WO2025188138A1 - Method and apparatus for dynamic power saving in wireless lan system - Google Patents

Abstract

Disclosed are a method and an apparatus for dynamic power saving in a wireless LAN system. The method according to an embodiment disclosed herein may comprise the steps in which: an STA in a first mode receives, from an AP, an initial control frame for switching the STA from the first mode to a second mode; and the STA transmits an initial control response to the AP as a response to the initial control frame on the basis of a transmission mode for the initial control response.

Description

Method and device for dynamic power saving in wireless LAN systems

The present disclosure relates to a method and device for performing a dynamic power saving (DPS) operation in a wireless local area network (WLAN) system.

New technologies have been introduced for wireless local area networks (WLANs) to improve transmission rates, increase bandwidth, enhance reliability, reduce errors, and reduce latency. Among WLAN technologies, the IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers) 802.11 series of standards can be referred to as Wi-Fi. For example, recently introduced technologies for WLANs include enhancements for Very High Throughput (VHT) in the 802.11ac standard and enhancements for High Efficiency (HE) in the IEEE 802.11ax standard.

To provide a more advanced wireless communication environment, improved technologies for Extremely High Throughput (EHT) are being discussed. For example, technologies for Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO), which supports increased bandwidth, efficient utilization of multiple bands, and increased spatial streams, and for coordination of multiple access points (APs), are being studied. In particular, various technologies are being studied to support low latency or real-time traffic. Furthermore, new technologies are being discussed to support ultra-high reliability (UHR), including improvements or extensions of EHT technology.

The technical problem of the present disclosure is to provide a method and device for performing a dynamic power saving (DPS) operation.

The technical problems to be achieved in the present disclosure are not limited to the technical problems mentioned above, and other technical problems not mentioned can be clearly understood by a person having ordinary skill in the technical field to which the present disclosure belongs from the description below.

A method according to one aspect of the present disclosure may include: receiving, by a station (STA), an initial control frame from an access point (AP) in a first mode for the STA to switch from the first mode to a second mode; and transmitting, by the STA, an initial control response to the AP in response to the initial control frame based on a transmission mode for the initial control response.

A method according to an additional aspect of the present disclosure may include: transmitting, by an access point (AP), to a station (STA), an initial control frame for the STA to switch from the first mode to the second mode; and receiving, by the AP, an initial control response from the STA in response to the initial control frame, based on a transmission mode for the initial control response.

According to the present disclosure, power of an STA can be saved as the STA dynamically switches between a mode supporting low capability and a mode supporting high capability.

In addition, according to the present disclosure, since various transmission modes for supporting DPS operation can be supported, more appropriate DSP operation can be performed in various situations, and wireless transmission and reception efficiency can be improved.

The effects that can be obtained from the present disclosure are not limited to the effects mentioned above, and other effects that are not mentioned will be clearly understood by a person having ordinary skill in the art to which the present disclosure pertains from the description below.

The accompanying drawings, which are incorporated in and are part of the detailed description to aid in understanding the present disclosure, provide embodiments of the present disclosure and, together with the detailed description, describe the technical features of the present disclosure.

FIG. 1 illustrates a block diagram of a wireless communication device according to one embodiment of the present disclosure.

FIG. 2 is a diagram showing an exemplary structure of a wireless LAN system to which the present disclosure can be applied.

FIG. 3 is a diagram for explaining a link setup process to which the present disclosure can be applied.

FIG. 4 is a diagram for explaining a backoff process to which the present disclosure can be applied.

FIG. 5 is a diagram for explaining a CSMA/CA-based frame transmission operation to which the present disclosure can be applied.

FIG. 6 is a drawing for explaining an example of a frame structure used in a wireless LAN system to which the present disclosure can be applied.

FIG. 7 is a diagram illustrating examples of PPDUs defined in the IEEE 802.11 standard to which the present disclosure can be applied.

Figure 8 exemplarily shows the structure of an ML element to which the present disclosure can be applied.

FIG. 9 is a diagram illustrating an improved multi-link single radio technology in a wireless communication system to which the present disclosure can be applied.

FIG. 10 illustrates a dynamic power saving procedure according to one embodiment of the present disclosure.

FIG. 11 is a diagram illustrating a block ACK (acknowledgement) response frame according to one embodiment of the present disclosure.

FIG. 12 is a diagram illustrating a multi-traffic identifier block ACK (acknowledgement) response frame according to one embodiment of the present disclosure.

FIG. 13 illustrates a dynamic power saving procedure according to one embodiment of the present disclosure.

FIG. 14 illustrates a dynamic power saving procedure according to one embodiment of the present disclosure.

FIG. 15 illustrates a dynamic power saving procedure according to one embodiment of the present disclosure.

FIG. 16 illustrates a dynamic power saving procedure according to one embodiment of the present disclosure.

FIG. 17 illustrates the operation of a station for a method for dynamic power saving according to one embodiment of the present disclosure.

FIG. 18 illustrates the operation of an access point for a method for dynamic power saving according to one embodiment of the present disclosure.

Hereinafter, preferred embodiments of the present disclosure will be described in detail with reference to the accompanying drawings. The detailed description set forth below, together with the accompanying drawings, is intended to explain exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure and is not intended to represent the only embodiments in which the present disclosure may be practiced. The following detailed description includes specific details to provide a thorough understanding of the present disclosure. However, one of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that the present disclosure may be practiced without these specific details.

In some cases, to avoid obscuring the concepts of the present disclosure, known structures and devices may be omitted or illustrated in block diagram form focusing on the core functions of each structure and device.

In the present disclosure, when a component is said to be "connected," "coupled," or "connected" to another component, this may include not only a direct connection but also an indirect connection in which another component exists between them. Furthermore, the terms "comprises" or "has" in the present disclosure specify the presence of the mentioned features, steps, operations, elements, and/or components, but do not exclude the presence or addition of one or more other features, steps, operations, elements, components, and/or groups thereof.

In this disclosure, terms such as "first," "second," etc. are used only to distinguish one component from another, are not used to limit the components, and do not limit the order or importance of components unless specifically stated otherwise. Accordingly, within the scope of this disclosure, a first component in one embodiment may be referred to as a second component in another embodiment, and similarly, a second component in one embodiment may be referred to as a first component in another embodiment.

The terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments and is not intended to limit the scope of the claims. As used in the description of the embodiments and the appended claims, the singular forms "a," "an," and "the" are intended to include the plural forms as well, unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. The term "and/or" as used herein may refer to any one of the associated enumerated items, or is meant to refer to and encompass any and all possible combinations of two or more of them. Furthermore, the use of "/" between words in this disclosure has the same meaning as "and/or" unless otherwise stated.

The examples of the present disclosure can be applied to various wireless communication systems. For example, the examples of the present disclosure can be applied to a wireless LAN system. For example, the examples of the present disclosure can be applied to a wireless LAN based on the IEEE 802.11a/g/n/ac/ax/be standards. Furthermore, the examples of the present disclosure can be applied to a wireless LAN based on the newly proposed IEEE 802.11bn (or UHR) standard. Additionally, the examples of the present disclosure can be applied to a wireless LAN based on the next-generation standard after IEEE 802.11bn. Furthermore, the examples of the present disclosure can be applied to a cellular wireless communication system. For example, the examples of the present disclosure can be applied to a cellular wireless communication system based on the LTE (Long Term Evolution) series of technologies and the 5G NR (New Radio) series of technologies of the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) standard.

Below, technical features to which examples of the present disclosure can be applied are described.

FIG. 1 illustrates a block diagram of a wireless communication device according to one embodiment of the present disclosure.

The first device (100) and the second device (200) illustrated in FIG. 1 may be replaced with various terms such as a terminal, a wireless device, a WTRU (Wireless Transmit Receive Unit), a UE (User Equipment), an MS (Mobile Station), a UT (user terminal), an MSS (Mobile Subscriber Station), an MSS (Mobile Subscriber Unit), an SS (Subscriber Station), an AMS (Advanced Mobile Station), a WT (Wireless terminal), or simply a user. In addition, the first device (100) and the second device (200) may be replaced with various terms such as an access point (AP), a BS (Base Station), a fixed station, a Node B, a BTS (Base Transceiver System), a network, an AI (Artificial Intelligence) system, an RSU (road side unit), a repeater, a router, a relay, a gateway, etc.

The devices (100, 200) illustrated in FIG. 1 may also be referred to as stations (STAs). For example, the devices (100, 200) illustrated in FIG. 1 may be referred to by various terms such as transmitting device, receiving device, transmitting STA, and receiving STA. For example, the STAs (110, 200) may perform an AP (access point) role or a non-AP role. That is, in the present disclosure, the STAs (110, 200) may perform the functions of an AP and/or a non-AP. When the STAs (110, 200) perform an AP function, they may simply be referred to as APs, and when the STAs (110, 200) perform a non-AP function, they may simply be referred to as STAs. In addition, in the present disclosure, the APs may also be referred to as AP STAs.

Referring to FIG. 1, the first device (100) and the second device (200) can transmit and receive wireless signals through various wireless LAN technologies (e.g., IEEE 802.11 series). The first device (100) and the second device (200) can include interfaces for a medium access control (MAC) layer and a physical layer (PHY) that follow the provisions of the IEEE 802.11 standard.

In addition, the first device (100) and the second device (200) may additionally support various communication standards (e.g., 3GPP LTE series, 5G NR series standards, etc.) other than wireless LAN technology. In addition, the device of the present disclosure may be implemented as various devices such as a mobile phone, a vehicle, a personal computer, an AR (Augmented Reality) device, a VR (Virtual Reality) device, etc. In addition, the STA of the present specification may support various communication services such as voice calls, video calls, data communications, autonomous driving, MTC (Machine-Type Communication), M2M (Machine-to-Machine), D2D (Device-to-Device), and IoT (Internet-of-Things).

A first device (100) includes one or more processors (102) and one or more memories (104), and may further include one or more transceivers (106) and/or one or more antennas (108). The processor (102) controls the memories (104) and/or the transceivers (106), and may be configured to implement the descriptions, functions, procedures, proposals, methods, and/or operational flowcharts disclosed in the present disclosure. For example, the processor (102) may process information in the memory (104) to generate first information/signal, and then transmit a wireless signal including the first information/signal via the transceiver (106). In addition, the processor (102) may receive a wireless signal including second information/signal via the transceiver (106), and then store information obtained from signal processing of the second information/signal in the memory (104). The memory (104) may be connected to the processor (102) and may store various information related to the operation of the processor (102). For example, the memory (104) may perform some or all of the processes controlled by the processor (102), or may store software code including instructions for performing the descriptions, functions, procedures, proposals, methods, and/or operation flowcharts disclosed in the present disclosure. Here, the processor (102) and the memory (104) may be part of a communication modem/circuit/chip designed to implement a wireless LAN technology (e.g., IEEE 802.11 series). The transceiver (106) may be connected to the processor (102) and may transmit and/or receive wireless signals via one or more antennas (108). The transceiver (106) may include a transmitter and/or a receiver. The transceiver (106) may be used interchangeably with an RF (Radio Frequency) unit. In the present disclosure, a device may also mean a communication modem/circuit/chip.

The second device (200) includes one or more processors (202), one or more memories (204), and may further include one or more transceivers (206) and/or one or more antennas (208). The processor (202) controls the memories (204) and/or the transceivers (206), and may be configured to implement the descriptions, functions, procedures, proposals, methods, and/or operational flowcharts disclosed in the present disclosure. For example, the processor (202) may process information in the memory (204) to generate third information/signals, and then transmit a wireless signal including the third information/signals via the transceivers (206). In addition, the processor (202) may receive a wireless signal including fourth information/signals via the transceivers (206), and then store information obtained from signal processing of the fourth information/signals in the memory (204). The memory (204) may be connected to the processor (202) and may store various information related to the operation of the processor (202). For example, the memory (204) may perform some or all of the processes controlled by the processor (202), or may store software code including instructions for performing the descriptions, functions, procedures, proposals, methods, and/or operation flowcharts disclosed in the present disclosure. Here, the processor (202) and the memory (204) may be part of a communication modem/circuit/chip designed to implement a wireless LAN technology (e.g., IEEE 802.11 series). The transceiver (206) may be connected to the processor (202) and may transmit and/or receive wireless signals via one or more antennas (208). The transceiver (206) may include a transmitter and/or a receiver. The transceiver (206) may be used interchangeably with an RF unit. In the present disclosure, a device may also mean a communication modem/circuit/chip.

