WO2025184271A1

WO2025184271A1 - Thermal desorption system for substance detection

Info

Publication number: WO2025184271A1
Application number: PCT/US2025/017487
Authority: WO
Inventors: Evan Rashied Darzi; Randall Blake Hellman; Christina Rae Forbes; Di HUANG
Original assignee: Consumer Safety Technology LLC
Current assignee: Consumer Safety Technology LLC
Priority date: 2024-03-01
Filing date: 2025-02-27
Publication date: 2025-09-04
Anticipated expiration: 2026-09-01

Abstract

Embodiments herein relate to a detection system and method to detect one or more analytes. In an embodiment, a detection device includes a capture media for receiving a sample, a heater assembly configured to vaporize one or more components of the sample, and a detector assembly configured to receive the one or more vaporized sample components and detect a presence of one or more analytes. Other embodiments are also included herein.

Description

THERMAL DESORPTION SYSTEM FOR SUBSTANCE DETECTION

This application is being filed as a PCT International Patent application on February 27, 2025 in the name of Consumer Safety Technology, LLC, a U.S. national corporation, applicant for the designation of all countries, and Evan Rashied Darzi, Randall Blake Hellman, Christina Rae Forbes, and Di Huang, inventors for the designation of all countries, and claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application Nos. 63/560,185, 63/560,218, 63/560,267, 63/560,335, 63/560,369, 63/560,406 and 63,560,451, all filed on March 1, 2024, and U.S. Provisional Application No. 63/470,480 filed on March 27, 2024, the contents of which are herein incorporated by reference in their entirety.

Field

Embodiments herein relate generally to detection devices, and more specifically to a multi-step heating process to detect one or more analytes.

Background

Breath alcohol detection devices are used to measure an amount of alcohol in a user’s breath. It is known that concentration of alcohol in a user’s breath is closely proportional to the concentration of alcohol in the user’s blood, which is typically the basis upon which intoxication is legally determined. Generally, a user blows into a mouthpiece of an alcohol detection device and a breath path is configured to transport at least a portion of the breath sample to a sensing element of the detection device. The capability to detect an amount of other substances, including phenolic cannabinoid, such as tetrahydrocannabinol, in a user’s breath, would be valuable for law enforcement, employers, and accountability partners. The concentration of phenolic cannabinoid in a user’s breath typically correlates with recent use of cannabinoid products, such as marijuana.

Summary

In an embodiment, a detection system is included having a capture media for receiving a sample, a heater assembly configured to vaporize one or more components of the sample, and a detector assembly configured to: receive the one or more vaporized sample components, and detect a presence of one or more analytes.

In an embodiment, the detector assembly includes an electrochemical detector assembly.

In an embodiment, the detection system can further include a switch valve configured to send the one or more vaporized sample components to waste or the electrochemical detector assembly.

In an embodiment, the switch valve includes a non-mixing cartridge valve, a plunger valve, a single port valve, a multiple port valve, or a diverter valve.

In an embodiment, the sample includes one or more breaths from a user, a bodily fluid from the user, an analytical standard solution, an environmental fluid, or a gas sample.

In an embodiment, the electrochemical detector assembly includes a fuel cell, a voltametric detector, chemiresistor, impedance detector, or an amperometric detector.

In an embodiment, the heater assembly is configured to heat the capture media to a first temperature to vaporize first sample components, wherein the first temperature is at or above 40 degrees Celsius.

In an embodiment, the vaporized first sample components include ethanol.

In an embodiment, the heater assembly is further configured to heat the capture media to a second temperature to vaporize second sample components, wherein the second temperature is higher than the first temperature.

In an embodiment, the vaporized second sample components include tetrahydrocannabinol .

In an embodiment, the heater assembly is further configured to heat the capture media to a third temperature to clean the capture media, wherein the third temperature is at or above 200 degrees Celsius.

In an embodiment, the heater assembly is configured to increase the temperature of the capture media in a step gradient.

In an embodiment, the heater assembly is configured to increase the temperature of the capture media in a continuous gradient.

In an embodiment, the detection system can further include a flow mechanism configured to draw the one or more vaporized sample components into the electrochemical detector assembly.

In an embodiment, the flow mechanism generates a flow rate between 0.01 SLPM and 50 SLPM.

In an embodiment, the capture media includes a material of woven fibers, sintered glass, quartz wool, metallic mesh, ceramic mesh, electrostatic filter, a nanoporous material, impaction filter, silica, alumina, Cl 8, or a polymer material. In an embodiment, the flow mechanism draws the one or more vaporized sample components along a flow path from the capture media to the electrochemical detector assembly.

In an embodiment, the heater assembly is configured to heat the capture media to a first temperature to vaporize tetrahydrocannabinol sample components, wherein the first temperature is at or above 150 degrees Celsius.

In an embodiment, a method of detecting one or more substances, is included, the method includes: depositing a sample, depositing a sample can include depositing one or more sample components on a capture media, heating the capture media to vaporize the one or more sample components, receiving, at an electrochemical detector assembly, the one or more vaporized sample components, and detecting, via the electrochemical detector assembly, a presence of one or more analytes.

In an embodiment, the capture media is heated to a first temperature to vaporize a first sample component, wherein the first temperature is at or above 40 degrees Celsius.

In an embodiment, the capture media is heated to a second temperature to vaporize second sample components, wherein the second temperature is higher than the first temperature.

In an embodiment, the capture media is heated to a third temperature to clean the capture media, wherein the third temperature is at or above 200 degrees Celsius.

In an embodiment, the one or more analytes include ethanol or tetrahydrocannabinol.

In an embodiment, a detection system is included having a sample receiving device is included having a sample receiving device housing, a capture media for receiving a sample, wherein the capture media is removeable from the sample receiving device, and a breath inlet, and a detection device is included having a detection device housing, a sample stage configured to receive and hold the capture media, a heater assembly configured to vaporize one or more components of the sample, and an electrochemical detector assembly configured to: receive the one or more vaporized sample components, and detect a presence of one or more analytes wherein the capture media is configured to be transferred from the sample receiving device to the sample stage of the detection device after receiving the sample.

In an embodiment, a method of detecting one or more substances, is included, the method includes: depositing a sample, depositing a sample can include depositing one or more sample components on a capture media, heating the capture media to a first temperature to vaporize first sample components, wherein the first temperature is at or above 40 C, heating the capture media to a second temperature to vaporize second sample components, wherein the second temperature is higher than the first temperature, receiving, at a detector assembly, at least one of the vaporized first sample components and the vaporized second sample components, detecting, via the detector assembly, a presence of one or more analytes among the first sample components and the second sample components.

In an embodiment, a detection system is included having a capture media for receiving a sample, a heater assembly configured to: heat the capture media to a first temperature to vaporize first sample components, wherein the first temperature is at or above 40 C, and heat the capture media to a second temperature to vaporize second sample components, wherein the second temperature is higher than the first temperature, a detector assembly configured to receive at least one of the vaporized first sample components and the vaporized second sample components to detect a presence of one or more analytes among the first sample components and the second sample components.

In an embodiment, the detector assembly is further configured to receive the vaporized second sample components and to detect the presence of one or more analytes among the second sample components.

In an embodiment, the one or more analytes detected among the first sample components are different than the one or more analytes detected among the second sample components.

In an embodiment, at least one of the first sample components and the second sample components include water, ethanol, or tetrahydrocannabinol.

In an embodiment, a breath detection system is included having an input opening to a breath path for receiving one or more breaths from a user, a capture media in the breath path configured to receive sample components within the one or more breaths from the user, a heater assembly configured to: heat the capture media to a first temperature to vaporize first sample components, wherein the first temperature is at or above 40 C, and heat the capture media to a second temperature to vaporize second sample components, wherein the second temperature is higher than the first temperature, and a detector assembly configured to receive at least one of the vaporized first sample components and the vaporized second sample components to detect a presence of one or more analytes among the first sample components and the second sample components.

This summary is an overview of some of the teachings of the present application and is not intended to be an exclusive or exhaustive treatment of the present subject matter. Further details are found in the detailed description and appended claims. Other aspects will be apparent to persons skilled in the art upon reading and understanding the following detailed description and viewing the drawings that form a part thereof, each of which is not to be taken in a limiting sense. The scope herein is defined by the appended claims and their legal equivalents.

Brief Description of the Figures

Aspects may be more completely understood in connection with the following figures (FIGS.), in which:

FIG. l is a schematic view of a detection device in accordance with various embodiments herein.

FIG. 2 is a side view of a detection device in accordance with various embodiments herein.

FIG. 3 is a bottom view of a detection device in accordance with various embodiments herein.

FIG. 4 is a cross-sectional view of the detection device 200 of FIG. 3, wherein the plane of the cross-section is indicated by line 4-4 in FIG. 3, in accordance with various embodiments herein.

FIG. 5 is a schematic view of a switch valve in accordance with various embodiments herein.

FIG. 6 is a schematic view of a switch valve in accordance with various embodiments herein.

FIG. 7 is a top view of a locking collar in accordance with various embodiments herein.

FIG. 8 is a perspective view of a locking collar in accordance with various embodiments herein.

FIG. 9 is a bottom perspective view of a coil heater in accordance with various embodiments herein.

FIG. 10 is a top perspective view of a coil heater in accordance with various embodiments herein.

FIG. 11 is a side view of a heater assembly in accordance with various embodiments herein.

FIG. 12 is a perspective view of a heater assembly in accordance with various embodiments herein. FIG. 13 is a bottom view of a heater assembly in accordance with various embodiments herein.

FIG. 14 is a top view of a detector assembly in accordance with various embodiments herein.

FIG. 15 is a perspective view of a detector assembly in accordance with various embodiments herein.

FIG. 16 is a cross-sectional view of a detector assembly, wherein the plane of the cross-section is indicated by line 16-16 in FIG. 14, in accordance with various embodiments herein.

FIG. 17 is a perspective view of a heater assembly and capture structure assembly in accordance with various embodiments herein.

FIG. 18 is a side view of a heater assembly and capture structure assembly in accordance with various embodiments herein.

FIG. 19 is a cross-sectional view of a heater assembly and capture structure assembly, wherein the plane of the cross-section is indicated by line 19-19 in FIG. 18, in accordance with various embodiments herein.

FIG. 20 is a side view of a heater assembly and capture structure assembly in accordance with various embodiments herein.

FIG. 21 is a cross-sectional view of a heater assembly and capture structure assembly, wherein the plane of the cross-section is indicated by line 21-21in FIG. 20, in accordance with various embodiments herein.

FIG. 22 is a cross-sectional view of an air diverter in accordance with various embodiments herein.

FIG. 23 is a side view of a heater assembly and capture structure assembly in accordance with various embodiments herein.

FIG. 24 is a cross-sectional view of a heater assembly and capture structure assembly, wherein the plane of the cross-section is indicated by line 24-24 in FIG. 23, in accordance with various embodiments herein.

FIG. 25 is a perspective view of a heater structure in accordance with various embodiments herein.

FIG. 26 is a perspective view of a heater structure in accordance with various embodiments herein.

FIG. 27 is a side view of a heater structure in accordance with various embodiments herein. FIG. 28 is a cross-sectional view of a heater structure, wherein the plane of the crosssection is indicated by line 28-28 in FIG. 27, in accordance with various embodiments herein.

FIG. 29 is a cross-sectional view of a capture structure in accordance with various embodiments herein.

FIG. 30 is a top view of a capture structure in accordance with various embodiments herein.

FIG. 31 is a top view of a capture structure in accordance with various embodiments herein.

FIG. 32 is a schematic side view of a fuel cell in accordance with various embodiments herein.

FIG. 33 is a schematic view of a detection device in accordance with various embodiments herein.

FIG. 34 is a schematic view of a detection device in accordance with various embodiments herein.

FIG. 35 is a flow diagram of a method in accordance with various embodiments herein.

FIG. 36 is a flow diagram of a method in accordance with various embodiments herein.

FIG. 37 is a flow diagram of a method in accordance with various embodiments herein.

FIG. 38 is a schematic view of a detection device in accordance with various embodiments herein.

FIG. 39 is a schematic view of a system including a detection device and a sample receiving device in accordance with various embodiments herein.

FIG. 40 is a schematic view of a system including a detection device and a sample receiving device in accordance with various embodiments herein.

FIG. 41 is a schematic view of a detection device in accordance with various embodiments herein.

FIG. 42 is a schematic view of a detection device in accordance with various embodiments herein.

FIG. 43 is a schematic view of a detection device in accordance with various embodiments herein.

FIG. 44 is a schematic view of a detection device in accordance with various embodiments herein. FIG. 45 is a schematic view of a detection device in accordance with various embodiments herein.

FIG. 46 is a schematic view of a detection device in accordance with various embodiments herein.

FIG. 47 is a schematic view of a detection device in accordance with various embodiments herein.

FIG. 48 is a computerized detection system in accordance with various embodiments herein.

While embodiments are susceptible to various modifications and alternative forms, specifics thereof have been shown by way of example and drawings and will be described in detail. It should be understood, however, that the scope herein is not limited to the particular aspects described. On the contrary, the intention is to cover modifications, equivalents, and alternatives falling within the spirit and scope herein.

