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WO2025179468A1 - Adaptation de signal de référence de détection en boucle fermée - Google Patents

Adaptation de signal de référence de détection en boucle fermée

Info

Publication number
WO2025179468A1
WO2025179468A1 PCT/CN2024/078919 CN2024078919W WO2025179468A1 WO 2025179468 A1 WO2025179468 A1 WO 2025179468A1 CN 2024078919 W CN2024078919 W CN 2024078919W WO 2025179468 A1 WO2025179468 A1 WO 2025179468A1
Authority
WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
reference signal
mobile device
target
signal
processor
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Pending
Application number
PCT/CN2024/078919
Other languages
English (en)
Inventor
Yuwei REN
Weimin DUAN
Huilin Xu
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Qualcomm Inc
Original Assignee
Qualcomm Inc
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Qualcomm Inc filed Critical Qualcomm Inc
Priority to PCT/CN2024/078919 priority Critical patent/WO2025179468A1/fr
Publication of WO2025179468A1 publication Critical patent/WO2025179468A1/fr
Pending legal-status Critical Current
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical

Links

Classifications

    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01S—RADIO DIRECTION-FINDING; RADIO NAVIGATION; DETERMINING DISTANCE OR VELOCITY BY USE OF RADIO WAVES; LOCATING OR PRESENCE-DETECTING BY USE OF THE REFLECTION OR RERADIATION OF RADIO WAVES; ANALOGOUS ARRANGEMENTS USING OTHER WAVES
    • G01S7/00—Details of systems according to groups G01S13/00, G01S15/00, G01S17/00
    • G01S7/003—Transmission of data between radar, sonar or lidar systems and remote stations
    • G01S7/006—Transmission of data between radar, sonar or lidar systems and remote stations using shared front-end circuitry, e.g. antennas
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01S—RADIO DIRECTION-FINDING; RADIO NAVIGATION; DETERMINING DISTANCE OR VELOCITY BY USE OF RADIO WAVES; LOCATING OR PRESENCE-DETECTING BY USE OF THE REFLECTION OR RERADIATION OF RADIO WAVES; ANALOGOUS ARRANGEMENTS USING OTHER WAVES
    • G01S13/00—Systems using the reflection or reradiation of radio waves, e.g. radar systems; Analogous systems using reflection or reradiation of waves whose nature or wavelength is irrelevant or unspecified
    • G01S13/003—Bistatic radar systems; Multistatic radar systems
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01S—RADIO DIRECTION-FINDING; RADIO NAVIGATION; DETERMINING DISTANCE OR VELOCITY BY USE OF RADIO WAVES; LOCATING OR PRESENCE-DETECTING BY USE OF THE REFLECTION OR RERADIATION OF RADIO WAVES; ANALOGOUS ARRANGEMENTS USING OTHER WAVES
    • G01S13/00—Systems using the reflection or reradiation of radio waves, e.g. radar systems; Analogous systems using reflection or reradiation of waves whose nature or wavelength is irrelevant or unspecified
    • G01S13/02—Systems using reflection of radio waves, e.g. primary radar systems; Analogous systems
    • G01S13/06—Systems determining position data of a target
    • G01S13/08—Systems for measuring distance only
    • G01S13/10—Systems for measuring distance only using transmission of interrupted, pulse modulated waves
    • G01S13/106—Systems for measuring distance only using transmission of interrupted, pulse modulated waves using transmission of pulses having some particular characteristics
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01S—RADIO DIRECTION-FINDING; RADIO NAVIGATION; DETERMINING DISTANCE OR VELOCITY BY USE OF RADIO WAVES; LOCATING OR PRESENCE-DETECTING BY USE OF THE REFLECTION OR RERADIATION OF RADIO WAVES; ANALOGOUS ARRANGEMENTS USING OTHER WAVES
    • G01S13/00—Systems using the reflection or reradiation of radio waves, e.g. radar systems; Analogous systems using reflection or reradiation of waves whose nature or wavelength is irrelevant or unspecified
    • G01S13/66—Radar-tracking systems; Analogous systems
    • G01S13/72—Radar-tracking systems; Analogous systems for two-dimensional tracking, e.g. combination of angle and range tracking, track-while-scan radar
    • G01S13/723—Radar-tracking systems; Analogous systems for two-dimensional tracking, e.g. combination of angle and range tracking, track-while-scan radar by using numerical data

Definitions

  • Object detection relies on a sensing device transmitting a sensing signal in a specific direction and then detecting changes in a received signal that indicates the presence of object.
  • a sensing device transmitting a sensing signal in a specific direction and then detecting changes in a received signal that indicates the presence of object.
  • dense transmission of sensing signals with long duration and phase continuity result in better detection performance.
  • the increase in detection performance comes at the cost of requiring significant power which is an issue for mobile devices.
  • the sensing range of a cell-site may be smaller than the communication coverage range due to link budget differences, hence it may be challenging to perform cell-site edge target detection.
  • the object to be detected may be within the cell-site (even within the sensing area) but it may be located in an area where this is no cell coverage such as, for example, an area with a poor communication link, an indoor area with poor cell coverage, or an underground area without cellular communication service.
  • Another challenge within a cellular communication network may be caused by conflicting communication traffic on the cellular communication network because the sensing signals may have a lower priority than the communication signals on the cellular communication network.
  • the scheduling of the sensing signals would not be timely and would have long latency because transmitting and receiving sensing signals may not be scheduled until the data communication is done.
  • Techniques are discussed for a method for sensing that comprises transmitting, via an at least one transceiver of a first device, a sensing signal to a second device, wherein the sensing signal has a first power level; receiving, at the first device, a first reporting signal from the second device; determining whether an object is present from the first reporting signal; and transmitting, from the first device, a tracking signal instead of the sensing signal if the object is present, wherein the tracking signal has a second power level that is greater than the first power level.
  • an apparatus for sensing comprising at least one transceiver, at least one memory, and at least one processor, in signal communication with the at least one transceiver, and the at least one memory.
  • the at least one processor configured to: transmit, via the at least one transceiver, a sensing signal to a second device, wherein the first sensing signal has a first power level; receive, at the first device, a first reporting signal from the second device; determine whether an object is present from the first reporting signal; and transmit a tracking signal instead of the sensing signal if the object is present, wherein the tracking signal has a second power level that is greater than the first power level.
  • another method for sensing comprises: receiving, via an at least one transceiver of a first device, a first reference signal from a second device, wherein the first reference signal has a first signal configuration configured to detect a target; detecting the target from the first reference signal; and transmitting a feedback signal to the second device in response to detecting the target.
  • FIG. 1 is a simplified diagram of an example wireless communications system.
  • FIG. 2 is a system block diagram of components of an example user equipment shown in FIG. 1.
  • FIG. 3 is a system block diagram of components of an example transmission/reception point shown in FIG. 1.
  • FIG. 4 is a system block diagram of components of an example server shown in FIG. 1.
  • FIG. 6A is a functional block diagram of an example of an implementation of a system for closed loop sensing utilizing reference signal adaptation utilizing a feedback signal along a sidelink channel in accordance with the present disclosure.
  • FIG. 6B is a functional block diagram of the implementation shown in FIG. 6A when a target is present in accordance with the present disclosure.
  • FIG. 6C is a functional block diagram of the implementation shown in FIG. 6A utilizing a second reference signal as a feedback signal in accordance with the present disclosure.
  • FIG. 6D is a functional block diagram of the implementation shown in FIG. 6C when a target is present in accordance with the present disclosure.
  • FIG. 7 is a message diagram between the first mobile device and second mobile device, shown in FIGS. 6A and 6B, of an example of implementation of closed loop sensing utilizing reference signal adaptation in accordance with the present disclosure.
  • FIG. 8 is a message diagram between the first mobile device and second mobile device, shown in FIGS. 6C and 6D, of an example of implementation of closed loop sensing utilizing reference signal adaptation in accordance with the present disclosure.
  • FIG. 9 is a message diagram between the first mobile device and second mobile device, shown in FIGS. 6C and 6D, of an example of implementation of closed loop sensing utilizing reference signal adaptation with a false alarm detection in accordance with the present disclosure.
  • FIG. 10 is a functional system block diagram of an example of an implementation of the system, shown in FIGS. 6C and 6D, for closed loop sensing utilizing a reference signal adaptation with beamforming in accordance with the present disclosure.
  • FIG. 11 is a message diagram between the first mobile device and second mobile device, shown in FIGS. 6C and 6D, of an example of implementation of closed loop sensing utilizing reference signal adaptation with reference signals pre-defined to indicate measured channel quality indicator (CQI) and/or rank indicator (RI) in accordance with the present disclosure.
  • CQI channel quality indicator
  • RI rank indicator
  • FIG. 12 is a functional system block diagram of an example of an implementation of a two resource pools in the second mobile device in accordance with the present disclosure.
  • FIG. 13 is a functional block diagram of the implementation utilizing a second reference signal for implicit feedback based on a closed loop framework in accordance with the present disclosure.
  • FIG. 14 is a message diagram between the first mobile device and the second mobile device, shown in FIG. 13, of an example of an implementation of closed loop sensing utilizing an implicit feedback based close loop framework discussed previously in relation to FIG. 13 in accordance with the present disclosure.
  • FIG. 15 is a flowchart of an example of an implementation of a method, performed by the first mobile device, shown in FIGS. 6A through 6D, for closed loop sensing utilizing reference signal adaptation in accordance with the present disclosure.
  • FIG. 16 is a flowchart of an example of an implementation of a method, performed by the second mobile device, shown in FIGS. 6A through 6D, for closed loop sensing utilizing reference signal adaptation in accordance with the present disclosure.
  • RS reference signal
  • these techniques are directed to a system that improves closed loop sensing RS adaptation utilizing a transmission scheme were initially a lower power or less dense sensing signal is first transmitted from a first user equipment (UE) and then if an object (i.e., a target) is suspected to be detected and then the system switches transmission scheme and follows up with the transmission of higher power or more dense sensing signal in a bistatic (or multistatic) sensing scenario involving two or more UEs.
  • UE user equipment
  • the two UEs coordinate which configuration they are in (e.g., sparse versus heaver) and then when the transmission UE sends out a sparse signal, the receiving UE can receive the sparse signal and report back to transmitting UE the results of receiving the sparse signal and how to adapt (e.g., provides data in a side link to trigger the transmitting UE to send out more dense signal) .
  • the devices i.e., the transmitting and receiving UEs
  • these techniques include a system and method for detecting the presence of a target between two devices that could be two UEs.
  • the two devices may utilize one or more reference signals to detect and track the target in a sensing area between the two devices.
  • the first device may transmit a first reference signal towards the second device to sense any targets within the sensing area and the second device may detect the presence of a target in the sensing area.
  • the second device may transmit either a feedback signal and/or a second sensing signal to the first device.
  • the second sensing signal may optionally include the feedback signal.
  • the first device may transmit a third reference signal to the second device to track the target within the sensing area.
  • the first device may also be configured to detect the presence of the target within the sensing area based on receiving the second sensing signal from the second device and/or determine that the detection of the target by the second device was a false alarm.
  • the first device may also be configured to revert to transmitting the first reference signal to the second device once the target is no longer detected within the sensing area.
  • these techniques include a method comprises transmitting, via an at least one transceiver of a first mobile device, a sensing signal to a second mobile device, wherein the sensing signal has a first power level; receiving, at the first mobile device, a first reporting signal from the second mobile device; determining whether an object is present from the first reporting signal; and transmitting, from the first mobile device, a tracking signal instead of the sensing signal if the object is present, wherein the tracking signal has a second power level that is greater than the first power level.
  • a UE may be any wireless communication device (e.g., a mobile phone, router, tablet computer, laptop computer, consumer asset tracking device, Internet of Things (IoT) device, etc. ) used to communicate over a wireless communications network.
  • a UE may be mobile or may (e.g., at certain times) be stationary, and may communicate with a Radio Access Network (RAN) .
  • RAN Radio Access Network
  • UE may be referred to interchangeably as an "access terminal” or “AT, " a "client device, “ a “wireless device, " a “subscriber device, “ a “subscriber terminal, “ a “subscriber station, “ a “user terminal” or UT, a “mobile terminal, " a “mobile station, “ a “mobile device, “ or variations thereof.
  • AT access terminal
  • client device a “wireless device
  • a subscriber device a “subscriber terminal, " a “subscriber station, “ a “user terminal” or UT
  • a mobile terminal " a “mobile station, “ a “mobile device, “ or variations thereof.