Hereinafter, the hardware elements of the device (100, 200) will be described in more detail. Although not limited thereto, one or more protocol layers may be implemented by one or more processors (102, 202). For example, one or more processors (102, 202) may implement one or more layers (e.g., functional layers such as PHY, MAC). One or more processors (102, 202) may generate one or more Protocol Data Units (PDUs) and/or one or more Service Data Units (SDUs) according to the descriptions, functions, procedures, proposals, methods, and/or operational flowcharts disclosed in the present disclosure. One or more processors (102, 202) may generate messages, control information, data, or information according to the descriptions, functions, procedures, proposals, methods, and/or operational flowcharts disclosed in the present disclosure. One or more processors (102, 202) can generate signals (e.g., baseband signals) including PDUs, SDUs, messages, control information, data or information according to the functions, procedures, proposals and/or methods disclosed in the present disclosure, and provide the signals to one or more transceivers (106, 206). One or more processors (102, 202) can receive signals (e.g., baseband signals) from one or more transceivers (106, 206) and obtain PDUs, SDUs, messages, control information, data or information according to the descriptions, functions, procedures, proposals, methods and/or operational flowcharts disclosed in the present disclosure.

One or more processors (102, 202) may be referred to as a controller, a microcontroller, a microprocessor, or a microcomputer. One or more processors (102, 202) may be implemented by hardware, firmware, software, or a combination thereof. For example, one or more Application Specific Integrated Circuits (ASICs), one or more Digital Signal Processors (DSPs), one or more Digital Signal Processing Devices (DSPDs), one or more Programmable Logic Devices (PLDs), or one or more Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs) may be included in one or more processors (102, 202). The descriptions, functions, procedures, proposals, methods, and/or operational flowcharts disclosed in this disclosure may be implemented using firmware or software, and the firmware or software may be implemented to include modules, procedures, functions, etc. The descriptions, functions, procedures, proposals, methods and/or operation flowcharts disclosed in this disclosure may be implemented using firmware or software configured to perform one or more processors (102, 202) or stored in one or more memories (104, 204) and driven by one or more processors (102, 202). The descriptions, functions, procedures, proposals, methods and/or operation flowcharts disclosed in this disclosure may be implemented using firmware or software in the form of codes, instructions and/or sets of instructions.

One or more memories (104, 204) may be coupled to one or more processors (102, 202) and may store various forms of data, signals, messages, information, programs, codes, instructions, and/or commands. The one or more memories (104, 204) may be configured as ROM, RAM, EPROM, flash memory, hard drives, registers, cache memory, computer-readable storage media, and/or combinations thereof. The one or more memories (104, 204) may be located internally and/or externally to the one or more processors (102, 202). Additionally, the one or more memories (104, 204) may be coupled to the one or more processors (102, 202) via various technologies, such as wired or wireless connections.

One or more transceivers (106, 206) can transmit user data, control information, wireless signals/channels, etc., as mentioned in the methods and/or flowcharts of the present disclosure, to one or more other devices. One or more transceivers (106, 206) can receive user data, control information, wireless signals/channels, etc., as mentioned in the descriptions, functions, procedures, proposals, methods and/or flowcharts of the present disclosure, from one or more other devices. For example, one or more transceivers (106, 206) can be coupled to one or more processors (102, 202) and can transmit and receive wireless signals. For example, one or more processors (102, 202) can control one or more transceivers (106, 206) to transmit user data, control information, or wireless signals to one or more other devices. Additionally, one or more processors (102, 202) may control one or more transceivers (106, 206) to receive user data, control information, or wireless signals from one or more other devices. Additionally, one or more transceivers (106, 206) may be coupled to one or more antennas (108, 208), and one or more transceivers (106, 206) may be configured to transmit and receive user data, control information, wireless signals/channels, or the like, as referred to in the descriptions, functions, procedures, proposals, methods, and/or operational flowcharts disclosed in the present disclosure, via one or more antennas (108, 208). In the present disclosure, one or more antennas may be multiple physical antennas or multiple logical antennas (e.g., antenna ports). One or more transceivers (106, 206) may convert received user data, control information, wireless signals/channels, etc. from RF band signals to baseband signals in order to process the received user data, control information, wireless signals/channels, etc. using one or more processors (102, 202). One or more transceivers (106, 206) may convert processed user data, control information, wireless signals/channels, etc. from baseband signals to RF band signals using one or more processors (102, 202). For this purpose, one or more transceivers (106, 206) may include an (analog) oscillator and/or a filter.

For example, one of the STAs (100, 200) may perform the intended operation of an AP, and the other of the STAs (100, 200) may perform the intended operation of a non-AP STA. For example, the transceivers (106, 206) of FIG. 1 may perform transmission and reception operations of signals (e.g., packets or PPDUs (Physical layer Protocol Data Units) according to IEEE 802.11a/b/g/n/ac/ax/be/bn, etc.). In addition, in the present disclosure, operations in which various STAs generate transmission and reception signals or perform data processing or calculations in advance for transmission and reception signals may be performed in the processors (102, 202) of FIG. 1. For example, an example of an operation for generating a transmission/reception signal or performing data processing or operation in advance for a transmission/reception signal may include 1) an operation for determining/obtaining/configuring/computing/decoding/encoding bit information of a field (SIG (signal), STF (short training field), LTF (long training field), Data, etc.) included in a PPDU, 2) an operation for determining/configuring/obtaining time resources or frequency resources (e.g., subcarrier resources) used for a field (SIG, STF, LTF, Data, etc.) included in a PPDU, 3) an operation for determining/configuring/obtaining a specific sequence (e.g., a pilot sequence, an STF/LTF sequence, an extra sequence applied to SIG) used for a field (SIG, STF, LTF, Data, etc.) included in a PPDU, 4) a power control operation and/or a power saving operation applied to an STA, 5) an operation related to determining/obtaining/configuring/computing/decoding/encoding an ACK signal, etc. Additionally, in the examples below, various information (e.g., information related to fields/subfields/control fields/parameters/power, etc.) used by various STAs for determining/acquiring/configuring/computing/decoding/encoding transmission/reception signals can be stored in the memory (104, 204) of FIG. 1.

Hereinafter, downlink (DL) refers to a link for communication from an AP STA to a non-AP STA, and downlink PPDUs/packets/signals, etc. can be transmitted and received through the downlink. In downlink communication, the transmitter may be part of an AP STA, and the receiver may be part of a non-AP STA. Uplink (UL) refers to a link for communication from a non-AP STA to an AP STA, and uplink PPDUs/packets/signals, etc. can be transmitted and received through the uplink. In uplink communication, the transmitter may be part of a non-AP STA, and the receiver may be part of an AP STA.

FIG. 2 is a diagram showing an exemplary structure of a wireless LAN system to which the present disclosure can be applied.

The structure of a wireless LAN system can be composed of multiple components. Through the interaction of multiple components, a wireless LAN that supports transparent STA mobility to the upper layer can be provided. A Basic Service Set (BSS) corresponds to a basic building block of a wireless LAN. FIG. 2 illustrates, by way of example, the existence of two BSSs (BSS1 and BSS2) and the inclusion of two STAs as members of each BSS (STA1 and STA2 are included in BSS1, and STA3 and STA4 are included in BSS2). The oval representing a BSS in FIG. 2 can also be understood as representing a coverage area in which STAs included in the corresponding BSS maintain communication. This area can be referred to as a Basic Service Area (BSA). When an STA moves outside of a BSA, it cannot directly communicate with other STAs within the BSA.

If we do not consider the DS illustrated in Figure 2, the most basic type of BSS in a wireless LAN is an Independent BSS (IBSS). For example, an IBSS can have a minimal form consisting of only two STAs. For example, assuming other components are omitted, BSS1 consisting of only STA1 and STA2, or BSS2 consisting of only STA3 and STA4, can be representative examples of an IBSS, respectively. Such a configuration is possible when the STAs can communicate directly without an AP. Furthermore, in this type of WLAN, a LAN can be configured when needed rather than being planned in advance, and this can be called an ad-hoc network. Since an IBSS does not include an AP, there is no centralized management entity. That is, in an IBSS, STAs are managed in a distributed manner. In IBSS, all STAs can be mobile STAs, and access to distributed systems (DS) is not permitted, forming a self-contained network.

An STA's membership in a BSS can dynamically change, for example, when an STA is turned on or off, or when an STA enters or leaves a BSS area. To become a member of a BSS, an STA can join the BSS using a synchronization process. To access all services in the BSS infrastructure, an STA must be associated with the BSS. This association can be dynamically established and may involve the use of a Distribution System Service (DSS).

In a wireless LAN, the direct STA-to-STA distance can be limited by PHY performance. While this distance limit may be sufficient in some cases, communication between STAs over longer distances may be required in other cases. To support extended coverage, a distributed system (DS) can be configured.

DS refers to a structure in which BSSs are interconnected. Specifically, a BSS may exist as an extended component of a network composed of multiple BSSs, as illustrated in Figure 2. DS is a logical concept and can be specified by the characteristics of a distributed system medium (DSM). In this regard, the Wireless Medium (WM) and DSM can be logically distinguished. Each logical medium is used for a different purpose and by different components. These media are neither limited to being identical nor limited to being different. This logical difference between multiple media explains the flexibility of the WLAN architecture (DS architecture or other network architectures). In other words, the WLAN architecture can be implemented in various ways, and the physical characteristics of each implementation can independently specify the WLAN architecture.

A DS can support mobile devices by providing seamless integration of multiple BSSs and the logical services necessary to handle addresses to destinations. Additionally, a DS may further include a component called a portal, which acts as a bridge for connecting wireless LANs to other networks (e.g., IEEE 802.X).

An AP is an entity that enables access to a DS through a WM for associated non-AP STAs and also has the functionality of an STA. Data movement between a BSS and a DS can be performed through an AP. For example, STA2 and STA3 illustrated in FIG. 2 have the functionality of an STA and provide the function of allowing associated non-AP STAs (STA1 and STA4) to access the DS. In addition, since all APs are basically STAs, all APs are addressable entities. The address used by an AP for communication on a WM and the address used by an AP for communication on a DSM do not necessarily have to be the same. A BSS consisting of an AP and one or more STAs can be referred to as an infrastructure BSS.

Data transmitted from one of the STA(s) associated with an AP to the STA address of that AP may always be received on an uncontrolled port and processed by an IEEE 802.1X port access entity. In addition, if the controlled port is authenticated, the transmitted data (or frame) may be forwarded to the DS.

In addition to the structure of the DS described above, an extended service set (ESS) may be established to provide wider coverage.

An ESS is a network of arbitrary size and complexity, consisting of DSs and BSSs. An ESS may correspond to a set of BSSs connected to a DS. However, an ESS does not include a DS. An ESS network is characterized by appearing as an IBSS at the Logical Link Control (LLC) layer. STAs within an ESS can communicate with each other, and mobile STAs can move from one BSS to another (within the same ESS) transparently to the LLC. APs within an ESS may have the same SSID (service set identification). The SSID is distinct from the BSSID, which is the identifier of the BSS.

In a wireless LAN system, no assumptions are made about the relative physical locations of BSSs, and all of the following configurations are possible: BSSs can be partially overlapping, which is commonly used to provide continuous coverage. BSSs can also be physically disconnected, and there is no logical distance limit between them. BSSs can also be physically co-located, which can be used to provide redundancy. Furthermore, one (or more) IBSS or ESS networks can physically co-exist with one (or more) ESS networks. This can occur in cases where an ad-hoc network operates at the same location as an ESS network, where physically overlapping wireless networks are configured by different organizations, or where two or more different access and security policies are required at the same location.

FIG. 3 is a diagram for explaining a link setup process to which the present disclosure can be applied.

For an STA to set up a link and transmit and receive data on a network, it must first discover the network, perform authentication, establish an association, and complete security authentication procedures. The link setup process can also be referred to as the session initiation process or session setup process. Furthermore, the discovery, authentication, association, and security setup processes of the link setup process can be collectively referred to as the association process.

In step S310, the STA may perform a network discovery operation. This network discovery operation may include scanning operations by the STA. That is, for the STA to access a network, it must search for available networks. Before joining a wireless network, the STA must identify compatible networks. The process of identifying networks in a specific area is called scanning.

Scanning methods include active scanning and passive scanning. Figure 3 illustrates a network discovery operation including an active scanning process as an example. In active scanning, an STA performing scanning transmits a probe request frame to discover any APs in the vicinity while moving between channels and waits for a response. The responder transmits a probe response frame in response to the STA that transmitted the probe request frame. Here, the responder may be the STA that last transmitted a beacon frame in the BSS of the channel being scanned. In the BSS, the AP transmits the beacon frame, so the AP becomes the responder. In the IBSS, the STAs within the IBSS take turns transmitting beacon frames, so the responder is not fixed. For example, an STA that transmits a probe request frame on channel 1 and receives a probe response frame on channel 1 can store BSS-related information included in the received probe response frame and move to the next channel (e.g., channel 2) to perform scanning (i.e., transmitting and receiving probe requests/responses on channel 2) in the same manner.

