the beverage composition is enhanced in comparison to beverages lacking the ultrafine bubbles.
  • the cooling sensation imparted by the beverage composition is extended in duration in comparison to beverages lacking the ultrafine bubbles.
  • a method of enhancing and/or simulating the presence of ethanol within a beverage composition comprises ingesting a beverage composition comprising 5 wt% or less of ethanol and ultrafine bubbles in accordance with the disclosure herein.
  • the presence of ethanol is enhanced and/or simulated by the ultrafine bubbles of the beverage composition imparting a cooling sensation to the tongue to simulate ethanol evaporation from a tongue.
  • the presence of ethanol is enhanced and/or simulated by the ultrafine bubbles of the beverage composition increasing the sensory effect of the pungency enhancer to simulate alcohol burn sensation.
  • the alcohol burn sensation imparted by the beverage composition is enhanced in comparison to beverages lacking the ultrafine bubbles.
  • a method for enhancing and/or extending duration of a cooling sensation imparted by a beverage composition includes ingesting the beverage composition comprising the ultrafine bubbles in accordance with the disclosure herein and one or more cooling-sensation agents.
  • the cooling sensation imparted by the composition is enhanced in comparison to beverages lacking the ultrafine bubbles.
  • a method for enhancing and/or extending duration of a warming sensation imparted by a beverage composition includes ingesting the beverage composition comprising the ultrafine bubbles in accordance with the disclosure herein and one or more warming-sensation agents. In some embodiments, the warming sensation imparted by the composition is enhanced in comparison to beverages lacking the ultrafine bubbles.
  • a method for enhancing, increasing, and/or retaining hydration in a subject comprises ingesting a beverage composition comprising the ultrafine bubbles in accordance with the disclosure herein.
  • the subject is a mammal. In particular embodiments, the subject is a human.
  • the subject ingests the composition prior to physical exertion. In some embodiments, the subject ingests the composition during physical exertion. In some embodiments, the subject ingests the composition after physical exertion. In some embodiments, the subject experiences a greater decrease in blood serum osmolality after ingesting the composition as compared to after ingesting beverages lacking the ultrafine bubbles. In some embodiments, the subject experiences a decrease in blood serum osmolality for at least 2 hours post physical exertion. In some embodiments, the subject experiences a greater increase in total body water (TBW) after ingesting the composition as compared to ingesting beverages lacking the ultrafine bubbles.
  • TW total body water
  • the subject experiences an increase in total body water (TBW) for at least 2 hours post physical exertion. In some embodiments, the subject experiences a greater increase in intracellular water (ICW) after ingesting the composition as compared to ingesting beverages lacking the ultrafine bubbles. In some embodiments, the subject experiences an increase in intracellular water (ICW) for at least 2 hours post physical exertion. In some embodiments, the subject experiences a more rapid increase in intracellular water (ICW) after ingesting the composition as compared to ingesting beverages lacking the ultrafine bubbles.
  • TW total body water
  • ICW intracellular water
  • ICW intracellular water
  • a method for enhancing absorption of and/or bioavailability of dietary collagen in a subject comprises ingesting a beverage composition comprising dietary collagen as a non-gaseous solute (e.g., a nutrient) and the ultrafine bubbles in accordance with the disclosure herein.
  • the subject is a mammal.
  • the subject is human.
  • the subject experiences a greater increase in skin resiliency and/or elasticity after ingesting the beverage composition as compared to ingesting beverages including the dietary collagen but lacking the ultrafine bubbles.
  • the composition is an oral care solution for oral administration.
  • the oral care solution is a toothpaste or mouthwash.
  • the oral care solution includes one or more cooling-sensation agents.
  • the one or more cooling-sensation agents includes one or more of menthol, menthyl lactate, WS-3, WS-23, menthyl carboxamides, and combinations thereof.
  • the oral care solution includes one or more fluoride sources.
  • the one or more fluoride sources includes sodium fluoride, stannous fluoride, acidulated phosphate fluoride, and combinations thereof.
  • the oral care solution includes one or more antibacterial agents.
  • the one or more antibacterial agents includes one or more of menthol, thymol, eucalyptol, methyl salicylate, and combinations thereof.
  • a method for enhancing and/or extending duration of a cooling sensation imparted by an oral care composition includes orally administering the oral care composition comprising the ultrafine bubbles in accordance with the disclosure herein and one or more cooling-sensation agents.
  • the cooling sensation imparted by the oral care composition is enhanced in comparison to oral care compositions including the one or more cooling-sensation agents but lacking the ultrafine bubbles.
  • a method for enhancing antibacterial efficacy imparted by an oral care composition is provided. The method comprises ingesting the oral care composition comprising the ultrafine bubbles in accordance with the disclosure herein and the one or more antibacterial agents.
  • the antibacterial efficacy imparted by the oral care composition is enhanced in comparison to oral care compositions including the one or more antibacterial agents but lacking the ultrafine bubbles.
  • a method for increasing the delivery of fluoride to a subject comprises orally administering an oral care composition including the ultrafine bubbles in accordance with the disclosure herein and one or more fluoride sources to the subject.
  • the one or more fluoride sources includes sodium fluoride, stannous fluoride, acidulated phosphate fluoride, and combinations thereof.
  • the subject is a mammal. In particular embodiments, the mammal is a human.
  • the delivery of fluoride to the subject imparted by the oral care composition comprising the ultrafine bubbles and one or more fluoride sources is increased in comparison to delivery of fluoride by compositions including the one or more fluoride sources but lacking the ultrafine bubbles.
  • the composition is an ingestible food product.
  • the ingestible food product includes one or more flavoring agents as at least one non-gaseous solute and/or at least one gaseous solute.
  • the one or more flavoring agents is a pungency enhancer.
  • the pungency enhancer includes one or more agents derived from black pepper including piperine, chavicine, isopiperine, isochavicine, dihydropiperine, and combinations thereof.
  • a method for increasing a pungent sensation imparted by one or more pungency enhancers in an ingestible food product includes ingesting the food product composition including the ultrafine bubbles in accordance with the disclosure herein and the one or more pungency enhancers.
  • the pungency enhancer includes one or more agents derived from black pepper including piperine, chavicine, isopiperine, isochavicine, dihydropiperine, and combinations thereof.
  • the sensation of pungency is increased by the ultrafine bubbles of the food product composition in comparison to food compositions including the one or more pungency enhancers but lacking the ultrafine bubbles.
  • compositions are aqueous compositions for topical application or use.
  • the compositions include water and ultrafine bubbles comprising gases released from solution in the water.
  • the water is selected from DI water, ultrapure water, tap water, groundwater, surface water, and reverse osmosis water.
  • the water has a resistivity between about 17 to about 18.2 meg-ohm cm.
  • the water has a pH of between about 3 to about 7.
  • the water has an oxidative reduction potential of about -200 mV to about 800 mV.
  • the at least one non-gaseous solute and/or at least one gaseous solute is dissolved within, surrounded by, and/or stabilized by the ultrafine bubbles.
  • the composition increases cell permeability and/or bioavailability of the at least one dissolved non-gaseous solute and/or at least one gaseous solute.
  • the at least one non-gaseous solute and/or at least one gaseous solute is present at a concentration of 0.1-30% by weight of the composition.
  • the at least one non-gaseous solute and/or at least one gaseous solute is stable within the composition for at least 2 years.
  • the ultrafme bubbles have a median diameter of between 2-400 nanometers. In some embodiments, the ultrafme bubbles remain stable within the composition for at least two years. In particular embodiments, the ultrafme bubbles remain stable within the composition for at least 2.5 years. In some embodiments, the ultrafine bubbles are concentrated within the composition via rotary evaporation and/or cross flow filtration. In particular embodiments, concentrated ultrafme bubbles are stable within the composition for at least 2 years. [0039] In some embodiments, the composition further comprises at least one non-gaseous solute and/or at least one gaseous solute.
  • the at least one non-gaseous solute and/or at least one gaseous solute comprises one or more cooling-sensation agents, pain relief agents, numbing agents, warming sensation agents, hair restorative agents, antihistamines, and anti -itch agents.
  • the composition is a soap, liquid, cream, paste, gel, moisturizer, lotion, skincare product, shaving cream, face mask, medicated bandage and/or dressing, shampoo, and/or conditioner.
  • the composition is part of a medicated bandage and/or dressing comprising one or more aqueous medicated solutions (i.e., solutions or gels containing active medicinal ingredients to aid in wound healing, prevent infection, or to provide other therapeutic benefits).
  • aqueous medicated solutions i.e., solutions or gels containing active medicinal ingredients to aid in wound healing, prevent infection, or to provide other therapeutic benefits.
  • the medicated bandage and/or dressing includes one or more aqueous medicated solutions including at least one of: hydrogel dressings for maintaining a moist wound environment; alginate dressings made from seaweed for wound healing; foam dressings infused with medication(s) for therapeutic benefits; silver-impregnated dressings with antimicrobial properties; iodine-infused dressings for antiseptic purposes; antibiotic-impregnated dressings for bacterial infection control; and phenytoin-infused dressings to promote wound healing; and collagen dressings combined with medication, particularly useful for chronic or slow- healing wounds.
  • the composition is a skincare product.
  • the skincare product includes one or more of niacinamide, bakuchiol, retinol, and Everwhite.
  • Everwhite produced by Sino Lion is a stable ascorbic acid derivative of the formula
  • 3-O-ethyl ascorbic acid typically used for whitening and anti-aging products.
  • Everwhite has been shown to inhibit the activity of tyrosinase copper ions to effectively inhibit the formation of melanin. Further, Everwhite has been shown to inhibit the inflammation of the skin and improving skin color and elasticity.
  • the skincare product/topical composition comprises niacinamide.
  • the skincare product/topical composition comprises bakuchiol.
  • the skincare product/topical composition comprises
  • the skincare product/topical composition comprises retinol.
  • the compositions for topical application or use include at least one cooling-sensation agent as a non-gaseous solute.
  • the one or more cooling-sensation agents includes one or more of menthol, menthyl lactate, WS-3, WS-23, and menthyl carboxamides.
  • compositions for topical application or use include at least one warming-sensation agent as a non-gaseous solute.
  • the one or more warming-sensation agents includes one or more of capsaicin, camphor, eugenol, and sanshools.
  • the compositions for topical application or use include one or more pain relief agents, numbing agents, and anti-itch agents as part of the non-gaseous solute and/or the gaseous solute.
  • the non-gaseous solute and/or the gaseous solute includes one or more pain relief agents and numbing agents.
  • the one or more pain relief agents and numbing agents include one or more of lidocaine, benzocaine, pramoxine, phenol, and methyl salicylate.
  • the compositions for topical application or use include one or more anti-itch agents.
  • the one or more anti-itch agents including one or more of diphenhydramine, azelastine, olopatadine, ketotifen, and hydrocortisone.
  • the composition for topical application or use includes one or more anti-acne agents.
  • the anti-acne agent is one or more of benzoyl peroxide, salicylic acid, retinoids, topical antibiotics (e.g. clindamycin, erythromycin), azelaic acid, sulfur, alpha hydroxy acids (AHAs), nicotinamide (niacinamide), dapsone, and tea tree oil.
  • the composition for topical application or use is a hair loss prevention product and/or a hair restorative product.
  • the hair loss prevention product and/or a hair restorative product includes one or more hair restorative agents as part of the at least one non-gaseous solute and/or at least one gaseous solute.
  • the one or more hair restorative agents include one or both of minoxidil and finasteride.
  • a method for increasing hydration of skin cells of a subject includes topically administering a skincare product or topical composition including ultrafine bubbles according to the disclosure herein to a subject’s intact skin.
  • the skin cells to which the skincare product/topical composition is administered have greater hydration in comparison to skin cells to which compositions lacking the ultrafine bubbles are topically applied.
  • the skin cells to which the skincare product/topical composition is administered have increased hydration after administration of the skincare product for a period of at least 2 months.
  • the skin cells to which the skincare product/topical composition is administered have increased hydration after administration of the skincare product for a period of at least 18 months.
  • a viable epidermis layer of the subject’s intact skin has a greater concentration of water after administration of the skincare product in comparison to a viable epidermis layer of intact skin to which compositions lacking the ultrafine bubbles are topically applied.
  • the viable epidermis layer of the intact skin to which the skincare product is administered has increased hydration for a period of at least 2 months after administration of the skincare product.
  • the viable epidermis layer of the intact skin to which the skincare product is administered has increased hydration for a period of at least 18 months after administration of the skincare product.
  • a method for increasing a barrier of water at a surface of a stratum corneum layer of intact skin comprises topically administering a skincare product or topical composition including ultrafine bubbles according to the disclosure herein to a subject’s intact skin.
  • the surface of the stratum corneum layer of the subject’s intact skin has a greater concentration of water in the barrier after administration of the skincare product/topical composition in comparison to a surface of a stratum corneum layer of intact skin to which compositions lacking the ultrafine bubbles are topically applied.
  • the barrier of water at the surface of the stratum corneum layer persists for a period of at least 2 months after administration of the skincare product.
  • the barrier of water at the surface of the stratum corneum layer persists for a period of at least 18 months after administration of the skincare product.
  • a method of increasing niacinamide absorption into skin cells of a subject comprises topically administering a skincare product or topical composition including ultrafine bubbles and niacinamide according to the disclosure herein to a subject’s intact skin.
  • the niacinamide is absorbed into a stratum corneum layer of the intact skin of the subject.
  • the stratum corneum layer of the subject’s intact skin has a greater concentration of niacinamide after administration of the skincare product/topical composition in comparison to a stratum corneum layer of intact skin to which compositions comprising niacinamide but lacking the ultrafine bubbles are topically applied.
  • the stratum corneum layer of the intact skin to which the skincare product is administered has increased niacinamide content for a period of at least 2 months after administration of the skincare product. In some embodiments, the stratum corneum layer of the intact skin to which the skincare product is administered has increased niacinamide content for a period of at least 18 months after administration of the skincare product. In some embodiments, the niacinamide is absorbed into a viable epidermis layer of the intact skin of the subject.
  • the viable epidermis layer of the subject’s intact skin has a greater concentration of niacinamide after administration of the skincare product in comparison to a viable epidermis layer of intact skin to which compositions comprising niacinamide but lacking the ultrafine bubbles are topically applied.
  • the viable epidermis layer of the intact skin to which the skincare product/topical composition is administered has increased niacinamide content for a period of at least 2 months after administration of the skincare product.
  • the viable epidermis layer of the intact skin to which the skincare product is administered has increased niacinamide content for a period of at least 18 months after administration of the skincare product/topical composition.
  • the skin cells of the intact skin to which the skincare product comprising niacinamide is administered have a greater concentration of absorbed niacinamide after administration of the skincare product/topical composition in comparison to skin cells to which compositions comprising niacinamide but lacking the ultrafine bubbles are topically applied.
  • a method of increasing a barrier of niacinamide at a surface of a stratum corneum layer of intact skin of a subject comprises topically administering a skincare product or topical composition including ultrafine bubbles and niacinamide according to the disclosure herein to a subject’s intact skin.
  • the surface of the stratum corneum layer of the subject’s intact skin has a greater concentration of niacinamide in the barrier after administration of the skincare product in comparison to a surface of a stratum corneum layer of intact skin to which compositions comprising niacinamide but lacking the ultrafine bubbles are topically applied.
  • the barrier of niacinamide at the surface of the stratum corneum layer persists for a period of at least 2 months after administration of the skincare product. In some embodiments, the barrier of niacinamide at the surface of the stratum corneum layer persists for a period of at least 18 months after administration of the skincare product.
  • a method of increasing bakuchiol absorption into skin cells of a subject comprises topically administering a skincare product or topical composition including ultrafine bubbles and bakuchiol according to the disclosure herein to a subject’s intact skin.
  • a method of increasing a barrier of bakuchiol at a surface of a stratum corneum layer of intact skin of a subject comprises topically administering a skincare product or topical composition including ultrafine bubbles and bakuchiol according to the disclosure herein to a subject’s intact skin.
  • the surface of the stratum corneum layer of the subject’s intact skin has a greater concentration of bakuchiol in the barrier after administration of the skincare product in comparison to a surface of a stratum corneum layer of intact skin to which compositions comprising bakuchiol but lacking the ultrafine bubbles are topically applied.
  • the barrier of bakuchiol at the surface of the stratum corneum layer persists for a period of at least 2 months after administration of the skincare product. In some embodiments, the barrier of bakuchiol at the surface of the stratum corneum layer persists for a period of at least 18 months after administration of the skincare product/topical composition.
  • a method of increasing retinol absorption into skin cells of a subject comprises topically administering a skincare product or topical composition including ultrafine bubbles and retinol according to the disclosure herein to a subj ect’ s intact skin.
  • a method of increasing a barrier of retinol at a surface of a stratum corneum layer of intact skin of a subject comprises topically administering a skincare product or topical composition including ultrafine bubbles and retinol according to the disclosure herein to a subject’s intact skin.