Detailed Description

Embodiments herein relate to analyte detection devices using a heating process. In various embodiments, the heating process can be used to detect a presence of a particular substance, such as an analyte. In various embodiments, the analyte can be an intoxicant including cannabis, such as tetrahydrocannabinol, present in a user’s breath. In various embodiments a sample delivery device, referred throughout also as a detection device, can be utilized to detect the presence of one or more analytes. The sample delivery device can include a capture media for receiving a sample, a heater assembly configured to vaporize one or more components of the sample, and a detector assembly, such as an electrochemical detector assembly, configured to receive the one or more vaporized sample components, and detect a presence of one or more analytes. The use of a capture media allows accumulation of components from multiple samples, such as multiple breath samples from a user. Where the amount of the desired analyte for detection is small within the volume of a sample, such as the amount of cannabinoids within a breath sample, the capture media facilitates accumulating components of the sample for testing.

In various embodiments, the heater assembly can be configured for a multi-step heating process. The heater assembly can be configured to heat the capture media to a first temperature to vaporize first components of the sample. In various embodiments, the first temperature is at or above 40 °C. In some embodiments, the first temperature can be between 70 °C and 120 °C. In various embodiments, the vaporized first sample components can include contaminants, water, and/or alcohol, such as ethanol.

In various embodiments, the heater assembly can be configured to heat the capture media to a second temperature to vaporize second components of the sample. In various embodiments, the second temperature is higher than the first temperature. In some embodiments, the second temperature can be between 120 °C and 200 °C. In various embodiments, the vaporized sample components can include alcohol such as ethanol or cannabis, including tetrahydrocannabinol.

In various embodiments, the heater assembly can be configured to heat the capture media to a third temperature to vaporize third components of the sample. In various embodiments, the third temperature is higher than the second temperature. In some embodiments, the third temperature can be at or above 200 °C to clean the capture structure, including the capture media, and the tubes between device components. In some embodiments, the third temperature can be between 200 °C and 300 °C.

In various embodiments, the capture structure captures, or traps, components found in a sample. In various embodiments, the sample can include a breath sample from a user, bodily fluids from the user, various environmental samples, or an analytical standard. In various embodiments, the capture structure can capture sample components in the user’s breath.

In various embodiments, the heater assembly can include a heater structure. In various embodiments, the heater structure is cup-shaped and includes a heater disc configured to heat a capture structure. In other embodiments, the heater assembly is a coil heater. In other embodiments, the heater assembly includes coils in a four-channel tube. In other embodiments, the heater structure can directly heat the capture structure. For example, the heater structure can comprise nichrome wire positioned adjacent to the capture structure.

In various embodiments, the one or more vaporized sample components can flow through the detection device. The detection device can include a variety of mechanisms to allow the vaporized sample components to move throughout the device. In various embodiments, a flow mechanism can be utilized. Exemplary flow mechanisms can include push mechanisms and pull mechanisms discussed below.

In various embodiments, the detection device can include a locking collar configured to attach the heater assembly to the detector assembly to allow for the flow of air and vapors throughout the detection device. The locking collar can allow the heater assembly and the detector assembly to be attached without any additional attachment means, such as screws, adhesives, or other additional components. The locking collar further allows the heater assembly and the detector assembly to be easily disassembled. In various embodiments, the locking collar can be positioned over a portion of the heater assembly and twist onto the detector assembly, thereby locking the heater assembly and the detector assembly into position.

In various embodiments, the detection device can include an insulated portion. In some embodiments, the insulated portion can include the housing of the detection device. In other embodiments, the insulated portion can include the heater assembly and the capture structure of the detection device. It is believed that insulating at least a portion of the detection device can reduce the likelihood of a user of the device encountering high heat given off from the heating element.

In various embodiments, the detector assembly can include a variety of detectors such as cyclic voltammetry, amperometry, differential pulse voltammetry, square wave voltammetry, mass spectrometry, infrared spectroscopy, fluorescent spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, optical spectroscopy, UV-VIS spectroscopy, FID spectroscopy, and a fuel cell. Where the vaporized sample components are delivered via thermal desorption to the fuel cell, the fuel cell can detect a level of analyte present in the sample. In various embodiments, the fuel cell can be configured to detect a level of cannabis, such as tetrahydrocannabinol, present in a user’s breath. It is herein contemplated that cannabis, including a variety of cannabis metabolites or cannabis compounds can be analyzed by a cannabis sensing fuel cells. Cannabis metabolites and cannabis compounds can include, but are not limited to, cannabinoids, phenolic cannabinoids, A⁹ -tetrahydrocannabinol (A⁹-THC), A⁸- tetrahydrocannabinol (A⁸-THC), cannabinol (CBN), cannabidiol (CBD), 11 -hydroxy- A⁹- THC (11-OH-THC), anandamide (arachidonylethanolamide), cannabichromene, and (-)A^8- THC-l l-oic acid).

Detection Device (FIG. 1)

Referring now to FIG. 1, a schematic view of a substance detection device is shown in accordance with various embodiments herein. In various examples, the detection device can detect an analyte such as cannabis in a sample, such as a breath sample. The detection device 100 can include a housing 102 and a breath inlet 104. The housing 102 is preferably a relatively hard durable material that serves to protect the internal components of the detection device 100. The breath inlet 104 can be positioned on a side of the housing 102. Detection device 100 can be used to measure an amount of phenolic cannabinoid, such as tetrahydrocannabinol, in a user’s breath. The concentration of phenolic cannabinoid in a user’s breath typically correlates with recent use of cannabinoid products, such as marijuana. Generally, a user blows into a mouthpiece of a phenolic cannabinoid detection device, and a breath path is configured to transport at least a portion of the breath sample to a capture structure of the detection device. Components of the sample accumulate on the capture structure.

Breath Opening/Mouthpiece

The breath inlet 104 can define a breath inflow opening 106. The breath inflow opening 106 can be configured to receive a user’s breath. The breath inlet 104 can receive the mouth of the user providing a breath sample to the detection device 100. The breath inlet 104 can be configured to facilitate the user’s mouth sealing against an exterior surface of the breath inlet 104. Alternatively, the breath inlet 104 can be configured to receive a breath sample that is provided where the user is spaced apart from the breath inlet 104 and is directing breath toward the breath inlet 104 from a distance.

In various embodiments, the breath inlet 104 can be configured to be removably attachable to the detection device 100. In some embodiments, the breath inlet 104 can include a mouthpiece. The mouthpiece can be removable by means of a friction or snap fit, or similar mechanism. This permits each user to have a separate mouthpiece for sanitary reasons, it also permits easy cleaning or replacement of the mouthpiece. In various embodiments, the breath inlet 104 can be formed from a substantially rigid material configured to retain its shape when a breath sample is provided to the detection device 100. Alternatively, the breath inlet 104 can be formed from a compliant material configured to conform to a user’s mouth when a breath sample is provided to the detection device 100. The breath inlet 104 can be made from any suitable material or materials including but not limited to plastics, rubbers, silicone, metals, or the like.

In various embodiments, the user’s breath can travel into the breath inflow opening 106 and through a breath conduit path 108. The breath conduit path 108 can define a breath path 110. In some embodiments, the breath conduit path 108 is connected to a capture structure 112 discussed below. In other embodiments, the breath conduit path 108 is connected to a heater assembly 114, discussed below. The user’s breath can travel into the breath inflow opening 106, through the breath path 110, and into the capture structure 112. It is herein contemplated that the capture structure 112 can capture one or more breaths of the user. In various embodiments, the capture structure 112 can capture one, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, or ten breaths. For example, the capture structure 112 can capture one, two, three, four, or five breaths of the user. In other embodiments, the capture structure 112 can capture a volume of breath provided by a user. For example, the capture structure 112 can capture 0.5 liters, 1.0 liter, 1.5 liters, 2.0 liters, 2.5 liters, 3.0 liters, 3.5 liters, 4.0 liters, or any volume of breath in between.

Capture Structure

In various embodiments, the capture structure 112 can include a capture media and a support frame. The support frame includes a structure that supports or frames the capture media. The support frame can be made from a variety of materials chosen for their structural integrity and thermal resilience. In some embodiments, the support frame is made from a silicone, rubber, metal, composite, or polymer material. For example, metals such as stainless steel or aluminum can offer durability and resistance to high temperatures. Alternatively, high-performance polymers such as polyether ether ketone (PEEK) or polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) can also be utilized for their lightweight properties and resistance to chemical and thermal stresses. In other embodiments, composite materials comprising a ceramic matrix or carbon fiber reinforced plastics can provide enhanced mechanical support and thermal protection.

In various embodiments, the support frame can ensure that the capture media is securely held in place within the detection device's system. The support frame can feature an intricate lattice or grid structure designed to maximize exposure of the capture media to the breath or gaseous sample while minimizing dead volumes and resistance to flow. Alternatively, the support frame can feature a narrow band structure configured to wrap around the circumference or outer perimeter of the capture media. In various embodiments, the support frame is configured to ensure easy insertion and removal of the capture media for replacement, maintenance, or analysis, thereby supporting the operational requirements of the detection device in both laboratory and field environments.

In various embodiments, the capture media includes a material designed to capture or trap components found in the sample, such as the user’s breath. The capture media can be made from a variety of materials known for their adsorption and durability properties at high temperatures. For example, the capture media can be made from materials such as filtration media, mesh, woven fiber, interlaced structure made from a network of wire, thread, plastic, polymer, sintered glass, or other materials, quartz wool, metallic or ceramic mesh, electrostatic filter, nanoporous materials, sintered glass, impaction filters, adsorbents including but not limited to silica, alumina, Cl 8, and/or thermally controlled condensate device including glass, aluminum, and polymeric materials.

Heater Assembly

In various embodiments, after components in the sample, such as a user’s breath, are deposited on the capture media of the capture structure 112, a heater assembly 114 can provide heat to the capture structure 112. The heater assembly 114 can be configured to increase the temperature of the capture structure 112 from a starting temperature, such as room temperature to one or more desired temperatures. In some embodiments, the desired temperature can be a temperature sufficient to vaporize one or more components of the breath sample. In some embodiments, the desired temperature can be at least the boiling point of one or more components in the breath sample. For example, the desired temperature could be at least 78 °C, the boiling point of ethanol. Alternatively, the desired temperature could be at least 100 °C, the boiling point of water. Further, the desired temperature could be at least 157 °C, the boiling point of cannabis, or at least 170 °C.

Valve

In various embodiments, the detection device 100 can include a valve 116. It is herein contemplated that the valve 116 can be a variety of different valves. For example, the valve 116 can include a solenoid valve, a butterfly valve, a diaphragm valve, a gauge valve, a check valve, and the like.

In various embodiments, the valve 116 can be configured to direct the vaporized components coming off the capture media of the capture structure 112. In a first position, the valve 116 can connect the capture structure 112 with the outlet 118, so that vaporized contaminants, such as water and ethanol, can be drawn out of the detection device 100. In a second position, the valve 116 can connect the capture structure 112 with the detector assembly 120, so that vaporized components of interest, such as cannabis can be drawn into the detector assembly 120. In an optionally third position, the valve 116 can close off vapors coming from the capture structure 112 from an outlet 118 and a detector assembly 120.

It is noted that while FIG. 1 illustrates a single valve, more than one valve is contemplated. For example, the detection device 100 can include two valves, three valves, four valves, or more. A two-valve detection device will be discussed below with respect to FIG. 39. Flow Mechanism

In various embodiments, the vaporized components of interest can be drawn into the detector assembly 120 via a flow mechanism 122, such as a pump. For example, the pump can provide a vacuum or negative pressure through tube 124 and draw the vaporized components through the detector assembly 120.

In various embodiments, the flow mechanism 122 can operate at various flow rates. For example, the flow mechanism 122 can operate at approximately 0.01 Standard Liter Per Minute (SLPM), 1 SLPM, 5 SLPM, 10 SLPM, 15 SLPM, 20 SLPM, 25 SLPM, 30 SLPM, 35 SLPM, 40 SLPM, 45 SLPM, 50 SLPM, 55 SLPM, 60 SLPM, or any flow rate falling in between.

Pull Mechanisms

In various embodiments, the vaporized components can be drawn into the detector assembly 120 via the flow mechanism 122 discussed above. As illustrated in FIG. 1, the flow mechanism 122 can be positioned downstream of the capture structure 112 and the detector assembly 120. In other embodiments, the flow mechanism 122 can be positioned downstream of the capture structure 112 and upstream of the detector assembly 120. The flow mechanism 122 can include a pull mechanism. In some embodiments, the pull mechanism can be a pump. It is herein contemplated that a variety of different pumps can be used. For example, the pump can include a vacuum pump, an internal gear pump, a vane pump, a lobe pump, a peristaltic pump, and the like.

In other embodiments, the pull mechanism can be a low-pressure source positioned downstream of the capture structure 112 and the detector assembly 120. The low-pressure source can utilize pressure differentials, flow dynamics, and/or natural forces such as gravity to move the vaporized components of interest into the detector assembly 120.

Push Mechanisms

In various embodiments, the vaporized components can be drawn into the detector assembly 120 via a push mechanism. The push mechanism can be positioned upstream of the heater assembly 114 and/or the capture structure 112. It is noted that the push mechanism can be used in addition to, or in alternative to, the flow mechanism 122, shown in FIG. 1.

In various embodiments, the push mechanism can be a variety of mechanisms. For example, the push mechanism can be a compressor, such as an air compressor, a bellow, a fan, an expandable chamber, and the like. In some embodiments, a compressed air source can be used to cause the flow of vapors through the capture structure 112 and tube 124 and into the detector assembly 120. In various embodiments, ambient air can be drawn into the push mechanism via an air inlet 126 to create positive pressure. The air inlet 126 can be positioned upstream of the push mechanism and can direct ambient air into the push mechanism to allow the push mechanism to operate.