  • AT access terminal
  • client device a wireless device
  • subscriber device a “subscriber terminal, " a “subscriber station, “ a “user terminal” or UT
  • mobile terminal a “mobile station, “ a “mobile device, “ or variations thereof.
  • UEs can communicate with a core network via a
  • UEs may communicate directly in addition to or instead of passing information to each other through a network.
  • networks e.g., based on IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers) 802.11, etc.
  • Two or more UEs may communicate directly in addition to or instead of passing information to each other through a network.
  • a base station may operate according to one of several RATs in communication with UEs depending on the network in which it is deployed.
  • Examples of a base station include an Access Point (AP) , a Network Node, a NodeB, an evolved NodeB (eNB) , or a general Node B (gNodeB, gNB) .
  • AP Access Point
  • eNB evolved NodeB
  • gNodeB gNodeB
  • gNB general Node B
  • a base station may provide purely edge node signaling functions while in other systems it may provide additional control and/or network management functions.
  • UEs may be embodied by any of a number of types of devices including but not limited to printed circuit (PC) cards, compact flash devices, external or internal modems, wireless or wireline phones, smartphones, tablets, consumer asset tracking devices, asset tags, and so on.
  • a communication link through which UEs can send signals to a RAN is called an uplink channel (e.g., a reverse traffic channel, a reverse control channel, an access channel, etc. ) .
  • a communication link through which the RAN can send signals to UEs is called a downlink or forward link channel (e.g., a paging channel, a control channel, a broadcast channel, a forward traffic channel, etc. ) .
  • traffic channel can refer to either an uplink /reverse or downlink /forward traffic channel.
  • a carrier may support multiple cells, and different cells may be configured according to different protocol types (for example, machine-type communication (MTC) , narrowband Internet-of-Things (NB-IoT) , enhanced mobile broadband (eMBB) , or others) that may provide access for different types of devices.
  • MTC machine-type communication
  • NB-IoT narrowband Internet-of-Things
  • eMBB enhanced mobile broadband
  • the term "cell” may refer to a portion of a geographic coverage area (for example, a sector) over which the logical entity operates.
  • an example of a communication system 100 includes a UE 105, a UE 106, a Radio Access Network (RAN) , here a Fifth Generation (5G) Next Generation (NG) RAN (NG-RAN) 135, a 5G Core Network (5GC) 140, and a server 150.
  • the UE 105 and/or the UE 106 may be, e.g., an IoT device, a location tracker device, a cellular telephone, a vehicle (e.g., a car, a truck, a bus, a boat, etc. ) , or another device.
  • a 5G network may also be referred to as a New Radio (NR) network; NG-RAN 135 may be referred to as a 5G RAN or as an NR RAN; and 5GC 140 may be referred to as an NG Core network (NGC) .
  • Standardization of an NG-RAN and 5GC is ongoing in the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) . Accordingly, the NG-RAN 135 and the 5GC 140 may conform to current or future standards for 5G support from 3GPP.
  • the NG-RAN 135 may be another type of RAN, e.g., a 3G RAN, a 4G Long Term Evolution (LTE) RAN, etc.
  • the UE 106 may be configured and coupled similarly to the UE 105 to send and/or receive signals to/from similar other entities in the system 100, but such signaling is not indicated in FIG. 1 for the sake of simplicity of the figure. Similarly, the discussion focuses on the UE 105 for the sake of simplicity.
  • the gNBs 110a, 110b, and the ng-eNB 114 may be referred to as base stations (BSs) .
  • the AMF 115, the SMF 117, the LMF 120, and the GMLC 125 are communicatively coupled to each other, and the GMLC is communicatively coupled to an external client 130.
  • the SMF 117 may serve as an initial contact point of a Service Control Function (SCF) (not shown) to create, control, and delete media sessions.
  • SCF Service Control Function
  • Base stations such as the gNBs 110a, 110b and/or the ng-eNB 114 may be a macro cell (e.g., a high-power cellular base station) , or a small cell (e.g., a low-power cellular base station) , or an access point (e.g., a short-range base station configured to communicate with short-range technology such as Direct energy (BLE) , etc.
  • BLE Direct energy
  • One or more base stations, e.g., one or more of the gNBs 110a, 110b and/or the ng-eNB 114 may be configured to communicate with the UE 105 via multiple carriers.
  • FIG. 1 provides a generalized illustration of various components, any or all of which may be utilized as appropriate, and each of which may be duplicated or omitted as necessary.
  • UE 105 many UEs (e.g., hundreds, thousands, millions, etc. ) may be utilized in the communication system 100.
  • the communication system 100 may include a larger (or smaller) number of SVs (i.e., more or fewer than the four SVs 190-193 shown) , gNBs 110a, 110b, ng-eNBs 114, AMFs 115, external clients 130, and/or other components.
  • connections that connect the various components in the communication system 100 include data and signaling connections which may include additional (intermediary) components, direct or indirect physical and/or wireless connections, and/or additional networks. Furthermore, components may be rearranged, combined, separated, substituted, and/or omitted, depending on desired functionality.
  • FIG. 1 illustrates a 5G-based network
  • similar network implementations and configurations may be used for other communication technologies, such as 3G, Long Term Evolution (LTE) , etc.
  • Implementations described herein may be used to transmit (or broadcast) directional synchronization signals, receive and measure directional signals at UEs (e.g., the UE 105) and/or provide location assistance to the UE 105 (via the GMLC 125 or other location server) and/or compute a location for the UE 105 at a location-capable device such as the UE 105, the gNB 110a, 110b, or the LMF 120 based on measurement quantities received at the UE 105 for such directionally-transmitted signals.
  • the gateway mobile location center (GMLC) 125, the location management function (LMF) 120, the access and mobility management function (AMF) 115, the SMF 117, the ng-eNB (eNodeB) 114 and the gNBs (gNodeBs) 110a, 110b are examples and may be replaced by or include various other location server functionality and/or base station functionality respectively.
  • the system 100 is capable of wireless communication in that components of the system 100 can communicate with one another (at least some times using wireless connections) directly or indirectly, e.g., via the gNBs 110a, 110b, the ng-eNB 114, and/or the 5GC 140 (and/or one or more other devices not shown, such as one or more other base transceiver stations) .
  • the communications may be altered during transmission from one entity to another, e.g., to alter header information of data packets, to change format, etc.
  • the UE 105 may include multiple UEs and may be a mobile wireless communication device, but may communicate wirelessly and via wired connections.
  • the 5GC 140 may communicate with the external client 130 (e.g., a computer system) , e.g., to allow the external client 130 to request and/or receive location information regarding the UE 105 (e.g., via the GMLC 125) .
  • the external client 130 e.g., a computer system
  • location information regarding the UE 105 e.g., via the GMLC 125
  • the UE 105 or other devices may be configured to communicate in various networks and/or for various purposes and/or using various technologies (e.g., 5G, communication, multiple frequencies of communication, satellite positioning, one or more types of communications (e.g., GSM (Global System for Mobiles) , CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access) , LTE (Long Term Evolution) , V2X (Vehicle-to-Everything, e.g., V2P (Vehicle-to-Pedestrian) , V2I (Vehicle-to-Infrastructure) , V2V (Vehicle-to-Vehicle) , etc. ) , IEEE 802.11p, etc. ) .
  • GSM Global System for Mobiles
  • CDMA Code Division Multiple Access
  • LTE Long Term Evolution
  • V2X Vehicle-to-Everything
  • V2P Vehicle-to-Pedestrian
  • V2I Vehicle-to-Infrastructure
  • the UEs 105, 106 may communicate with each other through UE-to-UE sidelink (SL) communications by transmitting over one or more sidelink channels such as a physical sidelink synchronization channel (PSSCH) , a physical sidelink broadcast channel (PSBCH) , or a physical sidelink control channel (PSCCH) .
  • sidelink channels such as a physical sidelink synchronization channel (PSSCH) , a physical sidelink broadcast channel (PSBCH) , or a physical sidelink control channel (PSCCH) .
  • PSSCH physical sidelink synchronization channel
  • PSBCH physical sidelink broadcast channel
  • PSCCH physical sidelink control channel
  • the UE 105 may comprise and/or may be referred to as a device, a mobile device, a wireless device, a mobile terminal, a terminal, a mobile station (MS) , a Secure User Plane Location (SUPL) Enabled Terminal (SET) , or by some other name.
  • the UE 105 may correspond to a cellphone, smartphone, laptop, tablet, PDA, consumer asset tracking device, navigation device, Internet of Things (IoT) device, health monitors, security systems, smart city sensors, smart meters, wearable trackers, or some other portable or moveable device.
  • IoT Internet of Things
  • the UE 105 may support wireless communication using one or more Radio Access Technologies (RATs) such as Global System for Mobile communication (GSM) , Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) , Wideband CDMA (WCDMA) , LTE, High Rate Packet Data (HRPD) , IEEE 802.11 (also referred to as ) , (BT) , Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access 5G new radio (NR) (e.g., using the NG-RAN 135 and the 5GC 140) , etc.
  • RATs such as Global System for Mobile communication (GSM) , Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) , Wideband CDMA (WCDMA) , LTE, High Rate Packet Data (HRPD) , IEEE 802.11 (also referred to as ) , (BT) , Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access 5G new radio (NR) (e.g., using the NG-RAN 135 and the 5GC 140) , etc.
  • RATs such as Global System for Mobile communication (
  • the use of one or more of these RATs may allow the UE 105 to communicate with the external client 130 (e.g., via elements of the 5GC 140 not shown in FIG. 1, or possibly via the GMLC 125) and/or allow the external client 130 to receive location information regarding the UE 105 (e.g., via the GMLC 125) .
  • the UE 105 may include a single entity or may include multiple entities such as in a personal area network where a user may employ audio, video and/or data I/O (input/output) devices and/or body sensors and a separate wireline or wireless modem.
  • An estimate of a location of the UE 105 may be referred to as a location, location estimate, location fix, fix, position, position estimate, or position fix, and may be geographic, thus providing location coordinates for the UE 105 (e.g., latitude and longitude) which may or may not include an altitude component (e.g., height above sea level, height above or depth below ground level, floor level, or basement level) .
  • a location of the UE 105 may be expressed as a civic location (e.g., as a postal address or the designation of some point or small area in a building such as a particular room or floor) .
  • a location of the UE 105 may be expressed as an area or volume (defined either geographically or in civic form) within which the UE 105 is expected to be located with some probability or confidence level (e.g., 67%, 95%, etc. ) .
  • a location of the UE 105 may be expressed as a relative location comprising, for example, a distance and direction from a known location.
  • the relative location may be expressed as relative coordinates (e.g., X, Y (and Z) coordinates) defined relative to some origin at a known location which may be defined, e.g., geographically, in civic terms, or by reference to a point, area, or volume, e.g., indicated on a map, floor plan, or building plan.
  • a known location which may be defined, e.g., geographically, in civic terms, or by reference to a point, area, or volume, e.g., indicated on a map, floor plan, or building plan.
  • the use of the term location may comprise any of these variants unless indicated otherwise.
  • it is common to solve for local x, y, and possibly z coordinates and then, if desired, convert the local coordinates into absolute coordinates (e.g., for latitude, longitude, and altitude above or below mean sea level) .
  • the UE 105 may be configured to communicate with other entities using one or more of a variety of technologies.
  • the UE 105 may be configured to connect indirectly to one or more communication networks via one or more device-to-device (D2D) peer-to-peer (P2P) links.
  • the D2D P2P links may be supported with any appropriate D2D radio access technology (RAT) , such as LTE Direct (LTE-D) , Direct and so on.
  • RAT D2D radio access technology
  • LTE-D LTE Direct
  • One or more of a group of UEs utilizing D2D communications may be within a geographic coverage area of a Transmission/Reception Point (TRP) such as one or more of the gNBs 110a, 110b, and/or the ng-eNB 114.
  • TRP Transmission/Reception Point
  • UEs in such a group may be outside such geographic coverage areas, or may be otherwise unable to receive transmissions from a base station.
  • Groups of UEs communicating via D2D communications may utilize a one-to-many (1: M) system in which each UE may transmit to other UEs in the group.
  • a TRP may facilitate scheduling of resources for D2D communications.
  • D2D communications may be carried out between UEs without the involvement of a TRP.
  • One or more of a group of UEs utilizing D2D communications may be within a geographic coverage area of a TRP.