  • the surface of the stratum corneum layer of the subject’s intact skin has a greater concentration of retinol in the barrier after administration of the skincare product in comparison to a surface of a stratum corneum layer of intact skin to which compositions comprising retinol but lacking the ultrafine bubbles are topically applied.
  • the barrier of retinol at the surface of the stratum corneum layer persists for a period of at least 2 months after administration of the skincare product. In some embodiments, the barrier of retinol at the surface of the stratum corneum layer persists for a period of at least 18 months after administration of the skincare product/topical composition.
  • a method of increasing Everwhite absorption into skin cells of a subject comprises topically administering a skincare product or topical composition including ultrafine bubbles and Everwhite according to the disclosure herein to a subject’s intact skin.
  • the Everwhite is absorbed into a stratum corneum layer of the intact skin of the subject.
  • the stratum corneum layer of the subject’s intact skin has a greater concentration of Everwhite after administration of the skincare product/topical composition in comparison to a stratum corneum layer of intact skin to which compositions comprising Everwhite but lacking the ultrafine bubbles are topically applied.
  • the stratum corneum layer of the intact skin to which the skincare product is administered has increased Everwhite content for a period of at least 2 months after administration of the skincare product. In some embodiments, the stratum corneum layer of the intact skin to which the skincare product is administered has increased Everwhite content for a period of at least 18 months after administration of the skincare product.
  • a method of increasing a barrier of Everwhite at a surface of a stratum corneum layer of intact skin of a subject comprises topically administering a skincare product or topical composition including ultrafine bubbles and Everwhite according to the disclosure herein to a subject’s intact skin.
  • the surface of the stratum corneum layer of the subject’s intact skin has a greater concentration of Everwhite in the barrier after administration of the skincare product in comparison to a surface of a stratum corneum layer of intact skin to which compositions comprising Everwhite but lacking the ultrafine bubbles are topically applied.
  • the barrier of Everwhite at the surface of the stratum corneum layer persists for a period of at least 2 months after administration of the skincare product. In some embodiments, the barrier of Everwhite at the surface of the stratum corneum layer persists for a period of at least 18 months after administration of the skincare product.
  • a method for enhancing and/or extending duration of a cooling sensation imparted to skin of a subject comprises topically applying the skincare or topical composition including a cooling sensation agent and the ultrafme bubbles in accordance with the disclosure herein to intact skin of a subject.
  • the one or more cooling-sensation agents includes one or more of menthol, menthyl lactate, WS-3, WS-23, and menthyl carboxamides.
  • the cooling sensation imparted to the intact skin by the composition is enhanced and/or extended in duration after administration of the skincare product/topical composition in comparison to cooling sensations imparted to intact skin by compositions including the one or more cooling-sensation agents but lacking the ultrafine bubbles.
  • a method for enhancing and/or extending duration of a warming sensation imparted to skin of a subject comprises topically applying the skincare or topical composition including a warming sensation agent and the ultrafine bubbles in accordance with the disclosure herein to intact skin of a subject.
  • the warming-sensation agents includes one or more of capsaicin, camphor, eugenol, and sanshools.
  • the warming sensation imparted to the intact skin by the composition is enhanced and/or extended in duration after administration of the skincare product/topical composition in comparison to warming sensations imparted to intact skin by compositions including the one or more warming-sensation agents but lacking the ultrafine bubbles.
  • a method for increasing absorption of pain relief agents and/or numbing agents by skin cells of a subject includes topically applying a skincare product/topical composition comprising ultrafine bubbles in accordance with the disclosure herein and the one or more pain relief agents and/or numbing agents to intact skin of a subject.
  • the one or more pain relief agents and numbing agents include one or more of lidocaine, benzocaine, pramoxine, phenol, and methyl salicylate.
  • the absorption of the pain relief agents and/or numbing agents within the intact skin after administration of the composition is increased in comparison to absorption of the pain relief agents and/or numbing agents applied to intact skin by compositions including the one or more pain relief agents and/or numbing agents but lacking the ultrafine bubbles.
  • pain relief imparted by the pain relief agents and/or numbing agents within the composition is enhanced and/or extended in duration after administration of the composition in comparison to pain relief imparted to intact skin by compositions including the one or more pain relief agents and/or numbing agents but lacking the ultrafine bubbles.
  • a method for increasing absorption of anti-itch agents by skin cells of a subject includes topically applying a skincare product/topical composition comprising ultrafine bubbles in accordance with the disclosure herein and the one or more anti-itch agents to intact skin of a subject.
  • the one or more anti-itch agents include one or more of diphenhydramine, azelastine, olopatadine, ketotifen, and hydrocortisone.
  • the absorption of the anti-itch agents within the intact skin after administration of the composition is increased in comparison to absorption of the anti-itch agents applied to intact skin by compositions including the one or more anti-itch agents but lacking the ultrafme bubbles.
  • a method for increasing absorption of hair restorative agents by skin cells of a subject’s skin tissue includes topically applying a skincare product/topical composition comprising ultrafine bubbles in accordance with the disclosure herein and one or more hair restorative agents to intact skin of a subject.
  • the one or more hair restorative agents includes at least one of minoxidil and finasteride.
  • the absorption of the hair restorative agents within the intact skin after administration of the composition is increased in comparison to absorption of the hair restorative agents applied to intact skin by compositions including the one or more hair restorative agents but lacking the ultrafine bubbles.
  • a method for improving acne control includes topically applying an anti-acne composition comprising ultrafme bubbles in accordance with the disclosure herein and one or more anti-acne agents to intact skin of a subject.
  • the one or more anti-acne agents includes at least one of benzoyl peroxide, salicylic acid, retinoids, topical antibiotics, clindamycin, erythromycin, azelaic acid, sulfur, alpha hydroxy acids, nicotinamide, dapsone, and tea tree oil.
  • the absorption of the antiacne agents within the intact skin after administration of the composition is greater in comparison to absorption of the anti-acne agents applied to intact skin by compositions including the one or more anti-acne agents but lacking the ultrafme bubbles.
  • the control of acne by the anti-acne agents of the composition is enhanced and/or extended in duration after administration of the composition in comparison to control of acne to intact skin by compositions including the one or more anti-acne agents but lacking the ultrafme bubbles.
  • a method of making a water composition includes pumping water through a transfer pipe and a nozzle into a hollow cylinder.
  • the nozzle is located at the proximal end of the hollow cylinder.
  • the nozzle further includes an intake hole located at a proximal face of the nozzle connected to the transfer pipe, and one or more jet openings located at a distal face of the nozzle that open into a chamber defined by the hollow cylinder.
  • the pumped water passing through the one or more jet openings creates a vortex of water in contact with an inner surface of the chamber.
  • the process further includes allowing the water to exit the chamber defined by the hollow cylinder after the vortex of water is created.
  • the method further comprises adding at least one non-gaseous solute to the exited water.
  • the at least one non-gaseous solute and/or at least one gaseous solute comprises one or more of cooling sensation agents, warming sensation agents, antibacterial agents, pain relief agents, numbing agents, hair restorative agents, anti-itch agents, topical antihistamines, pungency agents, skin hydration agents, flavoring agents, nutrients, electrolytes, minerals, alcohols, and fluoride sources.
  • the cooling sensation agents include at least one of menthol, menthyl lactate, WS-3, WS-23 and other menthyl carboxamides.
  • the warming sensation agents include at least one of capsaicin, camphor, eugenol, and sanshools.
  • the pain relief agents include at least one of lidocaine, benzocaine, pramoxine, phenol, and methyl salicylate.
  • the numbing agents include at least one of lidocaine, benzocaine, pramoxine, phenol, and methyl salicylate.
  • the hair restorative agents include at least one of minoxidil and finasteride.
  • the anti-itch agents include at least one of diphenhydramine, azelastine, olopatadine, ketotifen, and hydrocortisone.
  • the pungency agents include at least one of piperine, chavicine, isopiperine, and isochavicine.
  • the fluoride sources include at least one of sodium fluoride, stannous fluoride, and acidulated phosphate fluoride.
  • the one or more flavoring agents comprise one or more salts.
  • the one or more salts comprise at least one of magnesium chloride, calcium chloride, and sodium bicarbonate.
  • the at least one non- gaseous solute comprises one or more electrolytes and minerals.
  • the one or more electrolytes and minerals comprises magnesium, sodium, potassium, chloride, sulfate, benzoate, bicarbonate, zinc, or combinations thereof.
  • a method of making a water composition includes pumping water and at least one non-gaseous solute and/or at least one gaseous solute through a transfer pipe and a nozzle into a hollow cylinder.
  • the nozzle is located at the proximal end of the hollow cylinder.
  • the nozzle further includes an intake hole located at a proximal face of the nozzle connected to the transfer pipe, and one or more jet openings located at a distal face of the nozzle that open into a chamber defined by the hollow cylinder.
  • the pumped water passing through the one or more jet openings creates a vortex of water in contact with an inner surface of the chamber.
  • the process further includes allowing the water to exit the chamber defined by the hollow cylinder after the vortex of water is created.
  • the method further comprises adding at least one additional non-gaseous solute and/or at least one gaseous solute to the exited water.
  • the at least one non-gaseous solute and/or at least one gaseous solute comprises one or more of cooling sensation agents, warming sensation agents, antibacterial agents, pain relief agents, numbing agents, hair restorative agents, anti-itch agents, topical antihistamines, pungency agents, skin hydration agents, flavoring agents, nutrients, electrolytes, minerals, alcohols, and fluoride sources.
  • the cooling sensation agents include at least one of menthol, menthyl lactate, WS-3, WS-23 and other menthyl carboxamides.
  • the warming sensation agents include at least one of capsaicin, camphor, eugenol, and sanshools.
  • the pain relief agents include at least one of lidocaine, benzocaine, pramoxine, phenol, and methyl salicylate.
  • the numbing agents include at least one of lidocaine, benzocaine, pramoxine, phenol, and methyl salicylate.
  • the hair restorative agents include at least one of minoxidil and finasteride.
  • the anti-itch agents include at least one of diphenhydramine, azelastine, olopatadine, ketotifen, and hydrocortisone.
  • the pungency agents include at least one of piperine, chavicine, isopiperine, dihydropiperine, and isochavicine.
  • the fluoride sources include at least one of sodium fluoride, stannous fluoride, and acidulated phosphate fluoride.
  • the one or more flavoring agents comprise one or more salts.
  • the one or more salts comprise at least one of magnesium chloride, calcium chloride, and sodium bicarbonate.
  • the at least one non-gaseous solute comprises one or more electrolytes and minerals.
  • the one or more electrolytes and minerals comprises magnesium, sodium, potassium, chloride, sulfate, benzoate, bicarbonate, zinc, or combinations thereof.
  • the water is selected from DI water, ultrapure water, tap water, groundwater (e.g., well water), surface water, and reverse osmosis water.
  • the water is ultrapure water.
  • the water is DI water.
  • the water is tap water.
  • the applied compositions include water having a population of ultrafine bubbles with a median ultrafine bubble diameter of between about 2-400 nanometers.
  • the ultrafine bubbles have a median diameter of between about 2 to about 10 nanometers (e.g., about 2 nanometers, about 3 nanometers, about 4 nanometers, about 5 nanometers, about 6 nanometers, about 7 nanometers, about 8 nanometers, about 9 nanometers, or about 10 nanometers).
  • the ultrafine bubbles have a median diameter of between about 10 to about 15 nanometers, about 15 to about 20 nanometers, or about 20 to about 25 nanometers.
  • the ultrafine bubbles have a median diameter of between about 10 to about 50 nanometers, about 20 to about 50 nanometers, about 30 to about 50 nanometers, or about 40 to about 50 nanometers. In still other embodiments, the ultrafine bubbles have a median diameter of between about 50 to about 100 nanometers. In yet further embodiments, the ultrafine bubbles have a median diameter of between about 100 to about 200 nanometers, about 150 to about 200 nanometers, about 200 to about 300 nanometers, about 250 to about 300 nanometers, or about 300 to about 400 nanometers.
  • the ultrafine bubbles are present in the composition at a concentration of up to 10 10 ultrafine bubbles/mL, as measured via nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA), which is able to detect bubbles with diameters of 50 to 1000 nanometers.
  • NTA nanoparticle tracking analysis
  • the ultrafine bubbles are present in the composition at a range of 10 to 10 2 ultrafine bubbles/mL, 10 2 to 10 3 ultrafine bubbles/mL, 10 3 to 10 4 ultrafine bubbles/mL, 10 4 to 10 5 ultrafine bubbles/mL, 10 5 to 10 6 ultrafine bubbles/mL, 10 6 to 10 7 ultrafine bubbles/mL, 10 7 to 10 8 ultrafine bubbles/mL, 10 8 to 10 9 ultrafine bubbles/mL, or 10 9 to 10 10 ultrafine bubbles/mL.
  • the concentration of ultrafine bubbles in the resulting composition may be higher.
  • the ultrafine bubbles may be present in the composition at a range of 10 10 to 10 11 ultrafine bubbles/mL. In some embodiments, the ultrafine bubbles are present in the composition at a range of 10 10 to 10 11 ultrafine bubbles/mL.
  • the water has an oxidative reduction potential from about -200 mV to about 800 mV (e.g., about -200 mV, about -195 mV, about -190 mV, about -185 mV, about -180 mV, about -175 mV, about -170 mV, about -165 mV, about -160 mV, about -155 mV, about -150 mV, about -145 mV, about -140 mV, about -135 mV, about -130 mV, about -125 mV, about -120 mV, about -115 mV, about -110 mV, about -105 mV, about -100 mV, about -95 mV, about - 90 mV, about -85 mV, about -80 mV, about -75 mV, about -70 mV, about
  • the pH of the water is between about 4 to about 8 (e.g., about 4, about 5, about 6, about 7, or about 8). In some embodiments of each or any of the above- or below- mentioned embodiments, the water has a resistivity between about 17 to about 18.2 meg-ohm cm.
  • the compositions comprise ultrafine bubbles comprising or consisting essentially of water and gases released from solution in water, wherein the ultrafine bubbles optionally dissolve, surround, and/or stabilize a non-gaseous solute and/or a gaseous solute, and wherein the composition has a zeta potential of between about absolute value 0 and 40.
  • the zeta potential of the composition is between about -40 mV to about 0 mV. In still further embodiments, the zeta potential of the composition is between about -40 mV to about -35 mV, about -35 mV to about -30 mV, about -30 mV to about -25 mV, about -25 mV to about -20 mV, about -20 mV to about -15 mV, about -15 mV to about -10 mV, about -10 mV to about -5 mV, about -5 mV to about 0 mV, about 0 mV to about 5 mV, about 5 mV to about 10 mV, about 10 mV to about 15 mV, about 15 mV to about 20 mV, about 20 mV to about 25 mV, about 25 mV to about 30 mV, about 30 mV to about 35 mV, or about 35 mV to about 40
  • the ultrafine bubble compositions according to the disclosure herein achieve superior stability results over ultrafine bubbles formed by alternative means with higher absolute value zeta potentials.
  • the applied compositions include at least one non-gaseous solute and/or at least one gaseous solute. In further embodiments, the at least one non-gaseous solute and/or the at least one gaseous solute is dissolved within, surrounded by, and/or stabilized by the ultrafine bubbles. [0080] In some embodiments, the compositions comprise at least one non-gaseous solute and/or at least one gaseous solute (e.g., a solute dissolved within the composition). In further embodiments, the at least one non-gaseous solute and/or at least one gaseous solute is dissolved within, surrounded by, or stabilized by the ultrafine bubbles.
  • the composition increases cell permeability and/or bioavailability of the at least one dissolved non- gaseous solute and/or at least one dissolved gaseous solute.
  • the at least one non-gaseous solute and/or at least one gaseous solute dissolved within or stabilized by the ultrafine bubbles has improved bioavailability relative to a solute not dissolved within or stabilized by the ultrafine bubbles.
  • the at least one non-gaseous solute and/or at least one gaseous solute dissolved within or stabilized by the ultrafine bubbles has improved stability relative to a solute not dissolved within or stabilized by the ultrafine bubbles.
  • the at least one non-gaseous solute and/or at least one gaseous solute dissolved within or stabilized by the ultrafine bubbles has improved solubility relative to a solute not dissolved within or stabilized by the ultrafine bubbles.
  • the composition is used to deliver the at least one non-gaseous solute and/or at least one gaseous solute to a cell (e.g., the interior of the cell).
  • a cell e.g., the interior of the cell.
  • the cell is an animal cell.
  • the cell is a mammalian cell.
  • the cell is a human cell.
  • the cell is a skin or epithelial cell.
  • the ultrafine bubbles are concentrated within the composition via rotary evaporation and/or cross flow filtration.
  • compositions and/or ultrafine bubbles are stable and/or exhibit biological efficacy for at least six months, for at least one year, for at least 2 years, for at least 3 years, for at least 4 years, or for at least 5 years.
  • the composition is used for a consumer products application.
  • the present disclosure also provides a composition that includes ultrafine bubbles comprising or consisting essentially of water and gases released from solution in the water, wherein the ultrafine bubbles have a median ultrafine bubble diameter of between about 2 to about 400 nanometers, and wherein the ultrafine bubbles dissolve, surround, and/or stabilize a non-gaseous solute and/or a gaseous solute.