Detector Assembly

In various embodiments, the detector assembly 120 can include a detector element configured to measure vaporized components in the user’s breath. For example, the detector element can be configured to measure the amount of cannabis in the user’s breath. The detector element can include a variety of detector elements such as semiconductor sensors, infrared (IR) sensors, metal oxide semiconductor (MOS) sensors, complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) sensors, surface acoustic wave (SAW) sensors, electrochemical sensors such as fuel cells, cyclic voltametric detectors, amperometric detectors, differential pulse voltametric detectors, square wave voltametric detectors, chemiresistor, impedance detector, and the like.

It is further contemplated herein that while the detector assembly 120 is depicted as being within the housing 102 of the detection device 100, the detector assembly 120 can be external to the housing 102. For example, the detector assembly 120 can include an external detector element such as an external gas chromatography (GC) detector, mass spectrometry (MS) detector, gas-chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) detector, gas chromatography -UV spectrometry (GC-UV) detector, proton transfer reaction mass spectrometry (PTR-MS), selected ion flow tube mass spectrometry (SIFT-MS), ion mobility spectrometry (IMS), flourier transform infrared spectrometry (FTIR), laser spectrometry, secondary electrospray ionization (SESI-MS), ultraviolet-visible (UV-VIS) spectroscopy, optical spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, fluorescent spectroscopy, infrared spectroscopy, free induction decay (FID) spectroscopy, and the like.

In various embodiments, a cannabis sensing fuel cell can detect the level of cannabis in the user’s breath. Exemplary phenolic cannabinoid sensing fuel cells are disclosed in US2023/0384286, titled “Systems and Methods for Oxidizing Phenolic Cannabinoids with Fuel Cells,” published on November 30, 2023 and assigned to Consumer Safety Technology, LLC, the content of which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. Throughout the present application, the detector element is described as detecting a level of a particular analyte. Wherever this is described, it is also possible for the detector element to detect and output an indicator of a presence of that analyte without also detecting and/or outputting a level of that substance.

Detector Assembly Operating Temperature

In various embodiments, it can be desirable to protect the detector assembly 120 from encountering high levels of heat given off from the heater assembly 114, the capture structure 112, as well as any vapors given off from the capture structure 112. In various embodiments, it may be desired to keep the detector assembly 120 at a cooler temperature than the capture structure 112 when heated. It is herein theorized that the detector assembly can operate more efficiently and more accurately detect a level of a substance when the detector assembly 120 is kept at a cooler temperature. In some embodiments, the detector assembly can be maintained at a temperature of approximately 30 °C, 32 °C, 34 °C, 36 °C, 38 °C, 40 °C, 42 °C, 44 °C, 46 °C, 48 °C, 50 °C, or any temperature falling in between. For example, the detector assembly 120 can be maintained at a temperature of approximately 40 °C.

Length of Breath Path Between Detector Element and Capture Structure

In various embodiments, the detection device can include a breath path between the capture structure 112 and the detector element of the detector assembly 120. In some embodiments, the breath path can include the valve 116. In other embodiments, the breath path includes the length of the tube 124. The breath path can vary in length as desired. In various embodiments, a short breath path length is desired. It is herein contemplated that a shortened breath path length provides several benefits. First, the shortened breath path length can help ensure vaporized components coming off the capture media of the capture structure 112 reach the detector element of the detector assembly 120. Second, the shortened breath path length can minimize the amount of vaporized components being adsorbed or adhered to the tube 124. Lastly, the shortened breath path length reduces the likelihood of degradation of the vaporized components.

The breath path length can be a variety of lengths. In some embodiments, the breath path length can be 1 cm, 2 cm, 3 cm, 4 cm, 5 cm, 6 cm, 7 cm, 8 cm, 9 cm, 10 cm, 11 cm, 12 cm, 13 cm, 14 cm, 15 cm, or any number falling in between in length. For example, the breath path length can be approximately 3 cm in length. In other embodiments, the length of the breath path can correlate to the time required to cool the vapors coming off the capture structure 112. For example, if the vapors coming off the capture structure 112 are approximately 157 °C or approximately 170 °C, the length of the breath path can be of a length sufficient to allow for the vapor to cool to approximately 40 °C by the time it arrives at the detector element. As such, the greater the temperature difference is between the vapors coming off the capture structure 112 and the desired temperature of the detector element, the greater the length of the breath path.

Alternatively, preheating the detector element of the detector assembly 120 can be beneficial in some scenarios, such as some embodiments including a fuel cell detector is used.

Air Inlet

In various embodiments, the detection device 100 can further include an air inlet 126 positioned upstream of the heater assembly 114. The air inlet 126 can direct ambient air into the heater assembly 114. It is noted that the air inlet 126 can also be configured as a breath inlet to allow a user to provide a breath sample through the air inlet 126. In various embodiments, the air inlet 126 can allow the user’s breath sample to enter and flow through the heater assembly 114 before being captured by the capture media of the capture structure 112. Once the breath sample is received, the air inlet 126 can then allow ambient air to enter the air inlet 126.

Sample and Analytes

Throughout the application, breath is described as a sample that is analyzed for the presence of a substance such as an intoxicant. It is also possible for the embodiments of the application to be used to process a sample different than breath, such as another gas sample, such as environmental or ambient air or vapor from skin, or another biological sample, such as saliva, mucous, or urine, or an analytical standard solution.

Components of a sample can include analytes which the detector element is designed to detect, such as cannabis. It is herein contemplated that cannabis, including a variety of cannabis metabolites or compounds, can be compounds of interest. Cannabis metabolites and cannabis compounds can include, but are not limited to, cannabinoids, phenolic cannabinoids, A⁹ -tetrahydrocannabinol (A⁹-THC), A⁸-tetrahydrocannabinol (A⁸-THC), cannabinol (CBN), cannabidiol (CBD), 11-hydroxy- A⁹-THC (11-OH-THC), anandamide (arachidonylethanolamide), cannabichromene, and (-)A^8- THC-11-oic acid). Components of the sample can include contaminants such as alcohol, ethanol, acetone, nitric oxide, carbon monoxide, isoprene, ethane, pentane, water, and the like.

Throughout the application, cannabis is described as an analyte that is detected by a detector element. It is also possible for other substances and compounds to be detected by a detector element in the various embodiments described here in, such as different intoxicants, prescription drugs, cocaine, heroin, nicotine, methamphetamine, amphetamines, hallucinogens, or other substances.

First Heating Step

In various embodiments, the heater assembly 114 can heat the capture structure 112 to a first temperature. In some embodiments, the heater assembly 114 can begin heating the capture structure 112 while the user is providing the breath sample. In other embodiments, the heater assembly 114 can begin heating only after the entire breath sample has been provided by the user.

In various embodiments, the heater assembly 114 can heat the capture structure to a first temperature. The first temperature can include any temperature above room temperature. In some embodiments, the first temperature can be a temperature sufficient to vaporize one or more compounds of interest in the breath sample, such as alcohol. For example, the first temperature can be at or above 40 °C, 45 °C, 50 °C, 55 °C, 60 °C, 65 °C, 70 °C, 75 °C, 80 °C, 85 °C, 90 °C, 95 °C, 100 °C, 101 °C, 102 °C, 103 °C, 104 °C, 105 °C, 106 °C, 107 °C, 108 °C, 109 °C, 110 °C, 115 °C, 120 °C, or any temperature range between two of these temperatures. For example, the first temperature can be at least 78 °C or sufficient to vaporize ethanol. Alternatively, the first temperature can be at least 100 °C or sufficient to vaporize water.

Detection of First Analytes

In various embodiments, first vaporized components can include analytes, such as alcohol. These vaporized components can flow off the capture media of the capture structure 112 and through the first valve 116. The first valve 116 can be positioned to direct the vaporized components to the tube 124 and into the detector assembly 120. The second valve 117 and the flow mechanism 122 can be used to help pull the first vaporized components from capture media of the capture structure 112 and into the detector assembly 120.

In various embodiments, the first vaporized components can flow through the detector assembly 120 where they are analyzed and continue through the second valve 117 and the flow mechanism 122 and finally exhausted out the outlet 118. Exhausting of Volatile Contaminants

Alternatively, the first vaporized components can include contaminants. The vaporized contaminants can flow off the capture media of the capture structure 112 and through the first valve 116. The first valve 116 can be positioned to direct the vaporized contaminants to the outlet 118. In various embodiments, exhausting the vaporized contaminants through the outlet 118 can remove all vaporized contaminants from the detection device 100 and prevent any contaminants from reaching the detector assembly 120.

Second Heating Step

In various embodiments, the heater assembly 114 can heat the capture structure 112 to a second temperature. In some embodiments, the heater assembly 114 can heat the capture structure 112 to a second temperature after the heater assembly 114 heated the capture structure 112 to a first temperature. In various embodiments, the second temperature is higher than the first temperature.

In various embodiments, the second temperature can include any temperature above the first temperature. In some embodiments, the second temperature can be a temperature sufficient to vaporize one or more components in the breath sample. For example, the components can include cannabis, such as tetrahydrocannabinol. In various embodiments, the second temperature can be at or above 100 °C, 105 °C, 110 °C, 115 °C, 120 °C, 125 °C, 130 °C, 135 °C, 140 °C, 145 °C, 150 °C, 155 °C, 156 °C, 157 °C, 158 °C, 160 °C, 162 °C, 164 °C, 165 °C, 166 °C, 168 °C, 170 °C, 171 °C, 172 °C, 173 °C, 175 °C, 176 °C, 177 °C, 178 °C, 180 °C, 185 °C, 190 °C, 195 °C, 200 °C or any temperature range in between two of these temperatures. For example, the first temperature can be at least 157 °C or sufficient to vaporize tetrahydrocannabinol. For example, the first temperature can be at least 170 °C or sufficient to vaporize tetrahydrocannabinol.

Third Heating Step

In various embodiments, the heater assembly 114 can heat the capture structure to a third temperature that is higher than the temperature in the second heating step in order to clean the capture structure 112. In various embodiments, the third temperature can be at or above 180°C, 190 °C, 200 °C, 210 °C, 220 °C, 230 °C, 240 °C, 250 °C, 260 °C, 270 °C, 280°C, 290 °C, 300°C, 310 °C, 320 °C, or any temperature falling in between. For example, the third temperature can be at least 200 °C or at least 250 °C. Detection of Second Analytes

In various embodiments, second vaporized components, such as cannabis, can flow off the capture media of the capture structure 112 and through the first valve 116. The first valve 116 can be positioned to direct the vaporized compounds of interest to the tube 124 and into the detector assembly 120. The flow mechanism 122 can be used to help pull the second vaporized components from the capture structure 112 and into the detector assembly 120.

In various embodiments, the second vaporized components can flow through the detector assembly 120 where they are analyzed and continue through the second valve 117 and the flow mechanism 122 and finally exhausted out the outlet 118.

Temperature Gradient

In various embodiments, the heater assembly 114 can increase the temperature in a continuous gradient. In other embodiments, the heater assembly 114 can increase the temperature in a step gradient. In the continuous gradient mode, the heater assembly 114 gradually increases the temperature at a controlled rate without abrupt changes, allowing for a smooth transition across the specified temperature range. This gradual increase enables the efficient vaporization of volatile components while minimizing the risk of thermal degradation of sensitive analytes. For example, in some embodiments, the heater assembly 114 could gradually increase the temperature from 120 °C to 200 °C over a period of 10 minutes. In other embodiments, the heater assembly 114 could gradually increase the temperature from 40 °C to 250 °C over a period of 20 minutes.

Alternatively, the heater assembly 114 can be configured to operate in a step gradient mode, whereby the temperature is escalated in distinct increments as described above with respect to the heater assembly heating to a first, second, and third temperature. This method offers the advantage of targeting specific boiling points, thereby enabling the sequential vaporization of individual components at their respective temperatures. For example, initiating a lower step to volatilize ethanol components followed by a higher step for tetrahydrocannabinol allows for selective desorption of different analytes. Each step is designed to maintain stability at a defined temperature level long enough for complete vaporization of the target analytes before advancing to the next step. Detection Device (FIGS. 2-4)

Referring now to FIG. 2, a side view of a detection device is shown in accordance with various embodiments herein. In various embodiments, the detection device 200 can include heater assembly 114 containing the capture structure (not shown). The heater assembly 114 can be positioned upstream of a detector assembly 120. A locking collar 204 can wrap around a portion of the heater assembly 114 and detector assembly 120. The locking collar 204 can be configured to lock the heater assembly 114 to the detector assembly 120. The detector assembly 120 can include a switch valve 202.

In various embodiments, heated air generated by the heater assembly 114 can travel downstream to the detector assembly 120. In some embodiments, the heated air can travel through the capture media of the capture structure thereby heating the sample components on the capture media. After passing through the capture media, the heated air and the vaporized sample components can pass into the detector assembly 120. In some embodiments, the heated air and vaporized sample components can pass through the switch valve 202 and into the detector element whereby the vaporized sample components can be measured.

In other embodiments, the heated air can bypass the capture structure and travel through a bypass channel of the heater assembly discussed in more detail below. After bypassing the capture structure, the heated air can pass into the detector assembly 120. In some embodiments, the heated air can pass through the switch valve 202 and into the detector element of the detector assembly 120.

FIG. 3 provides a bottom view of detection device 200, including the detector assembly 120. FIG. 4 is a cross-sectional view of the detection device 200 of FIG. 3, wherein the plane of the cross-section is indicated by line 4-4 in FIG. 3, in accordance with various embodiments herein.