  • Other UEs in such a group may be outside such geographic coverage areas, or be otherwise unable to receive transmissions from a base station.
  • Groups of UEs communicating via D2D communications may utilize a one-to-many (1: M) system in which each UE may transmit to other UEs in the group.
  • a TRP may facilitate scheduling of resources for D2D communications.
  • D2D communications may be carried out between UEs without the involvement of a TRP.
  • Base stations (BSs) in the NG-RAN 135 shown in FIG. 1 include NR Node Bs, referred to as the gNBs 110a and 110b. Pairs of the gNBs 110a, 110b in the NG-RAN 135 may be connected to one another via one or more other gNBs. Access to the 5G network is provided to the UE 105 via wireless communication between the UE 105 and one or more of the gNBs 110a, 110b, which may provide wireless communications access to the 5GC 140 on behalf of the UE 105 using 5G.
  • the serving gNB for the UE 105 is assumed to be the gNB 110a, although another gNB (e.g., the gNB 110b) may act as a serving gNB if the UE 105 moves to another location or may act as a secondary gNB to provide additional throughput and bandwidth to the UE 105.
  • another gNB e.g., the gNB 110b
  • Base stations (BSs) in the NG-RAN 135 shown in FIG. 1 may include the ng-eNB 114, also referred to as a next generation evolved Node B.
  • the ng-eNB 114 may be connected to one or more of the gNBs 110a, 110b in the NG-RAN 135, possibly via one or more other gNBs and/or one or more other ng-eNBs.
  • the ng-eNB 114 may provide LTE wireless access and/or evolved LTE (eLTE) wireless access to the UE 105.
  • LTE evolved LTE
  • One or more of the gNBs 110a, 110b and/or the ng-eNB 114 may be configured to function as positioning-only beacons which may transmit signals to assist with determining the position of the UE 105 but may not receive signals from the UE 105 or from other UEs.
  • the gNBs 110a, 110b and/or the ng-eNB 114 may each comprise one or more TRPs.
  • each sector within a cell of a BS may comprise a TRP, although multiple TRPs may share one or more components (e.g., share a processor but have separate antennas) .
  • the system 100 may include macro TRPs exclusively or the system 100 may have TRPs of different types, e.g., macro, pico, and/or femto TRPs, etc.
  • a macro TRP may cover a relatively large geographic area (e.g., several kilometers in radius) and may allow unrestricted access by terminals with service subscription.
  • a pico TRP may cover a relatively small geographic area (e.g., a pico cell) and may allow unrestricted access by terminals with service subscription.
  • a femto or home TRP may cover a relatively small geographic area (e.g., a femto cell) and may allow restricted access by terminals having association with the femto cell (e.g., terminals for users in a home) .
  • Each of the gNBs 110a, 110b and/or the ng-eNB 114 may include a radio unit (RU) , a distributed unit (DU) , and a central unit (CU) .
  • the gNB 110b includes an RU 111, a DU 112, and a CU 113.
  • the RU 111, DU 112, and CU 113 divide functionality of the gNB 110b. While the gNB 110b is shown with a single RU, a single DU, and a single CU, a gNB may include one or more RUs, one or more DUs, and/or one or more CUs.
  • An interface between the CU 113 and the DU 112 is referred to as an F1 interface.
  • the RU 111 is configured to perform digital front end (DFE) functions (e.g., analog-to-digital conversion, filtering, power amplification, transmission/reception) and digital beamforming, and includes a portion of the physical (PHY) layer.
  • the RU 111 may perform the DFE using massive multiple input/multiple output (MIMO) and may be integrated with one or more antennas of the gNB 110b.
  • the DU 112 hosts the Radio Link Control (RLC) , Medium Access Control (MAC) , and physical layers of the gNB 110b.
  • RLC Radio Link Control
  • MAC Medium Access Control
  • One DU can support one or more cells, and each cell is supported by a single DU.
  • the operation of the DU 112 is controlled by the CU 113.
  • the CU 113 is configured to perform functions for transferring user data, mobility control, radio access network sharing, positioning, session management, etc. although some functions are allocated exclusively to the DU 112.
  • the CU 113 hosts the Radio Resource Control (RRC) , Service Data Adaptation Protocol (SDAP) , and Packet Data Convergence Protocol (PDCP) protocols of the gNB 110b.
  • RRC Radio Resource Control
  • SDAP Service Data Adaptation Protocol
  • PDCP Packet Data Convergence Protocol
  • the UE 105 may communicate with the CU 113 via RRC, SDAP, and PDCP layers, with the DU 112 via the RLC, MAC, and PHY layers, and with the RU 111 via the PHY layer.
  • FIG. 1 depicts nodes configured to communicate according to 5G communication protocols
  • nodes configured to communicate according to other communication protocols such as, for example, an LTE protocol or IEEE 802.11x protocol
  • a RAN may comprise an Evolved Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) Terrestrial Radio Access Network (E-UTRAN) which may comprise base stations comprising evolved Node Bs (eNBs)
  • UMTS Evolved Universal Mobile Telecommunications System
  • E-UTRAN Evolved Universal Mobile Telecommunications System
  • E-UTRAN Evolved Universal Mobile Telecommunications System
  • E-UTRAN Evolved Universal Mobile Telecommunications System
  • E-UTRAN Evolved Universal Mobile Telecommunications System
  • eNBs evolved Node Bs
  • a core network for EPS may comprise an Evolved Packet Core (EPC)
  • An EPS may comprise an E-UTRAN plus EPC, where the E-UTRAN corresponds to the NG-RAN 135 and the EPC corresponds to the 5GC 140 in
  • the gNBs 110a, 110b and the ng-eNB 114 may communicate with the AMF 115, which, for positioning functionality, communicates with the LMF 120.
  • the AMF 115 may support mobility of the UE 105, including cell change and handover and may participate in supporting a signaling connection to the UE 105 and possibly data and voice bearers for the UE 105.
  • the LMF 120 may communicate directly with the UE 105, e.g., through wireless communications, or directly with the gNBs 110a, 110b and/or the ng-eNB 114.
  • the LMF 120 may support positioning of the UE 105 when the UE 105 accesses the NG-RAN 135 and may support position procedures /methods such as Assisted GNSS (A-GNSS) , Observed Time Difference of Arrival (OTDOA) (e.g., Downlink (DL) OTDOA or Uplink (UL) OTDOA) , Round Trip Time (RTT) , Multi-Cell RTT, Real Time Kinematic (RTK) , Precise Point Positioning (PPP) , Differential GNSS (DGNSS) , Enhanced Cell ID (E-CID) , angle of arrival (AoA) , angle of departure (AoD) , and/or other position methods.
  • A-GNSS Observed Time Difference of Arrival
  • OTDOA Observed Time Difference of Arrival
  • RTT Round Trip Time
  • RTK Real Time Kinematic
  • PPP Precise Point Positioning
  • DGS Differential GNSS
  • the LMF 120 may process location services requests for the UE 105, e.g., received from the AMF 115 or from the GMLC 125.
  • the LMF 120 may be connected to the AMF 115 and/or to the GMLC 125.
  • the LMF 120 may be referred to by other names such as a Location Manager (LM) , Location Function (LF) , commercial LMF (CLMF) , or value added LMF (VLMF) .
  • LM Location Manager
  • LF Location Function
  • CLMF commercial LMF
  • VLMF value added LMF
  • a node /system that implements the LMF 120 may additionally or alternatively implement other types of location-support modules, such as an Enhanced Serving Mobile Location Center (E-SMLC) or a Secure User Plane Location (SUPL) Location Platform (SLP) .
  • E-SMLC Enhanced Serving Mobile Location Center
  • SUPL Secure User Plane Location
  • SLP Secure User Plane Location
  • At least part of the positioning functionality may be performed at the UE 105 (e.g., using signal measurements obtained by the UE 105 for signals transmitted by wireless nodes such as the gNBs 110a, 110b and/or the ng-eNB 114, and/or assistance data provided to the UE 105, e.g., by the LMF 120) .
  • the AMF 115 may serve as a control node that processes signaling between the UE 105 and the 5GC 140, and may provide QoS (Quality of Service) flow and session management.
  • the AMF 115 may support mobility of the UE 105 including cell change and handover and may participate in supporting signaling connection to the UE 105.
  • the server 150 e.g., a cloud server, is configured to obtain and provide location estimates of the UE 105 to the external client 130.
  • the server 150 may, for example, be configured to run a microservice/service that obtains the location estimate of the UE 105.
  • the server 150 may, for example, pull the location estimate from (e.g., by sending a location request to) the UE 105, one or more of the gNBs 110a, 110b (e.g., via the RU 111, the DU 112, and the CU 113) and/or the ng-eNB 114, and/or the LMF 120.
  • the UE 105, one or more of the gNBs 110a, 110b (e.g., via the RU 111, the DU 112, and the CU 113) , and/or the LMF 120 may push the location estimate of the UE 105 to the server 150.
  • the GMLC 125 may support a location request for the UE 105 received from the external client 130 via the server 150 and may forward such a location request to the AMF 115 for forwarding by the AMF 115 to the LMF 120 or may forward the location request directly to the LMF 120.
  • a location response from the LMF 120 e.g., containing a location estimate for the UE 105 may be returned to the GMLC 125 either directly or via the AMF 115 and the GMLC 125 may then return the location response (e.g., containing the location estimate) to the external client 130 via the server 150.
  • the GMLC 125 is shown connected to both the AMF 115 and LMF 120, though may not be connected to the AMF 115 or the LMF 120 in some implementations.
  • the LMF 120 may communicate with the gNBs 110a, 110b and/or the ng-eNB 114 using a New Radio Position Protocol A (which may be referred to as NPPa or NRPPa) , which may be defined in 3GPP Technical Specification (TS) 38.455.
  • NPPa New Radio Position Protocol
  • NRPPa may be the same as, similar to, or an extension of the LTE Positioning Protocol A (LPPa) defined in 3GPP TS 36.455, with NRPPa messages being transferred between the gNB 110a (or the gNB 110b) and the LMF 120, and/or between the ng-eNB 114 and the LMF 120, via the AMF 115.
  • LPPa LTE Positioning Protocol A
  • LPP and/or NPP messages may be transferred between the LMF 120 and the AMF 115 using a 5G Location Services Application Protocol (LCS AP) and may be transferred between the AMF 115 and the UE 105 using a 5G Non-Access Stratum (NAS) protocol.
  • LPS AP 5G Location Services Application Protocol
  • NAS Non-Access Stratum
  • the LPP and/or NPP protocol may be used to support positioning of the UE 105 using UE-assisted and/or UE-based position methods such as A-GNSS, RTK, OTDOA and/or E-CID.
  • the NRPPa protocol may be used to support positioning of the UE 105 using network-based position methods such as E-CID (e.g., when used with measurements obtained by the gNB 110a, 110b or the ng-eNB 114) and/or may be used by the LMF 120 to obtain location related information from the gNBs 110a, 110b and/or the ng-eNB 114, such as parameters defining directional SS or PRS transmissions from the gNBs 110a, 110b, and/or the ng-eNB 114.
  • the LMF 120 may be co-located or integrated with a gNB or a TRP, or may be disposed remote from the gNB and/or the TRP and configured to communicate directly or indirectly with the gNB and/or the TRP.
  • the UE 105 may obtain location measurements and send the measurements to a location server (e.g., the LMF 120) for computation of a location estimate for the UE 105.
  • the location measurements may include one or more of a Received Signal Strength Indication (RSSI) , Round Trip signal propagation Time (RTT) , Reference Signal Time Difference (RSTD) , Reference Signal Received Power (RSRP) and/or Reference Signal Received Quality (RSRQ) for the gNBs 110a, 110b, the ng-eNB 114, and/or a WLAN AP.
  • the location measurements may also or instead include measurements of GNSS pseudorange, code phase, and/or carrier phase for the SVs 190-193.
  • the UE 105 may obtain location measurements (e.g., which may be the same as or similar to location measurements for a UE-assisted position method) and may compute a location of the UE 105 (e.g., with the help of assistance data received from a location server such as the LMF 120 or broadcast by the gNBs 110a, 110b, the ng-eNB 114, or other base stations or APs) .
  • location server such as the LMF 120 or broadcast by the gNBs 110a, 110b, the ng-eNB 114, or other base stations or APs.
  • one or more base stations e.g., the gNBs 110a, 110b, and/or the ng-eNB 114
  • APs may obtain location measurements (e.g., measurements of RSSI, RTT, RSRP, RSRQ or Time of Arrival (ToA) for signals transmitted by the UE 105) and/or may receive measurements obtained by the UE 105.