  • the ultrafine bubbles have a median size of between about 2 to about 10 nanometers (e.g., about 2 nanometers, about 3 nanometers, about 4 nanometers, about 5 nanometers, about 6 nanometers, about 7 nanometers, about 8 nanometers, about 9 nanometers, or about 10 nanometers). In other embodiments, the ultrafine bubbles have a median size of between about 10 to about 20 nanometers or about 15 to about 20 nanometers, or about 20 to about 25 nanometers. In other embodiments, the ultrafme bubbles have a median size of between about 10 to about 50 nanometers, about 20 to about 50 nanometers, about 30 to about 50 nanometers, or about 40 to about 50 nanometers.
  • the ultrafme bubbles have a median size of between about 50 to about 100 nanometers. In yet further embodiments, the ultrafme bubbles have a median size of between about 100 to about 200 nanometers, about 150 to about 200 nanometers, about 200 to about 300 nanometers, about 250 to about 300 nanometers, or about 300 to about 400 nanometers.
  • the composition is used to deliver at least one non-gaseous solute and/or at least one gaseous solute to the interior of a cell (e g., an animal cell).
  • a cell e g., an animal cell
  • the composition includes ultrafme bubbles comprising or consisting essentially of water and gases released from solution in the water, wherein the ultrafme bubbles dissolve, surround, and/or stabilize the at least one non- gaseous solute and/or at least one gaseous solute (e.g., flavoring agents).
  • a method for producing a composition comprising water and ultrafine bubbles including gases released from solution in the water.
  • the ultrafme bubbles are at a concentration of up to 10 10 ultrafme bubbles/mL.
  • the ultrafine bubbles have a concentration of up to 10 11 ultrafme bubbles/mL.
  • the method includes subjecting water to a combination of hydrodynamic cavitation, shear forces, and thin film boiling to produce ultrafme bubbles formed by release of dissolved gases from the water.
  • the water is selected from DI water, ultrapure water, tap water, groundwater (e g., well water), surface water, and reverse osmosis water.
  • the water is ultrapure water. In other embodiments, the water is tap water.
  • the ultrafme bubbles are present in the composition at a range of 10 to 10 2 ultrafme bubbles/mL, 10 2 to 10 3 ultrafine bubbles/mL, 10 3 to 10 4 ultrafme bubbles/mL, 10 4 to 10 5 ultrafme bubbles/mL, 10 5 to 10 6 ultrafme bubbles/mL, 10 6 to 10 7 ultrafme bubbles/mL, 10 7 to 10 8 ultrafme bubbles/mL, 10 8 to 10 9 ultrafme bubbles/mL, 10 9 to 10 10 ultrafme bubbles/mL, or 10 10 to 10 11 ultrafme bubbles/mL.
  • the method further comprises dissolving at least one non-gaseous solute and/or at one least gaseous solute into the composition.
  • the at least one non-gaseous solute and/or at least gaseous solute is dissolved within, surrounded by, and/or stabilized by the ultrafme bubbles.
  • the methods further comprise concentrating the ultrafine bubbles within the composition via rotary evaporation or cross flow filtration.
  • the ultrafine bubbles comprise about 25, about 30, about 35, about 40, about 45, about 50, about 75, about 100, about 125, about 150, about 175, about 200, about 225, about 250, about 275, about 300, about 325, about 350, about 375, about 400, about 425, about 450, about 475, or about 500 water molecules.
  • the ultrafme bubbles have a median size (diameter) of between about 2 to about 400 nanometers. In another embodiment, the ultrafme bubbles have a median size of between about 2 to about 10 nanometers (e.g., about 2 nanometers, about 3 nanometers, about 4 nanometers, about 5 nanometers, about 6 nanometers, about 7 nanometers, about 8 nanometers, about 9 nanometers, or about 10 nanometers). In other embodiments, the ultrafme bubbles have a median size of between about 10 to about 15 nanometers or about 15 to about 20 nanometers, or about 20 to about 25 nanometers.
  • the ultrafine bubbles have a median size of between about 10 to about 50 nanometers, about 20 to about 50 nanometers, about 30 to about 50 nanometers, or about 40 to about 50 nanometers. In still other embodiments, the ultrafme bubbles have a median size of between about 50 to about 100 nanometers. In yet further embodiments, the ultrafme bubbles have a median size of between about 100 to about 200 nanometers, about 150 to about 200 nanometers, about 200 to about 300 nanometers, about 250 to about 300 nanometers, or about 300 to about 400 nanometers.
  • the methods further include preparing the compositions used by pumping the water and the one or more non-gaseous solutes and/or at least one or more gaseous solutes through a transfer pipe and a nozzle into a hollow cylinder, wherein the nozzle is located at the proximal end of the hollow cylinder.
  • the nozzle includes an intake hole in a proximal face of the nozzle connected to the transfer pipe and one or more jet openings in a distal face of the nozzle that open into a chamber defined by the hollow cylinder. The water passing through the one or more jet openings creates a vortex of water in contact with an inner surface of the chamber.
  • compositions exit the hollow cylinder (containing ultrafine bubbles and the one or more non- gaseous solutes as disclosed), such that the one or more non-gaseous solutes and/or at least one or more gaseous solutes is dissolved within, surrounded by, and/or stabilized by the ultrafme bubbles in accordance with the disclosure. Further non-gaseous solutes and/or gaseous solutes may be added to the compositions after exiting the hollow cylinder.
  • the methods further include preparing the compositions used by pumping the water through a transfer pipe and a nozzle into a hollow cylinder, wherein the nozzle is located at the proximal end of the hollow cylinder.
  • the nozzle includes an intake hole in a proximal face of the nozzle connected to the transfer pipe and one or more jet openings in a distal face of the nozzle that open into a chamber defined by the hollow cylinder. The water passing through the one or more jet openings creates a vortex of water in contact with an inner surface of the chamber.
  • the pumped water exits the hollow cylinder (containing ultrafine bubbles as disclosed), after which the one or more non-gaseous solutes and/or one or more gaseous solutes is optionally mixed into the exited water to produce a composition in which the one or more non- gaseous solutes and/or one or more gaseous solutes is dissolved within, surrounded by, and/or stabilized by ultrafine bubbles in accordance with this disclosure.
  • the composition or solution is stable for at least about 2 years.
  • the ultrafine bubbles are stable for about 2 years, about 2.5 years, about 3 years, about 4 years, about 5 years, about 6 years, about 7 years, about 8 years, about 9 years, or about 10 years. In some embodiments, the ultrafine bubbles are stable for a period in excess of 10 years.
  • the ultrafine bubbles comprise or consist essentially of ultrapure water having an oxidative reduction potential about -200 to about 800 mV (e.g., from about -200 mV to about 800 mV (e.g., about -200 mV, about -195 mV, about -190 mV, about -185 mV, about -180 mV, about -175 mV, about -170 mV, about -165 mV, about -160 mV, about -155 mV, about -150 mV, about -145 mV, about -140 mV, about -135 mV, about -130 mV, about -125 mV, about -120 mV, about -115 mV, about -110 mV, about -105 mV, about -100 mV, about -
  • the pH of the water is between about 4 to about 8 (e.g., about 4, about 5, about 6, about 7, or about 8).
  • the composition or solution is used in the method to deliver a nutrient solute to the interior of a cell (e.g., a plant cell).
  • the present disclosure also provides a method of using a composition or solution that includes ultrafine bubbles that comprise or consist essentially of water molecules surrounding the gases released from solution in the water dissolving, surrounding, and/or stabilizing a solute (e.g., a dietary nutrient), wherein the ultrafine bubbles have a median diameter of between about 2 to about 400 nanometers, and wherein the composition including such ultrafine bubbles has improved bioavailability relative to a composition or a solution that does not include ultrafine bubbles that comprise or consist essentially of water molecules surrounding the gases released from solution in the water.
  • the ultrafine bubbles have a median of about 150 to about 300 water molecules per ultrafine bubble.
  • the ultrafine bubbles have a median of about 25, about 30, about 35, about 40, about 45, about 50, about 75, about 100, about 125, about 150, about 175, about 200, about 225, about 250, about 275, about 300, about 325, about 350, about 375, about 400, about 425, about 450, about 475, or about 500 water molecules per ultrafine bubble.
  • the present disclosure also provides methods for improving the bioavailability of a solute (e.g., a dietary nutrient).
  • the methods comprise dissolving the solute in water and dissolving/surrounding/stabilizing the solute with ultrafine bubbles, wherein the ultrafine bubbles are between about 2 to about 400 nanometers in median diameter.
  • the ultrafine bubbles have a median size of between about 2 to about 10 nanometers (e.g., about 2 nanometers, about 3 nanometers, about 4 nanometers, about 5 nanometers, about 6 nanometers, about 7 nanometers, about 8 nanometers, about 9 nanometers, or about 10 nanometers).
  • the ultrafine bubbles have a median size of between about 10 to about 20 nanometers or about 15 to about 20 nanometers, or about 20 to about 25 nanometers. In other embodiments, the ultrafme bubbles have a median size of between about 10 to about 50 nanometers, about 20 to about 50 nanometers, about 30 to about 50 nanometers, or about 40 to about 50 nanometers. In still other embodiments, the ultrafme bubbles have a median size of between about 50 to about 100 nanometers.
  • the ultrafme bubbles have a median size of between about 100 to about 200 nanometers, about 150 to about 200 nanometers, about 200 to about 300 nanometers, about 250 to about 300 nanometers, or about 300 to about 400 nanometers.
  • the present disclsoure also provides methods for dissolving, surrounding, and/or stabilizing a solute in water comprising mixing the solute with water and dissolving/surrounding/stabilizing the solute with ultrafine bubbles having a median diameter of between about 2 to about 400 nanometers.
  • the ultrafine bubbles have a median size of between about 2 to about 10 nanometers (e.g., about 2 nanometers, about 3 nanometers, about 4 nanometers, about 5 nanometers, about 6 nanometers, about 7 nanometers, about 8 nanometers, about 9 nanometers, or about 10 nanometers).
  • the ultrafme bubbles have a median size of between about 10 to about 20 nanometers or about 15 to about 20 nanometers, or about 20 to about 25 nanometers. In other embodiments, the ultrafme bubbles have a median size of between about 10 to about 50 nanometers, about 20 to about 50 nanometers, about 30 to about 50 nanometers, or about 40 to about 50 nanometers. In still other embodiments, the ultrafme bubbles have a median size of between about 50 to about 100 nanometers.
  • the ultrafme bubbles have a median size of between about 100 to about 200 nanometers, about 150 to about 200 nanometers, about 200 to about 300 nanometers, about 250 to about 300 nanometers, or about 300 to about 400 nanometers.
  • Figure 1 shows a diagram of a system (101) and a method for making compositions including water and ultrafme bubbles in accordance with embodiments of the disclosure.
  • Figure 2 shows an overlaid Raman finger-print region spectra of niacinamide and human skin in accordance with embodiments of the disclosure.
  • Figure 3 shows a Raman hyperspectral image comparing control skin samples, skin samples treated with Formulation 1, and skin samples treated with Formulation 2 for niacinamide content in accordance with embodiments of the disclosure (measurements taken 2 months posttreatment).
  • Figure 4 shows a Raman hyperspectral image comparing control skin samples, skin samples treated with Formulation 1, and skin samples treated with Formulation 2 for niacinamide content in accordance with embodiments of the disclosure (measurements taken 2 months posttreatment).
  • Figure 5 shows a Raman hyperspectral image comparing control skin samples, skin samples treated with Formulation 1, and skin samples treated with Formulation 2 for niacinamide content in accordance with embodiments of the disclosure (measurements taken 18 months posttreatment).
  • Figure 6 shows an overlaid Raman finger-print region spectra of bakuchiol and human skin in accordance with embodiments of the disclosure.
  • Figure 7 shows a Raman hyperspectral image comparing control skin samples, skin samples treated with Formulation 3, and skin samples treated with Formulation 4 for bakuchiol content in accordance with embodiments of the disclosure (measurements taken 2 months posttreatment).
  • Figure 8 shows an overlaid Raman finger-print region spectra of Everwhite active and human skin in accordance with embodiments of the disclosure.
  • Figure 9 shows a Raman hyperspectral image comparing control skin samples, skin samples treated with Formulation 5, and skin samples treated with Formulation 6 for Everwhite active content in accordance with embodiments of the disclosure (measurements taken 2 months post-treatment).
  • Figure 10 shows a Raman hyperspectral image comparing control skin samples, skin samples treated with Formulation 1, and skin samples treated with Formulation 2 (i.e., the niacinamide samples) for water content in accordance with embodiments of the disclosure (measurements taken 2 months post-treatment).
  • Figure 11 shows a Raman hyperspectral image comparing control skin samples, skin samples treated with Formulation 1, and skin samples treated with Formulation 2 (i.e., the niacinamide samples) for water content in accordance with embodiments of the disclosure (measurements taken 18 months post-treatment).
  • Figure 12 shows a Raman hyperspectral image comparing control skin samples, skin samples treated with Formulation 3, and skin samples treated with Formulation 4 (i.e., the bakuchiol samples) for water content in accordance with embodiments of the disclosure (measurements taken 2 months post-treatment).
  • Figure 13 shows a Raman hyperspectral image comparing control skin samples, skin samples treated with Formulation 5, and skin samples treated with Formulation 6 (i.e., the Everwhite samples) for water content in accordance with embodiments of the disclosure (measurements taken 2 months post-treatment).
  • Figure 14 depicts a graph of total water content for each of Formulations 1-6 in comparison to Control in the skin samples in accordance with embodiments of the disclosure (measurements taken 2 months post-treatment).
  • Figure 15 depicts a graph of water content for each of Formulations 1-6 in comparison to Control in the skin samples, wherein the area above the stratum corneum has been “masked” from the calculation of water content to exclude the film-formation of water outside of the stratum corneum, in accordance with embodiments of the disclosure (measurements taken 2 months posttreatment).
  • Figure 16 depicts a graph of total water content for Formulations 1 and 2 (measurements were duplicated for both Formulations) in comparison to Control in the skin samples in accordance with embodiments of the disclosure (measurements taken 18 months post-treatment).
  • Figure 17 depicts a graph of niacinamide distribution in a control formulation (“control”), a DI Water formulation (DI), and an ultrafine bubble suspension test formulation (UFB), based on the 1035cm' 1 band height relative to the 1650cm' 1 band in accordance with embodiments of the disclosure.
  • control a control formulation
  • DI Water formulation DI Water formulation
  • UFB ultrafine bubble suspension test formulation
  • compositions and methods for using the compositions and solutions e.g., aqueous compositions
  • aqueous compositions that include ultrafine bubbles comprising or consisting essentially of water and gases released from solution in the water, and optionally one or more non- gaseous solutes and/or one or more gaseous solutes.
  • consumer applications e.g., beverages, oral care solutions, food compositions, skin care products.
  • aqueous compositions that comprise a low concentration of ultrafine bubbles (e.g., at a concentration of up to 10 8 ultrafine bubbles/mL) exert improved/increased bioavailability, solubility, permeability with respect to biological membranes, and/or stability than previously anticipated, perhaps even as compared to compositions that comprise a higher concentration of ultrafine bubbles (e.g., more than 10 8 ultrafine bubbles/mL).
  • the ultrafine bubbles may comprise or consist essentially of water and gases released from solution in the water.
  • the ultrafme bubbles may be used advantageously to dissolve, surround, and/or stabilize a non-gaseous solute (e.g., a dietary nutrient, an organic chemical, an inorganic chemical, or a flavoring agent) and used to deliver the solute across cellular membranes or barriers of a cell (e.g., a skin cell) to exert its effect.
  • a non-gaseous solute e.g., a dietary nutrient, an organic chemical, an inorganic chemical, or a flavoring agent
  • compositions and solutions provide surprising and unexpected advantages in promoting absorption and/or uptake of solutes or water based, for example, on the improved bioavailability, solubility, and/or stability of ultrafine bubbles comprising or consisting essentially of water and gases released from solution in the water, and the optional non-gaseous solutes included within the composition including the ultrafine bubbles.
  • aqueous ultrafine bubbles e.g., from ultrapure water
  • methods for dissolving a solute e.g., a dietary nutrient
  • an aqueous composition including ultrafine bubbles comprising or consisting essentially of water and gases released from solution in the water.
  • the ultrafme bubbles comprising or consisting essentially of water and gases released from solution in the water may be used to dissolve, stabilize, and/or surround solutes (e.g., dietary nutrients, inorganic chemicals, flavoring agents, mineral, organic chemicals).
  • the ultrafine bubbles in the composition have a median size of between about 2 to about 400 nanometers.
  • the ultrafine bubbles have a median size of between about 2 to about 10 nanometers (e.g., about 2 nanometers, about 3 nanometers, about 4 nanometers, about 5 nanometers, about 6 nanometers, about 7 nanometers, about 8 nanometers, about 9 nanometers, or about 10 nanometers).