Although not shown in Figure 3, the scanning operation can also be performed in a passive scanning manner. In passive scanning, the STA performing the scanning moves between channels and waits for a beacon frame. A beacon frame is one of the management frames defined in IEEE 802.11. It announces the existence of a wireless network and is periodically transmitted so that the STA performing the scanning can find the wireless network and participate in the wireless network. In the BSS, the AP performs the role of periodically transmitting the beacon frame, and in the IBSS, the STAs within the IBSS take turns transmitting the beacon frame. When the STA performing the scanning receives a beacon frame, it stores the information about the BSS included in the beacon frame and moves to another channel, recording the beacon frame information on each channel. The STA receiving the beacon frame stores the BSS-related information included in the received beacon frame and moves to the next channel to perform scanning on the next channel in the same manner. Comparing active scanning and passive scanning, active scanning has the advantage of lower delay and power consumption than passive scanning.

After the STA discovers the network, an authentication process may be performed in step S320. This authentication process may be referred to as the first authentication process to clearly distinguish it from the security setup operation of step S340 described below.

The authentication process involves the STA sending an authentication request frame to the AP, and the AP responding by sending an authentication response frame to the STA. The authentication frame used for the authentication request/response corresponds to a management frame.

The authentication frame may include information such as an authentication algorithm number, an authentication transaction sequence number, a status code, a challenge text, a Robust Security Network (RSN), and a Finite Cyclic Group. These are just some examples of information that may be included in an authentication request/response frame, and may be replaced with other information or include additional information.

An STA can send an authentication request frame to an AP. The AP can determine whether to grant authentication to the STA based on the information contained in the received authentication request frame. The AP can provide the result of the authentication process to the STA via an authentication response frame.

After the STA is successfully authenticated, an association process may be performed in step S330. The association process includes a process in which the STA transmits an association request frame to the AP, and in response, the AP transmits an association response frame to the STA.

For example, the association request frame may include information about various capabilities, a beacon listen interval, a service set identifier (SSID), supported rates, supported channels, an RSN, a mobility domain, supported operating classes, a Traffic Indication Map Broadcast request, interworking service capabilities, etc. For example, the association response frame may include information about various capabilities, a status code, an Association ID (AID), supported rates, an Enhanced Distributed Channel Access (EDCA) parameter set, a Received Channel Power Indicator (RCPI), a Received Signal to Noise Indicator (RSNI), a mobility domain, a timeout interval (e.g., an association comeback time), overlapping BSS scan parameters, a TIM broadcast response, a Quality of Service (QoS) map, etc. These are just some examples of information that may be included in a combined request/response frame, and may be replaced by other information or include additional information.

After the STA successfully joins the network, a security setup process may be performed in step S340. The security setup process in step S340 may be referred to as an authentication process through a Robust Security Network Association (RSNA) request/response, the authentication process in step S320 may be referred to as a first authentication process, and the security setup process in step S340 may also be referred to simply as an authentication process.

The security setup process of step S340 may include, for example, a process of establishing a private key through a four-way handshaking using an Extensible Authentication Protocol over LAN (EAPOL) frame. Furthermore, the security setup process may be performed according to a security method not defined in the IEEE 802.11 standard.

FIG. 4 is a diagram for explaining a backoff process to which the present disclosure can be applied.

In wireless LAN systems, the basic access mechanism of MAC (Medium Access Control) is Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Avoidance (CSMA/CA). The CSMA/CA mechanism, also known as the Distributed Coordination Function (DCF) of the IEEE 802.11 MAC, essentially employs a "listen before talk" access mechanism. According to this type of access mechanism, the AP and/or STA may perform a Clear Channel Assessment (CCA) to sense the wireless channel or medium for a predetermined time period (e.g., a DCF Inter-Frame Space (DIFS)) before starting transmission. If the sensing result determines that the medium is in an idle state, the AP and/or STA may start transmitting frames through the medium. On the other hand, if the medium is detected to be occupied or busy, the AP and/or STA may not start its own transmission, but may wait for a delay period (e.g., a random backoff period) for medium access before attempting to transmit frames. By applying a random backoff period, multiple STAs are expected to attempt to transmit frames after waiting for different periods of time, thereby minimizing collisions.

In addition, the IEEE 802.11 MAC protocol provides the Hybrid Coordination Function (HCF). The HCF is based on the DCF and the Point Coordination Function (PCF). The PCF is a polling-based synchronous access method that periodically polls all receiving APs and/or STAs to ensure that they receive data frames. In addition, the HCF has the Enhanced Distributed Channel Access (EDCA) and the HCF Controlled Channel Access (HCCA). The EDCA is a contention-based access method for a provider to provide data frames to multiple users, while the HCCA uses a non-contention-based channel access method that utilizes a polling mechanism. In addition, the HCF includes a medium access mechanism to improve the Quality of Service (QoS) of the wireless LAN, and can transmit QoS data in both the Contention Period (CP) and the Contention Free Period (CFP).

Referring to Fig. 4, an operation based on a random backoff period is described. When an occupied/busy medium changes to an idle state, multiple STAs may attempt to transmit data (or frames). To minimize collisions, each STA may select a random backoff count, wait for the corresponding slot time, and then attempt transmission. The random backoff count has a pseudo-random integer value and may be determined as one of the values in the range of 0 to CW. Here, CW is a contention window parameter value. The CW parameter is initially given a value of CWmin, but may double the value in case of a transmission failure (e.g., if an ACK for a transmitted frame is not received). When the CW parameter value becomes CWmax, data transmission may be attempted while maintaining the CWmax value until data transmission is successful, and if data transmission is successful, it is reset to the CWmin value. It is desirable that the CW, CWmin and CWmax values be set to 2 ⁿ -1 (n=0, 1, 2, ...).

Once the random backoff process begins, the STA continues to monitor the medium while counting down the backoff slots according to the determined backoff count value. If the medium is monitored as occupied, the countdown stops and waits. When the medium becomes idle, the remaining countdown resumes.

In the example of FIG. 4, when a packet to be transmitted reaches the MAC of STA3, STA3 can immediately transmit a frame if it confirms that the medium is idle for DIFS. The remaining STAs monitor the medium for occupied/busy states and wait. In the meantime, data to be transmitted may also occur in each of STA1, STA2, and STA5, and each STA can count down the backoff slot according to a random backoff count value selected by each STA after waiting for DIFS if the medium is monitored as idle. Assume that STA2 selects the smallest backoff count value and STA1 selects the largest backoff count value. In other words, this example shows a case where the remaining backoff time of STA5 is shorter than the remaining backoff time of STA1 when STA2 finishes the backoff count and starts frame transmission. STA1 and STA5 briefly stop counting down and wait while STA2 occupies the medium. When STA2's occupation ends and the medium becomes idle again, STA1 and STA5 wait for DIFS and then resume the backoff count that they had stopped. That is, they can start transmitting frames after counting down the remaining backoff slots equal to the remaining backoff time. Since STA5's remaining backoff time is shorter than STA1's, STA5 starts transmitting frames. While STA2 occupies the medium, STA4 may also have data to transmit. From STA4's perspective, when the medium becomes idle, it waits for DIFS, counts down according to its selected random backoff count value, and then starts transmitting frames. In the example of Figure 4, the remaining backoff time of STA5 coincidentally matches the random backoff count value of STA4, in which case a collision may occur between STA4 and STA5. If a collision occurs, neither STA4 nor STA5 will receive an ACK, resulting in a failure in data transmission. In this case, STA4 and STA5 can select a random backoff count value and perform a countdown after doubling the CW value. STA1 waits while the medium is occupied by transmissions from STA4 and STA5, and when the medium becomes idle, it waits for DIFS and can start transmitting frames after the remaining backoff time elapses.

As in the example of Fig. 4, a data frame is a frame used for transmitting data forwarded to a higher layer, and can be transmitted after a backoff performed after DIFS elapses from when the medium becomes idle. Additionally, a management frame is a frame used for exchanging management information that is not forwarded to a higher layer, and is transmitted after a backoff performed after an IFS elapses, such as DIFS or PIFS (Point coordination function IFS). Subtype frames of a management frame include a beacon, an association request/response, a re-association request/response, a probe request/response, and an authentication request/response. A control frame is a frame used to control access to the medium. The subtype frames of the control frame include Request-To-Send (RTS), Clear-To-Send (CTS), Acknowledgment (ACK), Power Save-Poll (PS-Poll), Block ACK (BlockAck), Block ACK Request (BlockACKReq), Null Data Packet Announcement (NDP), and Trigger. If the control frame is not a response frame to the previous frame, it is transmitted after a backoff performed after the DIFS (Direct Inverse Frame Stop) has elapsed, and if it is a response frame to the previous frame, it is transmitted without a backoff performed after the SIFS (short IFS). The type and subtype of the frame can be identified by the type field and subtype field in the Frame Control (FC) field.

A QoS (Quality of Service) STA can transmit a frame after a backoff performed after the AIFS (arbitration IFS) for the access category (AC) to which the frame belongs, i.e., AIFS[i] (where i is a value determined by the AC), has elapsed. Here, the frames for which AIFS[i] can be used can be data frames, management frames, and also control frames that are not response frames.

FIG. 5 is a diagram for explaining a CSMA/CA-based frame transmission operation to which the present disclosure can be applied.

As mentioned above, the CSMA/CA mechanism includes virtual carrier sensing in addition to physical carrier sensing, in which STAs directly sense the medium. Virtual carrier sensing is intended to address potential issues in medium access, such as the hidden node problem. For virtual carrier sensing, the MAC of an STA can utilize a Network Allocation Vector (NAV). The NAV is a value that an STA that is currently using or has the right to use the medium indicates to other STAs the remaining time until the medium becomes available. Therefore, the value set as NAV corresponds to the period during which the STA transmitting the frame is scheduled to use the medium, and an STA receiving the NAV value is prohibited from accessing the medium during that period. For example, the NAV can be set based on the value of the "duration" field in the MAC header of the frame.

In the example of FIG. 5, it is assumed that STA1 wants to transmit data to STA2, and STA3 is in a position to overhear some or all of the frames transmitted and received between STA1 and STA2.

In order to reduce the possibility of collisions in transmissions of multiple STAs in a CSMA/CA-based frame transmission operation, a mechanism using RTS/CTS frames may be applied. In the example of FIG. 5, while STA1 is transmitting, STA3 may determine that the medium is idle based on carrier sensing results. That is, STA1 may correspond to a hidden node for STA3. Alternatively, in the example of FIG. 5, while STA2 is transmitting, STA3 may determine that the medium is idle based on carrier sensing results. That is, STA2 may correspond to a hidden node for STA3. By exchanging RTS/CTS frames before performing data transmission and reception between STA1 and STA2, STAs outside the transmission range of either STA1 or STA2, or STAs outside the carrier sensing range for transmissions from STA1 or STA3, may not attempt to occupy the channel during data transmission and reception between STA1 and STA2.

Specifically, STA1 can determine whether a channel is occupied through carrier sensing. In terms of physical carrier sensing, STA1 can determine channel occupancy idleness based on the energy level or signal correlation detected in the channel. Furthermore, in terms of virtual carrier sensing, STA1 can determine the channel occupancy status using a network allocation vector (NAV) timer.

STA1 can transmit an RTS frame to STA2 after performing a backoff if the channel is idle during the DIFS. STA2 can transmit a CTS frame, which is a response to the RTS frame, to STA1 after an SIFS if it receives the RTS frame.

If STA3 cannot overhear a CTS frame from STA2 but can overhear an RTS frame from STA1, STA3 can use the duration information contained in the RTS frame to set a NAV timer for the subsequent consecutively transmitted frame transmission period (e.g., SIFS + CTS frame + SIFS + data frame + SIFS + ACK frame). Alternatively, if STA3 cannot overhear an RTS frame from STA1 but can overhear a CTS frame from STA2, STA3 can use the duration information contained in the CTS frame to set a NAV timer for the subsequent consecutively transmitted frame transmission period (e.g., SIFS + data frame + SIFS + ACK frame). That is, if STA3 can overhear one or more of the RTS or CTS frames from one or more of STA1 or STA2, it can set a NAV accordingly. If STA3 receives a new frame before the NAV timer expires, it can update the NAV timer using the duration information contained in the new frame. STA3 does not attempt channel access until the NAV timer expires.

If STA1 receives a CTS frame from STA2, it can transmit a data frame to STA2 after SIFS from the time when the CTS frame is completely received. If STA2 successfully receives the data frame, it can transmit an ACK frame in response to the data frame to STA1 after SIFS. STA3 can determine whether the channel is in use through carrier sensing if the NAV timer expires. If STA3 determines that the channel is not in use by another terminal during the DIFS after the NAV timer expires, it can attempt channel access after a contention window (CW) based on a random backoff has elapsed.