  • the one or more base stations or APs may send the measurements to a location server (e.g., the LMF 120) for computation of a location estimate for the UE 105.
  • a location server e.g., the LMF 120
  • Information provided by the gNBs 110a, 110b, and/or the ng-eNB 114 to the LMF 120 using NRPPa may include timing and configuration information for directional SS or PRS transmissions and location coordinates.
  • the LMF 120 may provide some or all of this information to the UE 105 as assistance data in an LPP and/or NPP message via the NG-RAN 135 and the 5GC 140.
  • An LPP or NPP message sent from the LMF 120 to the UE 105 may instruct the UE 105 to do any of a variety of things depending on desired functionality.
  • the LPP or NPP message could contain an instruction for the UE 105 to obtain measurements for GNSS (or A-GNSS) , WLAN, E-CID, and/or OTDOA (or some other position method) .
  • the LPP or NPP message may instruct the UE 105 to obtain one or more measurement quantities (e.g., beam ID, beam width, mean angle, RSRP, RSRQ measurements) of directional signals transmitted within particular cells supported by one or more of the gNBs 110a, 110b, and/or the ng-eNB 114 (or supported by some other type of base station such as an eNB or AP) .
  • the UE 105 may send the measurement quantities back to the LMF 120 in an LPP or NPP message (e.g., inside a 5G NAS message) via the serving gNB 110a (or the serving ng-eNB 114) and the AMF 115.
  • the communication system 100 may be implemented to support other communication technologies, such as GSM, WCDMA, LTE, etc., that are used for supporting and interacting with mobile devices such as the UE 105 (e.g., to implement voice, data, positioning, and other functionalities) .
  • the 5GC 140 may be configured to control different air interfaces.
  • the 5GC 140 may be connected to a WLAN using a Non-3GPP InterWorking Function (N3IWF, not shown FIG. 1) in the 5GC 140.
  • N3IWF Non-3GPP InterWorking Function
  • the WLAN may support IEEE 802.11 access for the UE 105 and may comprise one or more APs.
  • the N3IWF may connect to the WLAN and to other elements in the 5GC 140 such as the AMF 115.
  • both the NG-RAN 135 and the 5GC 140 may be replaced by one or more other RANs and one or more other core networks.
  • the NG-RAN 135 may be replaced by an E-UTRAN containing eNBs and the 5GC 140 may be replaced by an EPC containing a Mobility Management Entity (MME) in place of the AMF 115, an E-SMLC in place of the LMF 120, and a GMLC that may be similar to the GMLC 125.
  • MME Mobility Management Entity
  • the E-SMLC may use LPPa in place of NRPPa to send and receive location information to and from the eNBs in the E-UTRAN and may use LPP to support positioning of the UE 105.
  • positioning of the UE 105 using directional PRSs may be supported in an analogous manner to that described herein for a 5G network with the difference that functions and procedures described herein for the gNBs 110a, 110b, the ng-eNB 114, the AMF 115, and the LMF 120 may, in some cases, apply instead to other network elements such eNBs, APs, an MME, and an E-SMLC.
  • positioning functionality may be implemented, at least in part, using the directional SS or PRS beams, sent by base stations (such as the gNBs 110a, 110b, and/or the ng-eNB 114) that are within range of the UE whose position is to be determined (e.g., the UE 105 of FIG. 1) .
  • the UE may, in some instances, use the directional SS or PRS beams from a plurality of base stations (such as the gNBs 110a, 110b, the ng-eNB 114, etc. ) to compute the position of the UE.
  • a UE 200 may be an example of one of the UEs 105, 106 and may comprise a computing platform including a processor 210, memory 211 including software (SW) 212, one or more sensors 213, a transceiver interface 214 for a transceiver 215 (that includes a wireless transceiver 240 and a wired transceiver 250) , a user interface 216, a Satellite Positioning System (SPS) receiver 217, a camera 218, and a position device (PD) 219.
  • SW software
  • SPS Satellite Positioning System
  • PD position device
  • the processor 210, the memory 211, the sensor (s) 213, the transceiver interface 214, the user interface 216, the SPS receiver 217, the camera 218, and the position device 219 may be communicatively coupled to each other by a bus 220 (which may be configured, e.g., for optical and/or electrical communication) .
  • a bus 220 which may be configured, e.g., for optical and/or electrical communication
  • One or more of the shown apparatus e.g., the camera 218, the position device 219, and/or one or more of the sensor (s) 213, etc.
  • the processor 210 may include one or more hardware devices, e.g., a central processing unit (CPU) , a microcontroller, an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC) , etc.
  • CPU central processing unit
  • ASIC application specific integrated circuit
  • the processor 210 may comprise multiple processors including a general-purpose/application processor 230, a Digital Signal Processor (DSP) 231, a modem processor 232, a video processor 233, and/or a sensor processor 234.
  • One or more of the processors 230-234 may comprise multiple devices (e.g., multiple processors) .
  • the sensor processor 234 may comprise, e.g., processors for RF (radio frequency) sensing (with one or more (cellular) wireless signals transmitted and reflection (s) used to identify, map, and/or track an object) , and/or ultrasound, etc.
  • the modem processor 232 may support dual SIM/dual connectivity (or even more SIMs) .
  • a SIM Subscriber Identity Module or Subscriber Identification Module
  • OEM Original Equipment Manufacturer
  • the memory 211 may be a non-transitory storage medium that may include random access memory (RAM) , flash memory, disc memory, and/or read-only memory (ROM) , etc.
  • the memory 211 may store the software 212 which may be processor-readable, processor-executable software code containing instructions that may be configured to, when executed, cause the processor 210 to perform various functions described herein.
  • the software 212 may not be directly executable by the processor 210 but may be configured to cause the processor 210, e.g., when compiled and executed, to perform the functions.
  • the description herein may refer to the processor 210 performing a function, but this includes other implementations such as where the processor 210 executes software and/or firmware.
  • the description herein may refer to the processor 210 performing a function as shorthand for one or more of the processors 230-234 performing the function.
  • the description herein may refer to the UE 200 performing a function as shorthand for one or more appropriate components of the UE 200 performing the function.
  • the processor 210 may include a memory with stored instructions in addition to and/or instead of the memory 211. Functionality of the processor 210 is discussed more fully below.
  • an example configuration of the UE may include one or more of the processors 230-234 of the processor 210, the memory 211, and the wireless transceiver 240.
  • Other example configurations may include one or more of the processors 230-234 of the processor 210, the memory 211, a wireless transceiver, and one or more of the sensor (s) 213, the user interface 216, the SPS receiver 217, the camera 218, the PD 219, and/or a wired transceiver.
  • the UE 200 may comprise the modem processor 232 that may be capable of performing baseband processing of signals received and down-converted by the transceiver 215 and/or the SPS receiver 217.
  • the modem processor 232 may perform baseband processing of signals to be upconverted for transmission by the transceiver 215. Also or alternatively, baseband processing may be performed by the general-purpose/application processor 230 and/or the DSP 231. Other configurations, however, may be used to perform baseband processing.
  • the UE 200 may include the sensor (s) 213 that may include, for example, an Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU) 270, one or more magnetometers 271, and/or one or more environment sensors 272.
  • the IMU 270 may comprise, for example, one or more accelerometers 273 (e.g., collectively responding to acceleration of the UE 200 in three dimensions) and/or one or more gyroscopes 274 (e.g., three-dimensional gyroscope (s) ) .
  • the sensor (s) 213 may include the one or more magnetometers 271 (e.g., three-dimensional magnetometer (s) ) to determine orientation (e.g., relative to magnetic north and/or true north) that may be used for any of a variety of purposes, e.g., to support one or more compass applications.
  • the environment sensor (s) 272 may comprise, for example, one or more temperature sensors, one or more barometric pressure sensors, one or more ambient light sensors, one or more camera imagers, and/or one or more microphones, etc.
  • the sensor (s) 213 may generate analog and/or digital signals indications of which may be stored in the memory 211 and processed by the DSP 231 and/or the general-purpose/application processor 230 in support of one or more applications such as, for example, applications directed to positioning and/or navigation operations.
  • the sensor (s) 213 may comprise one or more of other various types of sensors such as one or more optical sensors, one or more weight sensors, and/or one or more radio frequency (RF) sensors, etc.
  • RF radio frequency
  • the sensor (s) 213 may be used in relative location measurements, relative location determination, motion determination, etc. Information detected by the sensor (s) 213 may be used for motion detection, relative displacement, dead reckoning, sensor-based location determination, and/or sensor-assisted location determination. The sensor (s) 213 may be useful to determine whether the UE 200 is fixed (stationary) or mobile and/or whether to report certain useful information to the LMF 120 regarding the mobility of the UE 200.
  • the UE 200 may notify/report to the LMF 120 that the UE 200 has detected movements or that the UE 200 has moved, and may report the relative displacement/distance (e.g., via dead reckoning, or sensor-based location determination, or sensor-assisted location determination enabled by the sensor (s) 213) .
  • the sensors/IMU may be used to determine the angle and/or orientation of the other device with respect to the UE 200, etc.
  • the IMU 270 may be configured to provide measurements about a direction of motion and/or a speed of motion of the UE 200, which may be used in relative location determination.
  • the one or more accelerometers 273 and/or the one or more gyroscopes 274 of the IMU 270 may detect, respectively, a linear acceleration and a speed of rotation of the UE 200.
  • the linear acceleration and speed of rotation measurements of the UE 200 may be integrated over time to determine an instantaneous direction of motion as well as a displacement of the UE 200.
  • the instantaneous direction of motion and the displacement may be integrated to track a location of the UE 200.
  • a reference location of the UE 200 may be determined, e.g., using the SPS receiver 217 (and/or by some other means) for a moment in time and measurements from the accelerometer (s) 273 and the gyroscope (s) 274 taken after this moment in time may be used in dead reckoning to determine present location of the UE 200 based on movement (direction and distance) of the UE 200 relative to the reference location.
  • the magnetometer (s) 271 may determine magnetic field strengths in different directions which may be used to determine orientation of the UE 200. For example, the orientation may be used to provide a digital compass for the UE 200.
  • the magnetometer (s) may include a two-dimensional magnetometer configured to detect and provide indications of magnetic field strength in two orthogonal dimensions.
  • the magnetometer (s) 271 may include a three-dimensional magnetometer configured to detect and provide indications of magnetic field strength in three orthogonal dimensions.
  • the magnetometer (s) 271 may provide means for sensing a magnetic field and providing indications of the magnetic field, e.g., to the processor 210.
  • the transceiver 215 may include a wireless transceiver 240 and a wired transceiver 250 configured to communicate with other devices through wireless connections and wired connections, respectively.
  • the wireless transceiver 240 may include a wireless transmitter 242 and a wireless receiver 244 coupled to an antenna 246 for transmitting (e.g., on one or more uplink channels and/or one or more sidelink channels) and/or receiving (e.g., on one or more downlink channels and/or one or more sidelink channels) wireless signals 248 and transducing signals from the wireless signals 248 to wired (e.g., electrical and/or optical) signals and from wired (e.g., electrical and/or optical) signals to the wireless signals 248.
  • wired e.g., electrical and/or optical
  • the wireless transmitter 242 includes appropriate components (e.g., a power amplifier and a digital-to-analog converter) .
  • the wireless receiver 244 includes appropriate components (e.g., one or more amplifiers, one or more frequency filters, and an analog-to-digital converter) .
  • the wireless transmitter 242 may include multiple transmitters that may be discrete components or combined/integrated components, and/or the wireless receiver 244 may include multiple receivers that may be discrete components or combined/integrated components.
  • the wireless transceiver 240 may be configured to communicate signals (e.g., with TRPs and/or one or more other devices) according to a variety of radio access technologies (RATs) such as 5G New Radio (NR) , GSM (Global System for Mobiles) , UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunications System) , AMPS (Advanced Mobile Phone System) , CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access) , WCDMA (Wideband CDMA) , LTE (Long Term Evolution) , LTE Direct (LTE-D) , 3GPP LTE-V2X (PC5) , IEEE 802.11 (including IEEE 802.11p) , Direct etc.
  • New Radio may use mm-wave frequencies and/or sub-6GHz frequencies.
  • the wired transceiver 250 may include a wired transmitter 252 and a wired receiver 254 configured for wired communication, e.g., a network interface that may be utilized to communicate with the NG-RAN 135 to send communications to, and receive communications from, the NG-RAN 135.