  • the ultrafme bubbles have a median size of between about 10 to about 20 nanometers or about 15 to about 20 nanometers, or about 20 to about 25 nanometers.
  • the ultrafme bubbles have a median size of between about 10 to about 50 nanometers, about 20 to about 50 nanometers, about 30 to about 50 nanometers, or about 40 to about 50 nanometers.
  • the ultrafme bubbles have a median size of between about 50 to about 100 nanometers. In yet further embodiments, the ultrafine bubbles have a median size of between about 100 to about 200 nanometers, about 150 to about 200 nanometers, about 200 to about 300 nanometers, about 250 to about 300 nanometers, or about 300 to about 400 nanometers.
  • compositions and solutions used in the methods wherein 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 11%, 12%, 13%, 14%, 15%, 16%, 17%, 18%, 19%, 20%, 21%, 22%, 23%, 24%, 25%, 26%, 27%, 28%, 29%, 30%, 31%, 32%, 33%, 34%,
  • composition or solution includes ultrafine bubbles comprising or consisting essentially of water and gases released from solution in the water and a solute, wherein the ultrafine bubbles dissolve, surround, and/or stabilize the solute.
  • ultrafine bubbles comprising or consisting essentially of water and gases released from solution in the water in the composition or solution dissolve, surround, and/or stabilize the solute.
  • one or more of the solutes is present at a concentration of from about Img/L to about lOOOmg/L of composition according to the disclosure herein.
  • Compositions and solutions used in the methods herein include the one or more solutes at a concentration of about Img/L, about 2 mg/L, about 3mg/L, about 4 mg/L, about 5 mg/L, about 10 mg/L, about 20 mg/L, about 30 mg/L, about 40 mg/L, about 50 mg/L, about 60 mg/L, about 70 mg/L, about 80 mg/L, about 90 mg/L, about 100 mg/L, about 110 mg/L, about 120 mg/L, about 130 mg/L, about 140 mg/L, about 150 mg/L, about 160 mg/L, about 170 mg/L, about 180 mg/L, about 190 mg/L, about 200 mg/L, about 210 mg/L, about 220 mg/L, about 230 mg/L, about 240 mg/
  • compositions as disclosed herein provide for improved bioavailability, solubility, and/or stability of the ultrafme bubbles comprising or consisting essentially of water and gases released from solution in water, as well as improved bioavailability, solubility, and/or stability of any dissolved solutes because the ultrafme bubbles are produced from “soft” or gaseous cavitation rather than “hard” or vaporous cavitation processes.
  • the disclosed ultrafine bubbles are believed to be (a) nucleated in the low-pressure vicinity surrounding the cavitation core, (b) sheared-off bubbles from the cavitation core itself, or (c) produced via low pressure/room temperature boiling at the core surface, such that, in the presence of turbulence and high shear stresses near the core, ultrafme bubbles are broken into smaller ultrafme bubbles through deformation (due to drag forces).
  • the resulting compositions incorporating such ultrafme bubbles exhibit improved efficacy for dissolving solutes, even at concentrations of 10 7 ultrafine bubbles/mL and below.
  • compositions also exhibit enhanced stability over other solutions incorporating ultrafme bubbles or ultrafme bubbles produced via other means, as they can be concentrated by several orders of magnitude via rotary evaporation or crossflow filtration without ultrafme bubble loss or solute dissolution, and can even remain bottled for up to 10 years without loss of ultrafine bubble concentration or dissolution of solutes.
  • an “ultrafine bubble” refers to an assembly of water molecules, with a diameter less than one micron, bonded with or otherwise associated with one another by electrostatic forces, such as hydrogen bonding, ionic bonding, van der Waals forces, or the like, surrounding gases (e.g., gases released from solution in water).
  • an ultrafine bubble further comprises a non-gaseous solute associated with the water molecules and dissolved within, surrounded by, and/or stabilized by the ultrafine bubble.
  • a “solute” means a substance or particle that is fully or partially dissolved in water.
  • a solute of the disclosure is dissolved within, surrounded by, and/or stabilized by ultrafine bubbles of the disclosure.
  • a solute according to the disclosure comprises, without limitation, a plant nutrient, an ion, a polar or non-polar substance, a liquid, a solid, a lipid, a protein, a peptide, a nucleic acid, an organic compound, an inorganic compound, a gas, or any combination thereof.
  • ultrapure water means water prepared according to one or more of the described embodiments of the disclosure.
  • ultrapure water refers to water prepared by methods and processes disclosed herein, or water characterized as being completely free of (e.g., does not contain any detectable amount), or substantially free of (e.g., 70%, 80%, 90%, or 95% free of), one or more impurities or contaminants.
  • bioavailability refers to the physiological availability of a given amount of a solute as distinct from its chemical potency. For example, bioavailability refers to the proportion of an administered solute that is absorbed into the tissues of a plant (e.g., a cannabis plant).
  • Bioavailability also refers to the ability of an ultrafme bubble, solute, particle, dissolved solute, or combination thereof, to access a biological target, e.g., by crossing a biological membrane or by interacting with a biological receptor or other binding partner.
  • the disclosure provides methods using compositions and solutions comprising ultrafme bubbles comprising or consisting essentially of water and gases released from solution in the water, and a non-gaseous solute dissolved within, surrounded by, and/or stabilized by the ultrafme bubbles.
  • the ultrafme bubble may have a median ultrafme bubble size of between about 2 to about 400 nanometers or a median of about 10 to about 500 water molecules per ultrafme bubble.
  • the compositions are aqueous compositions for oral administration (e.g., mouthwashes) and/or ingestion (e.g., beverages).
  • the compositions include water and ultrafme bubbles comprising gases released from solution in the water.
  • the composition increases cell permeability and/or bioavailability of the water within the composition.
  • the compositions include one or more non-gaseous solutes (e.g., flavoring agents, antibacterial agents, fluoride sources, nutrients, electrolytes, minerals, warming-sensation agents, and cooling-sensation agents).
  • the water is selected from DI water, ultrapure water, tap water, groundwater, surface water, and reverse osmosis water.
  • the water has a resistivity between about 17 to about 18.2 meg-ohm cm.
  • the water has a pH of between about 3 to about 7.
  • the water has an oxidative reduction potential of about -200 mV to about 800 mV.
  • the aqueous compositions including ultrafme bubbles comprising or consisting essentially of water and gases released from solution in the water have improved bioavailability relative to naturally occurring water, and relative to compositions including ultrafme bubbles not formed via gaseous cavitation.
  • the ultrafme bubbles comprising or consisting essentially of water and gases released from solution in the water improve bioavailability of the water by about 10%, about 20%, about 30%, about 40%, about 50%, about 60%, about 70%, about 80%, or about 90% relative to naturally occurring water, and/or relative to compositions including ultrafme bubbles not formed via gaseous cavitation.
  • the ultrafine bubbles comprising or consisting essentially of water and dissolved/surrounded/stabilized solutes improve bioavailability of the water by about 1%, about 2%, about 3%, about 4%, about 5%, about 6%, about 7%, about 8%, or about 9% relative to naturally occurring water, and/or relative to compositions including ultrafine bubbles not formed via gaseous cavitation.
  • the at least one non-gaseous solute is dissolved within, surrounded by, and/or stabilized by the ultrafine bubbles.
  • the composition increases cell permeability and/or bioavailability of the at least one dissolved non- gaseous solute.
  • the at least one non-gaseous solute is present at a concentration of 0. 1-30% by weight of the composition. In other embodiments, the at least one non-gaseous solute is present at a concentration of 0.1-1% by weight of the composition, 1-2% by weight of the composition, 2-3% by weight of the composition, 3-4% by weight of the composition, 4-5% by weight of the composition, 5-6% by weight of the composition, 6-7% by weight of the composition, 7-8% by weight of the composition, 8-9% by weight of the composition, 9-10% by weight of the composition, 10-11% by weight of the composition, 11-12% by weight of the composition, 12-13% by weight of the composition, 13-14% by weight of the composition, 14-15% by weight of the composition, 15-16% by weight of the composition, 16- 17% by weight of the composition, 17-18% by weight of the composition, 18-19% by weight of the composition, 19-20% by weight of the composition, 20-21% by weight of the composition, 21- 22% by weight of the composition, 22-23% by weight of the composition
  • the at least one non-gaseous solute and/or at least one gaseous solute is present at a low concentration of 0.1-10% by weight of the composition. In other embodiments, the at least one non-gaseous solute and/or at least one gaseous solute is present at a concentration of 0.1-0.5% by weight of the composition, 0.5-1% by weight of the composition, 1- 1.5% by weight of the composition, 1.5-2% by weight of the composition, 2-2.5% by weight of the composition, 2.5-3% by weight of the composition, 3-3.5% by weight of the composition, 3.5- 4% by weight of the composition, 4-4.5% by weight of the composition, 4.5-5% by weight of the composition, 5-5.5% by weight of the composition, 5.5-6% by weight of the composition, 6-6.5% by weight of the composition, 6.5-7% by weight of the composition, 7-7.5% by weight of the composition, 7.5-8% by weight of the composition, 8-8.5% by weight of the composition, 8.5-9% by
  • the at least one non-gaseous solute and/or at least one gaseous solute is present at a medium concentration of 10-30% by weight of the composition. In other embodiments, the at least one non-gaseous solute and/or at least one gaseous solute is present at a concentration of 10-10.5% by weight of the composition, 10.5-11% by weight of the composition, 11-11.5% by weight of the composition, 11.5-12% by weight of the composition, 12-12.5% by weight of the composition, 12.5-13% by weight of the composition, 13-13.5% by weight of the composition, 13.5-14% by weight of the composition, 14-14.5% by weight of the composition,
  • 21.5-22% by weight of the composition 22-22.5% by weight of the composition, 22.5-23% by weight of the composition, 23-23.5% by weight of the composition, 23.5-24% by weight of the composition, 24-24.5% by weight of the composition, 24.5-25% by weight of the composition, 25- 25.5% by weight of the composition, 25.5-26% by weight of the composition, 26-26.5% by weight of the composition, 26.5-27% by weight of the composition, 27-27.5% by weight of the composition, 27.5-28% by weight of the composition, 28-28.5% by weight of the composition,
  • the at least one non-gaseous solute and/or at least one gaseous solute is present at a high concentration of 30-95% by weight of the composition. In other embodiments, the at least one non-gaseous solute and/or at least one gaseous solute is present at a concentration of 30-35% by weight of the composition, 35-40% by weight of the composition, 40- 45% by weight of the composition, 45-50% by weight of the composition, 50-55% by weight of the composition, 55-60% by weight of the composition, 60-65% by weight of the composition, 65- 70% by weight of the composition, 70-75% by weight of the composition, 75-80% by weight of the composition, 80-85% by weight of the composition, 85-90% by weight of the composition, or 90-95% by weight of the composition.
  • the at least one non-gaseous solute and/or at least one gaseous solute is stable within the composition for at least 2 years.
  • the composition comprising or consisting essentially of a non- gaseous solute and/or a gaseous solute, water, and gases released from solution in the water, wherein the ultrafine bubbles dissolve/surround/stabilize the non-gaseous solute and/or the gaseous solute, improves bioavailability of the solute by about 10%, about 20%, about 30%, about 40%, about 50%, about 60%, about 70%, about 80%, or about 90% relative to the undissolved/unsurrounded/unstabilized solute.
  • the ultrafine bubbles comprising or consisting essentially of water and non-gaseous solute(s) and/or gaseous solute(s) improve bioavailability of the solutes by about 1%, about 2%, about 3%, about 4%, about 5%, about 6%, about 7%, about 8%, or about 9%.
  • the ultrafine bubbles have a median diameter of between 2-400 nanometers. In some embodiments, the ultrafine bubbles remain stable within the composition for at least two years. In particular embodiments, the ultrafine bubbles remain stable within the composition for at least 2.5 years. In some embodiments, the ultrafine bubbles are concentrated within the composition via rotary evaporation and/or cross flow filtration. In particular embodiments, concentrated ultrafine bubbles are stable within the composition for at least 2 years. [00147] In some embodiments, the compositions for oral administration and/or ingestion include at least one non-gaseous solute and/or at least one gaseous solute.
  • the at least one non-gaseous solute and/or at least one gaseous solute includes one or more electrolytes and minerals.
  • the one or more electrolytes and minerals comprises magnesium, sodium, potassium, chloride, sulfate, benzoate, bicarbonate, zinc, or combinations thereof.
  • the composition is a beverage for ingestion.
  • the beverage is a juice, a still beverage, a carbonated beverage, an energy drink, an electrolyte drink, an alcoholic beverage, a mocktail, coffee, tea, or sweetened, flavored water.
  • the beverage for ingestion including ultrafine bubbles comprising or consisting essentially of water and gases released from solution in the water has improved bioavailability relative to naturally occurring water, and relative to compositions including ultrafine bubbles not formed via gaseous cavitation.
  • the ultrafine bubbles comprising or consisting essentially of water and gases released from solution in the water improve bioavailability of the water by about 10%, about 20%, about 30%, about 40%, about 50%, about 60%, about 70%, about 80%, or about 90% relative to naturally occurring water, and/or relative to compositions including ultrafine bubbles not formed via gaseous cavitation.
  • the beverage including ultrafine bubbles comprising or consisting essentially of water and gases released from solution in the water improve bioavailability of the water by about 1%, about 2%, about 3%, about 4%, about 5%, about 6%, about 7%, about 8%, or about 9% relative to naturally occurring water, and/or relative to compositions including ultrafine bubbles not formed via gaseous cavitation.
  • the beverage for ingestion comprises or consists essentially of at least one non-gaseous solute and/or at least one gaseous solute, water, and ultrafine bubbles comprising water and gases released from solution in the water, and the ultrafine bubbles dissolve/surround/stabilize the at least one solute, thereby improving bioavailability of the at least one solute by about 10%, about 20%, about 30%, about 40%, about 50%, about 60%, about 70%, about 80%, or about 90% relative to the undissolved/unsurrounded/unstabilized solute.
  • the beverage for ingestion including at least one non-gaseous solute and/or at least one gaseous solute, water, and ultrafine bubbles comprising or consisting essentially of water and gases released from solution in the water improve bioavailability of the at least one solute by about 1%, about 2%, about 3%, about 4%, about 5%, about 6%, about 7%, about 8%, or about 9%.
  • the beverage for ingestion comprises at least one non-gaseous solute and/or at least one gaseous solute, wherein the at least one non-gaseous solute and/or at least one gaseous solute is present at a concentration of 0.1-30% by weight of the composition.
  • the at least one non-gaseous solute and/or at least one gaseous solute is present at a concentration of 0.1-1% by weight of the composition, 1-2% by weight of the composition, 2-3% by weight of the composition, 3-4% by weight of the composition, 4-5% by weight of the composition, 5-6% by weight of the composition, 6-7% by weight of the composition, 7-8% by weight of the composition, 8-9% by weight of the composition, 9-10% by weight of the composition, 10-11% by weight of the composition, 11-12% by weight of the composition, 12- 13% by weight of the composition, 13-14% by weight of the composition, 14-15% by weight of the composition, 15-16% by weight of the composition, 16-17% by weight of the composition, 17- 18% by weight of the composition, 18-19% by weight of the composition, 19-20% by weight of the composition, 20-21% by weight of the composition, 21-22% by weight of the composition, 22- 23% by weight of the composition, 23-24% by weight of the composition, 24-25% by weight of the composition
  • the at least one non-gaseous solute and/or at least one gaseous solute is present in the beverage for ingestion at a low concentration of 0.1-10% by weight of the composition.
  • the at least one non-gaseous solute and/or at least one gaseous solute is present at a concentration of 0.1-0.5% by weight of the composition, 0.5-1% by weight of the composition, 1-1.5% by weight of the composition, 1.5-2% by weight of the composition, 2-2.5% by weight of the composition, 2.5-3% by weight of the composition, 3-3.5% by weight of the composition, 3.5-4% by weight of the composition, 4-4.5% by weight of the composition, 4.5- 5% by weight of the composition, 5-5.5% by weight of the composition, 5.5-6% by weight of the composition, 6-6.5% by weight of the composition, 6.5-7% by weight of the composition, 7-7.5% by weight of the composition, 7.5-8% by weight of the composition, 8-8.5% by weight of the
  • the at least one non-gaseous solute and/or at least one gaseous solute is present in the beverage for ingestion at a medium concentration of 10-30% by weight of the composition.
  • the at least one non-gaseous solute and/or at least one gaseous solute is present at a concentration of 10-10.5% by weight of the composition, 10.5-11% by weight of the composition, 11-11.5% by weight of the composition, 11.5-12% by weight of the composition, 12-12.5% by weight of the composition, 12.5-13% by weight of the composition, ISIS.5% by weight of the composition, 13.5-14% by weight of the composition, 14-14.5% by weight of the composition, 14.5-15% by weight of the composition, 15-15.5% by weight of the composition, 15.5-16% by weight of the composition, 16-16.5% by weight of the composition,
  • the at least one non-gaseous solute and/or at least one gaseous solute is present in the beverage for ingestion at a high concentration of 30-95% by weight of the composition.