FIG. 6 is a drawing for explaining an example of a frame structure used in a wireless LAN system to which the present disclosure can be applied.

The PHY layer can prepare an MPDU (MAC PDU) to be transmitted based on an instruction or primitive (meaning a set of instructions or parameters) from the MAC layer. For example, when a command requesting the start of transmission of the PHY layer is received from the MAC layer, the PHY layer can switch to transmission mode and transmit the information (e.g., data) provided by the MAC layer in the form of a frame. In addition, when the PHY layer detects a valid preamble of the received frame, it monitors the header of the preamble and sends a command to the MAC layer notifying the start of reception of the PHY layer.

In this way, information transmission/reception in a wireless LAN system is done in the form of frames, and for this purpose, the PHY layer Protocol Data Unit (PPDU) format is defined.

A basic PPDU may include a Short Training Field (STF), a Long Training Field (LTF), a SIGNAL (SIG) field, and a Data field. The most basic (e.g., non-HT (High Throughput) as illustrated in FIG. 7) PPDU format may consist of only the Legacy-STF (L-STF), Legacy-LTF (L-LTF), Legacy-SIG (L-SIG) fields, and a Data field. Additionally, depending on the type of PPDU format (e.g., HT-mixed format PPDU, HT-greenfield format PPDU, VHT (Very High Throughput) PPDU, etc.), additional (or different types of) RL-SIG, U-SIG, non-legacy SIG field, non-legacy STF, non-legacy LTF, (i.e., xx-SIG, xx-STF, xx-LTF (e.g., xx is HT, VHT, HE, EHT, etc.)) may be included between the L-SIG field and the data field. More specific details will be described later with reference to FIG. 7.

STF is a signal for signal detection, AGC (Automatic Gain Control), diversity selection, and precise time synchronization, while LTF is a signal for channel estimation, frequency error estimation, etc. STF and LTF can be said to be signals for synchronization and channel estimation of the OFDM physical layer.

The SIG field may include various information related to PPDU transmission and reception. For example, the L-SIG field may consist of 24 bits and may include a 4-bit Rate field, a 1-bit Reserved bit, a 12-bit Length field, a 1-bit Parity field, and a 6-bit Tail field. The RATE field may include information about the modulation and coding rate of data. For example, the 12-bit Length field may include information about the length or time duration of the PPDU. For example, the value of the 12-bit Length field may be determined based on the type of the PPDU. For example, for a non-HT, HT, VHT, or EHT PPDU, the value of the Length field may be determined as a multiple of 3. For example, for HE PPDU, the value of the Length field can be determined as a multiple of 3 + 1 or a multiple of 3 + 2.

The data field may include a SERVICE field, a Physical layer Service Data Unit (PSDU), a PPDU TAIL bit, and, if necessary, padding bits. Some bits of the SERVICE field may be used to synchronize the descrambler at the receiving end. The PSDU corresponds to a MAC PDU defined at the MAC layer and may contain data generated/used by upper layers. The PPDU TAIL bit may be used to return the encoder to a 0 state. The padding bit may be used to adjust the length of the data field to a predetermined unit.

MAC PDUs are defined according to various MAC frame formats, and a basic MAC frame consists of a MAC header, a frame body, and a Frame Check Sequence (FCS). A MAC frame is composed of MAC PDUs and can be transmitted/received through the PSDU in the data portion of the PPDU format.

The MAC header includes a Frame Control field, a Duration/ID field, an Address field, etc. The Frame Control field may include control information required for frame transmission/reception. The Duration/ID field may be set to a time for transmitting the corresponding frame, etc. The Address subfields may indicate the receiver address, transmitter address, destination address, and source address of the frame, and some Address subfields may be omitted. For specific details of each subfield of the MAC header, including the Sequence Control, QoS Control, and HT Control subfields, refer to the IEEE 802.11 standard document.

The Null-Data PPDU (NDP) format refers to a PPDU format that does not include a data field. In other words, NDP refers to a frame format that includes a PPDU preamble (i.e., L-STF, L-LTF, L-SIG fields, and, if additionally present, non-legacy SIG, non-legacy STF, and non-legacy LTF) in the general PPDU format, and does not include the remaining part (i.e., data field).

FIG. 7 is a diagram illustrating examples of PPDUs defined in the IEEE 802.11 standard to which the present disclosure can be applied.

Standards such as IEEE 802.11a/g/n/ac/ax use various PPDU formats. The basic PPDU format (IEEE 802.11a/g) includes L-LTF, L-STF, L-SIG, and Data fields. The basic PPDU format can also be referred to as the non-HT PPDU format (Fig. 7(a)).

The HT PPDU format (IEEE 802.11n) additionally includes HT-SIG, HT-STF, and HT-LFT(s) fields in addition to the basic PPDU format. The HT PPDU format illustrated in Fig. 7(b) may be referred to as an HT-mixed format. Additionally, an HT-greenfield format PPDU may be defined, which corresponds to a format that does not include L-STF, L-LTF, and L-SIG, but consists of HT-GF-STF, HT-LTF1, HT-SIG, one or more HT-LTF, and Data fields (not illustrated).

An example of the VHT PPDU format (IEEE 802.11ac) includes VHT SIG-A, VHT-STF, VHT-LTF, and VHT-SIG-B fields in addition to the basic PPDU format (Fig. 7(c)).

An example of a HE PPDU format (IEEE 802.11ax) additionally includes RL-SIG (Repeated L-SIG), HE-SIG-A, HE-SIG-B, HE-STF, HE-LTF(s), and PE (Packet Extension) fields in addition to the basic PPDU format (Fig. 7(d)). Depending on specific examples of the HE PPDU format, some fields may be excluded or their lengths may vary. For example, the HE-SIG-B field is included in the HE PPDU format for multi-users (MUs), but the HE PPDU format for single users (SUs) does not include the HE-SIG-B. In addition, the HE trigger-based (TB) PPDU format does not include the HE-SIG-B, and the length of the HE-STF field may vary to 8us. The HE ER (Extended Range) SU PPDU format does not include the HE-SIG-B field, and the length of the HE-SIG-A field may vary to 16us. For example, RL-SIG can be configured identically to L-SIG. The receiving STA can determine that the received PPDU is a HE PPDU or an EHT PPDU, described later, based on the presence of RL-SIG.

The EHT PPDU format may include the EHT MU (multi-user) PPDU of FIG. 7(e) and the EHT TB (trigger-based) PPDU of FIG. 7(f). The EHT PPDU format is similar to the HE PPDU format in that it includes an RL-SIG following an L-SIG, but may include a U (universal)-SIG, an EHT-SIG, an EHT-STF, and an EHT-LTF following the RL-SIG.

The EHT MU PPDU in FIG. 7(e) corresponds to a PPDU that carries one or more data (or PSDUs) for one or more users. That is, the EHT MU PPDU can be used for both SU transmission and MU transmission. For example, the EHT MU PPDU can correspond to a PPDU for one receiving STA or multiple receiving STAs.

The EHT TB PPDU of Fig. 7(f) omits the EHT-SIG compared to the EHT MU PPDU. An STA that has received a trigger for UL MU transmission (e.g., a trigger frame or TRS (triggered response scheduling)) can perform UL transmission based on the EHT TB PPDU format.

The L-STF, L-LTF, L-SIG, RL-SIG, U-SIG (Universal SIGNAL), and EHT-SIG fields can be encoded and modulated to allow legacy STAs to attempt demodulation and decoding, and mapped based on a predetermined subcarrier frequency interval (e.g., 312.5 kHz). These can be referred to as pre-EHT modulated fields. Next, the EHT-STF, EHT-LTF, Data, and PE fields can be encoded and modulated to allow STAs that have successfully decoded non-legacy SIGs (e.g., U-SIG and/or EHT-SIG) and obtained the information contained in the fields, and mapped based on a predetermined subcarrier frequency interval (e.g., 78.125 kHz). These can be referred to as EHT modulated fields.

Similarly, in the HE PPDU format, the L-STF, L-LTF, L-SIG, RL-SIG, HE-SIG-A, and HE-SIG-B fields may be referred to as pre-HE modulation fields, and the HE-STF, HE-LTF, Data, and PE fields may be referred to as HE modulation fields. Additionally, in the VHT PPDU format, the L-STF, L-LTF, L-SIG, and VHT-SIG-A fields may be referred to as pre-VHT modulation fields, and the VHT STF, VHT-LTF, VHT-SIG-B, and Data fields may be referred to as VHT modulation fields.

The U-SIG included in the EHT PPDU format of FIG. 7 can be configured based on, for example, two symbols (e.g., two consecutive OFDM symbols). Each symbol (e.g., OFDM symbol) for the U-SIG can have a duration of 4 us, and the U-SIG can have a total duration of 8 us. Each symbol of the U-SIG can be used to transmit 26 bits of information. For example, each symbol of the U-SIG can be transmitted and received based on 52 data tones and 4 pilot tones.

U-SIGs can be configured in 20MHz units. For example, when an 80MHz PPDU is configured, the same U-SIG can be duplicated in 20MHz units. That is, four identical U-SIGs can be included in an 80MHz PPDU. When the bandwidth exceeds 80MHz, for example, for a 160MHz PPDU, the U-SIGs in the first 80MHz unit and the U-SIGs in the second 80MHz unit can be different.

For example, A uncoded bits may be transmitted via U-SIG, and a first symbol of U-SIG (e.g., a U-SIG-1 symbol) may transmit the first X bits of information out of a total A bits of information, and a second symbol of U-SIG (e.g., a U-SIG-2 symbol) may transmit the remaining Y bits of information out of a total A bits of information. The A bits of information (e.g., 52 uncoded bits) may include a CRC field (e.g., a field of 4 bits in length) and a tail field (e.g., a field of 6 bits in length). The tail field may be used to terminate the trellis of the convolutional decoder and may be set to 0, for example.

The A bit information transmitted by U-SIG can be divided into version-independent bits and version-dependent bits. For example, U-SIG can be included in a new PPDU format (e.g., UHR PPDU format) not shown in FIG. 7, and in the format of the U-SIG field included in the EHT PPDU format and the format of the U-SIG field included in the UHR PPDU format, the version-independent bits can be the same, and some or all of the version-dependent bits can be different.

For example, the size of the version-independent bits of U-SIG can be fixed or variable. The version-independent bits can be assigned only to U-SIG-1 symbols, or to both U-SIG-1 symbols and U-SIG-2 symbols. The version-independent bits and the version-dependent bits can be called by various names, such as the first control bit and the second control bit.

For example, the version-independent bits of the U-SIG may include a 3-bit PHY version identifier, which may indicate the PHY version (e.g., EHT, UHR, etc.) of the transmitted and received PPDUs. The version-independent bits of the U-SIG may include a 1-bit UL/DL flag field. The first value of the 1-bit UL/DL flag field relates to UL communication, and the second value of the UL/DL flag field relates to DL communication. The version-independent bits of the U-SIG may include information about the length of a transmission opportunity (TXOP) and information about a BSS color ID.

For example, the version-dependent bits of the U-SIG may contain information that directly or indirectly indicates the type of PPDU (e.g., SU PPDU, MU PPDU, TB PPDU, etc.).

Information required for PPDU transmission and reception may be included in the U-SIG. For example, the U-SIG may further include information about bandwidth, information about the MCS technique applied to the non-legacy SIG (e.g., EHT-SIG or UHR-SIG), information indicating whether a dual carrier modulation (DCM) technique (e.g., a technique to achieve an effect similar to frequency diversity by reusing the same signal on two subcarriers) is applied to the non-legacy SIG, information about the number of symbols used for the non-legacy SIG, information about whether the non-legacy SIG is generated across the entire band, etc.

Some of the information required for transmitting and receiving a PPDU may be included in the U-SIG and/or the non-legacy SIG (e.g., EHT-SIG or UHR-SIG, etc.). For example, information about the type of the non-legacy LTF/STF (e.g., EHT-LTF/EHT-STF or UHR-LTF/UHR-STF, etc.), information about the length of the non-legacy LTF and the cyclic prefix (CP) length, information about the guard interval (GI) applicable to the non-legacy LTF, information about preamble puncturing applicable to the PPDU, information about resource unit (RU) allocation, etc. may be included only in the U-SIG, may be included only in the non-legacy SIG, or may be indicated by a combination of the information included in the U-SIG and the information included in the non-legacy SIG.

Preamble puncturing may refer to the transmission of a PPDU in which no signal is present in one or more frequency units within the PPDU's bandwidth. For example, the size of the frequency unit (or the resolution of the preamble puncturing) may be defined as 20 MHz, 40 MHz, etc. For example, preamble puncturing may be applied to a PPDU bandwidth greater than a certain size.