Temperature Sensors

In various embodiments, the detection device 200 can further include one or more temperature sensors. As FIG. 2 illustrates, the detection device 200 can include a first temperature sensor 206, a second temperature sensor 208, and a third temperature sensor 210. The first temperature sensor 206 can be positioned downstream of the heater assembly 114 and upstream of the capture structure 112. The first temperature sensor 206 can measure a first temperature at a first measurement location 412. The detection device 200 can further include a second temperature sensor 208 positioned downstream of the capture structure 112 and upstream of the detector assembly 120. The second temperature sensor 208 can measure a second temperature at a second measurement location 414. The detection device 200 can further include a third temperature sensor 210 positioned upstream of the capture structure 112 within the detector assembly 120. The third temperature sensor 210 can measure a third temperature at a third measurement location 416.

In various embodiments, the first temperature sensor 206, the second temperature sensor 208, and the third temperature sensor 210 can be a variety of temperature sensors. Exemplary temperature sensors include thermocouples, resistance temperature detectors (RTD), thermistors, infrared (IR) sensors, bimetallic sensors, gas thermometers, fiber optic sensors, solid-state sensors, and the like. In various embodiments, the first temperature sensor 206 is a thermocouple. In various embodiments, the second temperature sensor 208 is a thermocouple. In various embodiments, the third temperature sensor 210 is a thermocouple.

In various embodiments, the first temperature sensor 206 is configured to measure the temperature of the air coming off the heater assembly 114 before passing through the capture structure 112. It will be noted that monitoring the temperature coming off the heater assembly 114 can be beneficial to ensure the capture structure 112 receives the desired temperature.

In various embodiments, the second temperature sensor 208 is configured to measure the temperature of the volatile components coming off the capture structure 112. It will be noted that monitoring the temperature of the volatile components coming off the capture structure 112 can be beneficial in ensuring the desired components are being vaporized.

In various embodiments, the third temperature sensor 210 is configured to measure the temperature of the volatile components prior to reaching the detector element of the detector assembly 120. Measuring the volatile component right before reaching the detector element can be beneficial in ensuring the volatile components are at the desired temperature before being detected.

It is noted that the first temperature sensor 206, the second temperature sensor 208, and the third temperature sensor 210 are positioned in optimized positions to reduce any temperature overshoots and improve the responsiveness of the detection device 200.

While FIGS. 2 and 4 illustrate the temperature sensors 206, 208, and 210 at specific locations within the detection device 200, it will be understood that the locations of the temperatures 206, 208, and 210 can vary and be positioned at different locations within the detection device 200. Capture Structure

In various embodiments, the detection device 200 can include heater assembly 114, capture structure 112, and detector assembly 120. In various embodiments, the capture structure 112 can be positioned downstream of the heater assembly 114. In various embodiments, the capture structure 112 can be positioned within the breath conduit path 108. As shown, the capture structure 112 can be supported within the breath conduit path 108 by being positioned on a sample stage 400. The capture structure 112 can be oriented against a rim of sample stage 400, such that the capture structure 112 is lodged or trapped against the rim. It is herein contemplated that orienting the capture structure 112 perpendicular to the length of the breath conduit path 108, such that the length or circumference of the capture structure 112 blocks the breath conduit path 108, is desirable. As a result of this orientation, a vapor sample travels through the capture structure 112.

While the capture structure 112 can be positioned within the detection device prior to receiving a sample, the capture structure 112 can alternatively be loaded with a breath or fluid sample prior to being placed within the detection device.

Switch Valve (FIGS. 4-6)

In various embodiments, the detection device 200 includes a switch valve 202 positioned within the detector assembly 120. The switch valve 202 can include a switch valve actuator 408 positioned within a switch valve channel 410. The switch valve channel 410 can be configured to receive the switch valve actuator 408. The switch valve 202 is configured to direct the air flow coming off the heater assembly 114. In some embodiments, the switch valve actuator 408 can be in a first position as illustrated in FIG. 4, thereby directing the heated air from the heater assembly 114 to pass through the capture media of the capture structure 112, through channel 402 of the switch valve actuator 408, and into the detector element.

However, the switch valve actuator 408 can be in a second position so that the heated air from the heater assembly 114 is directed through the channel 404. In the second position, the heated air from the heater assembly 114 bypasses the capture structure 112 and instead travels through bypass channel 406 and channel 404 before entering the detector element. It is noted that by bypassing the capture structure 112, the heated air, free of any vaporized components coming off the capture media of the capture structure 112, can preheat the detector element. By preheating the detector element an improved electrical signal response is observed from the detector element. The switch valve actuator 408 can also be positioned in a third position such that channels 402 and 404 do not align with either the capture structure 112 or the bypass channel 406. Here, the switch valve actuator 408 is in a closed position that prevents the heated air from reaching the detector element and also prevents heated air from reaching the capture media of the capture structure 112.

FIG. 5 shows a bottom view and FIG. 6 shows a side view of the switch valve actuator, in accordance with various embodiments herein. FIG. 5 illustrates the outer surface of the switch valve actuator 408 including channels 402 and 404. FIG. 6 provides an interior view of the channels 402 and 404 through the switch valve actuator 408. The switch valve actuator 408 further includes notch 600 (FIG. 6), which can help the user of the detection device 200 modify the position of the switch valve actuator 408. For example, when the switch valve actuator 408 is pushed in a switch valve channel in the detection device 200 such that the notch 600 is proximal to the detection device, as illustrated in FIG. 4, the switch valve is in the first position. In contrast, when the switch valve actuator 408 is moved within the switch valve channel such that the notch 600 is distal to the detection device, the switch valve actuator 408 is in the second position. Similarly, if the notch is between its proximal and distal distances from the detection device 100, the switch valve actuator 408 is in the third position.

Locking Collar (FIGS. 7-8)

In various embodiments, the detection device 200 can include a locking collar. Referring now to FIG. 7, a top view of a locking collar is shown in accordance with various embodiments herein. Locking collar 204 can be configured to attach the heater assembly to the detector assembly during the assembly of the detection device. In various embodiments, the locking collar 204 can attach the heater assembly and the detector assembly. The locking collar 204 can allow the heater assembly and the detector assembly to be attached without any additional attachment means, such as screws, adhesives, or other additional components. The locking collar 204 further allows the heater assembly and the detector assembly to be easily disassembled. In some embodiments, the locking collar can be used to attach the heater assembly and the detector assembly without the need for tools. In various embodiments, the locking collar 204 can include one or more outer protrusions 700. The outer protrusions can allow a user of the locking collar to easily hold and twist the locking collar into position as described below. Referring now to FIG. 8, a side view of a locking collar is shown in accordance with various embodiments herein. In various embodiments, the capture structure, the heater assembly, and the detector assembly can be positioned as desired and the locking collar 204 can be positioned to lock the capture structure, heater assembly, and detector assembly into position and ensure the detector device remains secure. In various embodiments, the locking collar 204 can function in a variety of ways. In various embodiments, the locking collar 204 can snap into position, twist into position, or screw into position. For example, the locking collar 204 can include one or more inner protrusions 800 that can interact with ledges, grooves, or other mating structures on the detection device 200 to enable retaining the capture structure and heater assembly with the detector assembly.

The locking collar 204 can be made from a variety of materials. For example, the locking collar 204 can be made from durable materials able to withstand high temperatures, such as high-temperature polymers, including poly ether ether ketone (PEEK), or from metals known for their ability to resist thermal and chemical degradation, such as stainless steel or titanium.

Heater Assembly (FIGS. 9-13)

In various embodiments, the heater assembly 114 can be positioned upstream of the capture structure 112. Referring now to FIGS. 9 and 10, perspective views of the coil heater are shown in accordance with various embodiments herein. The heater element 900 can include a tube 902. The tube 902 can be made from a ceramic, such as a nonporous alumina ceramic tube. The tube 902 can include one or more holes 904 each configured to hold a coil heater 906. The tube 902 along with the coil heaters 906 create reduced thermal mass that allows for faster temperature changes in the detection device 200. In various embodiments, ambient air and/or a breath sample can pass through the heater element 900. When ambient air and/or a breath sample passes through the heater element 900, the air and/or breath sample flows into and through the holes 904 containing the coil heaters 906.

In various embodiments, the heater element 900 is not activated and is at an ambient temperature when a sample flows through the heater element 900 to the capture structure 112.

In various embodiments, the heater element 900 can be positioned within the heater assembly 114. Referring now to FIG. 11, a side view of a heater assembly is shown in accordance with various embodiments herein. The heater assembly 114 can include heater element 900 positioned within the heater assembly 114. In various embodiments, the heater assembly 114 can include a positioning member 1100. In various embodiments, the heater assembly 114 can further include a sample stage 400 configured to hold the capture structure (not shown).

Referring now to FIG. 12, a perspective view of a heater assembly is shown in accordance with various embodiments herein. The heater assembly 114 can include sample stage 400 and positioning member 1100. The sample stage 400 can be configured to hold the capture structure (not shown). As illustrated in FIG, 12, the positioning member 1100 can include one or more channels 1200 configured heater assembly detector assembly to receive the protrusions of the locking collar (not shown). In various embodiments, the inner protrusions of the locking collar can be configured to pass through the channels 1200 before engaging with the detector assembly discussed in further detail below.

The channels 1200 are further illustrated in FIG. 13 which provides a bottom view of the heater assembly in accordance with various embodiments herein. FIG. 13 further illustrates a bottom perspective of the sample stage 400. In various embodiments, the capture structure (not shown) can be positioned within and removed from the sample stage 400. It is noted that the sample stage 400 allows for the capture structure to be easily taken in and out of the sample stage 400 which allows for the capture structure to be removed and cleaned or replaced as necessary.

Detector Assembly (FIGS. 14-16)

In various embodiments, the heater assembly can be positioned directly upstream of the detector assembly, it is understood that the capture structure is removable and positioned within the sample stage of the heater element of the heater assembly. Referring now to FIG. 14, a top view of a detector assembly is shown in accordance with various embodiments herein. The detector assembly 120 can include a base 1400 configured to connect with the locking collar by allowing a user to hold the outer protrusion of the locking collar and align grooves 1402 with the inner protrusions of the locking collar, illustrated in FIG. 8. In various embodiments, the user can hold onto the outer protrusions to twist the inner protrusions of the locking collar into the grooves 1402 as illustrated in FIG. 15. Once the inner protrusions of the locking collar are fully engaged with the grooves 1402 the locking collar is in an engagement position that secures the heating element and the capture structure to the detector assembly. In other embodiments, the base 1400 and the locking collar can snap into position or screw into position.

In various embodiments, the detector assembly 120 can further include the switch valve 202 configured to direct the flow of heated air from the heater assembly into the detector element of the detector assembly 120. In various embodiments, the detector assembly 120 can further include a detector element 1404. The detector element 1404 is configured to detect one or more components of the sample provided. It will be understood that while FIGS. 14-16 depict a fuel cell as the detector element, the embodiments herein can include a variety of detector elements that can function similarly to the fuel cell disclosed.

In various embodiments, the detector assembly 120 can further include a first port 1406 positioned downstream of the capture media when the detector assembly 120 is connected with the heater assembly. The first port 1406 can include a first channel 1600 illustrated in FIG. 16. The first channel 1600 can be configured to allow heated air and vaporized components coming off the capture media to be drawn into the channel 402 of the switch valve actuator 408, illustrated in FIG. 6, and into the detector element 1404.

In various embodiments, the detector assembly can further include a second port 1408 positioned downstream of the heater assembly when the detector assembly 120 is connected with the heater assembly. The second port 1408 can include a second channel 1601 illustrated in FIG. 16. The second channel 1601 can be configured to allow heated air coming through the bypass channel to be drawn into channel 404 of the switch valve actuator 408, illustrated in FIG. 6, and into the detector element 1404.

FIG. 16 illustrates a cross-sectional view of the detector assembly of FIG. 14, wherein the plane of the cross-section is indicated by line 16-16 in FIG. 14 in accordance with various embodiments herein. As FIG. 16, the detector assembly 120 can include the switch valve channel 410. When the switch valve actuator is positioned within the switch valve channel 410 the heated air from the heater element can be drawn through either channel 1600 or 1601 as discussed above. Regardless of the heated air passing through channels 1600 or 1601, the heated air will make its way through channels 402 and 404 of the switch valve actuator, illustrated in FIG. 6, and into channel 1602 of the detector assembly 120 and into the detector element 1404.

Heater Assembly and Capture Structure Assembly (FIGS. 17-19)

Referring now to FIG. 17, a perspective view of a heater assembly and capture structure assembly is shown in accordance with various embodiments herein. In various embodiments, the heater assembly and capture structure assembly 1700 can include the heater assembly positioned upstream of the capture structure. FIG. 18 is a side view of the heater assembly and capture structure assembly 1700. FIG. 19 illustrates a cross-sectional view of the heater assembly and capture structure assembly 1700 of FIG. 18, wherein the plane of the cross-section is indicated by line 19-19 in FIG. 18 in accordance with various embodiments herein.

Capture Structure Orientation

In various embodiments, the heater assembly and capture structure assembly 1700 can include air inlet 126, heater assembly 114, and capture structure 112. In various embodiments, the capture structure 112 can be positioned downstream of the heater assembly 114. In various embodiments, the capture structure 112 can be positioned within the breath conduit path 108. As shown, the capture structure 112 can be supported within the breath conduit path 108 by being positioned on the sample stage 1900. The capture structure 112 can be oriented against a rim of sample stage 1900, such that the capture structure 112 is lodged or trapped against the rim. In other embodiments, the capture structure 112 can be supported within the breath conduit path 108 by pressure against an outer perimeter wall 1902. It is herein contemplated that orienting the capture structure 112 perpendicular to the length of the breath conduit path 108 such that the length or circumference of the capture structure 112 blocks the breath conduit path 108 is desirable. As a result of this orientation, a vapor sample travels through the capture structure 112.