  • the wired transmitter 252 may include multiple transmitters that may be discrete components or combined/integrated components, and/or the wired receiver 254 may include multiple receivers that may be discrete components or combined/integrated components.
  • the wired transceiver 250 may be configured, e.g., for optical communication and/or electrical communication.
  • the transceiver 215 may be communicatively coupled to the transceiver interface 214, e.g., by optical and/or electrical connection.
  • the transceiver interface 214 may be at least partially integrated with the transceiver 215.
  • the wireless transmitter 242, the wireless receiver 244, and/or the antenna 246 may include multiple transmitters, multiple receivers, and/or multiple antennas, respectively, for sending and/or receiving, respectively, appropriate signals.
  • the user interface 216 may comprise one or more of several devices such as, for example, a speaker, microphone, display device, vibration device, keyboard, touch screen, etc.
  • the user interface 216 may include more than one of any of these devices.
  • the user interface 216 may be configured to enable a user to interact with one or more applications hosted by the UE 200.
  • the user interface 216 may store indications of analog and/or digital signals in the memory 211 to be processed by DSP 231 and/or the general-purpose/application processor 230 in response to action from a user.
  • applications hosted on the UE 200 may store indications of analog and/or digital signals in the memory 211 to present an output signal to a user.
  • the user interface 216 may include an audio input/output (I/O) device comprising, for example, a speaker, a microphone, digital-to-analog circuitry, analog-to-digital circuitry, an amplifier and/or gain control circuitry (including more than one of any of these devices) .
  • I/O audio input/output
  • the user interface 216 may comprise one or more touch sensors responsive to touching and/or pressure, e.g., on a keyboard and/or touch screen of the user interface 216.
  • the SPS receiver 217 may be capable of receiving and acquiring SPS signals 260 via an SPS antenna 262.
  • the SPS antenna 262 is configured to transduce the SPS signals 260 from wireless signals to wired signals, e.g., electrical or optical signals, and may be integrated with the antenna 246.
  • the SPS receiver 217 may be configured to process, in whole or in part, the acquired SPS signals 260 for estimating a location of the UE 200. For example, the SPS receiver 217 may be configured to determine location of the UE 200 by trilateration using the SPS signals 260.
  • the general-purpose/application processor 230, the memory 211, the DSP 231 and/or one or more specialized processors may be utilized to process acquired SPS signals, in whole or in part, and/or to calculate an estimated location of the UE 200, in conjunction with the SPS receiver 217.
  • the memory 211 may store indications (e.g., measurements) of the SPS signals 260 and/or other signals (e.g., signals acquired from the wireless transceiver 240) for use in performing positioning operations.
  • the general-purpose/application processor 230, the DSP 231, and/or one or more specialized processors, and/or the memory 211 may provide or support a location engine for use in processing measurements to estimate a location of the UE 200.
  • the UE 200 may include the camera 218 for capturing still or moving imagery.
  • the camera 218 may comprise, for example, an imaging sensor (e.g., a charge coupled device or a CMOS (Complementary Metal-Oxide Semiconductor) imager) , a lens, analog-to-digital circuitry, frame buffers, etc. Additional processing, conditioning, encoding, and/or compression of signals representing captured images may be performed by the general-purpose/application processor 230 and/or the DSP 231. Also or alternatively, the video processor 233 may perform conditioning, encoding, compression, and/or manipulation of signals representing captured images. The video processor 233 may decode/decompress stored image data for presentation on a display device (not shown) , e.g., of the user interface 216.
  • a display device not shown
  • the position device (PD) 219 may be configured to determine a position of the UE 200, motion of the UE 200, and/or relative position of the UE 200, and/or time.
  • the PD 219 may communicate with, and/or include some or all of, the SPS receiver 217.
  • the PD 219 may work in conjunction with the processor 210 and the memory 211 as appropriate to perform at least a portion of one or more positioning methods, although the description herein may refer to the PD 219 being configured to perform, or performing, in accordance with the positioning method (s) .
  • the PD 219 may also or alternatively be configured to determine location of the UE 200 using terrestrial-based signals (e.g., at least some of the wireless signals 248) for trilateration, for assistance with obtaining and using the SPS signals 260, or both.
  • the PD 219 may be configured to determine location of the UE 200 based on a cell of a serving base station (e.g., a cell center) and/or another technique such as E-CID.
  • the PD 219 may be configured to use one or more images from the camera 218 and image recognition combined with known locations of landmarks (e.g., natural landmarks such as mountains and/or artificial landmarks such as buildings, bridges, streets, etc. ) to determine location of the UE 200.
  • landmarks e.g., natural landmarks such as mountains and/or artificial landmarks such as buildings, bridges, streets, etc.
  • the PD 219 may be configured to use one or more other techniques (e.g., relying on the UE’s self-reported location (e.g., part of the UE’s position beacon) ) for determining the location of the UE 200, and may use a combination of techniques (e.g., SPS and terrestrial positioning signals) to determine the location of the UE 200.
  • the PD 219 may include one or more of the sensors 213 (e.g., gyroscope (s) , accelerometer (s) , magnetometer (s) , etc.
  • the processor 210 e.g., the general-purpose/application processor 230 and/or the DSP 231 may be configured to use to determine motion (e.g., a velocity vector and/or an acceleration vector) of the UE 200.
  • the PD 219 may be configured to provide indications of uncertainty and/or error in the determined position and/or motion. Functionality of the PD 219 may be provided in a variety of manners and/or configurations, e.g., by the general-purpose/application processor 230, the transceiver 215, the SPS receiver 217, and/or another component of the UE 200, and may be provided by hardware, software, firmware, or various combinations thereof.
  • an example of a TRP 300 of the gNBs 110a, 110b and/or the ng-eNB 114 may comprise a computing platform including a processor 310, memory 311 including software (SW) 312, and a transceiver 315.
  • the processor 310, the memory 311, and the transceiver 315 may be communicatively coupled to each other by a bus 320 (which may be configured, e.g., for optical and/or electrical communication) .
  • a bus 320 which may be configured, e.g., for optical and/or electrical communication
  • One or more of the shown apparatus e.g., a wireless transceiver
  • the processor 310 may include one or more hardware devices, e.g., a central processing unit (CPU) , a microcontroller, an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC) , etc.
  • the processor 310 may comprise multiple processors (e.g., including a general-purpose/application processor, a DSP, a modem processor, a video processor, and/or a sensor processor as shown in FIG. 2) .
  • the memory 311 may be a non-transitory storage medium that may include random access memory (RAM) ) , flash memory, disc memory, and/or read-only memory (ROM) , etc.
  • the memory 311 may store the software 312 which may be processor-readable, processor-executable software code containing instructions that are configured to, when executed, cause the processor 310 to perform various functions described herein.
  • the software 312 may not be directly executable by the processor 310 but may be configured to cause the processor 310, e.g., when compiled and executed, to perform the functions.
  • the description herein may refer to the processor 310 performing a function, but this includes other implementations such as where the processor 310 executes software and/or firmware.
  • the description herein may refer to the processor 310 performing a function as shorthand for one or more of the processors contained in the processor 310 performing the function.
  • the description herein may refer to the TRP 300 performing a function as shorthand for one or more appropriate components (e.g., the processor 310 and the memory 311) of the TRP 300 (and thus of one of the gNBs 110a, 110b and/or the ng-eNB 114) performing the function.
  • the processor 310 may include a memory with stored instructions in addition to and/or instead of the memory 311. Functionality of the processor 310 is discussed more fully below.
  • the transceiver 315 may include a wireless transceiver 340 and/or a wired transceiver 350 configured to communicate with other devices through wireless connections and wired connections, respectively.
  • the wireless transceiver 340 may include a wireless transmitter 342 and a wireless receiver 344 coupled to one or more antennas 346 for transmitting (e.g., on one or more uplink channels and/or one or more downlink channels) and/or receiving (e.g., on one or more downlink channels and/or one or more uplink channels) wireless signals 348 and transducing signals from the wireless signals 348 to wired (e.g., electrical and/or optical) signals and from wired (e.g., electrical and/or optical) signals to the wireless signals 348.
  • wired e.g., electrical and/or optical
  • the wireless transmitter 342 may include multiple transmitters that may be discrete components or combined/integrated components, and/or the wireless receiver 344 may include multiple receivers that may be discrete components or combined/integrated components.
  • the wireless transceiver 340 may be configured to communicate signals (e.g., with the UE 200, one or more other UEs, and/or one or more other devices) according to a variety of radio access technologies (RATs) such as 5G New Radio (NR) , GSM (Global System for Mobiles) , UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunications System) , AMPS (Advanced Mobile Phone System) , CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access) , WCDMA (Wideband CDMA) , LTE (Long Term Evolution) , LTE Direct (LTE-D) , 3GPP LTE-V2X (PC5) , IEEE 802.11 (including IEEE 802.11p) , Direct etc.
  • RATs radio access technologies
  • NR 5G New Radio
  • GSM Global System for
  • the wired transceiver 350 may include a wired transmitter 352 and a wired receiver 354 configured for wired communication, e.g., a network interface that may be utilized to communicate with the NG-RAN 135 to send communications to, and receive communications from, the LMF 120, for example, and/or one or more other network entities.
  • the wired transmitter 352 may include multiple transmitters that may be discrete components or combined/integrated components, and/or the wired receiver 354 may include multiple receivers that may be discrete components or combined/integrated components.
  • the wired transceiver 350 may be configured, e.g., for optical communication and/or electrical communication.
  • the configuration of the TRP 300 shown in FIG. 3 is an example and not limiting of the disclosure, including the claims, and other configurations may be used.
  • the description herein discusses that the TRP 300 may be configured to perform or performs several functions, but one or more of these functions may be performed by the LMF 120 and/or the UE 200 (i.e., the LMF 120 and/or the UE 200 may be configured to perform one or more of these functions) .
  • a server 400 may comprise a computing platform including a processor 410, memory 411 including software (SW) 412, and a transceiver 415.
  • the processor 410, the memory 411, and the transceiver 415 may be communicatively coupled to each other by a bus 420 (which may be configured, e.g., for optical and/or electrical communication) .
  • a bus 420 which may be configured, e.g., for optical and/or electrical communication
  • One or more of the shown apparatus e.g., a wireless transceiver
  • the processor 410 may include one or more hardware devices, e.g., a central processing unit (CPU) , a microcontroller, an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC) , etc.
  • CPU central processing unit
  • ASIC application specific integrated circuit
  • the processor 410 may comprise multiple processors (e.g., including a general-purpose/application processor, a DSP, a modem processor, a video processor, and/or a sensor processor as shown in FIG. 2) .
  • the memory 411 may be a non-transitory storage medium that may include random access memory (RAM) ) , flash memory, disc memory, and/or read-only memory (ROM) , etc.
  • the memory 411 may store the software 412 which may be processor-readable, processor-executable software code containing instructions that are configured to, when executed, cause the processor 410 to perform various functions described herein.
  • the transceiver 415 may include a wireless transceiver 440 and/or a wired transceiver 450 configured to communicate with other devices through wireless connections and wired connections, respectively.
  • the wireless transceiver 440 may include a wireless transmitter 442 and a wireless receiver 444 coupled to one or more antennas 446 for transmitting (e.g., on one or more downlink channels) and/or receiving (e.g., on one or more uplink channels) wireless signals 448 and transducing signals from the wireless signals 448 to wired (e.g., electrical and/or optical) signals and from wired (e.g., electrical and/or optical) signals to the wireless signals 448.
  • wired e.g., electrical and/or optical
  • the wireless transmitter 442 may include multiple transmitters that may be discrete components or combined/integrated components, and/or the wireless receiver 444 may include multiple receivers that may be discrete components or combined/integrated components.
  • the wireless transceiver 440 may be configured to communicate signals (e.g., with the UE 200, one or more other UEs, and/or one or more other devices) according to a variety of radio access technologies (RATs) such as 5G New Radio (NR) , GSM (Global System for Mobiles) , UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunications System) , AMPS (Advanced Mobile Phone System) , CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access) , WCDMA (Wideband CDMA) , LTE (Long Term Evolution) , LTE Direct (LTE-D) , 3GPP LTE-V2X (PC5) , IEEE 802.11 (including IEEE 802.11p) , Direct etc.