  • the at least one non-gaseous solute and/or at least one gaseous solute is present at a concentration of 30-35% by weight of the composition, 35-40% by weight of the composition, 40-45% by weight of the composition, 45-50% by weight of the composition, 50- 55% by weight of the composition, 55-60% by weight of the composition, 60-65% by weight of the composition, 65-70% by weight of the composition, 70-75% by weight of the composition, 75- 80% by weight of the composition, 80-85% by weight of the composition, 85-90% by weight of the composition, or 90-95% by weight of the composition.
  • the beverage for ingestion includes one or more flavoring agents.
  • the one or more flavoring agents comprise one or more salts.
  • the one or more salts comprise at least one of magnesium chloride, calcium chloride, and sodium bicarbonate.
  • the one or more flavoring agents is a pungency enhancer.
  • the pungency enhancer includes one or more agents derived from black pepper including piperine, chavicine, isopiperine, isochavicine, dihydropiperine, and combinations thereof.
  • the one or more flavoring agents includes one or more sweeteners.
  • the one or more sweeteners includes nitrous oxide.
  • the beverage for ingestion includes one or more coolingsensation agents.
  • the one or more cooling-sensation agents includes one or more of menthol, menthyl lactate, WS-3, WS-23, menthyl carboxamides, and combinations thereof.
  • the beverage for ingestion includes one or more warmingsensation agents.
  • the one or more warming-sensation agents includes one or more of capsaicin, camphor, eugenol, sanshools, and combinations thereof.
  • the beverage for ingestion includes one or more nutrients.
  • the one or more nutrients includes dietary collagen.
  • the at least one non-gaseous solute includes at least one of maltodextrin, vitamin c, gum acacia, niacinamide, monkfruit extract, and zinc sulfate.
  • the beverage for ingestion comprises 5 wt% or less of ethanol.
  • a method for enhancing and/or extending duration of a cooling sensation imparted by a beverage for ingestion in accordance with the disclosure herein comprises ingesting the beverage comprising the ultrafine bubbles.
  • the cooling sensation imparted by the beverage composition is enhanced in comparison to beverages lacking the ultrafme bubbles.
  • the cooling sensation imparted by the beverage composition is extended in duration in comparison to beverages lacking the ultrafme bubbles.
  • a method of enhancing and/or simulating the presence of ethanol within a beverage composition comprises ingesting a beverage composition comprising 5 wt% or less of ethanol and ultrafme bubbles in accordance with the disclosure herein.
  • the presence of ethanol is enhanced and/or simulated by the ultrafme bubbles of the beverage composition imparting a cooling sensation to the tongue to simulate ethanol evaporation from a tongue.
  • the presence of ethanol is enhanced and/or simulated by the ultrafine bubbles of the beverage composition increasing the sensory effect of the pungency enhancer to simulate alcohol burn sensation.
  • the alcohol burn sensation imparted by the beverage composition is enhanced in comparison to beverages lacking the ultrafine bubbles.
  • a method for enhancing and/or extending duration of a cooling sensation imparted by a beverage composition includes ingesting the beverage composition comprising the ultrafine bubbles in accordance with the disclosure herein and one or more cooling-sensation agents.
  • the cooling sensation imparted by the composition is enhanced in comparison to beverages lacking the ultrafine bubbles.
  • a method for enhancing and/or extending duration of a warming sensation imparted by a beverage composition includes ingesting the beverage composition comprising the ultrafine bubbles in accordance with the disclosure herein and one or more warming-sensation agents. In some embodiments, the warming sensation imparted by the composition is enhanced in comparison to beverages lacking the ultrafine bubbles.
  • a method for enhancing, increasing, and/or retaining hydration in a subject comprises ingesting a beverage composition comprising the ultrafine bubbles in accordance with the disclosure herein.
  • the subject is a mammal. In particular embodiments, the subject is a human.
  • the subject ingests the composition prior to physical exertion. In some embodiments, the subject ingests the composition during physical exertion. In some embodiments, the subject ingests the composition after physical exertion. In some embodiments, the subject experiences a greater decrease in blood serum osmolality after ingesting the composition as compared to after ingesting beverages lacking the ultrafine bubbles. In some embodiments, the subject experiences a decrease in blood serum osmolality for at least 2 hours post physical exertion. In some embodiments, the subject experiences a greater increase in total body water (TBW) after ingesting the composition as compared to ingesting beverages lacking the ultrafine bubbles.
  • TW total body water
  • the subject experiences an increase in total body water (TBW) for at least 2 hours post physical exertion. In some embodiments, the subject experiences a greater increase in intracellular water (1CW) after ingesting the composition as compared to ingesting beverages lacking the ultrafine bubbles. In some embodiments, the subject experiences an increase in intracellular water (ICW) for at least 2 hours post physical exertion. In some embodiments, the subject experiences a more rapid increase in intracellular water (ICW) after ingesting the composition as compared to ingesting beverages lacking the ultrafine bubbles. [00165] In another aspect, a method for enhancing absorption of and/or bioavailability of dietary collagen in a subject is provided.
  • the method comprises ingesting a beverage composition comprising dietary collagen as a non-gaseous solute (e.g., a nutrient) and the ultrafine bubbles in accordance with the disclosure herein.
  • the subject is a mammal. In particular embodiments, the subject is human. In some embodiments, the subject experiences a greater increase in skin resiliency and/or elasticity after ingesting the beverage composition as compared to ingesting beverages including the dietary collagen but lacking the ultrafine bubbles.
  • the composition is an oral care solution for oral administration. In some embodiments, the oral care solution is a toothpaste or mouthwash.
  • the oral care solution including ultrafine bubbles comprising or consisting essentially of water and gases released from solution in the water has improved bioavailability relative to naturally occurring water, and relative to compositions including ultrafine bubbles not formed via gaseous cavitation.
  • the ultrafine bubbles comprising or consisting essentially of water and gases released from solution in the water improve bioavailability of the water by about 10%, about 20%, about 30%, about 40%, about 50%, about 60%, about 70%, about 80%, or about 90% relative to naturally occurring water, and/or relative to compositions including ultrafine bubbles not formed via gaseous cavitation.
  • the oral care solution including ultrafine bubbles comprising or consisting essentially of water and gases released from solution in water improve bioavailability of the water by about 1%, about 2%, about 3%, about 4%, about 5%, about 6%, about 7%, about 8%, or about 9% relative to naturally occurring water, and/or relative to compositions including ultrafine bubbles not formed via gaseous cavitation.
  • the oral care solution comprises or consists essentially of at least one non-gaseous solute and/or at least one gaseous solute, water, and ultrafine bubbles comprising water and gases released from solution in the water, and the ultrafine bubbles dissolve/surround/stabilize the at least one solute, thereby improving bioavailability of the at least one solute by about 10%, about 20%, about 30%, about 40%, about 50%, about 60%, about 70%, about 80%, or about 90% relative to the undissolved/unsurrounded/unstabilized solute.
  • the oral care solution including at least one non-gaseous solute and/or at least one gaseous solute, water, and ultrafine bubbles comprising or consisting essentially of water and gases released from solution in the water improve bioavailability of the at least one solute by about 1%, about 2%, about 3%, about 4%, about 5%, about 6%, about 7%, about 8%, or about 9%.
  • the oral care solution includes one or more cooling-sensation agents.
  • the one or more cooling-sensation agents includes one or more of menthol, menthyl lactate, WS-3, WS-23, menthyl carboxamides, and combinations thereof.
  • the oral care solution includes one or more fluoride sources.
  • the one or more fluoride sources includes sodium fluoride, stannous fluoride, acidulated phosphate fluoride, and combinations thereof.
  • the oral care solution includes one or more antibacterial agents.
  • the one or more antibacterial agents includes one or more of menthol, thymol, eucalyptol, methyl salicylate, and combinations thereof.
  • the oral care solution comprises at least one non-gaseous solute and/or at least one gaseous solute, wherein the at least one non-gaseous solute and/or at least one gaseous solute is present at a concentration of 0.1 -30% by weight of the composition.
  • the at least one non-gaseous solute and/or at least one gaseous solute is present at a concentration of 0.1-1% by weight of the composition, 1-2% by weight of the composition, 2-3% by weight of the composition, 3-4% by weight of the composition, 4-5% by weight of the composition, 5-6% by weight of the composition, 6-7% by weight of the composition, 7-8% by weight of the composition, 8-9% by weight of the composition, 9-10% by weight of the composition, 10-11% by weight of the composition, 11-12% by weight of the composition, 12- 13% by weight of the composition, 13-14% by weight of the composition, 14-15% by weight of the composition, 15-16% by weight of the composition, 16-17% by weight of the composition, 17- 18% by weight of the composition, 18-19% by weight of the composition, 19-20% by weight of the composition, 20-21% by weight of the composition, 21-22% by weight of the composition, 22- 23% by weight of the composition, 23-24% by weight of the composition, 24-25% by weight of the composition
  • the at least one non-gaseous solute and/or at least one gaseous solute is present in the oral care solution at a low concentration of 0.1-10% by weight of the composition.
  • the at least one non-gaseous solute and/or at least one gaseous solute is present at a concentration of 0.1-0.5% by weight of the composition, 0.5-1% by weight of the composition, 1-1.5% by weight of the composition, 1.5-2% by weight of the composition, 2-2.5% by weight of the composition, 2.5-3% by weight of the composition, 3-3.5% by weight of the composition, 3.5-4% by weight of the composition, 4-4.5% by weight of the composition, 4.5- 5% by weight of the composition, 5-5.5% by weight of the composition, 5.5-6% by weight of the composition, 6-6.5% by weight of the composition, 6.5-7% by weight of the composition, 7-7.5% by weight of the composition, 7.5-8% by weight of the composition, 8-8.5% by weight of the composition
  • the at least one non-gaseous solute and/or at least one gaseous solute is present in the oral care solution at a medium concentration of 10-30% by weight of the composition.
  • the at least one non-gaseous solute and/or at least one gaseous solute is present at a concentration of 10-10.5% by weight of the composition, 10.5-11% by weight of the composition, 11-11.5% by weight of the composition, 11.5-12% by weight of the composition, 12-12.5% by weight of the composition, 12.5-13% by weight of the composition, ISIS .5% by weight of the composition, 13.5-14% by weight of the composition, 14-14.5% by weight of the composition, 14.5-15% by weight of the composition, 15-15.5% by weight of the composition, 15.5-16% by weight of the composition, 16-16.5% by weight of the composition,
  • the at least one non-gaseous solute and/or at least one gaseous solute is present in the oral care solution at a high concentration of 30-95% by weight of the composition.
  • the at least one non-gaseous solute and/or at least one gaseous solute is present at a concentration of 30-35% by weight of the composition, 35-40% by weight of the composition, 40-45% by weight of the composition, 45-50% by weight of the composition, 50- 55% by weight of the composition, 55-60% by weight of the composition, 60-65% by weight of the composition, 65-70% by weight of the composition, 70-75% by weight of the composition, 75- 80% by weight of the composition, 80-85% by weight of the composition, 85-90% by weight of the composition, or 90-95% by weight of the composition.
  • a method for enhancing and/or extending duration of a cooling sensation imparted by an oral care composition includes orally administering the oral care composition comprising the ultrafine bubbles in accordance with the disclosure herein and one or more cooling-sensation agents. In some embodiments, the cooling sensation imparted by the oral care composition is enhanced in comparison to oral care compositions including the one or more cooling-sensation agents but lacking the ultrafine bubbles.
  • a method for enhancing antibacterial efficacy imparted by an oral care composition is provided. The method comprises ingesting the oral care composition comprising the ultrafine bubbles in accordance with the disclosure herein and the one or more antibacterial agents. In some embodiments, the antibacterial efficacy imparted by the oral care composition is enhanced in comparison to oral care compositions including the one or more antibacterial agents but lacking the ultrafine bubbles.
  • a method for increasing the delivery of fluoride to a subject comprises orally administering an oral care composition including the ultrafine bubbles in accordance with the disclosure herein and one or more fluoride sources to the subject.
  • the one or more fluoride sources includes sodium fluoride, stannous fluoride, acidulated phosphate fluoride, and combinations thereof.
  • the subject is a mammal. In particular embodiments, the mammal is a human.
  • the delivery of fluoride to the subject imparted by the oral care composition comprising the ultrafine bubbles and one or more fluoride sources is increased in comparison to delivery of fluoride by compositions including the one or more fluoride sources but lacking the ultrafine bubbles.
  • the composition is an ingestible food product.
  • the ingestible food product includes one or more flavoring agents as at least one non-gaseous solute.
  • the one or more flavoring agents is a pungency enhancer.
  • the pungency enhancer includes one or more agents derived from black pepper including piperine, chavicine, isopiperine, isochavicine, dihydropiperine, and combinations thereof.
  • the one or more flavoring agents is a sweetener.
  • the one or more sweeteners is nitrous oxide.
  • the ingestible food product including ultrafine bubbles comprising or consisting essentially of water and gases released from solution in the water has improved bioavailability relative to naturally occurring water, and relative to compositions including ultrafine bubbles not formed via gaseous cavitation.
  • the ultrafine bubbles comprising or consisting essentially of water and gases released from solution in the water improve bioavailability of the water by about 10%, about 20%, about 30%, about 40%, about 50%, about 60%, about 70%, about 80%, or about 90% relative to naturally occurring water, and/or relative to compositions including ultrafine bubbles not formed via gaseous cavitation.
  • the ingestible food product including ultrafine bubbles comprising or consisting essentially of water and gases released from solution in water improve bioavailability of the water by about 1%, about 2%, about 3%, about 4%, about 5%, about 6%, about 7%, about 8%, or about 9% relative to naturally occurring water, and/or relative to compositions including ultrafine bubbles not formed via gaseous cavitation.
  • the ingestible food product comprises or consists essentially of at least one non-gaseous solute and/or at least one gaseous solute, water, and ultrafine bubbles comprising water and gases released from solution in the water, and the ultrafine bubbles dissolve/surround/stabilize the at least one solute, thereby improving bioavailability of the at least one solute by about 10%, about 20%, about 30%, about 40%, about 50%, about 60%, about 70%, about 80%, or about 90% relative to the undissolved/unsurrounded/unstabilized solute.
  • the ingestible food product including at least one non-gaseous solute and/or at least one gaseous solute, water, and ultrafine bubbles comprising or consisting essentially of water and gases released from solution in the water improve bioavailability of the at least one solute by about 1%, about 2%, about 3%, about 4%, about 5%, about 6%, about 7%, about 8%, or about 9%.
  • the ingestible food product comprises at least one non-gaseous solute and/or at least one gaseous solute, wherein the at least one non-gaseous solute and/or at least one gaseous solute is present at a concentration of 0.1-30% by weight of the composition.
  • the at least one non-gaseous solute and/or at least one gaseous solute is present at a concentration of 0.1-1% by weight of the composition, 1-2% by weight of the composition, 2-3% by weight of the composition, 3-4% by weight of the composition, 4-5% by weight of the composition, 5-6% by weight of the composition, 6-7% by weight of the composition, 7-8% by weight of the composition, 8-9% by weight of the composition, 9-10% by weight of the composition, 10-11% by weight of the composition, 11-12% by weight of the composition, 12- 13% by weight of the composition, 13-14% by weight of the composition, 14-15% by weight of the composition, 15-16% by weight of the composition, 16-17% by weight of the composition, 17- 18% by weight of the composition, 18-19% by weight of the composition, 19-20% by weight of the composition, 20-21% by weight of the composition, 21-22% by weight of the composition, 22- 23% by weight of the composition, 23-24% by weight of the composition, 24-25% by weight of the composition
  • the at least one non-gaseous solute and/or at least one gaseous solute is present in the ingestible food product at a low concentration of 0.1-10% by weight of the composition.
  • the at least one non-gaseous solute and/or at least one gaseous solute is present at a concentration of 0.1-0.5% by weight of the composition, 0.5-1% by weight of the composition, 1-1.5% by weight of the composition, 1.5-2% by weight of the composition, 2-2.5% by weight of the composition, 2.5-3% by weight of the composition, 3-3.5% by weight of the composition, 3.5-4% by weight of the composition, 4-4.5% by weight of the composition, 4.5- 5% by weight of the composition, 5-5.5% by weight of the composition, 5.5-6% by weight of the composition, 6-6.5% by weight of the composition, 6.5-7% by weight of the composition, 7-7.5% by weight of the composition, 7.5-8% by weight of the composition, 8-8.5% by weight
  • the at least one non-gaseous solute and/or at least one gaseous solute is present in the ingestible food product at a medium concentration of 10-30% by weight of the composition.