It will be noted that while the capture structure 112 can be positioned within the detection device prior to receiving a breath sample, the capture structure 112 can alternatively be loaded with a breath or liquid sample prior to being placed within the detection device.

Heating Element

In various embodiments, the heater assembly 114 can include a coil heater as described with respect to FIGS. 5-6. The heater assembly 114 can be positioned upstream of the capture structure 112. The heater assembly 114 can include a ceramic core, that, along with the coil heater, create reduced thermal mass that allows for faster temperature changes in the heater element and capture structure assembly 1700. In various embodiments, ambient air and/or a breath sample can enter the air inlet 126 and pass through the heater assembly 114. When ambient air and/or a breath sample passes through the heater assembly 114, the air and/or breath sample flows into and through the heater assembly 114. In various embodiments, when a breath sample passes into and around the coil heater 2104, components of the breath sample can be captured in the capture media of the capture structure 112. In various embodiments, when ambient air passes into and around the heater assembly 114, the air can become heated and heat the capture structure 112.

In various embodiments, the heater assembly 114 is not activated and is at an ambient temperature when a sample flows past the heater assembly 114 to the capture structure 112.

First and Second Temperature Sensors

The heater assembly and capture structure assembly 1700 can further include a first temperature sensor 1904 positioned downstream of the heater assembly 114 and upstream of the capture structure 112. The first temperature sensor 1904 can measure a first temperature at a first measurement location 1905. The heater assembly and capture structure assembly 1700 can further include a second temperature sensor 1906 positioned downstream of the capture structure 112. The second temperature sensor 1906 can measure a second temperature at a second measurement location 1907. In various embodiments, the first temperature sensor 1904 and the second temperature sensor 1906 can be a variety of temperature sensors. Exemplary temperature sensors include thermocouples, resistance temperature detectors (RTD), thermistors, infrared (IR) sensors, bimetallic sensors, gas thermometers, fiber optic sensors, solid-state sensors, and the like. In various embodiments, the first temperature sensor 1904 is a thermocouple. In various embodiments, the second temperature sensor 1906 is a thermocouple.

In various embodiments, the first temperature sensor 1904 is configured to measure the temperature of the air coming off the heater assembly 114 before passing through the capture structure 112. It will be noted that monitoring the temperature coming off the heater assembly 114 can be beneficial to ensure the capture structure 112 receives the desired temperature.

In various embodiments, the second temperature sensor 1906 is configured to measure the temperature of the volatile components coming off the capture structure 112. It will be noted that monitoring the temperature of the volatile components coming off the capture structure 112 can be beneficial in ensuring the desired components are being vaporized.

It is noted that the first temperature sensor 1904 and the second temperature sensor 1906 are both positioned in optimized positions to reduce any temperature overshoots and improve the responsiveness of the heater assembly and capture structure assembly 1700. Heater Assembly and Capture Structure Assembly (FIGS. 20-21)

Referring now to FIG. 20, a side view of a heater assembly and capture structure assembly is shown in accordance with various embodiments herein. In various embodiments, the heater assembly and capture structure assembly 2000 can include the heater assembly 114 positioned upstream of the capture structure (not shown). FIG. 21 illustrates a cross-sectional view of the heater assembly and capture structure assembly 2000 of FIG. 20, wherein the plane of the cross-section is indicated by line 21-21 in FIG. 20 in accordance with various embodiments herein.

Capture Structure Orientation

In various embodiments, the heater assembly and capture structure assembly 2000 can include air inlet 126, heater assembly 114, and capture structure 112. In various embodiments, the capture structure 112 can be positioned downstream of the heater assembly 114. In various embodiments, the capture structure 112 can be positioned within the breath conduit path 108. As shown, the capture structure 112 can be supported within the breath conduit path 108 by being positioned on the sample stage 2100. The capture structure 112 can be oriented against a rim of sample stage 2100, such that the capture structure 112 is lodged or trapped against the rim. In other embodiments, the capture structure 112 can be supported within the breath conduit path 108 by pressure against an outer perimeter wall 2102. It is herein contemplated that orienting the capture structure 112 perpendicular to the length of the breath conduit path 108 such that the length or circumference of the capture structure 112 blocks the breath conduit path 108 is desirable. As a result of this orientation, a vapor sample travels through the capture structure 112.

It will be noted, that while the capture structure 112 can be positioned within the detection device prior to receiving a breath sample, the capture structure 112 can alternatively be loaded with a breath or liquid sample prior to being placed within the detection device.

Heating Element

In various embodiments, the heater assembly 114 can include a coil heater 2104. The coil heater 2104 can be positioned upstream of the capture structure 112. In various embodiments, the coil heater 2104 includes a cylinder 2106 making up the breath conduit path 108. In various embodiments, ambient air and/or a breath sample can enter the air inlet 126 and pass through the heater assembly 114. When ambient air and/or a breath sample passes through the heater assembly 114, the air and/or breath sample flows into and around the coil heater 2104. The heater assembly 114 can include an air diverter 2108, discussed in more detail below. In various embodiments, when a breath sample passes into and around the coil heater 2104, components of the breath sample can be captured in the capture media of the capture structure 112. In various embodiments, when ambient air passes into and around the coil heater 2104, the air can become heated and heat the capture structure 112.

In various embodiments, the coil heater is not activated and is at an ambient temperature when a sample flows past the coil heater to the capture structure 112.

Coil Heater Material

The coil heater 2104 can be made from a variety of metals. Exemplary metals can include copper, aluminum, tungsten, cobalt, nickel, chromium, and the like. In various embodiments, the coil heater 2104 can be made from a mixture of metals such as nickel chromium.

First and Second Temperature Sensors

The heater assembly and capture structure assembly 2000 can further include a first temperature sensor 2002 positioned downstream of the heater assembly 114 and upstream of the capture structure 112. The first temperature sensor 2002 can measure a first temperature at a first measurement location 2003, as illustrated in FIG. 21. The heater assembly and capture structure assembly 2000 can further include a second temperature sensor 2004 positioned downstream of the capture structure 112. The second temperature sensor 2004 can measure a second temperature at a second measurement location 2005, as illustrated in FIG. 21. In various embodiments, the first temperature sensor 2002 and the second temperature sensor 2004 can be a variety of temperature sensors. Exemplary temperature sensors include thermocouples, resistance temperature detectors (RTD), thermistors, infrared (IR) sensors, bimetallic sensors, gas thermometers, fiber optic sensors, solid-state sensors, and the like. In various embodiments, the first temperature sensor 2002 is a thermocouple. In various embodiments, the second temperature sensor 2004 is a thermocouple.

In various embodiments, the first temperature sensor 2002 is configured to measure the temperature of the air coming off the heater assembly 114 before passing through the capture structure 112. It will be noted that monitoring the temperature coming off the heater assembly 114 can be beneficial to ensure the capture structure 112 receives the desired temperature. In various embodiments, the second temperature sensor 2004 is configured to measure the temperature of the volatile components coming off the capture structure 112. It will be noted that monitoring the temperature of the volatile components coming off the capture structure 112 can be beneficial in ensuring the desired components are being vaporized.

Air Diverter (FIG. 22)

Referring now to FIG. 22, a cross-sectional view of an air diverter of FIG. 21 is shown in accordance with various embodiments herein. The air diverter 2108 is positioned downstream of the air inlet 126. In various embodiments, the air diverter 2108 can be configured to direct incoming ambient air and/or breath sample in part to flow past the coil heater (not shown) and to not flow through the center of the cylinder 2106. It will be noted that a majority of the incoming air and/or breath sample is preferably directed to the coil heater.

Heater Assembly and Capture Structure Assembly (FIGS. 23 and 24)

Referring now to FIG. 23, a side view of a heater assembly and capture structure assembly is shown in accordance with various embodiments herein. In various embodiments, the heater assembly and capture structure assembly 2300 can include the heater assembly 114 positioned upstream of the capture structure (not shown). FIG. 24 illustrates a cross-sectional view of the heater assembly and capture structure assembly 2300 of FIG. 23, wherein the plane of the cross-section is indicated by line 24-24 in FIG. 23 in accordance with various embodiments herein.

Capture Structure Orientation

In various embodiments, the heater assembly and capture structure assembly 2300 can include air inlet 126, heater assembly 114, and capture structure 112. In various embodiments, the capture structure 112 can be positioned downstream of the heater assembly 114. In various embodiments, the capture structure 112 can be positioned within the breath conduit path 108. As shown, the capture structure 112 can be positioned within the capture structure assembly 2300 at the sample stage 2400. The support frame of the capture structure 112 can be positioned on the sample stage 2400. The sample stage 2400 can include a rim such that the capture structure 112 is lodged or trapped against the rim of the sample stage 2400. In other embodiments, the capture structure 112 can be supported within the breath conduit path 108 by pressure against an outer perimeter wall 2402. It is herein contemplated that orienting the capture structure 112 perpendicular to the length of the breath conduit path 108 such that the length or circumference of the capture structure 112 blocks the breath conduit path 108 is desirable. As a result of this orientation, a vapor sample travels through the capture structure 112.

Heating Element

In various embodiments, the heater assembly 114 can include a heater structure 2404 and a heater disc 2406, discussed in further detail below. In various embodiments, ambient air and/or a breath sample can enter the air inlet 126 and pass through the heater assembly 114. When ambient air and/or a breath sample passes through the heater assembly 114, the air and/or breath sample flows into and around the heater structure 2404. In various embodiments, when a breath sample passes into and around the heater structure 2404, components of the breath sample can be captured in the capture media of the capture structure 112. In various embodiments, the heater structure 2404 is not activated and is at an ambient temperature when a sample flows past the heater structure 2404 to the capture structure 112.

In various embodiments, when ambient air passes into and around the heater structure 2404, the air can become heated and heat the capture structure 112.

In other embodiments, the heater structure can directly heat the capture structure. For example, the heater structure can comprise nichrome wire positioned adjacent to the capture structure.

First and Second Temperature Sensors

The heater assembly and capture structure assembly 2300 can further include a first temperature sensor 2302 positioned downstream of the heater assembly 114 and upstream of the capture structure 112. The first temperature sensor 2302 can measure a first temperature at a first measurement location 2303, as illustrated in FIG. 24. The heater assembly and capture structure assembly 2300 can further include a second temperature sensor 2304 positioned downstream of the capture structure 112. The second temperature sensor 2304 can measure a second temperature at a second measurement location 2305, as illustrated in FIG. 24. In various embodiments, the first temperature sensor 2302 and the second temperature sensor 2304 can be a variety of temperature sensors. Exemplary temperature sensors include thermocouples, resistance temperature detectors (RTD), thermistors, infrared (IR) sensors, bimetallic sensors, gas thermometers, fiber optic sensors, solid-state sensors, and the like. In various embodiments, the first temperature sensor 2302 is a thermocouple. In various embodiments, the second temperature sensor 2304 is a thermocouple.

In various embodiments, the first temperature sensor 2302 is configured to measure the temperature of the air coming off the heater assembly 114 before passing through the capture structure 112. It will be noted that monitoring the temperature coming off the heater assembly 114 can be beneficial to ensure the capture structure 112 receives the desired temperature.

In various embodiments, the second temperature sensor 2304 is configured to measure the temperature of the volatile components coming off the capture structure 112. It will be noted that monitoring the temperature of the volatile components coming off the capture structure 112 can be beneficial in ensuring the desired components are being vaporized.

Heater Structure (FIGS. 25-28)

FIGS. 25 and 26 show perspective views of a heater structure in accordance with various embodiments herein. As illustrated in FIG. 25, the heater structure 2404 can include a cavity 2500. The cavity 2500 can allow for the sample to be heated within the heater structure 2404. As illustrated in FIG. 26, the heater structure 2404 can include a plurality of holes 2600 that allow air and/or breath samples to enter the cavity 2500 of the heater structure 2404. The heater structure 2404 can include one hole, two holes, three holes, four holes, five holes, six holes, seven holes, eight holes, nine holes, ten holes, eleven holes, twelve holes, or more. For example, the heater structure 2404 can include four holes.

FIG. 27 shows a side view of the heater structure 2404 and FIG. 28 illustrates a cross- sectional view of the heater structure of FIG. 27, wherein the plane of the cross-section is indicated by line 28-28 in FIG. 27 in accordance with various embodiments herein. As illustrated, the heater structure 2404 can include a cavity 2500 having a heater disc 2406, discussed in more detail below. Ambient air can enter through the plurality of holes 2600 and pass through the cavity 2500. Heater Structure Shape

As illustrated in FIGS. 25-28, the heater structure 2404 is cup-shaped, however alternative shapes having a cavity are theorized. For example, the heater structure 2404 can be cube-shaped, rectangular, cylindrical, cone-shaped, pyramidal, triangular, polygonal, and the like.

Heater Structure Materials

The heater structure 2404 can be made from a variety of materials. For example, the heater structure can be made from metal, ceramic, and the like. Exemplary metals include stainless steel, nickel, silver, chromium, tungsten, copper, titanium, iron, bronze, zinc, platinum, and the like. Exemplary ceramic materials can include zeolites, porcelain, metalorganic frameworks, alumina, silica, and the like. In various embodiments, the heater structure can be made from more than one material, for example, the outer structure of the heater structure 2404 can be made from metal while the inner cavity can be made from ceramic.