  • RATs radio access technologies
  • NR 5G New Radio
  • GSM Global System for
  • the wired transceiver 450 may include a wired transmitter 452 and a wired receiver 454 configured for wired communication, e.g., a network interface that may be utilized to communicate with the NG-RAN 135 to send communications to, and receive communications from, the TRP 300, for example, and/or one or more other network entities.
  • the wired transmitter 452 may include multiple transmitters that may be discrete components or combined/integrated components, and/or the wired receiver 454 may include multiple receivers that may be discrete components or combined/integrated components.
  • the wired transceiver 450 may be configured, e.g., for optical communication and/or electrical communication.
  • the description herein may refer to the processor 410 performing a function, but this includes other implementations such as where the processor 410 executes software (stored in the memory 411) and/or firmware.
  • the description herein may refer to the server 400 performing a function as shorthand for one or more appropriate components (e.g., the processor 410 and the memory 411) of the server 400 performing the function.
  • the configuration of the server 400 shown in FIG. 4 is an example and not limiting of the disclosure, including the claims, and other configurations may be used.
  • the wireless transceiver 440 may be omitted.
  • the description herein discusses that the server 400 is configured to perform or performs several functions, but one or more of these functions may be performed by the TRP 300 and/or the UE 200 (i.e., the TRP 300 and/or the UE 200 may be configured to perform one or more of these functions) .
  • AFLT Advanced Forward Link Trilateration
  • OTDOA Observed Time Difference Of Arrival
  • a UE may use a Satellite Positioning System (SPS) (a Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) ) for high-accuracy positioning using precise point positioning (PPP) or real time kinematic (RTK) technology.
  • SPS Satellite Positioning System
  • GNSS Global Navigation Satellite System
  • RTK real time kinematic
  • LTE Release 15 allows the data to be encrypted so that the UEs subscribed to the service exclusively can read the information.
  • assistance data varies with time.
  • a UE subscribed to the service may not easily “break encryption” for other UEs by passing on the data to other UEs that have not paid for the subscription. The passing on would need to be repeated every time the assistance data changes.
  • the UE sends measurements (e.g., TDOA, Angle of Arrival (AoA) , etc. ) to the positioning server (e.g., LMF/eSMLC) .
  • the positioning server has the base station almanac (BSA) that contains multiple ‘entries’ or ‘records’ , one record per cell, where each record contains geographical cell location but also may include other data.
  • BSA base station almanac
  • An identifier of the ‘record’ among the multiple ‘records’ in the BSA may be referenced.
  • the BSA and the measurements from the UE may be used to compute the position of the UE.
  • a UE computes its own position, thus avoiding sending measurements to the network (e.g., location server) , which in turn improves latency and scalability.
  • the UE uses relevant BSA record information (e.g., locations of gNBs (more broadly base stations) ) from the network.
  • the BSA information may be encrypted. But since the BSA information varies much less often than, for example, the PPP or RTK assistance data described earlier, it may be easier to make the BSA information (compared to the PPP or RTK information) available to UEs that did not subscribe and pay for decryption keys.
  • Transmissions of reference signals by the gNBs make BSA information potentially accessible to crowd-sourcing or war-driving, essentially enabling BSA information to be generated based on in-the-field and/or over-the-top observations.
  • Positioning techniques may be characterized and/or assessed based on one or more criteria such as position determination accuracy and/or latency.
  • Latency is a time elapsed between an event that triggers determination of position-related data and the availability of that data at a positioning system interface, e.g., an interface of the LMF 120.
  • the latency for the availability of position-related data is called time to first fix (TTFF) , and is larger than latencies after the TTFF.
  • An inverse of a time elapsed between two consecutive position-related data availabilities is called an update rate, i.e., the rate at which position-related data are generated after the first fix. Latency may depend on processing capability, e.g., of the UE.
  • a UE may report a processing capability of the UE as a duration of DL PRS symbols in units of time (e.g., milliseconds) that the UE can process every T amount of time (e.g., T ms) assuming 272 PRB (Physical Resource Block) allocation.
  • TRPs Physical Resource Block
  • PRS Physical Resource Block
  • One or more of many different positioning techniques may be used to determine position of an entity such as one of the UEs 105, 106.
  • known position-determination techniques include RTT, multi-RTT, OTDOA (also called TDOA and including UL-TDOA and DL-TDOA) , Enhanced Cell Identification (E-CID) , DL-AoD, UL-AoA, etc.
  • RTT uses a time for a signal to travel from one entity to another and back to determine a range between the two entities. The range, plus a known location of a first one of the entities and an angle between the two entities (e.g., an azimuth angle) can be used to determine a location of the second of the entities.
  • multi-RTT also called multi-cell RTT
  • multiple ranges from one entity e.g., a UE
  • other entities e.g., TRPs
  • known locations of the other entities may be used to determine the location of the one entity.
  • TDOA the difference in travel times between one entity and other entities may be used to determine relative ranges from the other entities and those, combined with known locations of the other entities may be used to determine the location of the one entity.
  • Angles of arrival and/or departure may be used to help determine location of an entity. For example, an angle of arrival or an angle of departure of a signal combined with a range between devices (determined using signal, e.g., a travel time of the signal, a received power of the signal, etc.
  • the angle of arrival or departure may be an azimuth angle relative to a reference direction such as true north.
  • the angle of arrival or departure may be a zenith angle relative to directly upward from an entity (i.e., relative to radially outward from a center of Earth) .
  • E-CID uses the identity of a serving cell, the timing advance (i.e., the difference between receive and transmit times at the UE) , estimated timing and power of detected neighbor cell signals, and possibly angle of arrival (e.g., of a signal at the UE from the base station or vice versa) to determine location of the UE.
  • the difference in arrival times at a receiving device of signals from different sources along with known locations of the sources and known offset of transmission times from the sources are used to determine the location of the receiving device.
  • the serving base station instructs the UE to scan for /receive RTT measurement signals (e.g., PRS) on serving cells of two or more neighboring base stations (and typically the serving base station, as at least three base stations are needed) .
  • the one of more base stations transmit RTT measurement signals on low reuse resources (e.g., resources used by the base station to transmit system information) allocated by the network (e.g., a location server such as the LMF 120) .
  • the UE records the arrival time (also referred to as a receive time, a reception time, a time of reception, or a time of arrival (ToA) ) of each RTT measurement signal relative to the UE’s current downlink timing (e.g., as derived by the UE from a DL signal received from its serving base station) , and transmits a common or individual RTT response message (e.g., SRS (sounding reference signal) for positioning, i.e., UL-PRS) to the one or more base stations (e.g., when instructed by its serving base station) and may include the time difference T_ (Rx ⁇ Tx) (i.e., UE TRx-Tx or UERx-Tx) between the ToA of the RTT measurement signal and the transmission time of the RTT response message in a payload of each RTT response message.
  • a common or individual RTT response message e.g., SRS (sounding reference signal) for positioning, i.e., UL-PR
  • the RTT response message would include a reference signal from which the base station can deduce the ToA of the RTT response.
  • T_ (Tx ⁇ Rx) the difference between the transmission time of the RTT measurement signal from the base station and the ToA of the RTT response at the base station
  • T_ (Rx ⁇ Tx) the difference between the transmission time of the RTT measurement signal from the base station and the ToA of the RTT response at the base station
  • T_ (Rx ⁇ Tx) the UE-reported time difference
  • the base station can deduce the propagation time between the base station and the UE, from which the base station can determine the distance between the UE and the base station by assuming the speed of light during this propagation time.
  • a UE-centric RTT estimation is similar to the network-based method, except that the UE transmits uplink RTT measurement signal (s) (e.g., when instructed by a serving base station) , which are received by multiple base stations in the neighborhood of the UE. Each involved base station responds with a downlink RTT response message, which may include the time difference between the ToA of the RTT measurement signal at the base station and the transmission time of the RTT response message from the base station in the RTT response message payload.
  • uplink RTT measurement signal e.g., when instructed by a serving base station
  • Each involved base station responds with a downlink RTT response message, which may include the time difference between the ToA of the RTT measurement signal at the base station and the transmission time of the RTT response message from the base station in the RTT response message payload.
  • the side typically (though not always) transmits the first message (s) or signal (s) (e.g., RTT measurement signal (s) ) , while the other side responds with one or more RTT response message (s) or signal (s) that may include the difference between the ToA of the first message (s) or signal (s) and the transmission time of the RTT response message (s) or signal (s) .
  • the first message (s) or signal (s) e.g., RTT measurement signal (s)
  • the other side responds with one or more RTT response message (s) or signal (s) that may include the difference between the ToA of the first message (s) or signal (s) and the transmission time of the RTT response message (s) or signal (s) .
  • a multi-RTT technique may be used to determine position.
  • a first entity e.g., a UE
  • may send out one or more signals e.g., unicast, multicast, or broadcast from the base station
  • multiple second entities e.g., other TSPs such as base station (s) and/or UE (s)
  • the first entity receives the responses from the multiple second entities.
  • the first entity (or another entity such as an LMF) may use the responses from the second entities to determine ranges to the second entities and may use the multiple ranges and known locations of the second entities to determine the location of the first entity by trilateration.
  • additional information may be obtained in the form of an angle of arrival (AoA) or angle of departure (AoD) that defines a straight-line direction (e.g., which may be in a horizontal plane or in three dimensions) or possibly a range of directions (e.g., for the UE from the locations of base stations) .
  • AoA angle of arrival
  • AoD angle of departure
  • the intersection of two directions can provide another estimate of the location for the UE.
  • PRS Positioning Reference Signal
  • PRS signals sent by multiple TRPs are measured and the arrival times of the signals, known transmission times, and known locations of the TRPs used to determine ranges from a UE to the TRPs.
  • an RSTD Reference Signal Time Difference
  • a positioning reference signal may be referred to as a PRS or a PRS signal.
  • the PRS signals are typically sent using the same power and PRS signals with the same signal characteristics (e.g., same frequency shift) may interfere with each other such that a PRS signal from a more distant TRP may be overwhelmed by a PRS signal from a closer TRP such that the signal from the more distant TRP may not be detected.
  • PRS muting may be used to help reduce interference by muting some PRS signals (reducing the power of the PRS signal, e.g., to zero and thus not transmitting the PRS signal) . In this way, a weaker (at the UE) PRS signal may be more easily detected by the UE without a stronger PRS signal interfering with the weaker PRS signal.
  • the term RS, and variations thereof e.g., PRS, SRS, CSI-RS (Channel State Information –Reference Signal) ) , may refer to one reference signal or more than one reference signal.
  • Positioning reference signals include downlink PRS (DL PRS, often referred to simply as PRS) and uplink PRS (UL PRS) (which may be called SRS (Sounding Reference Signal) for positioning) .
  • a PRS may comprise a PN code (pseudorandom number code) or be generated using a PN code (e.g., by modulating a carrier signal with the PN code) such that a source of the PRS may serve as a pseudo-satellite (a pseudolite) .
  • the PN code may be unique to the PRS source (at least within a specified area such that identical PRS from different PRS sources do not overlap) .
  • PRS may comprise PRS resources and/or PRS resource sets of a frequency layer.
  • a DL PRS positioning frequency layer (or simply a frequency layer) is a collection of DL PRS resource sets, from one or more TRPs, with PRS resource (s) that have common parameters configured by higher-layer parameters DL-PRS-PositioningFrequencyLayer, DL-PRS-ResourceSet, and DL-PRS-Resource.
  • Each frequency layer has a DL PRS subcarrier spacing (SCS) for the DL PRS resource sets and the DL PRS resources in the frequency layer.
  • SCS subcarrier spacing
  • Each frequency layer has a DL PRS cyclic prefix (CP) for the DL PRS resource sets and the DL PRS resources in the frequency layer.
  • a resource block occupies 12 consecutive subcarriers and a specified number of symbols.
  • Common resource blocks are the set of resource blocks that occupy a channel bandwidth.
  • a bandwidth part (BWP) is a set of contiguous common resource blocks and may include all the common resource blocks within a channel bandwidth or a subset of the common resource blocks.
  • a DL PRS Point A parameter defines a frequency of a reference resource block (and the lowest subcarrier of the resource block) , with DL PRS resources belonging to the same DL PRS resource set having the same Point A and all DL PRS resource sets belonging to the same frequency layer having the same Point A.
  • a frequency layer also has the same DL PRS bandwidth, the same start PRB (and center frequency) , and the same value of comb size (i.e., a frequency of PRS resource elements per symbol such that for comb-N, every Nth resource element is a PRS resource element) .
  • a PRS resource set is identified by a PRS resource set ID and may be associated with a particular TRP (identified by a cell ID) transmitted by an antenna panel of a base station.