  • the at least one non-gaseous solute and/or at least one gaseous solute is present at a concentration of 10-10.5% by weight of the composition, 10.5-11% by weight of the composition, 11-11.5% by weight of the composition, 11.5-12% by weight of the composition, 12-12.5% by weight of the composition, 12.5-13% by weight of the composition, ISIS.5% by weight of the composition, 13.5-14% by weight of the composition, 14-14.5% by weight of the composition, 14.5-15% by weight of the composition, 15-15.5% by weight of the composition, 15.5-16% by weight of the composition, 16-16.5% by weight of the composition,
  • the at least one non-gaseous solute and/or at least one gaseous solute is present in the ingestible food product at a high concentration of 30-95% by weight of the composition.
  • the at least one non-gaseous solute and/or at least one gaseous solute is present at a concentration of 30-35% by weight of the composition, 35-40% by weight of the composition, 40-45% by weight of the composition, 45-50% by weight of the composition, 50- 55% by weight of the composition, 55-60% by weight of the composition, 60-65% by weight of the composition, 65-70% by weight of the composition, 70-75% by weight of the composition, 75- 80% by weight of the composition, 80-85% by weight of the composition, 85-90% by weight of the composition, or 90-95% by weight of the composition.
  • a method for increasing a pungent sensation imparted by pungency enhancers in an ingestible food product includes ingesting an ingestible food product comprising the ultrafine bubbles in accordance with the disclosure herein and the one or more pungency enhancers.
  • the sensation of pungency is increased by the ultrafine bubbles of the composition in comparison to compositions lacking the ultrafine bubbles.
  • compositions are aqueous compositions for topical application or use.
  • the compositions include water and ultrafine bubbles comprising gases released from solution in the water.
  • the water is selected from DI water, ultrapure water, tap water, groundwater, surface water, and reverse osmosis water.
  • the water has a resistivity between about 17 to about 18.2 meg-ohm cm.
  • the water has a pH of between about 3 to about 7.
  • the water has an oxidative reduction potential of about -200 mV to about 800 mV.
  • the compositions for topical application including ultrafine bubbles comprising or consisting essentially of water and gases released from solution in the water have improved bioavailability relative to naturally occurring water, and relative to compositions including ultrafine bubbles not formed via gaseous cavitation.
  • the ultrafine bubbles comprising or consisting essentially of water and gases released from solution in the water improve bioavailability of the water by about 10%, about 20%, about 30%, about 40%, about 50%, about 60%, about 70%, about 80%, or about 90% relative to naturally occurring water, and/or relative to compositions including ultrafine bubbles not formed via gaseous cavitation.
  • compositions for topical application including ultrafine bubbles comprising or consisting essentially of water and gases released from solution in water improve bioavailability of the water by about 1%, about 2%, about 3%, about 4%, about 5%, about 6%, about 7%, about 8%, or about 9% relative to naturally occurring water, and/or relative to compositions including ultrafine bubbles not formed via gaseous cavitation.
  • compositions for topical application comprise or consist essentially of at least one non-gaseous solute and/or at least one gaseous solute, water, and ultrafine bubbles comprising water and gases released from solution in the water, and the ultrafine bubbles dissolve/surround/stabilize the at least one solute, thereby improving bioavailability of the at least one solute by about 10%, about 20%, about 30%, about 40%, about 50%, about 60%, about 70%, about 80%, or about 90% relative to the undissolved/unsurrounded/unstabilized solute.
  • compositions for topical application including at least one non-gaseous solute and/or at least one gaseous solute, water, and ultrafine bubbles comprising or consisting essentially of water and gases released from solution in the water improve bioavailability of the at least one solute by about 1%, about 2%, about 3%, about 4%, about 5%, about 6%, about 7%, about 8%, or about 9%.
  • the at least one non-gaseous solute and/or at least one gaseous solute is dissolved within, surrounded by, and/or stabilized by the ultrafine bubbles.
  • the composition increases cell permeability and/or bioavailability of the at least one dissolved non-gaseous solute.
  • the at least one non-gaseous solute and/or at least one gaseous solute is present at a concentration of 0.1-30% by weight of the composition.
  • the at least one non-gaseous solute and/or at least one gaseous solute is present at a concentration of 0.1-1% by weight of the composition, 1-2% by weight of the composition, 2-3% by weight of the composition, 3-4% by weight of the composition, 4-5% by weight of the composition, 5-6% by weight of the composition, 6-7% by weight of the composition, 7-8% by weight of the composition, 8-9% by weight of the composition, 9-10% by weight of the composition, 10-11% by weight of the composition, 11-12% by weight of the composition, 12-13% by weight of the composition, 13-14% by weight of the composition, 14- 15% by weight of the composition, 15-16% by weight of the composition, 16-17% by weight of the composition, 17-18% by weight of the composition, 18-19% by weight of the composition, 19- 20% by weight of the composition, 20-21% by weight of the composition, 21-22% by weight of the composition, 22-23% by weight of the composition, 23-24% by weight of the composition, 24- 25% by weight of the composition, 25-2
  • the at least one non-gaseous solute and/or at least one gaseous solute is present in the composition for topical application at a low concentration of 0.1-5% by weight of the composition.
  • the at least one non-gaseous solute and/or at least one gaseous solute is present at a concentration of 0.1 -0.5% by weight of the composition, 0.5-1% by weight of the composition, 1-1.5% by weight of the composition, 1.5-2% by weight of the composition, 2-2.5% by weight of the composition, 2.5-3% by weight of the composition, 3- 3.5% by weight of the composition, 3.5-4% by weight of the composition, 4-4.5% by weight of the composition, or 4.5-5% by weight of the composition.
  • the at least one non-gaseous solute and/or at least one gaseous solute is present in the composition for topical application at a medium concentration of 5-15% by weight of the composition.
  • the at least one non-gaseous solute and/or at least one gaseous solute is present at a concentration of 5-5.5% by weight of the composition, 5.5- 6% by weight of the composition, 6-6.5% by weight of the composition, 6.5-7% by weight of the composition, 7-7.5% by weight of the composition, 7.5-8% by weight of the composition, 8-8.5% by weight of the composition, 8.5-9% by weight of the composition, and 9-9.5% by weight of the composition, 9.5-10% by weight of the composition, 10-10.5% by weight of the composition, 10.5- 11% by weight of the composition, 11-11.5% by weight of the composition, 11.5-12% by weight of the composition, 12-12.5% by weight of the composition, 12.5-13% by weight of the composition, 13-13.5%
  • the at least one non-gaseous solute and/or at least one gaseous solute is present in the composition for topical application at a high concentration of 15-30% by weight of the composition. In other embodiments, the at least one non-gaseous solute and/or at least one gaseous solute is present at a concentration of 15-15.5% by weight of the composition,
  • ultrapure water of the disclosure comprises water substantially free of or completely free of contaminants (e.g., an impurity).
  • a contaminant is a foreign substance not intentionally added to the ultrapure water produced according to the disclosure.
  • ultrapure water substantially free of contaminants contains undetectable levels/amounts of, for example, the following contaminants: (a) pathogenic bacteria (e.g., fecal coliform), viruses (e.g., hepatitis viruses, hemorrhagic viruses, retroviruses such as AIDS virus), fungi, mycoplasm, protozoa, prokaryotes, protists, parasites, microorganisms causing infectious diseases, and their spores, eggs, DNA, RNA, or related reproductive constituents, prions, (b) toxic biochemicals including toxic proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and toxic nucleic acids; (c) toxic inorganic chemicals (soluble and insoluble in water and including toxic heavy metals) and their particles; (d) toxic organic chemicals (soluble and insoluble in water and including pesticides) and their particles; (e) non-water organic liquids (miscible and immiscible); (f) radioactive minerals, or (g) toxic gases including ammonia, ar
  • Ultrapure water of the disclosure may be prepared by processes known in the art and used as a starting material for generating the compositions and solutions comprising ultrafme bubbles as disclosed herein.
  • the ultrapure water of the disclosure may be prepared by carbon filtration, by slow sand filtration, by reverse osmosis, by electro-deionization treatment, by ultraviolet light exposure, or by a combination comprising two or more of the processes described herein.
  • the ultrapure water of the disclosure may be prepared by a sequential process comprising each of carbon filtration, slow sand filtration, reverse osmosis, electro-deionization treatment, and ultraviolet light exposure.
  • the ultrapure water may be prepared according to one or more of the processes desribed herein in combination with other methods of water purification known in the art but not expressly recited herein.
  • the ultrapure water may be prepared by a process comprising the steps of: filtering a volume of water with a carbon filter to produce an amount of water with a low chlorine content; removing ions in the carbon filtered water by a reverse osmosis process to produce a supply of a deionized water; electro-deionizing the supply of the deionized water from the reverse osmosis process to make an ultrapure water supply; testing the resistivity of the ultrapure water to determine if the resistivity of the ultrapure water is between about 17 meg-ohm cm to about 18.2 meg-ohm cm; repeating a process step for preparing the ultrapure water and retesting the resistivity of the ultrapure water until the ultrapure water has a measured resistivity of between about 17 meg-ohm cm to about 18.2 meg-ohm cm; irradiating the supply of the ultrapure water having a measured resistivity of between about 17 meg-ohm cm to about 18.
  • the ultrapure water is purified of contaminants including, for example, organic and inorganic compounds; dissolved and particulate matter; volatile and non-volatile matter, reactive and inert matter; and hydrophilic and hydrophobic matter.
  • Ultrapure water and commonly used term deionized (DI) water are not the same.
  • An ultrapure water system may include three stages: a pretreatment stage to produce purified water, a primary stage to further purify the water, and a polishing stage.
  • the most widely used requirements for ultrapure water quality are documented by ASTM D5127 “Standard Guide for Ultra-Pure Water Used in the Electronics and Semiconductor Industries” and SEMI F63 “Guide for ultrapure water used in semiconductor processing.”
  • the polishing stage may include continuously treating and recirculating the purified water in order to maintain stable high purity quality of supplied water.
  • the resistivity of water serves as an indication of the level of purity of ultrapure water.
  • Deionized (DI) water may have a purity of at least one million ohms-centimeter or one meg-ohm cm.
  • the ultrapure water quality is at the theoretical maximum of water resistivity (18.18 meg-ohm cm at 25 °C).
  • the ultrapure water of the disclosure may have a high oxidative reduction potential including, for example, about 140 to about 160 mV. Further, the pH of the ultrapure water may be between about 3 to about 7, preferably about 4 to about 6 and the resistivity of the ultrapure water may be between about 17 to about 18.2 meg-ohm cm.
  • the compositions and solutions used in the methods include ultrafine bubbles comprising or consisting essentially of ultrapure water and gases released from solution in the ultrapure water, wherein the ultrafine bubbles dissolve, surround, and/or stabilize a solute, and wherein the ultrapure water has a high negative oxidative reduction potential.
  • the oxidative reduction potential of the ultrapure water is about 80 mV to about 100 mV, about 100 mV to about 120 mV, about 120mV to about 140 mV, or about 140 mV to about 160 mV.
  • the pH of the ultrapure water is between about 4 to about 5, about 5 to about 6, or about 6 to about 7.
  • a non-gaseous solute and/or at least one gaseous solute dissolved in a composition including ultrafine bubbles comprising or consisting essentially of water and gases released from solution in the water may have an approximately round geometry, a flat plate geometry, a cube geometry, a roddike geometry, a hollow geometry, and/or a semi-hollow geometry.
  • a solute dissolved in a composition including ultrafine bubbles comprising or consisting essentially of water and gases released from solution in the water may comprise a primary solute, a mixture of a first solute and a second solute, or a plurality of solutes.
  • the solutes may have one or more additional associated solutes, such as a surface coating, as a subsurface coating, or in a complex with other solutes.
  • the solutes may comprise a liquid, a solid, a gas, or be a colloidal system with a colloid and a dispersing agent.
  • the solutes may be at least minimally soluble in water, with or without the addition of a surfactant.
  • the at least one non-gaseous solute and/or at least one gaseous solute comprises one or more of cooling sensation agents, warming sensation agents, antibacterial agents, pain relief agents, numbing agents, hair restorative agents, anti-itch agents, topical antihistamines, pungency agents, skin hydration agents, anti-acne agents, flavoring agents, nutrients, electrolytes, minerals, alcohols, and fluoride sources.
  • the cooling sensation agents include at least one of menthol, menthyl lactate, WS- 3, WS-23 and other menthyl carboxamides.
  • the warming sensation agents include at least one of capsaicin, camphor, eugenol, and sanshools.
  • the pain relief agents include at least one of lidocaine, benzocaine, pramoxine, phenol, and methyl salicylate.
  • the numbing agents include at least one of lidocaine, benzocaine, pramoxine, phenol, and methyl salicylate.
  • the hair restorative agents include at least one of minoxidil and finasteride.
  • the anti-itch agents include at least one of diphenhydramine, azelastine, olopatadine, ketotifen, and hydrocortisone.
  • the pungency agents include at least one of piperine, chavicine, isopiperine, dihydropiperine, and isochavicine.
  • the fluoride sources include at least one of sodium fluoride, stannous fluoride, and acidulated phosphate fluoride.
  • the anti-acne agents include at least one of benzoyl peroxide, salicylic acid, retinoids, topical antibiotics (e.g. clindamycin, erythromycin), azelaic acid, sulfur, alpha hydroxy acids (AHAs), nicotinamide (niacinamide), dapsone, and tea tree oil.
  • the one or more flavoring agents comprise one or more salts.
  • the one or more salts comprise at least one of magnesium chloride, calcium chloride, and sodium bicarbonate.
  • the at least one non-gaseous solute and/or at least one gaseous solute comprises one or more electrolytes and minerals.
  • the one or more electrolytes and minerals comprises magnesium, sodium, potassium, chloride, sulfate, benzoate, bicarbonate, zinc, or combinations thereof.
  • the at least one non-gaseous solute and/or at least one gaseous solute comprises one or more of a compound that must penetrate the skin barrier/membrane or skin tissue to be effective. In some embodiments, the at least one non-gaseous solute and/or at least one gaseous solute comprises one or more of a compound with low bioavailability.
  • the ultrafine bubbles comprising or consisting essentially of water and gases released from solution in the water and have a median diameter of between about 2 to about 400 nanometers or comprise about 10 to about 500 molecules of water per ultrafine bubble.
  • the ultrafine bubbles have a median diameter of about 1 nanometer, about 2 nanometers, about 3 nanometers, about 4 nanometers, about 5 nanometers, about 6 nanometers, about 7 nanometers, about 8 nanometers, about 9 nanometers, about 10 nanometers, about 11 nanometers, about 12 nanometers, about 13 nanometers, about 14 nanometers, about 15 nanometers, about 16 nanometers, about 17 nanometers, about 18 nanometers, about 19 nanometers, or about 20 nanometers.
  • the ultrafine bubbles according to the disclosure comprise a median diameter of about 20 nanometers, about 22 nanometers, about 24 nanometers, about 26 nanometers, about 28 nanometers, or about 30 nanometers. In still other embodiments, the ultrafine bubbles according to the disclosure comprise a median diameter of about 35 nanometers, about 40 nanometers, about 45 nanometers, about 50 nanometers, about 60 nanometers, about 70 nanometers, about 80 nanometers, about 90 nanometers, or about 100 nanometers.
  • the ultrafine bubble comprises about 20, about 25, about 30, about 35, about 40, about 45, about 50, about 60, about 70, about 80, about 90, about 100, about 110, about 120, about 130, about 140, about 150, about 160, about 170, about 180, about 190, about 200, about 210, about 220, about 230, about 240, about 250, about 260, about 270, about
  • the ultrafine bubble comprises between about 50 and about 100 water molecules, about 100 to about 150 water molecules, about 150 to about 200 water molecules, about 200 to about 250 water molecules, about 250 to about 300 water molecules, about 300 to about 350 water molecules, about 350 to about 400 water molecules, about 400 to about 450 water molecules, or about 450 to about 500 water molecules.
  • the ultrafine bubbles fully dissolve, surround, and/or stabilize a non-gaseous solute and/or at least one gaseous solute or substantially dissolve, surround, and/or stabilize a non-gaseous solute and/or a gaseous solute (e.g., dissolves, surrounds, and/or stabilizes about 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95% or more of an individual ion or molecule of the non-gaseous solute and/or the gaseous solute).
  • a gaseous solute e.g., dissolves, surrounds, and/or stabilizes about 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95% or more of an individual ion or molecule of the non-gaseous solute and/or the gaseous solute.
  • a diameter of an ultrafine bubble is measured using a Malvern Instruments Zetasizer Nano ZSP, which is a high performance system and particularly suitable for the characterization of ultrafine bubbles, solutes, e.g. proteins and other nanoparticles.
  • the particle size measurements for the Zetasizer Nano are automated using a NanoSampler.
  • a diameter of an ultrafine bubble is measured using liquid-cell transmission electron microscopy (TEM).
  • the size distribution and concentration of an ultrafine bubble suspension may be measured on a particle- by-particle basis using tunable resistive pulse sensing (TRPS) or electrical zone sensing, using such instruments as the Izon Exoid or the Beckman Coulter Multisizer 4e, respectively.
  • TRPS resistive pulse sensing
  • electrical zone sensing using such instruments as the Izon Exoid or the Beckman Coulter Multisizer 4e, respectively.