Heater Disc

In various embodiments, a heater disc 2406 can be disposed within the cavity 2500. The heater disc 2406 can include a disc with wires attached thereto. The heater disc 2406 can be controlled with a voltage that is pulse-width modulated from solid state relay to maintain a set air temperature. The voltage can be applied across the heater disc 2406 where one side of the wire is grounded to the heater structure 2404 and the other side of the wire is positive and insulated from the heater structure 2404.

Disc Materials

The heater disc 2406 can be made from a variety of materials. In various embodiments the heater disc 2406 can be made from ceramics. Exemplary ceramic materials can include zeolites, porcelain, metal-organic frameworks, alumina, silica, and the like.

Wires Materials

The wires can be made from metal materials. Exemplary metals include copper, aluminum, tungsten, cobalt, nickel, chromium, and the like. In various embodiments, the wires 704 can be made from a mixture of metals such as nickel chromium. Capture Structure Orientation (FIG. 29)

In various embodiments, the capture structure 112 can be positioned within the breath conduit path 108. Referring now to FIG. 29, a cross-sectional view of a capture structure is shown in accordance with various embodiments herein. As shown, the capture structure 112 can be supported within the breath conduit path 108 being oriented on the sample stage 2400, such that the capture structure 112 is lodged or trapped against the rim of the sample stage 2400. In other embodiments, the capture structure 112 can be supported within the breath conduit path 108 by pressure against an outer perimeter wall 2402. It is herein contemplated that orienting the capture structure 112 perpendicular to the length of the breath conduit path 108 such that the length or circumference of the capture structure 112 blocks the breath conduit path 108 is desirable. The capture structure 112 may be removably positioned within the breath conduit path 108, e.g., to allow for replacement after contamination of the capture structure 112.

Capture Structure Capturing Components in Detection Device

In various embodiments, the orientation of the capture structure 112 can allow a user’s sample to contact a side of the capture structure 112. In various embodiments, a side of the capture structure 112 can capture components of one or more breaths of the user. For example, the capture structure 112 can capture the components of one, two, three, four, or five breaths of the user, or a number of breaths falling in between these values. In some embodiments, the user can provide up to five breaths. In other embodiments, the capture structure 112 can capture a volume of breath provided by a user. For example, the capture structure 112 can capture 0.5 liters, 1.0 liter, 1.5 liters, 2.0 liters, 2.5 liters, 3.0 liters, 3.5 liters, 4.0 liters, or any volume of breath in between.

Capture Structure Capturing Components Outside Detection Device

In other embodiments, the capture structure 112 can be oriented within the breath conduit path 108 after a sample has been deposited on the capture structure 112. In various embodiments, the capture structure 112 can be positioned outside of the detection device 100 and a sample can be deposited on the capture structure 112 in a variety of ways such as a liquid sample being transferred onto the surface of the capture structure 112, such as via pipette. Once the sample has been deposited on the capture structure 112, the capture structure 112 can be positioned within the detection device and heated as discussed above with respect to FIG. 1. Capture Structure Shape (FIGS. 30 and 31)

The capture structure 112 can be a variety of shapes. Referring now to FIGS. 30 and 31, top views of the capture structure 112 are shown in accordance with various embodiments herein. As illustrated in FIG. 30, the capture structure 112 can be a circular disc shape. Alternatively, as illustrated in FIG. 31, the capture structure 112 can be a cylindrical disc shape with an opening in the center of the disc. It is herein contemplated that including a hole in the capture structure 112 can be beneficial for allowing ambient air to pass through the capture structure 112 without having to make contact with the capture structure 112.

Other shapes of the capture structure 112 are contemplated herein. For example, the capture structure 112 can be square disc, oval disc, triangular disc, rectangular disc, or polygonal disc. It is further contemplated that any of the shapes of the discs described above can include one or more holes in it.

Capture Structure Components

In various embodiments, the capture structure 112 can include a capture media 3000 and a support frame 3002. The support frame 3002 can be used to support or frame the capture media 3000 and the capture media 3000 can be configured to capture one or more components of the sample provided.

In some embodiments, the capture structure 112 can further include a protrusion 3004 as illustrated in FIG. 30. The protrusion 3004 can allow a user to easily hold the capture structure 112 thereby allowing the capture structure 112 to be moved into and out of the detection device. In various embodiments, the protrusion 3004 is part of the support frame 3002. In other embodiments, the protrusion 3004 is attached to the support frame 3002.

Capture Media Materials

The capture media 3000 can be made from a variety of materials. For example, the capture media can be made from a variety of porous materials, including nanoporous materials. Porous materials can include ceramics, polymers, metals, glass, fibers, and the like.

Exemplary ceramic materials can include zeolites, porcelain, metal-organic frameworks, alumina, silica, and the like. Exemplary polymers can include polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polystyrene (PS), polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), polyethylene glycol (PEG), Nafion TM sulfonated tetrafluoroethylene based fluoropolymer-copolymer available from The Chemours Company of Delaware, US, and the like. In various embodiments, the capture media can be made from a ceramic mesh.

Exemplary metals can include aerated metals such as stainless steel, brass, copper, bronze, aluminum, aluminum oxide (also known as alumina) titanium, iron, chromium, cobalt, manganese, nickel, gold, zinc, silver, zirconium, tungsten, and the like. In various embodiments, the capture media can be made from aerated stainless steel. In various embodiments, the capture media can be made from a metallic mesh. It is herein contemplated that the capture structure can be made from more than one material listed above.

Exemplary glass, fiber, and other non-metallic materials can include fiber glass, glass wool, quartz wool, carbon fiber, steel wool, woven fibers, sintered glass, silicon dioxide (also known as silica), Cl 8, electrostatic filters, impaction filters, and the like.

Capture Media Material Pore Sizes

The capture media material can have a variety of pore sizes. In various embodiments, the material can have a pore size of 1 micron, 2 microns, 4 microns, 6 microns, 8 microns, 10 microns, 12 microns, 14 microns, 16 microns, 18 microns, 20 microns, 22 microns, 24 microns, 26 microns, 28 microns, 30 microns, or any number falling in between. For example, the capture structure material can have a pore size of 15 microns, 16 microns, 17 microns, 18 microns, 19 microns, 20 microns, or any number falling in between.

Capture Media Material Porosity

The capture media 3000 can have a variety of porosities. Porosity is defined as the proportion of pore volume in the total volume of the capture structure. In various embodiments, the capture structure can have a porosity of 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, or any number falling in between.

Detection of a Level of an Analyte Using a Fuel Cell

In various embodiments, the detector assembly can include a fuel cell. In some embodiments, the detector assembly can include a fuel cell for detecting an analyte. In various embodiments, the fuel cell is configured to detect a presence of a particular substance, such as an intoxicant. Fuel Cell Definition

In various embodiments, the fuel cell is a cannabis sensing fuel cell. A fuel cell, as discussed herein, is a type of electrochemical cell that uses electrochemical processes to oxidize compounds of interest, such as cannabis, and produce an electrical current. In one example, the fuel cell can include two metal electrodes and can include a porous acidelectrode material sandwiched between them, whereby the two metal electrodes oxidize the compound of interest. For example, the fuel cell can include two platinum electrodes with a porous acid-electrode material sandwiched between them. The two platinum electrodes oxidize cannabis in a user’s breath to produce oxidized cannabis metabolites, protons, and electrons whereby the electrons produce an electrical current that is measured.

In various embodiments, a cannabis sensing fuel cell can detect the level of cannabis in the user’s breath. Exemplary phenolic cannabinoid sensing fuel cells are disclosed in WO 2021/087453 Al, titled “Systems and methods for the detection of phenolic cannabinoids,” published on May 6, 2021, and assigned to The Regents of the University of California, the content of which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.

Fuel Cell Operating Temperature

In various embodiments, the fuel cell can operate at a variety of temperatures. In some embodiments, it may be desired to keep the fuel cell at a cooler temperature than the capture structure when heated. It is herein theorized that the fuel cell can operate more efficiently and more accurately detect a level of a substance when the fuel cell is kept at a cooler temperature than the heated air passing through the capture structure. In some embodiments, the fuel cell can be maintained at a temperature of approximately 30 °C, 32 °C, 34 °C, 36 °C, 38 °C, 40 °C, 42 °C, 44 °C, 46 °C, 48 °C, or 50 °C. For example, the fuel cell can be maintained at a temperature of approximately 40 °C.

Fuel Cell (FIG. 32)

FIG. 32 shows a schematic side of a detector assembly 120 in the form of a fuel cell 3200 for an intoxicant detection device in accordance with various embodiments herein. In various embodiments, the fuel cell 3200 can be a cannabinoid fuel cell.

In various embodiments, the fuel cell 3200 can include a fuel cell housing 3202. In some embodiments, the housing 3202 can include a first end plate 3204 and a second end plate 3206. In some embodiments, the housing 3202 can include a single or monolithic element that includes both a first end plate 3204 and a second end plate 3206. In various embodiments, the fuel cell 3200 can include anode flow plate 3208 and a cathode flow plate 3210. The anode flow plate 3208 can include an anode current collector 3212. The cathode flow plate 3210 can include a cathode current collector 3214. The anode flow plate 3208 can be in electrical communication with the anode current collector 3212. The cathode flow plate 3210 can be in electrical communication with the cathode current collector 3214.

In various embodiments, the fuel cell 3200 can further include a membrane electrode assembly 3216 (MEA). The MEA 3216 can include an anode 3218, a cathode 3220, an ion exchange membrane 3222 disposed between the anode 3218 and the cathode 3220, and an electrolyte. The MEA 3216 can include an anode side adjacent to the anode flow plate 3208 and a cathode side adjacent to the cathode flow plate 3210. In various embodiments, the electrolyte is held by the cathode flow plate 3210 and in contact with the MEA 3216 to keep the membrane wet. In various embodiments, the MEA 3216 can be a five layer MEA, such that the MEA 3216 can further include one or more gas diffusion layers 3224, 3226. The gas diffusion layers 3224, 3226 can protect the catalysts. In some embodiments, a gas diffusion layer 3224 can be positioned on the outer side of the anode 3218 and a gas diffusion layer 3226 can be positioned on the outer side of the cathode 3220. In various embodiments, the first gas diffusion layer 3224 can have a face area of about the same size and same shape as the anode 3218. Similarly, in various embodiments, the second gas diffusion layer 3226 can have a face area of about the same size and shape as the cathode 3220.

In the embodiments described herein, the anode 3218 may include an anode gas diffusion layer 3224 on its outer side and the cathode 3220 may include a cathode gas diffusion layer 3226 on its outer side, even where that is not specifically identified in the FIGS. It should be understood that the embodiments described herein can include a 3 -layer MEA or a 5-layer MEA independent of what is depicted in the figures.

In various embodiments, the anode flow plate 3208 can define one or more anode flow plate passages. In various embodiments, the cathode flow plate 3210 can define one or more cathode flow plate passages. In some embodiments, a flow plate passage can include one or more perforations. In some embodiments, a flow plate passage can include one or more channels.

Insulation within the Inner Perimeter of the Housing of the Detection Device (FIG. 33)

Referring now to FIG. 33, a schematic view of a detection device is shown in accordance with various embodiments herein. In various embodiments, the detection device 100 can include an insulation layer 3300. The insulation layer 3300 can be disposed around an inner perimeter of the housing 102 of the detection device 100. It is contemplated herein that insulating the perimeter of the housing 102 can reduce the likelihood of a user of the detection device 100 encountering levels of high heat given off from the heater assembly 114 when the heater assembly 114 heats the capture structure 112 during thermal desorption.

Insulation Surrounding the Heater Assembly and Capture Structure of the Detection Device (FIG. 34)

Referring now to FIG. 34, a schematic view of a detection device is shown in accordance with various embodiments herein. In various embodiments, the detection device 100 can include an insulation layer 3400. The insulation layer 3400 can be disposed on the outer perimeter of the heater assembly 114 and the outer perimeter of the capture structure 112. It is further contemplated that the insulation layer 3400 can extend onto the outer perimeter of the breath conduit path 108. It is contemplated herein, that insulating the outer perimeter of the heater assembly 114 and capture structure 112 can not only reduce the likelihood of a user of the detection device 100 encountering levels of high heat given off from the heater assembly 114 but can further protect the detector assembly 120 disposed within the housing 102 from encountering levels of high heat.

Insulation Materials

In various embodiments, the insulation can be made from a variety of materials. For example, the insulation can be made from ceramics, polymers, and the like. Exemplary ceramics include alumina, steatite, and the like. Exemplary polymers can include polyurethane foam, polyethylene (PE) foam, expanded polystyrene (EPS), fiberglass, silicone rubber, polyester film, Nomex®, polyimide, rubber, and the like. It is herein contemplated that the insulation can be made from more than one material listed above.

Insulation Thickness

In various embodiments, the insulation can have a variety of thicknesses. In various embodiments, the insulation can have a thickness of approximately 0.5 mm, 1 mm, 2 mm, 3 mm, 4 mm, 5 mm, 6 mm, 7 mm, 8 mm, or any number falling in between. Methods

Many different methods are contemplated herein, including, but not limited to, methods of making, methods of using, and the like. Aspects of system/device operation described elsewhere herein can be performed as operations of one or more methods in accordance with various embodiments herein.