  • a PRS resource ID in a PRS resource set may be associated with an omnidirectional signal, and/or with a single beam (and/or beam ID) transmitted from a single base station (where a base station may transmit one or more beams) .
  • Each PRS resource of a PRS resource set may be transmitted on a different beam and as such, a PRS resource (or simply resource) can also be referred to as a beam. This does not have any implications on whether the base stations and the beams on which PRS are transmitted are known to the UE.
  • a TRP may be configured, e.g., by instructions received from a server and/or by software in the TRP, to send DL PRS per a schedule. According to the schedule, the TRP may send the DL PRS intermittently, e.g., periodically at a consistent interval from an initial transmission.
  • the TRP may be configured to send one or more PRS resource sets.
  • a resource set is a collection of PRS resources across one TRP, with the resources having the same periodicity, a common muting pattern configuration (if any) , and the same repetition factor across slots.
  • Each of the PRS resource sets comprises multiple PRS resources, with each PRS resource comprising multiple OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing) Resource Elements (REs) that may be in multiple Resource Blocks (RBs) within N (one or more) consecutive symbol (s) within a slot.
  • PRS resources or reference signal (RS) resources generally
  • RS reference signal
  • An RB is a collection of REs spanning a quantity of one or more consecutive symbols in the time domain and a quantity (12 for a 5G RB) of consecutive sub-carriers in the frequency domain.
  • Each PRS resource is configured with an RE offset, slot offset, a symbol offset within a slot, and a number of consecutive symbols that the PRS resource may occupy within a slot.
  • the RE offset defines the starting RE offset of the first symbol within a DL PRS resource in frequency.
  • the relative RE offsets of the remaining symbols within a DL PRS resource are defined based on the initial offset.
  • the slot offset is the starting slot of the DL PRS resource with respect to a corresponding resource set slot offset.
  • the symbol offset determines the starting symbol of the DL PRS resource within the starting slot.
  • Transmitted REs may repeat across slots, with each transmission being called a repetition such that there may be multiple repetitions in a PRS resource.
  • the DL PRS resources in a DL PRS resource set are associated with the same TRP and each DL PRS resource has a DL PRS resource ID.
  • a DL PRS resource ID in a DL PRS resource set is associated with a single beam transmitted from a single TRP (although a TRP may transmit one or more beams) .
  • a PRS resource may also be defined by quasi-co-location and start PRB parameters.
  • a quasi-co-location (QCL) parameter may define any quasi-co-location information of the DL PRS resource with other reference signals.
  • the DL PRS may be configured to be QCL type D with a DL PRS or SS/PBCH (Synchronization Signal/Physical Broadcast Channel) Block from a serving cell or a non-serving cell.
  • the DL PRS may be configured to be QCL type C with an SS/PBCH Block from a serving cell or a non-serving cell.
  • the start PRB parameter defines the starting PRB index of the DL PRS resource with respect to reference Point A.
  • the starting PRB index has a granularity of one PRB and may have a minimum value of 0 and a maximum value of 2176 PRBs.
  • a PRS resource set is a collection of PRS resources with the same periodicity, same muting pattern configuration (if any) , and the same repetition factor across slots. Every time all repetitions of all PRS resources of the PRS resource set are configured to be transmitted is referred as an “instance” . Therefore, an “instance” of a PRS resource set is a specified number of repetitions for each PRS resource and a specified number of PRS resources within the PRS resource set such that once the specified number of repetitions are transmitted for each of the specified number of PRS resources, the instance is complete. An instance may also be referred to as an “occasion. ”
  • a DL PRS configuration including a DL PRS transmission schedule may be provided to a UE to facilitate (or even enable) the UE to measure the DL PRS.
  • Multiple frequency layers of PRS may be aggregated to provide an effective bandwidth that is larger than any of the bandwidths of the layers individually.
  • Multiple frequency layers of component carriers (which may be consecutive and/or separate) and meeting criteria such as being quasi co-located (QCLed) , and having the same antenna port, may be stitched to provide a larger effective PRS bandwidth (for DL PRS and UL PRS) resulting in increased time of arrival measurement accuracy.
  • Stitching comprises combining PRS measurements over individual bandwidth fragments into a unified piece such that the stitched PRS may be treated as having been taken from a single measurement. Being QCLed, the different frequency layers behave similarly, enabling stitching of the PRS to yield the larger effective bandwidth.
  • the larger effective bandwidth which may be referred to as the bandwidth of an aggregated PRS or the frequency bandwidth of an aggregated PRS, provides for better time-domain resolution (e.g., of TDOA) .
  • An aggregated PRS includes a collection of PRS resources and each PRS resource of an aggregated PRS may be called a PRS component, and each PRS component may be transmitted on different component carriers, bands, or frequency layers, or on different portions of the same band.
  • RTT positioning is an active positioning technique in that RTT uses positioning signals sent by TRPs to UEs and by UEs (that are participating in RTT positioning) to TRPs.
  • the TRPs may send DL-PRS signals that are received by the UEs and the UEs may send SRS (Sounding Reference Signal) signals that are received by multiple TRPs.
  • a sounding reference signal may be referred to as an SRS or an SRS signal.
  • coordinated positioning may be used with the UE sending a single UL-SRS for positioning that is received by multiple TRPs instead of sending a separate UL-SRS for positioning for each TRP.
  • a TRP that participates in multi-RTT will typically search for UEs that are currently camped on that TRP (served UEs, with the TRP being a serving TRP) and also UEs that are camped on neighboring TRPs (neighbor UEs) .
  • Neighbor TRPs may be TRPs of a single BTS (Base Transceiver Station) (e.g., gNB) , or may be a TRP of one BTS and a TRP of a separate BTS.
  • BTS Base Transceiver Station
  • the DL-PRS signal and the UL-SRS for positioning signal in a PRS/SRS for positioning signal pair used to determine RTT may occur close in time to each other such that errors due to UE motion and/or UE clock drift and/or TRP clock drift are within acceptable limits.
  • signals in a PRS/SRS for positioning signal pair may be transmitted from the TRP and the UE, respectively, within about 10 ms of each other.
  • RTT positioning may be UE-based or UE-assisted.
  • UE-based RTT the UE 200 determines the RTT and corresponding range to each of the TRPs 300 and the position of the UE 200 based on the ranges to the TRPs 300 and known locations of the TRPs 300.
  • UE-assisted RTT the UE 200 measures positioning signals and provides measurement information to the TRP 300, and the TRP 300 determines the RTT and range.
  • the TRP 300 provides ranges to a location server, e.g., the server 400, and the server determines the location of the UE 200, e.g., based on ranges to different TRPs 300.
  • the RTT and/or range may be determined by the TRP 300 that received the signal (s) from the UE 200, by this TRP 300 in combination with one or more other devices, e.g., one or more other TRPs 300 and/or the server 400, or by one or more devices other than the TRP 300 that received the signal (s) from the UE 200.
  • Position information may include one or more positioning signal measurements (e.g., of one or more satellite signals, of PRS, and/or one or more other signals) , and/or one or more values (e.g., one or more ranges (possibly including one or more pseudoranges) , and/or one or more position estimates, etc. ) based on one or more positioning signal measurements.
  • positioning signal measurements e.g., of one or more satellite signals, of PRS, and/or one or more other signals
  • values e.g., one or more ranges (possibly including one or more pseudoranges) , and/or one or more position estimates, etc.
  • FIG. 5 a functional system block diagram is shown of an example of an implementation of a mobile device 500 for closed loop sensing utilizing reference signal adaptation in accordance with the present disclosure.
  • the mobile device 500 may be a wireless communication device that may be portable device such as, for example, the UE 200 described in relation to FIG. 2 or a vehicle having a wireless communication system.
  • the mobile device 500 may comprise an at least one transceiver 502, an at least one memory 506, and an at least one processor 508.
  • the at least one processor 508 may be in signal communication with the at least one transceiver 502 and the at least one memory 506.
  • the mobile device 500 may also include an at least one antenna 504 in signal communication with the at least one transceiver 502 and configured to transmit and receiver multiple wireless signals 510, where the at least one transceiver 502 may include one or more transmitters and/or receivers.
  • the at least one processor 508 may be configured to: transmit, via an at least one transceiver 502, a first reference signal to a second mobile device, wherein the first reference signal has a first signal configuration configured to detect a target; receive a feedback signal, via the at least one transceiver 502, from the second mobile device in response to the second mobile device receiving the first reference signal; and transmit, via the at least one transceiver 502, a second reference signal instead of the first reference signal if the feedback signal indicates a presence of the target, where the second reference signal has a second signal configuration configured to track the target.
  • FIGS. 6A through 6D are functional block diagrams of an example of an implementation of a system 600 for closed loop sensing utilizing reference signal adaptation in accordance with the present disclosure.
  • the first mobile device 500 is shown in signal communication with a second mobile device 602.
  • the second mobile device 602 may be a device similar to the first mobile device 500 that includes at least one antenna 604 similar to the at least one antenna 504 of the first mobile device 500.
  • the first mobile device 500 and the second mobile device 602 are configured to operate in a bistatic sensing mode where the first mobile device 500 transmits a first type of sensing signal (which is a first reference signal “1 st RS” 606) to the second mobile device 602 and the second mobile device 602 receives the 1 st RS 606 and determines if there is a target 608 (i. e., an object) present between the first mobile device 500 and the second mobile device 602.
  • the first mobile device 500 is configured to act as a transmitting mobile device
  • the second mobile device 602 is configured to act as a receiving mobile device, and they are in signal communication via first signal path 610.
  • the circuits, components, modules, and/or devices of, or associated with, the first mobile device 500 and system 600 are described as being in signal communication and/or communicatively coupled with each other, where signal communication refers to any type of communication and/or connection between the circuits, components, modules, and/or devices that allows a circuit, component, module, and/or device to pass and/or receive signals and/or information from another circuit, component, module, and/or device.
  • the communication and/or connection may be along any signal path between the circuits, components, modules, and/or devices that allows signals and/or information to pass from one circuit, component, module, and/or device to another and includes wireless or wired signal paths.
  • the signal paths may be physical, such as, for example, conductive wires, electromagnetic wave guides, cables, attached and/or electromagnetic or mechanically coupled terminals, semi-conductive or dielectric materials or devices, or other similar physical connections or couplings. Additionally, signal paths may be non-physical such as free-space (in the case of electromagnetic propagation) or information paths through digital components where communication information may be passed from one circuit, component, module, and/or device to another in varying digital formats without passing through a direct electromagnetic connection.
  • the second mobile device 602 transmits back a feedback signal 612 to the first mobile device 500, where the feedback signal 612 indicates the sensing detection results at the second mobile device 602.
  • the second mobile device 602 may optionally transmit the feedback signal 612 either explicitly via a second signal path 614 (such as, for example, a sidelink channel) or implicitly by transmitting back a second type of sensing reference signal (i.e., a second reference signal “2 nd RS” 616) to the first mobile device 500.
  • the first mobile device 500 and the second mobile device 602 may utilize a reference signal adaptation technique that may include multi-rounds of transmissions between the first mobile device 500 and the second mobile device 602 to perform a closed-loop reference signal adaptation of the transmissions to detect and track the presence of the target 608 in a bistatic manner.
  • a reference signal adaptation technique may include multi-rounds of transmissions between the first mobile device 500 and the second mobile device 602 to perform a closed-loop reference signal adaptation of the transmissions to detect and track the presence of the target 608 in a bistatic manner.
  • the first mobile device 500 may transmit different types of sensing reference signals to the second mobile device 602, where the 1 st RS 606 may be initially utilized to sense/detect the presence of the target 608. Once the target 608 is detected, the first mobile device 500 may switch (i.e., adapt) the transmission to a third type of sensing reference signal (herein referred to a “3 rd RS” 618) that may be utilized by the first mobile device 500 and the second mobile device 602 to track the target 608.
  • the 3 rd RS 618 may be an enhanced type of 1 st RS 606.
  • the 1 st RS 606 may include a channel quality indicator (CQI) and rank indicator (RI) .
  • CQI channel quality indicator
  • RI rank indicator
  • the CQI of a signal is an index to the highest modulation and coding scheme (MCS) that would result in a low block-error probability conditioned on a certain transmission hypothesis and is a parameter that helps optimize the use of radio resources by dynamically adjusting the MCS based on the quality of the wireless channel (i.e., first signal path 610) .