  • the ultrafine bubble and solutes of the disclosure are measured according to the following non-limiting parameters: ultrafine bubble diameter, particle and molecule size, translational diffusion, electrophoretic mobility, zeta potential of particles at high and low concentrations, viscosity and viscoelasticity of protein and polymer solutions, concentration, and/or molecular weight (e.g. ko).
  • the ultrafine bubbles comprising or consisting essentially of water and gases released from solution in the water used in such methods are stable for an extended storage period including, for example, a period of years. In some embodiments, the ultrafine bubbles are stable for about 6 months, 1 year, 2 years, about 4 years, about 6 years, about 8 years, or about 10 years. In some embodiments, the ultrafine bubbles are stable for a period in excess of 10 years.
  • the ultrafine bubbles used in embodiments of the methods stabilize, surround, and/or dissolve a non-gaseous solute for a period of years, for example for about 6 months, 1 year, 2 years, about 4 years, about 6 years, about 8 years, or about 10 years.
  • the ultrafine bubbles dissolve, surround, and/or stabilize a non-gaseous solute for a period in excess of 10 years.
  • the compositions or solutions include ultrafine bubbles comprising or consisting essentially of water and gases released from solution in the water, wherein the water has a high negative oxidative reduction potential including, for example, an oxidative reduction potential of about 140 to about 160 mV.
  • the pH of the water is between about 4 to about 6.
  • the water is ultrapure water.
  • the water is tap water.
  • the disclosure provides compositions or solutions for use in delivering a non-gaseous solute and/or a gaseous solute to the interior of a cell.
  • the disclosure provides compositions or solutions for use in delivering a non- gaseous solute and/or a gaseous solute to the interior of a cell (e.g., an animal cell, a mammalian cell, a human cell).
  • Embodiments of the methods set forth in the disclosure include compositions or solutions wherein a non-gaseous solute and/or a gaseous solute is dissolved within, surrounded by, and/or stabilized by ultrafine bubbles comprising or consisting essentially of water and gases released from solution in the water, and has improved bioavailability relative to a composition or a solution where the solute is not dissolved, stabilized, and/or surrounded by ultrafine bubbles comprising or consisting essentially of water and gases released from solution in the water.
  • the solute dissolved within, surrounded by, and/or stabilized by ultrafine bubbles has improved bioavailability by virtue of its ability to access the interior of a cell.
  • the solute dissolved within, surrounded by, and/or stabilized by an ultrafine bubble has improved bioavailability by virtue of its ability to access the interior of an animal cell.
  • a water may have an impurity or a solute that is typically incapable of passing through a cell membrane, but the solute dissolved within, surrounded by, and/or stabilized by the ultrafine bubbles of the disclosure are able to cross a cell membrane.
  • a cell membrane may be a plasma membrane, a nuclear membrane, or any other impermeable barrier defining the boundaries of a cell or an organelle within a cell.
  • a solute dissolved within, surrounded by, or stabilized by ultrafine bubbles comprising or consisting essentially of water and gases released from solution in the water has improved bioavailability by virtue of its ability to access an intracellular space.
  • the solute dissolved within, surrounded by, and/or stabilized by ultrafine bubbles has improved bioavailability by virtue of its ability to access specific animal tissue types, such as skin tissue in an animal.
  • an ultrafme bubble comprising or consisting essentially of ultrapure water and gases released from solution in the water has improved bioavailability relative to an ultrafme bubble that does not comprise ultrapure water.
  • the aqueous compositions including ultrafine bubbles comprising or consisting essentially of water and gases released from solution in the water and dissolved/surrounded/stabilized solutes have improved bioavailability relative to naturally occurring water and dissolved solutes, and relative to compositions including ultrafme bubbles not formed via gaseous cavitation.
  • the ultrafme bubbles and dissolved/surrounded/stabilized solutes provided herein render an otherwise unavailable solute bioavailable, in which case the disclosure provides improved bioavailability of the solute relative to the undissolved/unsurrounded/unstabilized solute.
  • the ultrafme bubbles comprising or consisting essentially of water and gases released from solution in the water, wherein the ultrafme bubbles dissolve/surround/stabilize a solute improve bioavailability of the solute by about 10%, about 20%, about 30%, about 40%, about 50%, about 60%, about 70%, about 80%, or about 90% relative to the undissolved/unsurrounded/unstabilized solute.
  • the ultrafme bubbles comprising or consisting essentially of water and dissolved/surrounded/stabilized solutes improve bioavailability of the solute by about 1%, about 2%, about 3%, about 4%, about 5%, about 6%, about 7%, about 8%, or about 9%.
  • the disclosure provides methods for improving the bioavailability of a solute, including, for example, adding the solute to water and dissolving, surrounding, and/or stabilizing the solute with ultrafme bubbles, wherein the ultrafme bubbles have a median diameter between about 2 to about 400 nanometers.
  • the compositions having a solute dissolved/surrounded/stabilized within ultrafme bubbles comprising or consisting essentially of water and gases released from solution in the water used in the disclosed methods have improved stability relative to compositions having the undissolved/unsurrounded/unstabilized solute.
  • the solute dissolved/surrounded/stabilized by ultrafme bubbles with improved stability has an increased half-life, such as an increased solution half-life.
  • the solute dissolved/surrounded/stabilized by ultrafine bubbles comprising or consisting essentially of water and gases released from solution in the water has improved stability for extended storage periods relative to the undissolved/unsurrounded/unstabilized solute.
  • compositions or solutions including ultrafme bubbles comprising or consisting essentially of water and gases released from solution in the water and a solute dissolved/surrounded/stabilized within the ultrafme bubbles used in the disclosed methods have improved solubility relative to compositions or solutions including the undissolved/unstabilized/unsurrounded solute.
  • the solute dissolved/stabilized within an ultrafine bubble normally has limited or no solubility in water but is solubilized when dissolved/stabilized in ultrafme bubbles comprising or consisting essentially of water and gases released from solution in the water.
  • the solute dissolved/stabilized/surrounded by ultrafme bubbles may have low to moderate solubility in water but is solubilized (e.g., completely solubilized) when dissolved/stabilized/surrounded by ultrafme bubbles comprising or consisting essentially of water and gases released from solution in the water as set forth herein.
  • a solute of the disclosure further comprises a surface coating applied before or after dissolving/stabilizing/surrounding the solute with ultrafme bubbles comprising or consisting essentially of water and gases released from solution in the water.
  • the surface coating may be polar to give high aqueous solubility and prevent particle aggregation.
  • the present disclosure also provides methods for dissolving/surrounding/stabilizing a solute with ultrafme bubbles comprising or consisting essentially of water.
  • the disclosure provides a process for dissolving, surrounding, and/or stabilizing a non-gaseous solute and/or a gaseous solute with ultrafme bubbles comprising or consisting essentially of water and gases released from solution in the water, the process comprising: selecting an amount of solute to add to a volume of water; combining the solute and water in a mixing tank to form a blended aqueous composition; pumping the blended aqueous composition at a selected flow rate through a transfer pipe from the mixing tank to a nozzle with one jet opening or a plurality of jet openings inside a hollow cylinder; using the one jet opening or the plurality of jet openings in the nozzle to jet the blended aqueous composition into the hollow cylinder; wherein the selected flow rate creates a vortex of the blended aqueous composition inside the hollow cylinder that dissolve, surround, and/or stabilizes the solutes and reduce sizes of the ultrafme bubbles in the blended aqueous composition.
  • the process according to certain embodiments may further comprise collecting the composition comprising the solute dissolved within, surrounded by, and/or stabilized by the ultrafine bubbles; and using the reduced size ultrafine bubbles dissolving, surrounding, and/or stabilizing the solute to improve the bioavailability of the solute.
  • a process for reducing the size of ultrafine bubbles in a solution of water substantially free of dissolved non-gaseous solutes and/or gaseous solutes comprising pumping water at a selected flow rate through a transfer pipe to a nozzle with one jet opening or a plurality of jet openings inside a hollow cylinder; using the one jet opening or the plurality of jet openings in the nozzle to jet the blended composition into the hollow cylinder; wherein the selected flow rate creates a vortex of the blended composition inside the hollow cylinder that dissolve, surround, and/or stabilizes the solutes and reduce the size of the ultrafme bubbles in the blended composition.
  • a method for producing a composition comprising water and ultrafine bubbles including gases released from solution in the water.
  • the method includes subjecting water to a combination of hydrodynamic cavitation, shear forces, and low pressure/room temperature boiling to produce ultrafine bubbles formed by release of dissolved gases from the water.
  • the water is selected from DI water, ultrapure water, tap water, groundwater (e.g., well water), surface water, and reverse osmosis water.
  • the water is ultrapure water.
  • the method may comprise one or more (including all) of the following steps: adding water to a tank; pumping the water at a selected flow rate through a transfer pipe from the tank to a nozzle with one jet opening or a plurality of jet openings inside a hollow cylinder; using the one jet opening or the plurality of jet openings in the nozzle to jet the water into the hollow cylinder; wherein the selected flow rate creates a vortex of the water inside the hollow cylinder, thereby subjecting the water to a combination of hydrodynamic cavitation, shear forces, and thin film boiling to produce ultrafme bubbles formed by release of dissolved gases from the water (i.e., gaseous cavitation); collecting the composition comprising the water and ultrafme bubbles; adding a non-gaseous solute and/or a gaseous solute (e.g., a plant nutrient) to the composition comprising the water and ultrafme bubbles; and using the ultrafme bubbles of the composition to dissolve, surround, and/or stabilize
  • a water supply is subjected to a combination of hydrodynamic cavitation, shear forces, and low pressure/room temperature boiling to form ultrafme bubbles, and the formed ultrafme bubbles from the water supply are added to water to form the composition.
  • a water supply is subjected to processing that forms ultrafme bubbles via gaseous cavitation, and the formed ultrafine bubbles from the water supply are added to water to form a composition as set forth herein.
  • ultrafine bubbles comprising water and gases released from solution in a first water source are added to a second water source to make compositions as set forth herein.
  • a non-gaseous solute and/or a gaseous solute is added to the composition including the formed ultrafme bubbles and the water supply to dissolve, surround, and/or stabilize the non-gaseous solute and/or the gaseous solute with the formed ultrafine bubbles.
  • the present disclosure also provides methods for dissolving, surrounding, and/or stabilizing a non-gaseous solute and/or a gaseous solute with ultrafine bubbles comprising or consisting essentially of water and gases released from solution in water.
  • the disclosure provides a process for dissolving, surrounding, and/or stabilizing a non-gaseous solute and/or a gaseous solute with ultrafine bubbles comprising or consisting essentially of water and gases released from solution in water, the process comprising: adding a non-gaseous solute and/or a gaseous solute (e.g., a plant nutrient) to a composition comprising the water and ultrafine bubbles formed by release of dissolved gases from the water; and using the ultrafine bubbles of the composition to dissolve, surround, and/or stabilized a non-gaseous solute and/or a gaseous solute.
  • a non-gaseous solute and/or a gaseous solute e.g., a plant nutrient
  • the process according to certain embodiments may further comprise collecting the composition comprising the non-gaseous solute and/or the gaseous solute dissolved within, surrounded by, and/or stabilized by the ultrafme bubbles; and using the reduced size ultrafine bubbles dissolving, surrounding, and/or stabilizing the non-gaseous solute and/or the gaseous solute to improve the bioavailability of the solute.
  • the disclosure provides a process for dissolving, surrounding, and/or stabilizing a non-gaseous solute and/or a gaseous solute with ultrafme bubbles comprising or consisting essentially of water and gases released from solution in water, the process comprising: selecting an amount of solute to add to a volume of water; combining the solute and water in a mixing tank to form a blended aqueous composition; pumping a volume of water at a selected flow rate through a transfer pipe from the mixing tank to a nozzle with one jet opening or a plurality of j et openings inside a hollow cylinder; using the one j et opening or the plurality of j et openings in the nozzle to jet the volume of water into the hollow cylinder; wherein the selected flow rate creates a vortex of the volume of water inside the hollow cylinder that dissolve, surround, and/or stabilizes the solutes and reduce sizes of the ultrafme bubbles in the blended aqueous composition.
  • the process according to certain embodiments may further comprise collecting the composition comprising the solute dissolved within, surrounded by, and/or stabilized by the ultrafine bubbles; and using the reduced size ultrafine bubbles dissolving, surrounding, and/or stabilizing the solute to improve the bioavailability of the solute.
  • a process for reducing the size of ultrafine bubbles in a solution of water substantially free of dissolved non-gaseous solutes and/or gaseous solutes comprising pumping water at a selected flow rate through a transfer pipe to a nozzle with one jet opening or a plurality of jet openings inside a hollow cylinder; using the one jet opening or the plurality of jet openings in the nozzle to jet the blended composition into the hollow cylinder; wherein the selected flow rate creates a vortex of the blended composition inside the hollow cylinder that reduces the size of the ultrafme bubbles in the blended composition.
  • the methods further comprise concentrating the ultrafme bubbles within the composition via rotary evaporation or cross flow filtration.
  • Example 1 Methods of Making Compositions Including Water and Ultrafine Bubbles
  • a system (101) and a process for making compositions including water and ultrafme bubbles in accordance with embodiments of the invention is provided.
  • Water enters the system (101) at step (102) via the nozzle (103) and imparts a vortex flow (104).
  • the vortex core (106) forms as dissolved gases are drawn out of solution due to low pressure at the center (107).
  • micro- and ultrafme bubbles form (108) spontaneously due to low pressures near to core surface, due to gas being sheared from the core surface, and/or due to room-temperature low pressure boiling at the core surface. Shear and drag forces are believed to break the microbubbles into ultrafme bubbles resulting in a near uniform size distribution (109).
  • the resulting composition including water and ultrafme bubbles flows from the system (101) via the exit (105).
  • a non-gaseous solute e.g., a plant nutrient
  • the resulting composition including water, ultrafme bubbles, and the non-gaseous solute (e.g., a plant nutrient) flows from the system (101) via the exit (105).
  • the ultrafine bubbles of the composition dissolve, surround, and/or stabilize the non-gaseous solute.
  • a non-gaseous solute e.g., a plant nutrient
  • a composition including water and ultrafme bubbles after the composition exits from the system (101) via the exit (105).
  • the ultrafine bubbles of the composition dissolve, surround, and/or stabilize the non-gaseous solute.
  • the system (101) is used to produce an ultrafme bubble suspension or composition comprising water and ultrafine bubbles.
  • the ultrafine bubbles from the ultrafine bubble suspension or composition comprising water and ultrafine bubbles are then added to a different source of water to form a second composition.
  • a non-gaseous solute e.g., a plant nutrient
  • the ultrafine bubbles of the second composition dissolve, surround, and/or stabilize the non-gaseous solute.
  • the water is “enriched” with microbubbles (bubbles greater than one micron and less than a millimeter in diameter) prior to entering the system (101) via the nozzle (103).
  • microbubbles bubbles greater than one micron and less than a millimeter in diameter
  • the resulting composition exiting via the exit (105) may have higher concentrations of ultrafine bubbles as a result (e.g., greater than 10 7 ultrafme bubbles/mL). This is due to the breakup of the microbubbles into ultrafme bubbles while passing through the system during which, the microbubbles are exposed to drag forces.
  • the composition of the resulting ultrafme bubbles may be controlled or tailored to include a wider range of gases.
  • the water is sparged with one or more specific gases prior to entering the system (101) via the nozzle (103).
  • the resulting composition of gases contained within the ultrafme bubbles is tailored. For example, when O2 gas and N2 gas are sparged or bubbled in water in order to saturate the water prior to undergoing the process within system 101, the resulting composition will have a higher concentration of O2 and N2 ultrafme bubbles than if the water had only been exposed to the atmosphere.
  • Red blood cells are sensitive to osmotic change and can serve as models for hydration ability, as they release Heme upon lysis (which may occur as a result of rapid increase in hydration).
  • Water compositions were prepared and assessed for ability to hydrate red blood cells in vitro. Three water compositions were prepared with added electrolytes in concentrations as shown in Table 1 :
  • Composition 1 a reverse osmosis (RO) water with added electrolytes (RO w/Macro);
  • Composition 2 a deionized (DI) water composition prepared according to the disclosure, wherein the electrolytes were added after the water composition was prepared according to the disclosure (EDI Macro #2); and Composition 3) a deionized (DI) water composition prepared according to the disclosure, wherein the electrolytes were added prior to preparing the water composition according to the disclosure (EDI Tech #2).
  • Blood samples (K2EDTA) for testing hydration capabilities of the different water compositions over time were prepared by diluting the blood with a hypertonic solution to 6% (i.e., the RBCs were shriveled). The three water composition samples were added to respective blood samples, which were then incubated, centrifuged, and the supernatant removed and analyzed for absorbance at 416 nm (to recognize Heme content). Hemolysis analysis was run at 5 minutes, 10 minutes, 30 minutes, and 60 minutes of exposure to the water compositions to determine if hemolysis is dependent upon exposure to the water compositions over time.
  • each of the sample compositions demonstrated a time-dependent increase in hydration.