Two-Step Heating Method- Cannabis Detection (FIG. 35)

Referring now to FIG. 35, a flow diagram of a method is shown in accordance with various embodiments herein. FIG. 35 shows a method 3500 of performing a two-step heating process in a detection device. The method can include heating a capture structure to a first temperature to vaporize first components 3502. In various embodiments, the first components can include volatile contaminants, such as ethanol or water found in the breath sample. In various embodiments, the volatile contaminants are exhausted out of the detection device. It is noted that exhausting the volatile contaminants out of the detection device can be beneficial to preventing the contaminants from reaching the detector assembly. By preventing the contaminants from reaching the detector assembly, the detector assembly can remain free of contaminants while also providing accurate measurements of the compounds of interest.

The method can further include heating the capture structure to a second temperature to vaporize second components 3504. In various embodiments, the second components can include volatile compounds of interest, such as cannabis.

The method can further include detecting the presence of THC compounds among the second components 3506. In various embodiments, the volatile compounds of interest, including any THC compounds can flow from the capture structure and into the detector assembly to be analyzed. In various embodiments, the volatile compounds of interest can flow through the detector assembly and exhausted out of the detection device.

Two-Step Heating Method- Ethanol and Cannabis Detection (FIG. 36)

Referring now to FIG. 36, a flow diagram of a method is shown in accordance with various embodiments herein. FIG. 36 shows a method 3600 of performing a two-step heating process in a detection device. The method can include heating a capture structure to a first temperature to vaporize first components 3602. In various embodiments, the first components can include first volatile compounds of interest, such as ethanol found in the breath sample.

The method can further include detecting the presence of alcohol compounds among the second components 3604. In various embodiments, the first compounds of interest, including any alcohol compounds, such as ethanol, can flow from the capture structure and into the detector assembly to be analyzed. In various embodiments, the first compounds of interest can flow through the detector assembly and exhausted out of the detection device.

The method can further include heating the capture structure to a second temperature to vaporize second components 3606. In various embodiments, the second components can include volatile compounds of interest, such as cannabis.

The method can further include detecting the presence of THC compounds among the second components 3608. In various embodiments, the volatile compounds of interest, including any THC compounds can flow from the capture structure and into the detector assembly to be analyzed. In various embodiments, the second compounds of interest can flow through the detector assembly and exhausted out of the detection device.

Heating Method- Cannabis Detection (FIG. 37)

Referring now to FIG. 37, a flow diagram of a method is shown in accordance with various embodiments herein. FIG. 37 shows a method 3700 of performing a heating process in a detection device. The method can include depositing or capturing sample onto a capture media 3702. In various embodiments, the sample can be deposited onto the capture media prior to being placed in the detection device. For example, the sample can be pipetted onto the capture media of the capture structure. In other embodiments, the sample can be captured on the capture media of the capture structure after the capture structure is positioned within the detection device. For example, a user can provide a breath sample by blowing into the detection device.

The method can further include heating the capture media to a temperature to vaporize components 3704. In various embodiments, the components can include volatile components, such as cannabis.

The method can further include applying a pressure differential to transfer the vaporized components to a detector assembly 3706. In various embodiments, a flow mechanism can operate to provide positive or negative pressure to draw the vaporized components into the detector assembly. For example, a pump can be positioned upstream or downstream of the capture structure to expel the vaporized components off the capture media.

The method can further include analyzing electronic properties of the vaporized components in the detector assembly 3708. In various embodiments, electrochemical reactions can occur when analytes come into contact with the detector assembly. For example, an oxidation process can occur that produces an electrical current proportional to the concentration of the analyte present in the sample. In other embodiments, current flow resulting from a redox reaction of the analyte in the detector assembly can be measured. In other embodiments, the change in potential across the detector assembly resulting from the analyte interacting with the detector assembly can be measured.

The method can further include evaluating the quantity of cannabis compounds present in the sample 3710. In various embodiments, the measure of electronic properties is directly proportional to the quantity of analyte present in the sample. For example, the electrical current produced by cannabis analyte is directly proportional to the concentration of cannabis in the sample provided.

Alternative Detection System Arrangements

The systems and methods presented herein can be implemented in part using a variety of detection systems, with valves, push/pull mechanisms, detector assemblies, heater assemblies, and capture structures located in various positions. Specifically, the individual components of the detection system can be positioned in a variety of different positions within the detection systems. FIG. 1 illustrates one such detection system arrangement. FIGS. 38-47 will now be described showing variations on the arrangements of the components of a detection system. It will be appreciated that these options are merely illustrative and are not intended to be exhaustive.

Push Flow Mechanism (FIG. 38)

Referring now to FIG. 38, a schematic view of a detection device is shown in accordance with various embodiments herein. The flow mechanism 122 of detection device 100 can be positioned upstream of the heater assembly 114, capture structure 112, valve 116, and detector assembly 120. In various embodiments, positioning the flow mechanism 122 upstream of these components allows for the flow mechanism to create positive pressure on tube 124 without the risk of back-flow thereby acting as a push mechanism.

Sample Receiving Device and Detection Device with Pull Flow Mechanism (FIG. 39)

Referring now to FIG. 39, a schematic view of a detection device and sample receiving device is shown in accordance with various embodiments herein. In various embodiments, the sample can be collected and captured on the capture media of the capture structure 112 in a sample receiving device 3900. The sample receiving device 3900 is a distinct device and separate from the detection device 100, including a sample receiving device housing that is separate from the housing of the detection device 100. In various embodiments, a user can blow into the sample receiving device 3900 and a sample can be collected or captured on the capture media of the capture structure 112. Once collected, the capture structure 112 can be removed from the sample capture device and placed on the sample stage 3902 of the detection device 100 and the heater assembly 114 can heat the sample stage 3902 and the vaporized components can be detected by the detector assembly 120. Similar to FIG. 1, the flow mechanism can be positioned downstream of the heater assembly 114, sample stage 3902, and detector assembly 120 and can apply negative pressure to the capture structure 112 positioned on the sample stage 3902 thereby drawing the vaporized components to the detector assembly 120.

In various embodiments, the detection device 100 can include a first valve 116 and a second valve 117. It is herein contemplated that the second valve 117 can be a variety of different valves. For example, the second valve 117 can include a solenoid valve, a butterfly valve, a diaphragm valve, a gauge valve, a check valve, and the like.

In various embodiments, the second valve 117 operates in conjunction with the flow mechanism 122. In various embodiments, the second valve 117 can allow for the flow mechanism to apply negative pressure through the tube 124 without the risk of back-flow.

In a first position, the second valve 117 can permit the flow mechanism 122 to exert negative pressure without the risk of back-flow, effectively facilitating a unidirectional vapor flow path. In a second position, the second valve 117 can close off the flow mechanism 122 from the first valve 116 thereby suspending the exertion of negative pressure throughout the detection device 100.

In further embodiments, the second valve 117 operates in tandem with the first valve 116 by allowing the first valve 116 to connect with the outlet 118 to allow for sample components, such as contaminants, to be drawn out of the detection device 100 or allowing the first valve 116 to draw vaporized sample components from the capture structure 112 to the detector assembly 120.

Sample Receiving Device and Detection Device with Push Mechanism (FIG. 40)

Referring now to FIG. 40, a schematic view of a detection device and sample receiving device is shown in accordance with various embodiments herein. As discussed above with respect to FIG. 39, the sample receiving device 3900 can be a device distinct and separate from the detection device 100, including a sample receiving device housing that is separate from the housing of the detection device 100. In various embodiments, a user can blow into the sample receiving device 3900 and a sample can be collected or captured on the capture media of the capture structure 112. Once collected, the capture structure 112 can be removed from the sample capture device and placed on the sample stage 3902 of the detection device 100 and the heater assembly 114 can heat the sample stage 3902 and the vaporized components can be detected by the detector assembly 120. Similar to FIG. 38, the flow mechanism can be positioned upstream of the heater assembly 114, sample stage 3902, and detector assembly 120 and can apply positive pressure to the capture structure 112 positioned on the sample stage 3902 thereby acting as a push mechanism and drawing the vaporized components to the detector assembly 120.

Dual-Line with Push Mechanism (FIG. 41)

Referring now to FIG. 41, a schematic view of a detection device is shown in accordance with various embodiments herein. As illustrated, the detection device 100 can include a breath outlet 4100 that is separate and distinct from outlet 118. In various embodiments, a user can blow into breath inlet 104 and the breath that is not collected or captured on the capture media of the capture structure 112 can immediately exit through the breath outlet 4100.

In various embodiments, ambient air can be drawn into the flow mechanism 122 via air inlet 126. The air inlet 126 can be positioned upstream of the flow mechanism 122 and can direct ambient air into the flow mechanism 122. The flow mechanism 122 can be positioned upstream of valve 116, heater assembly 114, capture structure 112, and detector assembly 120 thereby allowing the flow mechanism 122 to operate as a push mechanism as discussed above.

In various embodiments, the valve 116 can operate in a first position to allow ambient air to enter the heater assembly 114, capture structure 112, and detector assembly 120. In a second position, the valve 116 can direct ambient air up to tube 4102 thereby bypassing the heater assembly 114 and capture structure 112 and going directly to the detector assembly 120. In a third position the valve 116 can be in a closed position thereby preventing ambient air from entering the detection device 100.

Dual-Line with Pull Mechanism (FIG. 42)

Referring now to FIG. 42, a schematic view of a detection device is shown in accordance with various embodiments herein. As illustrated, the detection device 100 can include a breath outlet 4100 that is separate and distinct from outlet 118. In various embodiments, a user can blow into breath inlet 104 and the breath that is not collected or captured on the capture media of the capture structure 112 can immediately exit through the breath outlet 4100.

In various embodiments, ambient air can be drawn into the detection device 100 via air inlet 126. The flow mechanism 122 can be positioned downstream of valve 116, heater assembly 114, capture structure 112, and detector assembly 120 thereby allowing the flow mechanism 122 to operate as a pull mechanism as discussed above.

Dual-Line and Dual Valves with Push Mechanism (FIG. 43)

Referring now to FIG. 43, a schematic view of a detection device is shown in accordance with various embodiments herein. As described above with respect to FIGS. 41 and 42, the detection device 100 can include a breath outlet 4100 that is separate and distinct from outlet 118.

In various embodiments, the detection device 100 can further include the flow mechanism 122 positioned upstream of the heater assembly 114, first valve 116, capture structure 112, and detector assembly 120, thus allowing the flow mechanism 122 to operate as a push mechanism.

In various embodiments, the first valve 116 can operate in a first position to allow ambient air heated by the heater assembly 114 to bypass the capture structure 112 and allow heated air to enter valve 117 and detector assembly 120. In various embodiments, allowing the heated air to bypass the capture structure 112 can allow for the detector assembly 120 to become preheated prior to any vaporized components entering the detector assembly 120. Without being bound by theory, it is believed that preheating the detector assembly 120 can improve the electrical signal response of the detector assembly 120. In a second position, the first valve 116 can be in a closed position thereby preventing ambient air from bypassing the capture structure 112 or detector assembly 120.

In various embodiments, the detection device 100 can further include a second valve 117 that can operate in a first position and permit the flow mechanism 122 to exert positive pressure without the risk of back-flow, effectively facilitating a unidirectional vapor flow path. In a second position, the second valve 117 can be in a closed position thereby preventing any vaporized components from reaching the detector assembly 120.

Dual-Line and Dual Valves with Pull Mechanism (FIG. 44)

Referring now to FIG. 44, a schematic view of a detection device is shown in accordance with various embodiments herein. As described above with respect to FIGS. 41- 43, the detection device 100 can include a breath outlet 4100 that is separate and distinct from outlet 118.

In various embodiments, ambient air can be drawn into the detection device 100 via air inlet 126. The flow mechanism 122 can be positioned downstream of first valve 116, heater assembly 114, capture structure 112, second valve 117, and detector assembly 120 thereby allowing the flow mechanism 122 to operate as a pull mechanism as discussed above.

In various embodiments, the detection device 100 can further include a second valve 117 that can operate in a first position and permit the flow mechanism 122 to exert negative pressure without the risk of back-flow, effectively facilitating a unidirectional vapor flow path. In a second position, the second valve 117 can be in a closed position thereby preventing any vaporized components from reaching the detector assembly 120.

Reference Sample (FIG. 45)

Referring now to FIG. 45, a schematic view of a detection device is shown in accordance with various embodiments herein. In various embodiments, detection device 100 can include a reference structure 4500 that allows the detector assembly 120 to compare the test sample received via the capture structure 112 with a reference sample such as an analytical standard or an environmental sample. In various embodiments, the flow mechanism 122 operates as a push mechanism and the heater assembly 114 heats the capture structure 112 and the reference structure 4500. Vaporized components from each of the capture structure 112 and reference structure 4500 can reach the detector assembly 120.

In various embodiments, the valve 116 can operate in a first position to allow the vaporized components of the reference structure 4500 to reach the detector assembly 120. In a second position, the valve 116 can operate to allow the vaporized components of the capture structure 112 to reach the detector assembly 120. In a third position, the valve 116 can be in a closed position thereby preventing any vaporized components from reaching the detector assembly 120.

Bi-Directional Flow Mechanism (FIGS. 46 and 47)

Referring now to FIG. 46, a schematic view of a detection device is shown in accordance with various embodiments herein. In various embodiments, the detection device 100 can include a bi-directional flow mechanism 4600. The bi-directional flow mechanism 4600 can allow the tube 4602 to act as both a breath outlet 4100 as illustrated in FIG. 46 and an air inlet 126 as illustrated in FIG. 47.

As illustrated in FIG. 46, a user can provide a breath sample through breath inlet 104. The breath sample could then enter capture structure 112 and any breath that was not captured by the capture media of the capture structure 112 could enter the heater assembly 114, go through the bi-directional flow mechanism 4600 and exit the tube 4602, such that the tube 4602 is acting as breath outlet 4100.