In the example of FIG. 7, non-legacy SIGs such as HE-SIG-B and EHT-SIG may include control information for the receiving STA. The non-legacy SIG may be transmitted over at least one symbol, and each symbol may have a length of 4 us. Information regarding the number of symbols used for the EHT-SIG may be included in a previous SIG (e.g., HE-SIG-A, U-SIG, etc.).

Non-legacy SIGs, such as HE-SIG-B and EHT-SIG, may contain common fields and user-specific fields. Common and user-specific fields may be coded separately.

In some cases, common fields may be omitted. For example, in a compressed mode where non-OFDMA (orthogonal frequency multiple access) is applied, common fields may be omitted, and multiple STAs may receive PPDUs (e.g., data fields of PPDUs) over the same frequency band. In a non-compressed mode where OFDMA is applied, multiple users may receive PPDUs (e.g., data fields of PPDUs) over different frequency bands.

The number of user-specific fields can be determined based on the number of users. A single user block field can contain up to two user fields. Each user field can be associated with either MU-MIMO allocation or non-MU-MIMO allocation.

The common field may include CRC bits and Tail bits, the length of the CRC bits may be determined as 4 bits, and the length of the Tail bits may be determined as 6 bits and set to 000000. The common field may include RU allocation information. The RU allocation information may include information about the location of RUs to which multiple users (i.e., multiple receiving STAs) are allocated.

An RU can contain multiple subcarriers (or tones). RUs can be used when transmitting signals to multiple STAs based on OFDMA techniques. RUs can also be defined when transmitting signals to a single STA. Resources can be allocated on an RU basis for non-legacy STFs, non-legacy LTFs, and data fields.

Depending on the PPDU bandwidth, an applicable RU size can be defined. The RU may be defined identically or differently for the applicable PPDU format (e.g., HE PPDU, EHT PPDU, UHR PPDU, etc.). For example, in the case of an 80MHz PPDU, the RU arrangements of HE PPDU and EHT PPDU may be different. The applicable RU size, RU number, RU position, DC (direct current) subcarrier position and number, null subcarrier position and number, guard subcarrier position and number, etc. for each PPDU bandwidth can be referred to as a tone plan. For example, a tone plan for a wide bandwidth can be defined in the form of multiple repetitions of a low bandwidth tone plan.

RUs of different sizes can be defined, such as 26-ton RU, 52-ton RU, 106-ton RU, 242-ton RU, 484-ton RU, 996-ton RU, 2X996-ton RU, 3X996-ton RU, etc. A multiple RU (MRU) is distinguished from multiple individual RUs and corresponds to a group of subcarriers consisting of multiple RUs. For example, one MRU can be defined as 52+26-tons, 106+26-tons, 484+242-tons, 996+484-tons, 996+484+242-tons, 2X996+484-tons, 3X996-tons, or 3X996+484-tons. Additionally, multiple RUs constituting one MRU may or may not be consecutive in the frequency domain.

The specific size of an RU may be reduced or expanded. Therefore, the specific size of each RU (i.e., the number of corresponding tones) in the present disclosure is not limited and is exemplary. Furthermore, within a given bandwidth (e.g., 20, 40, 80, 160, 320 MHz, etc.) in the present disclosure, the number of RUs may vary depending on the RU size.

The names of each field in the PPDU formats of FIG. 7 are exemplary and the scope of the present disclosure is not limited by those names. Furthermore, the examples of the present disclosure can be applied not only to the PPDU format exemplified in FIG. 7, but also to a new PPDU format in which some fields are excluded and/or some fields are added based on the PPDU formats of FIG. 7.

multi-link operation (MLO)

Below, the multi-link (ML) operation supported by the STA according to the present disclosure is described.

The STA (AP STA and/or non-AP STA) described in the present disclosure can support multi-link (ML) communication. ML communication may refer to communication that supports multiple links. Links related to ML communication may include channels (e.g., 20/40/80/160/240/320MHz channels) of a frequency band (e.g., 2.4GHz band, 5GHz band, 6GHz band, etc.) in which the STA operates. The multiple links used for ML communication may be configured in various ways. For example, the multiple links supported for one STA for ML communication may belong to the same frequency band or may belong to different frequency bands. In addition, each link may correspond to a frequency unit of a predetermined size (e.g., a channel, a subchannel, an RU, etc.). In addition, some or all of the multiple links may be frequency units of the same size or may be frequency units of different sizes.

When one STA supports multiple links, the transmitting and receiving devices supporting each link can operate as one logical STA. That is, a multi-link device (MLD) is a device that has one or more affiliated STAs as a logical entity and a single MAC service access point (SAP) for one MAC data service and logical link control (LLC). A non-AP MLD refers to an MLD in which each STA affiliated with the MLD is a non-AP STA. A multi-radio non-AP MLD refers to a non-AP MLD that supports receiving or exchanging frames on more than one link at a time. An AP MLD refers to an MLD in which each STA affiliated with the MLD is an AP STA.

Multi-link operation (MLO) can enable a non-AP MLD to discover, authenticate, associate, and set up multiple links with an AP MLD. Based on the supported capabilities exchanged during the association procedure, each link can enable channel access and frame exchange between the non-AP MLD and the AP MLD. An STA affiliated with an MLD can select and manage its capabilities and operating parameters independently from other STA(s) affiliated with the same MLD.

Through the multi-link setup process, the AP MLD and/or the non-AP MLD can transmit and receive link-related information that the MLD can support. The link-related information may include one or more of information about whether the MLD supports simultaneous transmit and receive (STR) operation or non-simultaneous transmit and receive (NSTR) operation on multiple links, information about the number/upper limit of UL/DL links, information about the location/bandwidth/resource of UL/DL links, information about frame types (e.g., management, control, data, etc.) that are available or preferred on at least one UL/DL link, information about an ACK policy that is available or preferred on at least one UL/DL link, or information about a traffic identifier (TID) that is available on at least one UL/DL link.

An AP MLD (e.g., NSTR mobile AP MLD) can set one of the multiple links as the primary link. The AP MLD may transmit beacon frames, probe response frames, and group-addressed data frames only on the primary link. The remaining link(s) of the multiple links may be referred to as non-primary links. An AP MLD operating on a non-primary link may operate so as not to transmit beacon frames or probe response frames. In addition, a non-AP MLD may perform frame exchanges during authentication, (re)association, and 4-way handshaking only on the primary link.

A setup link is defined as enabled if at least one traffic identifier (TID) is mapped to the link through the multi-link setup process, and a setup link can be defined as disabled if no TID is mapped to the link. A TID must always be mapped to at least one setup link unless admission control is used. By default, a TID is mapped to all setup links, so all setup links can be enabled.

When a link is activated, it can be used for frame exchange, depending on the power state of the non-AP STAs operating on that link. Only MSDUs or A-MSDUs with TIDs mapped to the activated link can be transmitted on that link. Management frames and control frames can only be transmitted on the activated link.

When a link is disabled, that link may not be used for frame exchange, including management frames for both DL and UL.

During a multi-link setup, activation/deactivation of individual links can be directed through TID-to-Link mapping. TID-to-Link mapping can be performed in default mapping mode or/and negotiation mapping mode.

Among the STAs belonging to the MLD, one STA may provide information about one or more links other than the link on which it is located, for multi-link discovery (e.g., obtaining information about multiple links including the corresponding link on one link) or multi-link setup (e.g., simultaneously associating on multiple links by exchanging association request/response frames on one link). A multi-link (ML) element may be defined to provide such information.

Figure 8 exemplarily shows the structure of an ML element to which the present disclosure can be applied.

In an ML element, the element ID field and the element ID extension field may have specific values (e.g., 255 and 107) indicating that it is an ML element, and the length field may have a value indicating the length (e.g., in octet units) of the remaining fields excluding the element ID field and the length field.

The multi-link control field is defined as 2 octets in size and may include a 3-bit type subfield, a 1-bit reserved bit, and a 12-bit presence bitmap subfield. The type subfield may have a value indicating one of the following types: basic, probe request, reconfiguration, tunneled direct-link setup (TDLS), and priority access. The presence bitmap subfield indicates the presence or absence of various subfield(s) within the common info field, and may be defined in different formats depending on the various variants (or types) of the ML element.

The common info field is defined to be of variable size and may include a 6-octet MLD MAC address subfield, which may have a value specifying the MAC address of the MLD to which the STA transmitting the basic ML element belongs. In addition, a link ID info subfield, a BSS parameter change count subfield, a medium synchronization delay information subfield, an enhanced multi-link (EML) capability subfield, and an MLD capability subfield may or may not be included in the common info field.

The link info field is defined as having a variable size, can contain link-specific information, and can be optionally present. If the link info field exists, it can contain one or more subelements. The format and order of the subelements can be defined in various ways. As an example of optional subelement IDs for the basic variant ML element, the value 0 of the subelement ID corresponds to the name of the per-STA profile and is extensible, the value 221 corresponds to the name of the vendor-specific name and the extensibility can be determined by the vendor, and the remaining values 1-220 and 222-255 can be reserved.

The STA-per-profile subfield may include a 1-octet subelement ID subfield, a 1-octet length subfield, a 2-octet STA control subfield, a variable-size STA info subfield, and a variable-size STA profile subfield. The STA control subfield may include information such as a link ID, whether a complete profile is included, whether an STA MAC address exists, etc. The STA info subfield may include information such as an STA MAC address. The STA profile subfield may include information included in a probe response or probe request frame body, information included in a (re)association response or (re)association request frame body, etc., depending on whether the reported STA is an AP STA or a non-AP STA.

The format of the ML elements in FIG. 8 is exemplary, and the order, names, sizes, etc. of the fields/subfields may be changed, additional fields/subfields may be further defined, and some fields/subfields may be excluded. In short, the common information field includes common information between STAs in the MLD, and the link information field may include specific information for each STA/link (e.g., in a per-STA profile subelement including a link ID corresponding to the STA).

Enhanced multi-link single radio (EMLSR) operation

EMLSR operation allows a non-AP MLD having multiple receive chains to listen on one or more EMLSR links to receive an initial control frame (ICF) transmitted by an AP belonging to an AP MLD when the corresponding non-AP STA(s) belonging to the non-AP MLD are awake, and then participate in frame exchange on the link on which the ICF was received.

A non-AP MLD can operate in EMLSR mode on a designated set of active link(s) between the non-AP MLD and its associated AP MLD. The designated set of active link(s) to which EMLSR mode applies is called EMLSR link(s). EMLSR link(s) are indicated by setting the bit position(s) corresponding to the link ID value(s) of the EMLSR link(s) to 1 in the EMLSR Link Bitmap subfield of the EML Control field of the EML Operating Mode Notification frame.

For EMLSR mode enabled in a single-radio non-AP MLD, if any non-AP STA belonging to a non-AP MLD operating on one of the EMLSR links is awake, the STA(s) belonging to the non-AP MLD operating on the enabled link(s) with bit position(s) of the EMLSR Link Bitmap subfield set to 0 shall be in doze.

An AP MLD may set the EMLSR enablement on one link support subfield of the extended MLD capabilities and operation subfield of the common info field of a basic multi-link element to 1. When a non-AP MLD receives a basic multi-link element with the EMLSR enablement on one link support subfield set to 1 from an associated AP MLD, when the non-AP MLD requests to enable the EMLSR mode, the non-AP MLD may set a single bit position in the EMLSR link bitmap subfield of the EML control field of an EML operating mode notification frame to 1. Otherwise, when a non-AP MLD requests to enable EMLSR mode, the non-AP MLD does not set a single bit position in the EMLSR link bitmap subfield of the EML control field of the EML operating mode notification frame to 1.

The EMLSR link bitmap subfield value of the EML operating mode notification frame successfully transmitted by the Non-AP MLD indicates the EMLSR link(s).

When a non-AP MLD operates in EMLSR mode with an AP MLD that supports EMLSR mode, the operation is as follows:

A non-AP MLD must be able to listen on the EMLSR link(s) by having an associated non-AP STA that is awake and corresponds to the EMLSR link(s). Here, the listening operation includes receiving the ICF of the frame exchange initiated by the CCA and the AP MLD.

A non-AP STA operating on one of the EMLSR links can change its power management mode. When a non-AP STA is awake, it can listen on one of the EMLSR link(s) in active mode or power saving mode.

An AP belonging to an AP MLD initiates a frame exchange with a non-AP MLD by transmitting an ICF to the non-AP MLD on one of the EMLSR links. Here, restrictions on the frame exchange apply, such as: i) the ICF of the frame exchange shall be transmitted in a non-HT PPDU or non-HT duplicate PPDU format using a rate of 6 Mb/s, 12 Mb/s or 24 Mb/s, ii) the ICF of the frame exchange in i) shall be an MU-RTS trigger frame or a BSRP (buffer status report poll) trigger frame, and iii) the number of spatial streams for responding to the BSRP trigger frame of the frame exchange shall be limited to one, which shall be indicated in the BSRP trigger frame.