  • the RO w/Macro sample i.e., not prepared in accordance with the present disclosure
  • the EDI Tech #2 sample demonstrated the highest Heme signal at 5 minutes, indicating a strong hydration potential even after only 5 minutes of exposure to the RBCs.
  • the EDI Tech #2 sample also demonstrated a small time-dependent increase in hemolysis, but by 60 minutes the EDI Macro #2 had reached the same hydration potential as the EDI Tech #2 sample.
  • the EDI Tech #2 was capable of significant hydration even at short durations of exposure.
  • Beverage compositions were prepared by blending 8.1 mg calcium chloride dihydrate, 6.1 mg sodium bicarbonate, 9.0 mg magnesium sulfate heptahydrate, and 2.8 mg zinc sulfate monohydrate into 500 mL conventional purified water (control beverage), or by blending 8.1 mg calcium chloride dihydrate, 6.1 mg sodium bicarbonate, 9.0 mg magnesium sulfate heptahydrate, and 2.8 mg zinc sulfate monohydrate into 500 mL of a composition prepared according to the disclosure (investigational beverage).
  • Participants who consumed the investigational beverage had an average 1.7% decrease in blood serum osmolality from pre-exercise to two hours post-exercise versus an average 1.1% decrease in the control beverage group. Moreover, a greater proportion of participants in the investigational beverage group (87%) than in the control beverage group (67%) had a decrease in blood serum osmolality at two hours post-exercise.
  • MCV mean corpuscular volume
  • a greater proportion of participants who consumed the investigational beverage had an increase in mean corpuscular volume (MCV) from pre-to immediately post-exercise (40%) compared to the group of participants who consumed the control beverage (20%). Additionally, a greater proportion of participants who consumed the investigational beverage had an increase in mean corpuscular volume (MCV) from pre- to two hours post-exercise (40%) compared to the group of participants who consumed the control beverage (33%).
  • Example 4 Beverage Composition Dietary Collagen Absorption and Skin Improvement Study [00247] A single-center, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled test was carried out to determine the ability of beverages made with water compositions of the present disclosure to improve dietary collagen absorption and to improve facial skin conditions and appearance.
  • Beverage compositions were prepared by blending marine collagen (active ingredient; sourced from cod fish), maltodextrin, vitamin C, gum acacia, niacinamide, monkfruit extract, and zinc sulfate into conventional purified water (Positive Control Beverage), and into a water composition prepared according to the disclosure (Test Beverage).
  • Marine collagen was added to these two beverage compositions in a concentration of 5g of marine collagen per 355 mL water.
  • a negative control was also prepared by blending maltodextrin, vitamin C, gum acacia, niacinamide, monkfruit extract, and zinc sulfate into conventional purified water (Placebo Beverage), which lacked the marine collagen (active ingredient) of the Positive Control Beverage and the Test Beverage.
  • the Placebo Beverage cohort 74.1% experienced a reduction in skin elasticity, while 77.8% experienced a reduction in skin resiliency.
  • the Positive Control Beverage 66.7% experienced a reduction in skin elasticity, while 51.9% experienced a reduction in skin resiliency.
  • the Test Beverage cohort also demonstrated a statistically significant improvement over the Placebo Beverage cohort in resiliency measurements.
  • a salt concentrate solution (Table 2) was prepared and 5 ml of the salt concentrate solution was pipetted into each 500 ml bottle of water.
  • the salt concentrate solution was prepared separately for each test water, e.g. DI water, RO water, DI water prepared according to the disclosure herein (Investigative), and RO water prepared according to the disclosure herein (Investigative).
  • the samples were placed in the refrigerator overnight and tasted the next day. Samples were removed from the refrigerator only at the time of tasting to ensure that the bottles were not allowed to warm up. Samples were tasted by two trained panelists. Panelist 1 was a 20+ year trained flavorist and Panelist 2 was a 15+ year flavor R&D leader.
  • Table 3 Tasting results generated by trained tasters in the food and beverage industry.
  • Example 6 Study to investigate water composition formulations on the penetration and absorption of actives into human skin
  • the opening of the donor cell was covered with parafilm, and the cell was incubated at 32 °C for 2 hours. After 2 hours, any excess formulation on the skin surface was gently blotted with a Kimwipe.
  • the treated skin samples were then incubated prior to Raman spectroscopy analysis.
  • the skin samples were scanned by confocal Raman spectroscopy at 2 months posttreatment (and for the niacinamide samples, also at 18 months post-treatment) to evaluate and compare active absorption/penetration inside the stratum corneum and beyond, as well as the water content of the skin pieces.
  • FIG. 2 depicts an overlaid Raman fingerprint region spectra of niacinamide (red) against virgin skin sample (blue). The strong band contributions at 1035 cm' 1 , 1597 cm' 1 from niacinamide, and the 1650 cm' 1 amide I contribution from skin, were used to monitor the niacinamide penetration into the skin.
  • Figure 2 shows the typical Raman spectrum recorded on the niacinamide (raw material) and on virgin human skin.
  • Niacinamide does not appear to enter the stratum corneum in Formulation 1.
  • Niacinamide penetrates into and appears to traverse and enrich the stratum corneum (potentially traveling slightly beyond stratum corneum into the viable epidermis).
  • a film of niacinamide appears to have formed at the surface of the stratum corneum in Formulation 2 as well.
  • FIG. 5 shows hyperspectral images of the control skin (no niacinamide, DI water only), Formulation 1 (with 3% niacinamide and DI water), and Formulation 2 (3% niacinamide and water prepared in accordance with the disclosure herein).
  • the image is obtained from the 1597 cm' 1 band area normalized to the amide I band at 1650 cm' 1 .
  • the highest niacinamide content is represented as red in the color bar, while the lowest niacinamide content is blue.
  • the green lines represent the surface of the stratum corneum, while the red lines are the boundary between the stratum corneum and the viable epidermis (VE). The experiments were done in duplicate.
  • Raman fingerprint region spectra for bakuchiol and virgin human skin samples were compared.
  • Figure 6 depicts an overlaid Raman fingerprint region spectra of bakuchiol (red) against virgin skin sample (blue).
  • the strong band contribution at 1604 cm' 1 from bakuchiol is used to monitor its penetration into the skin.
  • the Raman spectrum from bakuchiol has two strong unsaturation bands.
  • the band near 1600 cm' 1 is distinct enough from the underlying skin spectrum to be used as a marker band for the determination of bakuchiol penetration in the resulting hyperspectral image.
  • FIG. 8 depicts an overlaid Raman fingerprint region spectra of Everwhite (red) against virgin skin sample (blue).
  • the strong band contribution at 1671 cm' 1 from the Everwhite active is used to monitor its penetration into the skin.
  • Figures 14-16 display the quantitative results from Figures 10-13.
  • Figure 14 displays the total water content from each hyperspectral image for each of Formulations 1-6 (in comparison to Control).
  • quantitative hydration results from the hyperspectral images from Formulations 1 - 6 are shown.
  • Numerical values are obtained from the integrated area of the O-H stretching vibration between 3350 - 3550 cm' 1 normalized to the amide I band.
  • Figure 15 displays the water content after the area above the stratum corneum has been masked to mitigate excess formulation or film above the skin that may skew the results internal to the skin for each of the Formulations 1-6 and the Control.
  • Figure 16 displays quantitative hydration results from the hyperspectral images from Formulations 1 and 2 in comparison with the Control from the niacinamide-treated samples 18 months post-treatment where the area above the stratum corneum has been masked to mitigate excess formulation or film above the skin that may skew the results internal to the skin.
  • Figures 14-16 demonstrate that the lowest amount of hydration is observed in the Control sample, while Formulation 2 (niacinamide with water prepared in accordance with the disclosure) clearly provides the highest degree of hydration (and maintains this higher degree of penetration).
  • the present study evaluates the penetration enhancement of niacinamide in ex-vivo human skin using two formulations: a control preparation comprising deionized (DI) water and a test preparation containing an ultrafine bubble suspension known as Ultrafine bubble suspension.
  • DI deionized
  • Ultrafine bubble suspension an ultrafine bubble suspension known as Ultrafine bubble suspension.
  • Niacinamide remained primarily on the skin surface with minimal penetration into the SC. No niacinamide was detected in the VE.
  • Niacinamide exhibited deeper penetration into the SC with a higher concentration on the skin surface. Although the penetration did not extend into the VE, the formulation with Ultrafine bubble suspension showed a more consistent and robust deposition of niacinamide at the surface. (Figure 17).
  • Example 8 Study to investigate water composition formulations for efficacy in antibacterial solutions against Staphylococcus aureus
  • Test substances for assessing antibacterial activity against S. aureus bacteria were prepared as follows: DI Water (comparative control)
  • Test cultures for the test microorganism were initiated in Tryptic Soy Broth (TSB) and allowed to incubate under conditions necessary for sufficient growth of S. aureus (see Table 4).
  • TLB Tryptic Soy Broth
  • the test inoculum was prepared from the test culture by centrifuging and resuspending in an appropriate volume of PBS and then diluting the test culture in PBS to reach the target concentration of >1.0 x 10 6 CFU/mL.
  • Table 4 Test microorganism S. aureus growth medium and incubation conditions
  • each inoculated test substance was then each inoculated with 0.100 mL of the S. aureus test microorganism.
  • a calibrated digital timer was started at the time of inoculation to ensure each aliquot met the appropriate contact time.
  • the inoculated test substances were vortex mixed and allowed to dwell for the remainder of the contact time.
  • each inoculated suspension was neutralized by transferring 1.000 mL of the suspension to 9.0 mL of sterile D/E Broth.
  • the neutralized suspensions were each enumerated by 1 : 10 serial dilutions in sterile PBS.
  • the microbial population control i.e. Time Zero, was used to determine the concentration of the inoculum for each test microorganism.
  • the individual control substance aliquots were each inoculated with 0.100 mL of the target test microorganism and vortex mixed.
  • the inoculated time zero suspensions were immediately neutralized after mixing by transferring 1.000 mL of the suspension to 9.0 mL of sterile D/E Broth.
  • the neutralized suspensions were each enumerated by 1 :10 serial dilutions in sterile PBS.
  • a Time Final concentration was used to confirm the viability of the microorganism for the duration of the test.
  • the individual control substance aliquots were each inoculated with 0.100 mL of the S. aureus and vortex mixed. Following inoculation, the inoculated time final suspensions were immediately neutralized after mixing by transferring 1.000 mL of the suspension to 9.0 mL of sterile D/E Broth. The neutralized suspensions were each enumerated by 1 :10 serial dilutions in sterile PBS.
  • Table 5 S. aureus percent reduction and Logio reduction at 24 hours compared to Time Zero.
  • NV tests were performed for DI water w/ 1.0% Phenoxyethanol and Prepared water w/ 1.0% Phenoxyethanol on the test microorganisms.
  • the test microorganism was diluted in sterile PBS, targeting a final concentration of 10-100 CFU/mL, and was used as the neutralization verification inoculum.
  • composition of Prepared water/1.0% phenoxyethanol also outperformed its DI water counterpart, with a 99.997% reduction and a 4.57 Logio reduction compared to the DI water/1.0% phenoxyethanol composition’s 99.94% reduction and 3.25 Logio reduction. This further suggests that water compositions prepared in accordance with the disclosure may increase the efficacy of antibacterial agents.
  • UFB ultrafine bubble
  • Short-chain fatty acids were detected in both groups with a significant increase at week 8 and week 12.
  • the ultrafine bubble (UFB) water group exhibited statistically higher concentrations of iso-valerate, valerate at week 8 and butyrate and valerate at week 12.
  • the presence of these SCFAs in the ultrafine bubble (UFB) water group suggests that UFB water can enhance SCFA production. This is particularly relevant, as SCFAs play a key role in maintaining gut health by supporting gut integrity and exerting anti-inflammatory effects.
  • the ultrafine bubble (UFB) water group showed lower levels of key cytokines, including IL-ip, TNF-a, and IL- 10, compared to the DI control group, especially at Week 12. This trend suggests that UFB water may have anti-inflammatory properties, further contributing to overall gut health improvements. Collectively, these results support the potential for UFB suspensions to modulate gut microbiota composition, enhance SCFA production, and reduce inflammation, indicating a range of health benefits for consumers.
  • Example 10 Effects of Ultrafine Bubbles on Water Sparged with Nitrous Oxide
  • This experiment investigated the effectiveness of nanobubble generation technology in enhancing N2O infusion into water.
  • Two identical BrewBuilt fermenters were used — one as a test vessel with an ultrafine bubble generator installed in a recirculating loop and the other as a control with a recirculating loop passing through a valve to ensure identical flow rates — each receiving equal volumes of chilled water and amounts of nitrous oxide.
  • Operating conditions such as recirculation flow rate, temperature, and pressure, were carefully controlled to minimize observable differences in N2O absorption between the two samples.
  • Both fermenters were initially chilled, sealed, and recirculated to ensure uniformity before baseline gas measurements were taken. The test fermenter was then infused with N2O, while the control fermenter received an equivalent gas volume without nanobubble generation. After gas injection, samples were collected and bottled for later evaluation.
  • the test involved three panelists, each tested in triplicate, resulting in a total of nine tests conducted once immediately after opening the bottled samples (one week after production), and another nine tests carried out one hour after opening the bottles, which were kept open under constant temperature conditions. After identifying the sample they believed was different, the panelists were then asked whether the outlier was sweeter or less sweet compared to the others.

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Abstract

L'invention concerne des compositions comprenant des bulles ultrafines comportant de l'eau et des gaz libérés par une solution dans l'eau, qui dissolvent, entourent et/ou stabilisent un ou plusieurs solutés non gazeux et/ou gazeux, ainsi que des procédés de fabrication et d'utilisation des compositions dans des produits de consommation et des applications, telles que des boissons, des solutions de soins buccaux, des produits alimentaires, des produits de soins de la peau et des produits de soins capillaires. Les procédés de fabrication des compositions comprenant des bulles ultrafines comportent des procédés permettant de dissoudre, d'entourer et/ou de stabiliser des solutés non gazeux et/ou gazeux à l'aide de bulles ultrafines.
PCT/US2024/055831 2023-11-16 2024-11-14 Compositions comprenant des bulles ultrafines et procédés pour les utiliser dans des boissons, des produits alimentaires, des produits de soins de la peau et des cheveux, des produits de soins buccaux, des exhausteurs de goût et de sensation gustative, et des produits appliqués par voie topique Pending WO2025106616A2 (fr)

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US18/946,032 US20250161204A1 (en) 2023-11-16 2024-11-13 Compositions comprising ultrafine bubbles and methods of using thereof in beverages, food products, skin and hair care products, oral care products, flavor and sensation enhancers, and topically applied products
US18/946,032 2024-11-13

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JP4899434B2 (ja) * 2005-11-16 2012-03-21 有限会社 健康百二十才 新規な物理化学融合型殺菌消毒液
JP5037225B2 (ja) * 2007-05-29 2012-09-26 シャープ株式会社 有用物質含有ナノバブル発生方法、および有用物質含有ナノバブル発生装置
CN102076327B (zh) * 2008-05-01 2014-04-16 利发利希奥公司 治疗消化功能紊乱的组合物和方法
JP2010284598A (ja) * 2009-06-12 2010-12-24 Kyoko Oku 改質飲料水および飲料水の改質装置
JP2013119548A (ja) * 2011-12-07 2013-06-17 Yoichi Kadokami 腸内アンモニアの除去方法
JP6328403B2 (ja) * 2012-12-19 2018-05-23 勉 廣見 機能性水製造装置及び機能性水製造方法
EP3243517A4 (fr) * 2015-01-06 2018-08-29 Yamada, Osamu Composition médicinale, dispositif de traitement de sang, produit cosmétique, aliment et boisson utilisant une matière de synthèse de combustion
WO2016163415A1 (fr) * 2015-04-08 2016-10-13 ＳｏｎｏＣｏｒｅ株式会社 Procédé de production de bulles
US12268716B2 (en) * 2018-02-28 2025-04-08 Shinbiosis Corporation Composition containing microorganisms derived from living body and method for manufacturing the same
US11779645B2 (en) * 2018-05-23 2023-10-10 Hydrosome Holdings, Llc Compositions comprising water that exhibits increased cell permeability and methods of use thereof
JPWO2021075043A1 (fr) * 2019-10-18 2021-04-22
WO2021141595A1 (fr) * 2020-01-10 2021-07-15 Advanced Microbubbles Laboratories Llc Préparation et conservation de microbulles de collagène
CN115297956A (zh) * 2020-01-15 2022-11-04 三妆化研株式会社 含有纳米气泡的化妆品
CN114191328A (zh) * 2021-11-24 2022-03-18 杨伟业 一种改善皮肤用喷雾及其制备方法
CN114028422A (zh) * 2021-11-29 2022-02-11 北京工业大学 氢分子在制备用于调节肠道菌群中的药品或食品中的应用
WO2024122328A1 (fr) * 2022-12-05 2024-06-13 株式会社資生堂 Composition cosmétique et procédé de production de composition cosmétique

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