However, as illustrated in FIG. 47, the tube 4602 can also operate as air inlet 126. The bi-directional flow mechanism 4600 can allow ambient air to enter tube 4602 and proceed through heater assembly 114, capture structure 112, valve 116, and detector assembly 120 before exiting outlet 118.

Computer Systems (FIG. 48)

The systems and methods presented here may be implemented in part using a computerized device, such as a smartphone, handheld, or other computerized device. FIG. 48 shows a computerized detection system consistent with various examples described herein. FIG. 48 illustrates only one particular example of computing device 4800, and other computing devices 4800 may be used in other embodiments. Although computing device 4800 is shown as a standalone computing device, computing device 4800 may be any component or system that includes one or more processors or another suitable computing environment for executing software instructions in other examples and need not include all the elements shown here.

In various embodiments, the computerized detection system 4800 can be configured to control the heater assembly. In other embodiments, the computerized detection system 4800 can read the real time temperature of the temperature sensors of the detection device. In some embodiments, the computerized detection system 4800 can increase or decrease the temperature of the control assembly based on the real time temperatures of the temperature sensors.

As shown in the specific example of FIG. 48, computing device 4800 includes one or more processors 4802, memory 4804, one or more input devices 4806, one or more output devices 4808, one or more communication modules 4810, and one or more storage devices 4812. Computing device 4800, in one example, further includes an operating system 4816 executable by computing device 4800. The operating system includes in various examples services such as a network service 4818. One or more applications, such as an analyte detection application 4820, are also stored on storage device 4812 and are executable by computing device 4800.

Each of components 4802, 4804, 4806, 4808, 4810, and 4812 may be interconnected (physically, communicatively, and/or operatively) for inter-component communications, such as via one or more communication channels 4814. In some examples, communication channels 4814 include a system bus, network connection, inter-processor communication network, or any other channel for communicating data. Applications such as analyte detection application 4820 and operating system 4816 may also communicate information with one another as well as with other components in computing device 4800.

Processors 4802, in one example, are configured to implement functionality and/or process instructions for execution within computing device 4800. For example, processors 4802 may be capable of processing instructions stored in storage device 4812 or memory 4804. Examples of processors 4802 include any one or more of a microprocessor, a controller, a digital signal processor (DSP), an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC), a field-programmable gate array (FPGA), or similar discrete or integrated logic circuitry.

One or more storage devices 4812 may be configured to store information within computing device 4800 during operation. Storage device 4812, in some examples, is known as a computer-readable storage medium. In some examples, storage device 4812 comprises temporary memory, meaning that a primary purpose of storage device 4812 is not long-term storage. Storage device 4812 in some examples includes a volatile memory, meaning that storage device 4812 does not maintain stored contents when computing device 4800 is turned off. In other examples, data is loaded from storage device 4812 into memory 4804 during operation. Examples of volatile memories include random access memories (RAM), dynamic random-access memories (DRAM), static random-access memories (SRAM), and other forms of volatile memories known in the art. In some examples, storage device 4812 is used to store program instructions for execution by processors 4802. Storage device 4812 and memory 4804, in various examples, are used by software or applications running on computing device 4800 such as analyte detection application 4820 to temporarily store information during program execution.

Storage device 4812, in some examples, includes one or more computer-readable storage media that may be configured to store larger amounts of information than volatile memory. Storage device 4812 may further be configured for long-term storage of information. In some examples, storage devices 4812 include non-volatile storage elements. Examples of such non-volatile storage elements include magnetic hard discs, optical discs, floppy discs, flash memories, or forms of electrically programmable memories (EPROM) or electrically erasable and programmable (EEPROM) memories.

Computing device 4800, in some examples, also includes one or more communication modules 4810. Computing device 4800, in one example, uses communication module 4810 to communicate with external devices via one or more networks, such as one or more wireless networks. Communication module 4810 may be a network interface card, such as an Ethernet card, an optical transceiver, a radio frequency transceiver, or any other type of device that can send and/or receive information. Other examples of such network interfaces include Bluetooth, 3G, 4G, LTE, 5G, Wi-Fi radios, and Near-Field Communications (NFC), and Universal Serial Bus (USB). In some examples, computing device 4800 uses communication module 4810 to wirelessly communicate with an external device such as via public network such as the Internet.

Computing device 4800 also includes, in one example, one or more input devices 4806. Input device 4806, in some examples, is configured to receive input from a user through tactile, audio, or video input. Examples of input device 4806 include a touchscreen display, a mouse, a keyboard, a voice responsive system, video camera, microphone, or any other type of device for detecting input from a user.

One or more output devices 4808 may also be included in computing device 4800. Output device 4808, in some examples, is configured to provide output to a user using tactile, audio, or video stimuli. Output device 4808, in one example, includes a display, a sound card, a video graphics adapter card, or any other type of device for converting a signal into an appropriate form understandable to humans or machines. Additional examples of output device 608 include a speaker, a light-emitting diode (LED) display, a liquid crystal display (LCD), or any other type of device that can generate output to a user.

Computing device 4800 may include operating system 4816. Operating system 4816, in some examples, controls the operation of components of computing device 4800, and provides an interface from various applications such as analyte detection application 4820 to components of computing device 4800. For example, operating system 4816, in one example, facilitates the communication of various applications such as analyte detection application 4820 with processors 4802, communication unit 4810, storage device 4812, input device 4806, and output device 4808. Applications such as analyte detection application 4820 may include program instructions and/or data that are executable by computing device 4800. As one example, analyte detection application 4820 may include instructions that cause computing device 4800 to perform one or more of the operations and actions described in the examples presented herein. Instead of or in addition to an analyte detection application 4820, the system may include an intoxication detection application, an intoxication interlock application, a personal monitoring application, a substance detection application, or other applications.

It should be noted that, as used in this specification and the appended claims, the singular forms "a," "an," and "the" include plural referents unless the content clearly dictates otherwise. It should also be noted that the term “or” is generally employed in its sense including “and/or” unless the content clearly dictates otherwise.

It should also be noted that, as used in this specification and the appended claims, the phrase “configured” describes a system, apparatus, or other structure that is constructed or configured to perform a particular task or adopt a particular configuration. The phrase "configured" can be used interchangeably with other similar phrases such as arranged and configured, constructed and arranged, constructed, manufactured and arranged, and the like.

All publications and patent applications in this specification are indicative of the level of ordinary skill in the art to which this invention pertains. All publications and patent applications are herein incorporated by reference to the same extent as if each individual publication or patent application was specifically and individually indicated by reference.

As used herein, the recitation of numerical ranges by endpoints shall include all numbers subsumed within that range (e.g., 2 to 8 includes 2.1, 2.8, 5.3, 7, etc.). The headings used herein are provided for consistency with suggestions under 37 CFR 1.77 or otherwise to provide organizational cues. These headings shall not be viewed to limit or characterize the invention(s) set out in any claims that may issue from this disclosure. As an example, although the headings refer to a “Field,” such claims should not be limited by the language chosen under this heading to describe the so-called technical field. Further, a description of a technology in the “Background” is not an admission that technology is prior art to any invention(s) in this disclosure. Neither is the “Summary” to be considered as a characterization of the invention(s) set forth in issued claims.

The embodiments described herein are not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the invention to the precise forms disclosed in the following detailed description. Rather, the embodiments are chosen and described so that others skilled in the art can appreciate and understand the principles and practices. As such, aspects have been described with reference to various specific and preferred embodiments and techniques. However, it should be understood that many variations and modifications may be made while remaining within the spirit and scope herein.

Claims

The Claims Are:

1. A detection system comprising: a capture media for receiving a sample; a heater assembly configured to vaporize one or more components of the sample; and a detector assembly configured to: receive the one or more vaporized sample components; and detect a presence of one or more analytes.

2. The detection system of claim 1, wherein the detector assembly comprises an electrochemical detector assembly.

3. The detection system according to claim 2, further comprising a switch valve configured to send the one or more vaporized sample components to waste or the electrochemical detector assembly.

4. The detection system according to claim 3, wherein the switch valve comprises a nonmixing cartridge valve, a plunger valve, a single port valve, a multiple port valve, or a diverter valve.

5. The detection system according to any one of claims 1-4, wherein the sample comprises one or more breaths from a user, a bodily fluid from the user, an analytical standard solution, an environmental fluid, or a gas sample.

6. The detection system according to any one of claims 2-5, wherein the electrochemical detector assembly comprises a fuel cell, a voltametric detector, chemiresistor, impedance detector, or an amperometric detector.

7. The detection system according to any one of claims 1-6, wherein the heater assembly is configured to heat the capture media to a first temperature to vaporize first sample components, wherein the first temperature is at or above 40 degrees Celsius.

8. The detection system according to claim 7, wherein the vaporized first sample components comprise ethanol.

9. The detection system according to any of claims 7 and 8, wherein the heater assembly is further configured to heat the capture media to a second temperature to vaporize second sample components, wherein the second temperature is higher than the first temperature.

10. The detection system according to claim 9, wherein the vaporized second sample components comprise tetrahydrocannabinol.

11. The detection system according to any of claims 9 and 10, wherein the heater assembly is further configured to heat the capture media to a third temperature to clean the capture media, wherein the third temperature is at or above 200 degrees Celsius.

12. The detection system according to any of claims 7-11, wherein the heater assembly is configured to increase the temperature of the capture media in a step gradient.

13. The detection system according to any of claims 7-11, wherein the heater assembly is configured to increase the temperature of the capture media in a continuous gradient.

14. The detection system according to any of claims 2-13, further comprising a flow mechanism configured to draw the one or more vaporized sample components into the electrochemical detector assembly.

15. The detection system according to claim 14, wherein the flow mechanism generates a flow rate between 0.01 SLPM and 50 SLPM.

16. The detection system according to any of claims 1-15, wherein the capture media comprises a material of woven fibers, sintered glass, quartz wool, metallic mesh, ceramic mesh, electrostatic filter, a nanoporous material, impaction filter, silica, alumina, Cl 8, or a polymer material.

17. The detection system according to any of claims 14-16, wherein the flow mechanism draws the one or more vaporized sample components along a flow path from the capture media to the electrochemical detector assembly.

18. The detection system according to any of claims 1-17, wherein the heater assembly is configured to heat the capture media to a first temperature to vaporize tetrahydrocannabinol sample components, wherein the first temperature is at or above 150 degrees Celsius.

19. A method of detecting one or more substances, comprising: depositing a sample comprising one or more sample components on a capture media; heating the capture media to vaporize the one or more sample components; receiving, at an electrochemical detector assembly, the one or more vaporized sample components; and detecting, via the electrochemical detector assembly, a presence of one or more analytes.

20. The method according to claim 19, wherein the capture media is heated to a first temperature to vaporize a first sample component, wherein the first temperature is at or above 40 degrees Celsius.

21. The method according to claim 20, wherein the capture media is heated to a second temperature to vaporize second sample components, wherein the second temperature is higher than the first temperature.

22. The method according to claim 21, wherein the capture media is heated to a third temperature to clean the capture media, wherein the third temperature is at or above 200 degrees Celsius.

23. The method according to any of claims 19-22, wherein the one or more analytes comprise ethanol or tetrahydrocannabinol.

24. A detection system comprising: a sample receiving device comprising: a sample receiving device housing, a capture media for receiving a sample, wherein the capture media is removeable from the sample receiving device, and a breath inlet; and a detection device comprising: a detection device housing, a sample stage configured to receive and hold the capture media; a heater assembly configured to vaporize one or more components of the sample; and an electrochemical detector assembly configured to: receive the one or more vaporized sample components; and detect a presence of one or more analytes wherein the capture media is configured to be transferred from the sample receiving device to the sample stage of the detection device after receiving the sample.

25. A method of detecting one or more substances, comprising: depositing a sample comprising one or more sample components on a capture media; heating the capture media to a first temperature to vaporize first sample components, wherein the first temperature is at or above 40 C; heating the capture media to a second temperature to vaporize second sample components, wherein the second temperature is higher than the first temperature; receiving, at a detector assembly, at least one of the vaporized first sample components and the vaporized second sample components; detecting, via the detector assembly, a presence of one or more analytes among the first sample components and the second sample components.

26. A detection system comprising: a capture media for receiving a sample; a heater assembly configured to: heat the capture media to a first temperature to vaporize first sample components, wherein the first temperature is at or above 40 C; and heat the capture media to a second temperature to vaporize second sample components, wherein the second temperature is higher than the first temperature; a detector assembly configured to receive at least one of the vaporized first sample components and the vaporized second sample components to detect a presence of one or more analytes among the first sample components and the second sample components.

27. The detection system according to claim 26, wherein the detector assembly is further configured to receive the vaporized second sample components and to detect the presence of one or more analytes among the second sample components.

28. The detection system according to any of claims 26-27, wherein the one or more analytes detected among the first sample components are different than the one or more analytes detected among the second sample components.

29. The detection system according to any of claims 26-28, wherein at least one of the first sample components and the second sample components comprise water, ethanol, or tetrahydrocannabinol .

30. A breath detection system comprising: an input opening to a breath path for receiving one or more breaths from a user; a capture media in the breath path configured to receive sample components within the one or more breaths from the user; a heater assembly configured to: heat the capture media to a first temperature to vaporize first sample components, wherein the first temperature is at or above 40 C; and heat the capture media to a second temperature to vaporize second sample components, wherein the second temperature is higher than the first temperature; and a detector assembly configured to receive at least one of the vaporized first sample components and the vaporized second sample components to detect a presence of one or more analytes among the first sample components and the second sample components.