After receiving an ICF of a frame exchange and immediately transmitting an initial response frame (i.e., an initial control response (ICR)) in response to the initial control frame, a non-AP STA belonging to a non-AP MLD that was listening on the link shall transmit or receive frames on the link on which the ICF was received and shall not transmit or receive on other EMLSR link(s) until the frame exchange is terminated. In addition, during the frame exchange, other AP(s) belonging to the AP MLD shall not transmit frames to other non-AP STA(s) belonging to the non-AP MLD on other EMLSR link(s).

A non-AP MLD indicates an EMLSR transition delay in the EMLSR transition delay subfield of the EML Capabilities subfield in the common info field of the basic multi-link element in the (re)association request frame.

A non-AP MLD switches back to listening operation on the EMLSR link after the most recently indicated EMLSR transition delay time by the non-AP MLD, which is defined as the end of the frame exchange.

Signaling method for dynamic power save (DPS)

The current 802.11 standard allows STAs to perform power saving (PS) through Power Management (PM) mode. Specifically, PS mode has an awake state and a doze state, and STAs can save significant power when in the doze state. However, STAs are typically in the awake state when preparing to receive frames (e.g., performing actions such as listening to a channel), which inevitably results in power consumption.

Meanwhile, enhanced multi-link single radio (EMLSR) technology was proposed in 802.11be, which is described with reference to the drawings.

FIG. 9 is a diagram illustrating an improved multi-link single radio technology in a wireless communication system to which the present disclosure can be applied.

FIG. 9 illustrates a case where AP 1 and AP 2 belong to AP MLD, STA 1 and STA 2 belong to non-AP MLD, AP 1 and STA 1 are associated with link 1, and AP 2 and STA 2 are associated with link 2.

As shown in FIG. 9, for example, a Non-AP MLD operating in EMLSR mode on two links operates in listening operation mode on the two links, and when an initial control frame (ICF) (e.g., a multi-user request to send (MU-RTS) trigger frame or a BSRP trigger frame) is received on one of the two links, a response frame/initial control response (ICR) is transmitted to the received link, and frame exchange is performed on the corresponding link. In particular, in the listening operation, only frames using the minimum capability (e.g., 1 spatial stream, non-HT PPDU, 20 MHz, etc.) can be received. In other words, more power can be saved while maintaining the minimum receiving mode.

Therefore, even in situations of frame exchange other than EMLSR mode, applying the listening operation mode can result in significant power savings.

Accordingly, the present disclosure proposes a Dynamic Power Save (DPS) method utilizing a listening operation. In the present disclosure, it is assumed that an STA performing a listening operation is "in a listening state."

The names/designations referred to in this disclosure may be changed, and this disclosure is not limited thereto. Furthermore, unless otherwise specified in this disclosure, an STA may include an AP STA or a non-AP STA. Furthermore, an STA supporting the DPS proposed in this disclosure may be a non-AP STA or a mobile AP.

Additionally, the resource unit (RU) referred to in the present disclosure may include an RU or multiple RUs (MRU).

In addition, for the convenience of explanation in the present disclosure, the frame that an STA first receives from an AP during a listening operation is referred to as an initial control frame (ICF), and the response thereto is referred to as an initial control response (ICR), but the present disclosure is not limited thereto. That is, the frame that an STA first receives from an AP during a listening operation and the response frame thereto may be referred to by different names.

FIG. 10 illustrates a dynamic power saving procedure according to one embodiment of the present disclosure.

Figure 10 illustrates a basic dynamic power saving (DPS) process, in which STAs and APs can be swapped, i.e., TXOP holders can be swapped.

Assuming that the STA has the DPS mode enabled, it is in the listen state. Therefore, the STA may have parameters(s) of the PPDU that it can currently receive. That is, the STA can only receive PPDUs transmitted with the minimum capabilities (e.g., Non-HT PPDU, 1 spatial stream (SS), 20MHz) in the listen state.

In the present disclosure, for the convenience of explanation, an STA that can only receive such PPDUs is referred to as being in a lower operating parameters (LOP) mode. In other words, a mode in which an STA only receives PPDUs transmitted with minimum capabilities is referred to as an LOP mode. However, the designation of the LOP mode is for the convenience of explanation, and the present disclosure is not limited to this designation. For example, the LOP mode may be referred to as a lower capability (LC) mode, and the LOP mode mentioned in the present disclosure may be interpreted as being replaced with the LC mode.

The DPS process according to the present disclosure may include at least one or more of the following processes.

1) The AP transmits ICF to the STA in the listen state.

Additionally or alternatively, the AP may transmit at its own bandwidth even when the STA is in LOP mode. For example, if the STA supports a bandwidth of 80MHz, it can transmit a PPDU at 80MHz as a non-HT duplicate PPDU. However, if the STA in LOP mode is sensing only 20MHz (e.g., the primary channel), it can only decode non-HT duplicate PPDUs at 20MHz. Nevertheless, by transmitting a PPDU at 80MHz, the AP can preemptively occupy an available channel.

Additionally or alternatively, ICF may include a trigger frame, a Block ACK Request (BAR) frame, a newly defined control frame, etc.

2) The STA that receives the ICF switches to a mode that uses the capabilities it can support (e.g., parameters indicated in the Capabilities element/information element (IE) or the Operation element/IE) and transmits the ICR.

In this disclosure, the mode in which an STA utilizes the capabilities it can support is referred to as the higher operating parameters (HOP) mode. However, the designation "HOP mode" is for convenience of explanation, and the present disclosure is not limited to this designation. For example, the HOP mode may be referred to as the higher capability (HC) mode, and the HOP mode mentioned in this disclosure may be interpreted as the HC mode.

Additionally or alternatively, the ICR may be a CTS frame, a Block ACK (BA: BlockAck) frame, or a newly defined control frame.

Additionally or alternatively, the STA may perform CCA for the available bandwidth in HOP mode before transmitting the ICR. For example, if the STA received the ICF only at 20 MHz, but the bandwidth for HOP mode is 80 MHz, it may perform CCA for the remaining 60 MHz.

Additionally, CCA can use Energy Detection (ED) or Guard Interval Detection (GI) methods.

Additionally, CCA may be performed during the time interval between the completion of ICF reception and the start of ICR transmission (e.g., SIFS). Additionally or alternatively, CCA may be performed during the PIFS interval before the start of ICR transmission.

Additionally, CCA can be performed in 20MHz increments, allowing ICRs to be transmitted on idle channels. For example, if the bandwidth for LOP mode is 20MHz and for HOP mode is 80MHz, CCA can be performed on three 20MHz channels that make up the remaining 60MHz.

3) The AP that receives the ICR transmits another PPDU/frame (e.g., a data frame) based on the PPDU of the STA transmitted in HOP mode.

Additionally or alternatively, the AP may transmit PPDUs/frames to the STA according to the PPDU bandwidth of the ICR transmitted by the STA. For example, the PPDU/frame may be punctured to additionally transmit PPDUs/frames to the STA with a bandwidth equal to or less than the PPDU bandwidth of the ICR transmitted by the STA. For example, the frequency bandwidth may be punctured in units of 20 MHz.

Meanwhile, to transmit an appropriate ICR, the ICF may contain at least one or more of the following information:

a) Bandwidth (BW): The bandwidth available after the STA switches to HOP mode (e.g., 20MHz/40MHz/80MHz/160MHz/320MHz, which can be configured with one or more values representing each bandwidth (BW))

Additionally or alternatively, the bandwidth indicated in the ICF may be equal to or less than the total or PPDU bandwidth over which the ICF is transmitted (e.g., when transmitted as non-HT duplicate PPDUs at 20 MHz each, the total bandwidth encompassing each 20 MHz being transmitted (e.g., 80 MHz for 4 non-HT duplicate PPDUs)).

An STA that receives the above bandwidth information may transmit the ICR with a bandwidth that is equal to or smaller than the indicated bandwidth when transmitting the ICR.

Additionally or alternatively, the ICF may include puncturing information regarding the available bandwidth after the STA transitions to HOP mode. For example, a bitmap consisting of bits representing each 20 MHz may be used to indicate which 20 MHz is to be punctured.

Additionally or alternatively, the ICF may include CCA information (i.e., information on whether CCA is requested). For example, if the STA transmitting the ICF transmits the PPDU in accordance with the LOP, it may request CCA, and if the STA transmits the PPDU in accordance with the HOP, it may not request CCA.

Additionally or alternatively, a new ICF may be defined to include the bandwidth information described above.

Additionally or alternatively, for example, if a (MU-RTS) trigger frame is used as an ICF, the reserved bits of the Common Info field of the (MU-RTS) trigger frame (e.g., B22, B26, B53, B63, etc. of the Common Info field) or the reserved bits of the User Info field (e.g., B25 of the User Info field) may be used to indicate the bandwidth information described above.

Additionally or alternatively, the existing fields of the (MU-RTS) trigger frame may be interpreted as the above-described bandwidth information, or the above-described bandwidth information may be indicated using the existing fields. For example, an STA operating in the LOP mode may interpret the PPDU bandwidth of the MU-RTS trigger frame indicated by the uplink bandwidth (UL BW) field and the uplink bandwidth extension (UL BW Extension) subfield of the common information (Common Info) field as information on the bandwidth available after the transition to the HOP mode (i.e., the PPDU bandwidth information of the MU-RTS trigger frame indicated by the corresponding fields may also be interpreted as information on the bandwidth available in the HOP mode). Additionally or alternatively, the bandwidth information itself indicated by the uplink bandwidth (UL BW) field and/or the uplink bandwidth extension (UL BW Extension) subfield of the common information (Common Info) field may be indicated as information on the bandwidth available after the transition to the HOP mode (i.e., the corresponding fields indicate information on the bandwidth available in the HOP mode).

Additionally or alternatively, as another example, a BAR frame may be used as an ICF, as described with reference to the drawings below.

FIG. 11 is a diagram illustrating a block ACK (acknowledgement) response frame according to one embodiment of the present disclosure.

Referring to FIG. 11(a), a block ACK response (BAR) frame may be configured to include a frame control field, a duration field, a receiver address (RA) field, a transmitter address (TA) field, a BAR control field, a BAR information field, and an FCS.

If the Block ACK Response (BAR) frame is used as an ICF, the bandwidth information described above may be indicated using the reserved bits of the BAR control field (e.g., one or more bits in B5 to B11 of the BAR control field). Additionally or alternatively, a new BAR type may be defined, or the inclusion of the bandwidth information described above after the BAR control field may be indicated using the reserved bits of the BAR control field.

Additionally or alternatively, for example, if a compressed BAR frame or a multi-traffic identifier (TID) BAR (Multi-TID BAR) frame is used as the ICF, the bandwidth information described above may be included in the BAR control field as illustrated in FIG. 11(b). The existing BAR control field may be configured to include a fragment number subfield and a starting sequence number subfield. According to an embodiment of the present disclosure, a specific value (e.g., 1111) of the Fragment Number subfield may be used to indicate that information following the Fragment Number subfield is the bandwidth information described above. Additionally, the size of the bandwidth field indicating the bandwidth information described above may be configured as a portion of 12 bits, which is the size of the Starting Sequence Number field, as illustrated in FIG. 11(b), or may be configured as a field of its own (i.e., not a portion of the Starting Sequence Number field).

Additionally or alternatively, as another example, a multi-traffic identifier (TID) BAR (Multi-TID BAR) frame may be used as an ICF, as described with reference to the drawings below.

FIG. 12 is a diagram illustrating a multi-traffic identifier block ACK (acknowledgement) response frame according to one embodiment of the present disclosure.

Referring to FIG. 12(a), a block ACK response (BAR) frame may be configured to include a frame control field, a duration field, a receiver address (RA) field, a transmitter address (TA) field, a BAR control field, a BAR information field, and an FCS.

The BAR information field of a conventional multi-TID BAR frame may be configured to include a Per-TID Info subfield and a block ACK starting sequence control subfield. The Per-TID Info subfield is configured to include reserved bits and a TID value subfield.

Additionally or alternatively, according to embodiments of the present disclosure, for example, if a multi-TID BAR frame is used as the ICF, spare bits (e.g., one or more bits of B0 to B11) in the Per-TID Info subfield in the BAR information field may be utilized to indicate the bandwidth information described above. For example, the DPS info presence subfield of FIG. 12(b) may be utilized to indicate the bandwidth information described above. Alternatively, a specific value (e.g., 15) in the TID value subfield may be used to indicate that the next subsequent information is the bandwidth information described above. Additionally, the size of the bandwidth field indicating the bandwidth information described above may be configured as a portion of the 16-bit size of the block ACK starting sequence control field as shown in FIG. 12(b), or may be configured as a field of its own (i.e., not a portion of the block ACK starting sequence control field).

b) Number of spatial streams (Nss): The number of spatial streams for the STA to receive after switching to HOP mode (e.g., 1, ..., 8).

An STA that has received information about the number of spatial streams can receive a PPDU/frame with an NSS that is equal to or less than the NSS according to the information.

Additionally or alternatively, the method for indicating bandwidth information described above can also be utilized for indicating information about the number of spatial streams (Nss).

Additionally or alternatively, for example, if a (MU-RTS) trigger frame is used as an ICF, the reserved bits of the Common Info field of the (MU-RTS) trigger frame (e.g., B22, B26, B53, B63 of the Common Info field, etc.) or the reserved bits of the User Info field (e.g., B25 of the User Info field) may be used to indicate information about the number of the above-described spatial streams.

Additionally or alternatively, existing fields of the (MU-RTS) trigger frame may be interpreted as information about the number of spatial streams described above, or existing fields may be used to indicate information about the number of spatial streams described above.

Additionally or alternatively, if a Block ACK Response (BAR) frame is used as an ICF, information about the number of spatial streams described above may be indicated by utilizing spare bits of the BAR control field (e.g., one or more bits in B5 to B11 of the BAR control field). Additionally or alternatively, a new BAR type may be defined or whether information about the number of spatial streams described above may be included after the BAR control field may be indicated by utilizing spare bits of the BAR control field.

Additionally or alternatively, for example, if a compressed BAR frame or a multi-traffic identifier (TID) BAR (Multi-TID BAR) frame is used as the ICF, information about the number of spatial streams described above may be included in the BAR control field, as shown in FIG. 11(b). An existing BAR control field may be configured to include a fragment number subfield and a starting sequence number subfield. According to an embodiment of the present disclosure, a specific value of the Fragment Number subfield may be used to indicate that information following the Fragment Number subfield is information about the number of spatial streams described above. Additionally, the size of the field indicating information about the number of spatial streams described above may be configured as a portion of the 12-bit size of the Starting Sequence Number field, as shown in FIG. 11(b), or may be configured as a field of its own (i.e., not a portion of the Starting Sequence Number field).

Additionally or alternatively, according to embodiments of the present disclosure, for example, if a multi-TID BAR frame is used as the ICF, spare bits (e.g., one or more bits of B0 to B11) in the Per-TID Info subfield in the BAR information field may be utilized to indicate information about the number of spatial streams described above. For example, the DPS info presence subfield of FIG. 12(b) may be utilized to indicate information about the number of spatial streams described above. Alternatively, a specific value (e.g., 15) in the TID value subfield may be used to indicate that the subsequent information is information about the number of spatial streams described above. Additionally, the size of the field indicating information about the number of spatial streams described above may be configured as a part of the size of the block ACK starting sequence control field, which is 16 bits, as shown in FIG. 12(b), or may be configured as a field of its own (i.e., not a part of the block ACK starting sequence control field).

c) Padding and/or Frame Check Sequence (FCS) field

An additional padding and/or frame check sequence field may be included before the FCS already present in the ICF. This field is intended to secure delay/time for the STA to transition from LOP mode to HOP mode. In other words, it allows the STA to acquire sufficient time to transition to HOP mode.

Additionally or alternatively, for STAs that do not use or support reception of padding and/or frame check sequence fields or desire sufficient delay, additional/alternative processes such as those illustrated in FIG. 13 or FIG. 14 described below may be utilized compared to FIG. 10 described above.

FIG. 13 illustrates a dynamic power saving procedure according to one embodiment of the present disclosure.

Referring to FIG. 13, the STA may transmit the first ICR (ICR #1) for the ICF to secure time to transition from LOP mode to HOP mode. Additionally, ICR #1 may correspond to a CTS, a block ACK (BA) frame, or a newly defined control frame, similar to the ICR of FIG. 10, but the STA may transmit ICR #1 to the AP while in LOP mode. Next, the STA may transmit ICR #2 to the AP after transitioning to HOP mode. Here, ICR #2 may be the same as the ICR of FIG. 10.

Additionally or alternatively, ICR #1 is transmitted in LOP mode, but in reality the STA may be transitioning (or is transitioning) from LOP mode to HOP mode or may already be in HOP mode.

Additionally or alternatively, the CCA method for bandwidth for ICR #2 may be applied in the same manner as the CCA method for ICR illustrated in FIG. 10 above. Additionally or alternatively, the CCA may be performed during the interval (e.g., SIFS) between the completion of ICF reception and the start of ICR transmission, or during the interval (e.g., SIFS) between the completion of ICR #1 transmission and the start of ICR #2 transmission. Additionally or alternatively, the CCA may be performed during the PIFS interval before the start of ICR #1 or ICR #2 transmission.

FIG. 14 illustrates a dynamic power saving procedure according to one embodiment of the present disclosure.

Referring to FIG. 14, in order to secure time for transitioning from LOP mode to HOP mode, the STA may also transmit an ICR for an ICF using LOP mode. Thereafter, in frame exchanges between the AP and the STA, the STA may operate in HOP mode.

Additionally or alternatively, the ICR may be transmitted in LOP mode, but in reality the STA may be transitioning (or in the process of transitioning) from LOP mode to HOP mode, or may already be in HOP mode.

Additionally or alternatively, after receiving an ICR, the AP may perform CCA when transmitting data. The CCA method for bandwidth can be applied in the same manner as the CCA method for ICR illustrated in FIG. 10 above.

d) ICR method: A method for transmitting an ICR in the ICF (e.g., the method of FIG. 10, the method of FIG. 13, or the method of FIG. 14, etc.) may be indicated. Here, for example, assuming that only the methods for FIG. 10 and FIG. 13 are indicated, it may be indicated with 1 bit. For example, if the bit has a value of 0, the STA may respond with an ICR as in FIG. 10, and if the bit has a value of 1, the STA may respond with an ICR as in FIG. 13.

FIG. 15 illustrates a dynamic power saving procedure according to one embodiment of the present disclosure.

Referring to FIG. 15, an example is provided where an AP transmits an ICF to an STA in LOP mode, requesting/instructing 80MHz bandwidth, 4Nss, CCA (i.e., CCA request), and ICR method 0 (e.g., the method of FIG. 10).

Therefore, an STA can transmit a single ICR in response to an ICF. Furthermore, when transmitting an ICR in response to an ICF, the STA can check the available bandwidth through CCA and transmit the ICR via four spatial streams within the available bandwidth (40 MHz in the case of Figure 15). The AP receiving the ICR can transmit a data frame to the STA via four spatial streams based on the bandwidth of the PPDU containing the ICR (40 MHz in the case of Figure 15).

FIG. 16 illustrates a dynamic power saving procedure according to one embodiment of the present disclosure.

Referring to FIG. 16, an example is provided where an AP transmits an ICF to a STA in mode, requesting/instructing 80MHz 80MHz bandwidth, 4Nss, CCA (i.e., CCA request), and ICR method 1 (e.g., the method of FIG. 13).

Therefore, the STA can transmit two ICRs in response to the ICF. The STA can transmit the first ICR using LOP mode. Next, the STA can check the available bandwidth through CCA and transmit the second ICR within the available bandwidth (40MHz in the case of Figure 15). The AP that receives the second ICR can transmit a data frame to the STA through four spatial streams based on the bandwidth of the PPDU containing the ICR (40MHz in the case of Figure 15).

Below, the DPS procedure considering the DPS padding delay and ICF type is described.

A Non-AP STA may inform the AP (or the mobile AP may inform at least one Non-AP STA) of the DPS padding delay (e.g., via 8 bits, in microseconds) for the time it takes to transition from LOP mode to HOP mode, i.e., the DPS operation.

For example, the DPS Padding delay can be conveyed via a management frame (e.g., an action frame, a probe/association request frame) that includes a specific field/IE containing the information. Depending on the DPS Padding delay and the frame that the ICF is, the method for transmitting the ICR described above (e.g., the method of FIG. 10, the method of FIG. 13, or the method of FIG. 14, etc.) can be determined.

Additionally, the ICF may correspond to an RTS frame, an MU-RTS trigger frame, or a BSRP trigger frame. Additionally, if the ICF is an RTS frame or an MU-RTS trigger frame, the ICR may correspond to a CTS. Additionally, if the ICF is a BSRP trigger frame, the ICR may correspond to a multi-STA block ACK frame.

1) If the indicated DPS padding delay is 0

Since no padding is required by default, the DPS process of Fig. 15 can be used for each ICF, as the STA can quickly transition from LOP mode to HOP mode. In this case, the RTS frame, the BSRP trigger frame, and the MU-RTS trigger frame can all be used as ICFs, and the DSP process of Fig. 15 can be used.

2) If the indicated DPS Padding delay is greater than 0

If the ICF is an RTS, there is a padding delay, and since the RTS cannot contain an intermediate FCS, the DPS process of Figure 16 may be used. Additionally or alternatively, if the DPS padding delay is greater than 0, the RTS frame may not be used as an ICF.

On the other hand, if the ICF is an MU-RTS trigger frame or a BSRP trigger frame, the DPS process of FIG. 15 can be used because an intermediate FCS can be included.

Additionally or alternatively, a Non-AP STA may be allowed to transmit a MU-RTS trigger frame or a BSRP trigger frame to the mobile AP.

FIG. 17 illustrates the operation of a station for a method for dynamic power saving according to one embodiment of the present disclosure.

Figure 17 illustrates the operation of an STA based on the previously proposed methods. The example in Figure 17 is provided for convenience of explanation and does not limit the scope of the present disclosure. Some of the steps illustrated in Figure 17 may be omitted depending on the circumstances and/or settings.

Here, the STA may be a non-AP STA or a mobile AP.

Additionally, in FIG. 17, the STA can operate in a first mode and a second mode, for example, the first mode can be a lower capability (LC) mode (or LOP mode) that operates at a lower capability, and the second mode can be a higher capability (HC) mode (or HOP mode) that operates at a higher capability.

Referring to FIG. 17, the STA receives an initial control frame from the AP (S1701).

Here, the initial control frame may include at least one of information about available bandwidth after the STA switches to the second mode, information about the number of spatial streams for reception after the STA switches to the second mode, information about whether a Clear Channel Assessment (CCA) is required for the STA to transmit the initial control response, and a field for securing time for the STA to switch from the first mode to the second mode.

Additionally, for example, the initial control frame may include information indicating the transmission mode for the initial control response.

The STA transmits an initial control response to the AP in response to the initial control frame based on the transmission mode for the initial control response (S1702).

Here, the transmission mode may include i) a first transmission mode in which the STA transmits the initial control response as a single frame after switching from the first mode to the second mode, and ii) a second transmission mode in which the STA transmits a first frame for the initial control response in the first mode and then transmits a second frame for the initial control response after switching from the first mode to the second mode.

For example, the transmission mode may be indicated by the initial control frame.

As another example, the transmission mode may be determined based on whether the padding delay time for the STA to switch from the first mode to the second mode is greater than 0. In this case, the STA may transmit a management frame including information about the padding delay time to the AP.

Additionally, the transmission mode may be determined based on whether the padding delay time is greater than 0 and the type of the initial control frame. For example, based on the padding delay time being greater than 0, a Request-To-Send (RTS) frame may not be used as the initial control frame. For example, based on the padding delay time being greater than 0 and the initial control frame being a Request-To-Send (RTS) frame, the transmission mode may be determined as the second transmission mode. Alternatively, based on the padding delay time being greater than 0 and the initial control frame being a Multi-user-RTS (MU-RTS) trigger frame or a Buffer Status Report Poll (BSRP) trigger frame, the transmission mode may be determined as the first transmission mode. Additionally, based on the padding delay time being 0, a Request-To-Send (RTS) frame, a Multi-user-RTS (MU-RTS) trigger frame, and a Buffer Status Report Poll (BSRP) trigger frame are available as the initial control frame, and the transmission mode can be determined as the first transmission mode.

Thereafter, the STA can perform frame exchange with the AP in the second mode within the transmission opportunity (TXOP) acquired by the AP.

In Fig. 17, exchanging frames between STA and AP means exchanging PPDUs containing the frames.

Here, the PPDU may be configured to include a legacy part, a SIG part (e.g., U-SIG, UHR-SIG, etc.), an STF part (e.g., UHR-STF), an LTF part (e.g., UHR-LTF), and a data part.

All or part of any part (i.e., field) may be divided into multiple sub-parts/sub-fields. Each field (and its sub-fields) may be transmitted in units of 4us * N (where N is an integer). Additionally, a guard interval (GI) may be included. A common subcarrier frequency spacing value (delta_f=312.5 kHz / N or 312.5 kHz * N, where N=integer) may be applied to all of the fields, or a first delta_f may be applied to the first part (e.g., all legacy part, all/part of SIG part), and a second delta_f (e.g., a value smaller than the first delta_f) may be applied to all/part of the remaining parts.

Some of the fields described above may be omitted, and the order of the fields may be changed in various ways. For example, the subfields of the signal part may be placed before the STF part, and the remaining subfields of the SIG part may be placed after the STF part.

The legacy portion described above may include at least one of a conventional L-STF (Non-HT Short Training Field), L-LTF (Non-HT Long Training Field), and L-SIG (Non-HT Signal Field).

The SIG portion described above (e.g., including the U-SIG field, UHR-SIG field, etc.) may include various control information for the transmitted PPDU. For example, it may include the STF portion, the LTF portion, and control information for decoding data.

The above-described STF-part (e.g., the U-STF field) may contain an STF sequence.

The above-described LTF-part (e.g., U-LTF field) may include a training field (i.e., LTF sequence) for channel estimation.

The data-part described above may include user data and may include packets (e.g., MPDUs) (i.e., frames) for upper layers.

The method described in the example of FIG. 17 may be performed by the first device (100) of FIG. 1. For example, one or more processors (102) of the first device (100) of FIG. 1 may be configured to transmit a frame (or a PPDU including a frame) via a transceiver(s) (106). Furthermore, one or more memories (104) of the first device (100) may store commands for performing the method described in the example of FIG. 17 or the examples described above when executed by one or more processors (102).

FIG. 18 illustrates the operation of an access point for a method for dynamic power saving according to one embodiment of the present disclosure.

Figure 18 illustrates the operation of an AP based on the previously proposed methods. The example in Figure 18 is provided for convenience of explanation and does not limit the scope of the present disclosure. Some of the steps illustrated in Figure 18 may be omitted depending on the circumstances and/or settings.

Here, the STA may be a non-AP STA or a mobile AP.

Additionally, in FIG. 18, the STA can operate in a first mode and a second mode, for example, the first mode can be a lower capability (LC) mode (or LOP mode) that operates at a lower capability, and the second mode can be a higher capability (HC) mode (or HOP mode) that operates at a higher capability.

Referring to Figure 18, the AP transmits an initial control frame to the STA (S1801).

Here, the initial control frame may include at least one of information about available bandwidth after the STA switches to the second mode, information about the number of spatial streams for reception after the STA switches to the second mode, information about whether a Clear Channel Assessment (CCA) is required for the STA to transmit the initial control response, and a field for securing time for the STA to switch from the first mode to the second mode.

Additionally, for example, the initial control frame may include information indicating the transmission mode for the initial control response.

The AP receives an initial control response from the STA in response to the initial control frame based on the transmission mode for the initial control response (S1801).

Here, the transmission mode may include i) a first transmission mode in which the STA transmits the initial control response as a single frame after switching from the first mode to the second mode, and ii) a second transmission mode in which the STA transmits a first frame for the initial control response in the first mode and then transmits a second frame for the initial control response after switching from the first mode to the second mode.

For example, the transmission mode may be indicated by the initial control frame.

As another example, the transmission mode may be determined based on whether the padding delay time for the STA to switch from the first mode to the second mode is greater than 0. In this case, the AP may receive a management frame including information about the padding delay time from the STA.

Additionally, the transmission mode may be determined based on whether the padding delay time is greater than 0 and the type of the initial control frame. For example, based on the padding delay time being greater than 0, a Request-To-Send (RTS) frame may not be used as the initial control frame. For example, based on the padding delay time being greater than 0 and the initial control frame being a Request-To-Send (RTS) frame, the transmission mode may be determined as the second transmission mode. Alternatively, based on the padding delay time being greater than 0 and the initial control frame being a Multi-user-RTS (MU-RTS) trigger frame or a Buffer Status Report Poll (BSRP) trigger frame, the transmission mode may be determined as the first transmission mode. Additionally, based on the padding delay time being 0, a Request-To-Send (RTS) frame, a Multi-user-RTS (MU-RTS) trigger frame, and a Buffer Status Report Poll (BSRP) trigger frame are available as the initial control frame, and the transmission mode can be determined as the first transmission mode.

Thereafter, the AP can perform frame exchange with the STA, which is the second mode, within the transmission opportunity (TXOP) acquired by the AP.

In Fig. 18, exchanging frames between an AP and a STA means exchanging PPDUs containing the frames.

Here, the PPDU may be configured to include a legacy part, a SIG part (e.g., U-SIG, UHR-SIG, etc.), an STF part (e.g., UHR-STF), an LTF part (e.g., UHR-LTF), and a data part.

All or part of any part (i.e., field) may be divided into multiple sub-parts/sub-fields. Each field (and its sub-fields) may be transmitted in units of 4us * N (where N is an integer). Additionally, a guard interval (GI) may be included. A common subcarrier frequency spacing value (delta_f=312.5 kHz / N or 312.5 kHz * N, where N=integer) may be applied to all of the fields, or a first delta_f may be applied to the first part (e.g., all legacy part, all/part of SIG part), and a second delta_f (e.g., a value smaller than the first delta_f) may be applied to all/part of the remaining parts.

Some of the fields described above may be omitted, and the order of the fields may be changed in various ways. For example, the subfields of the signal part may be placed before the STF part, and the remaining subfields of the SIG part may be placed after the STF part.

The legacy portion described above may include at least one of a conventional L-STF (Non-HT Short Training Field), L-LTF (Non-HT Long Training Field), and L-SIG (Non-HT Signal Field).

The SIG portion described above (e.g., including the U-SIG field, UHR-SIG field, etc.) may include various control information for the transmitted PPDU. For example, it may include the STF portion, the LTF portion, and control information for decoding data.

The above-described STF-part (e.g., the U-STF field) may contain an STF sequence.

The above-described LTF-part (e.g., U-LTF field) may include a training field (i.e., LTF sequence) for channel estimation.

The data-part described above may include user data and may include packets (e.g., MPDUs) (i.e., frames) for upper layers.

The method described in the example of FIG. 18 may be performed by the second device (200) of FIG. 1. For example, one or more processors (202) of the second device (200) of FIG. 1 may be configured to receive a frame (or a PPDU including a frame) via a transceiver(s) (206). Furthermore, one or more memories (204) of the second device (200) may store commands for performing the method described in the example of FIG. 18 or the examples described above when executed by one or more processors (202).

Unlike existing wireless LAN systems that do not support DPS operation, the DPS operation according to the examples of the present disclosure can save power at the STA by dynamically switching between a mode that supports low capabilities and a mode that supports high capabilities. Furthermore, since various transmission modes can be supported to support DPS operation, more appropriate DSP operation can be performed in various situations, thereby improving wireless transmission and reception efficiency.

The embodiments described above are combinations of components and features of the present disclosure in a predetermined form. Each component or feature should be considered optional unless explicitly stated otherwise. Each component or feature may be implemented without being combined with other components or features. Furthermore, it is also possible to form embodiments of the present disclosure by combining some components and/or features. The order of operations described in the embodiments of the present disclosure may be changed. Some components or features of one embodiment may be included in another embodiment or may be replaced with corresponding components or features of another embodiment. It is self-evident that claims that do not have an explicit citation relationship in the patent claims may be combined to form embodiments or incorporated as new claims through post-application amendments.

It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that the present disclosure may be embodied in other specific forms without departing from the essential characteristics thereof. Therefore, the above detailed description should not be construed as limiting in any respect, but rather as illustrative. The scope of the present disclosure should be determined by a reasonable interpretation of the appended claims, and all modifications within the scope of equivalents of the present disclosure are intended to be included within the scope of the present disclosure.

The scope of the present disclosure includes software or machine-executable instructions (e.g., an operating system, an application, firmware, a program, etc.) that cause operations according to the methods of various embodiments to be executed on a device or a computer, and a non-transitory computer-readable medium having such software or instructions stored thereon and executable on the device or computer. Instructions that can be used to program a processing system to perform the features described in the present disclosure can be stored on/in a storage medium or a computer-readable storage medium, and a computer program product including such a storage medium can be used to implement the features described in the present disclosure. The storage medium can include, but is not limited to, high-speed random access memory, such as DRAM, SRAM, DDR RAM, or other random access solid state memory devices, and can include non-volatile memory, such as one or more magnetic disk storage devices, optical disk storage devices, flash memory devices, or other non-volatile solid state storage devices. The memory optionally includes one or more storage devices remotely located from the processor(s). The memory or, alternatively, the non-volatile memory device(s) within the memory comprise a non-transitory computer-readable storage medium. The features described in this disclosure may be incorporated into software and/or firmware stored on any of the machine-readable media, which may control the hardware of the processing system and allow the processing system to interact with other mechanisms that utilize results according to embodiments of the present disclosure. Such software or firmware may include, but is not limited to, application code, device drivers, operating systems, and execution environments/containers.

The method proposed in this disclosure is described with a focus on examples applied to IEEE 802.11-based systems, but can be applied to various wireless LANs or wireless communication systems in addition to IEEE 802.11-based systems.

Claims (18)

A step of receiving an initial control frame from an access point (AP) in a first mode by a station (STA) for switching from the first mode to a second mode; and A method comprising the step of transmitting, by the STA, the initial control response to the AP in response to the initial control frame based on a transmission mode for the initial control response. In the first paragraph, A method according to claim 1, wherein the transmission mode comprises: i) a first transmission mode in which the STA transmits the initial control response as a single frame after switching from the first mode to the second mode; and ii) a second transmission mode in which the STA transmits a first frame for the initial control response in the first mode and then transmits a second frame for the initial control response after switching from the first mode to the second mode. In the second paragraph, The above transmission mode is indicated by the initial control frame, the method. In the second paragraph, A method in which the transmission mode is determined based on whether the padding delay time for the STA to switch from the first mode to the second mode is greater than 0. In paragraph 4, A method further comprising the step of transmitting, by the STA, a management frame including information about the padding delay time to the AP. In paragraph 4, A method in which the transmission mode is determined based on the type of the initial control frame. In paragraph 6, A method in which a Request-To-Send (RTS) frame is not used as the initial control frame based on the above padding delay time being greater than 0. In paragraph 6, A method wherein the transmission mode is determined to be the second transmission mode based on the above padding delay time being greater than 0 and the above initial control frame being a Request-To-Send (RTS) frame. In paragraph 6, A method wherein the transmission mode is determined to be the first transmission mode based on the padding delay time being greater than 0 and the initial control frame being a multi-user-RTS (MU-RTS) trigger frame or a buffer status report poll (BSRP) trigger frame. In paragraph 6, A method wherein, based on the above padding delay time being 0, a Request-To-Send (RTS) frame, a Multi-user-RTS (MU-RTS) trigger frame, and a Buffer Status Report Poll (BSRP) trigger frame are available as the initial control frame, and the transmission mode is determined as the first transmission mode. In the second paragraph, A method according to claim 1, wherein the initial control frame includes at least one of information about available bandwidth after the STA switches to the second mode, information about the number of spatial streams for reception after the STA switches to the second mode, information about whether a Clear Channel Assessment (CCA) is required for the STA to transmit the initial control response, and a field for securing time for the STA to switch from the first mode to the second mode. In the first paragraph, A method further comprising a step of performing frame exchange with the AP in the second mode within a transmission opportunity (TXOP) acquired by the AP, by the STA. In the first paragraph, A method wherein the first mode is a lower capability (LC) mode and the second mode is a higher capability (HC) mode. Station (STA: station) is: one or more transmitters and receivers; and comprising one or more processors connected to said one or more transceivers, One or more of the above processors: In the first mode, the STA receives an initial control frame from an access point (AP) for switching from the first mode to the second mode; and An STA configured to transmit the initial control response to the AP in response to the initial control frame, based on a transmission mode for the initial control response. A step of transmitting an initial control frame to a station (STA) by an access point (AP) for the STA to switch from the first mode to the second mode; and A method comprising the step of receiving, by the AP, an initial control response from the STA in response to the initial control frame, based on a transmission mode for the initial control response. An access point (AP) is: one or more transmitters and receivers; and comprising one or more processors connected to said one or more transceivers, One or more of the above processors: Transmitting an initial control frame to a station (STA) for the STA to switch from the first mode to the second mode; and A device configured to receive an initial control response from the STA in response to the initial control frame, based on a transmission mode for the initial control response. In a processing device configured to control a station (STA: station) in a wireless LAN system, the processing device: one or more processors; and A processing device comprising one or more computer memories operatively connected to said one or more processors and storing instructions that, when executed by said one or more processors, perform a method according to any one of claims 1 to 11. One or more non-transitory computer-readable media storing one or more instructions, A computer-readable medium, wherein the one or more commands are executed by one or more processors to control a station (STA) in a wireless LAN system to perform a method according to any one of claims 1 to 11.