  • the RI is generally a parameter that is a number (i.e., an indicator) that represents how well a multiple input multiple output (MIMO) communication system works and enables appropriate layers for spatial multiplexing streams for a transmission that is supported under the current channel conditions.
  • the CQI may be mapped to a signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of a transmitting signal (i.e., the 1 st RS 606) and the RI may be mapped to the number of
  • the detection information may include a measurement value of the CQI of the 1 st RS 606 received at the second mobile device 602.
  • the properties and/or characteristics of the 1 st RS 606 may be either predefined and known to both the first mobile device 500 and the second mobile device 602 or configured at the second mobile device 602 prior to the transmission of the 1 st RS 606 by the first mobile device 500.
  • the properties and/or characteristics of the 1 st RS 606 may be preprogrammed into the second mobile device 602; communicated to the second mobile device 602 by a network entity such as, for example, a base station of a cellular network of which the second mobile device 602 is subscribed; and/or communicated by the first mobile device 500 to the second mobile device 602 prior to transmitting the 1 st RS 606 via a handshake type procedure.
  • a network entity such as, for example, a base station of a cellular network of which the second mobile device 602 is subscribed
  • the first mobile device 500 to the second mobile device 602 prior to transmitting the 1 st RS 606 via a handshake type procedure.
  • the first mobile device 500 may be configured to compare the measurement value of the CQI of the 1 st RS 606 received at the second mobile device 602 to a predetermined threshold value, where the feedback signal 612 indicates the presence of the target 608 when the measurement value of the CQI is greater than the predetermined threshold.
  • the detection information may include a measurement of the RI of the 1 st RS 606 received at the second mobile device 602.
  • the first mobile device 500 may be configured to compare the measurement of the RI to a second predetermined threshold value, where the feedback signal 612 indicates the presence of the target 608 when the measurement of the RI is greater than the second predetermined threshold.
  • the second mobile device 602 may simply provide the measured CQI value and/or measured RI value at the second mobile device 602 directly to the first mobile device 500 as an explicit feedback via the feedback signal 612 (i.e., through the sidelink channel via the second signal path 614) .
  • the first mobile device 500 may then determine the difference between the CQI value of the 1 st RS 606 transmitted from the first mobile device 500 and the measurement value of the CQI value of the 1 st RS 606 received at the second mobile device 602 and compare the measurement value against the predetermined threshold value for the CQI value. Similarly, the first mobile device 500 may also determine the difference between the RI value of the 1 st RS 606 transmitted from the first mobile device 500 and the measurement value of the RI value of the 1 st RS 606 received at the second mobile device 602 and compare the second measurement value against the second predetermined threshold value for the RI value. In this example, the first mobile device 500 may keep track of the CQI and/or RI values of the transmitted 1 st RS 606 via a database stored in the at least one memory 506.
  • the system 600 may utilize an implicit feedback based on the 2 nd RS 616 transmitted from the second mobile device 602, where the 2 nd RS 616 may be associated (i.e., mapped) to the one or more CQI and RI values. As discussed below in relation to FIGS. 6C and 6D, this technique may help reduce false alarms.
  • the 2 nd RS 616 is a feedback signal that is transmitted via the first signal path 610 instead of the second signal path 614 (i.e., a sidelink channel) .
  • the reference signal transmissions (i.e., 1 st RS 606 or 3 rd RS 618) from the first mobile device 500 may be adapted for better sensing and tracking configurations.
  • FIGS. 6A through 6D different configurations for these bistatic sensing modes utilizing a reference signal adaptation are shown.
  • the first mobile device 500 and the second mobile device 602 are configured to operate in a first bistatic sensing mode utilizing the feedback signal 612 transmitted on the sidelink channel (i.e., via the second signal path 614) for explicit feedback
  • the first mobile device 500 and the second mobile device 602 are configured to operate in a second bistatic sensing mode for implicit feedback utilizing the 2 nd RS 616.
  • the system 600 is configured to perform a method for closed loop sensing utilizing a reference signal adaptation in a first bistatic sensing mode utilizing the feedback signal 612 transmitted on the sidelink channel (i.e., via the second signal path 614) for explicit feedback.
  • the method may include the first mobile device 500 and the second mobile device 602 first establishing a sidelink connection via the second signal path 614.
  • This sidelink connection may be established via a handshake type of procedure prior to transmitting any reference signals via the first signal path 610 or the sidelink channel along the second signal path 614.
  • the method may then include the first mobile device 500 transmitting the 1 st RS 606 along the first signal path 610 to the second mobile device 602, where the 1 st RS 606 has a first signal configuration that is configured to detect the presence of the target 608.
  • the 1 st RS 606 may be a low-cost type of signal having, for example, transmission on sparse occasions, where for each occasion, the duration of the 1 st RS 606 may be short if the 1 st RS 606 is only utilized to detect the presence of the target 608.
  • the duration of the of the 1 st RS 606 may be optionally increased to a relatively longer duration with phase continuity if the 1 st RS 606 is utilized for micro-Doppler detection.
  • the second mobile device 602 may detect the target 608 by receiving and detecting the quality of the received 1 st RS 606 and reporting back to the first mobile device 500 the results of the detection.
  • the second mobile device 602 reports the presence, or absence, of the target 608 via the feedback signal 612 that is transmitted from the second mobile device 602 to the first mobile device 500 via the second signal path 614.
  • the second signal path 614 may be, for example, a sidelink channel/relay between the first mobile device 500 and the second mobile device 602.
  • the first mobile device 500 may then receive the feedback signal 612 from the second mobile device 602 and then determine whether to continue to transmit the 1 st RS 606 or the 3 rd RS 618 based on the whether the feedback signal 612 indicates the presence of the target 608.
  • the feedback signal 612 may include detection information from the second mobile device 602 that indicates the presence of the target 608 based on either the 1 st RS 606 or a fourth reference signal (4 th RS) 620 received at the second mobile device 602 from the 1 st RS 606 scattering (i.e., reflected, deflected, and/or diffused) on the target 608. If the target 608 is not present, the second mobile device 602 receives the 1 st RS 606 undisturbed by the presence of a target 608 along the first signal path 610.
  • 4 th RS fourth reference signal
  • the 1 st RS 606 will be scattered by the target 608 because part of the energy from the 1 st RS 606 will be reflected, deflected, and/or diffused by the target 608 resulting in the 4 th RS 620 being a perturbed version of the 1 st RS 606.
  • the second mobile device 602 detects the target 608 by receiving the 4 th RS 620, where the second mobile device 602 detects the target 608 as a result of first receiving the 1 st RS 606 and then, when the target 608 is present, receiving the 4 th RS 620 where the second mobile device 602 detects a change in amplitude, new multi-path components, or micro-Doppler of 4 th RS 620 as compared to the initially received 1 st RS 606. As such, if the target 608 is present, the second mobile device 602 will receive the 4 th RS 620 instead of the 1 st RS 606.
  • the second mobile device 602 may then perform a sensing computation and tracking procedure for the target 608 that is reported to the first mobile device 500 via the feedback signal 612.
  • the second mobile device 602 may track the target 608 by receiving the 5 th RS 622 and detecting the changes in amplitude, new multi-path components, or micro-Doppler of 5 th RS 622 as the target 608 moves within a sensing area 624 (i.e., an area that defines the detection range of both the first mobile device 500 and the second mobile device 602) between the first mobile device 500 and the second mobile device 602.
  • the 1 st RS 606 As discussed previously, the 1 st RS 606, as transmitted by the first mobile device 500, has both initial CQI and RI values that are known to the first mobile device 500 and optionally to the second mobile device 602. Once the 1 st RS 606 is scattered by the target 608, the resulting 4 th RS 620 will have CQI and RI values that are related to but different from the initial CQI and RI values of the transmitted 1 st RS 606 because of the disturbance caused by scattering the 1 st RS 606 on the target 608.
  • the second mobile device 602 may measure the CQI and/or RI values of either of the reference signals. The second mobile device 602 may then either send the measured CQI and/or RI values to the first mobile device 500 via the detection information of the feedback signal 612; or first compare the measurement the CQI and/or RI values to a optionally first and second predetermined threshold values (i.e., the first predetermined threshold value for the CQI and the second predetermined threshold value for the RI) and then send the result of the measurement value (s) to the first mobile device 500.
  • a optionally first and second predetermined threshold values i.e., the first predetermined threshold value for the CQI and the second predetermined threshold value for the RI
  • the predetermined threshold values may be threshold values that are utilized to determine if the difference between the measured CQI/RI values at the second mobile device 602 and the expected values are larger than expected by the first mobile device 500.
  • the 3 rd RS 618 may be adaptively transmitted according to the feedback signal 612 with for example a different MCS than the 1 st RS 606.
  • the first mobile device 500 switches from transmitting the 1 st RS 606 to transmitting the 3 rd RS 618. Similar to the 1 st RS 606 when the target 608 is present, the 3 rd RS 618 is also scattered by the target 608 producing a fifth reference signal (5 th RS) 622 that is received by the second mobile device 602, where the 5 th RS 622 is a degraded version of the 3 rd RS 618.
  • 5 th RS fifth reference signal
  • the 3 rd RS 618 also includes an initial CQI and/or RI and the 5 th RS 622 includes an CQI and/or RI that is typically degraded when compared to the initial CQI and/or RI of the 3 rd RS 618. Both the initial CQI and RI values that are known to the first mobile device 500 and optionally to the second mobile device 602.
  • the second mobile device 602 is configured to receive the 5 th RS 622 when the target 608 is present and report back to the first mobile device 500 the presence of the target 608 via the feedback signal 612.
  • the system 600 is configured to track the target 608.
  • the 3 rd RS 618 is a tracking signal that is configured to track the target 608 and may have transmission characteristics that are designed to track the target 608.
  • the transmission characteristics of the 3 rd RS 618 may include higher power, longer high time pattern duration density, narrower beam pattern, and/or higher bandwidth than the 1 st RS 606.
  • the feedback signal 612 provides this information to the first mobile device 500 which switches its transmission back from the 3 rd RS 618 to the original sensing 1 st RS 606.
  • the sensing resource set of the 1 st RS 606, 2 nd RS 616, and 3 rd RS 618 may be known both the first mobile device 500 and the second mobile device 602 by sharing the sensing resource set via the sidelink channel along the second signal path 614.
  • the sensing resource set configuration may be obtained from the physical sidelink control channel (PSCCH) since the PSCCH includes a sidelink control information (SCI) message, which contains information about the resource allocation of the physical sidelink shared channel (PSSCH) .
  • the resource set configuration may include information resource blocks (RBs) , begging offset, periodicity, etc. of the 1 st RS 606, 2 nd RS 616, and 3 rd RS 618.
  • the switching of the resource or resource indications may be provided by the SCI in the PSCCH.
  • the system 600 is configured to perform a method for closed loop sensing utilizing a reference signal adaptation in a second bistatic sensing mode that utilizes the 2 nd RS 616 as a feedback signal.
  • the feedback from the second mobile device 602 to the first mobile device 500 is implicit because the feedback signal (i.e., 2 nd RS 616) is neither transmitted on the sidelink channel nor includes explicit detection parameters to indicate the presence of the target 608.
  • the method may include the first mobile device 500 and second mobile device 602 first establishing a communication link via the first signal path 610. This communication link may be established via a handshake type of procedure prior to transmitting any reference signals via the first signal path 610.
  • the method may then include the first mobile device 500 transmitting the 1 st RS 606 along the first signal path 610 to the second mobile device 602, where the 1 st RS 606 has a first signal configuration that is configured to detect the presence of the target 608.
  • the second mobile device 602 may determine if the target 608 is present by receiving and detecting the quality of the received 1 st RS 606 and reporting back to the first mobile device 500 the results of the detection indirectly.
  • the 1 st RS 606 may be a low-cost type of signal having, for example, transmission on sparse occasions, where for each occasion, the duration of the 1 st RS 606 may be short if the 1 st RS 606 is only utilized to detect the presence of the target 608.
  • the duration of the of the 1 st RS 606 may be optionally increased to a relatively longer duration with phase continuity if the 1 st RS 606 is utilized for micro-Doppler detection.
  • the second mobile device 602 reports the presence, or absence, of the target 608 via the feedback signal 612 that is transmitted from the second mobile device 602 to the first mobile device 500 via the second signal path 614.
  • the second signal path 614 may be, for example, a sidelink channel/relay between the first mobile device 500 and the second mobile device 602.
  • the first mobile device 500 may then receive the feedback signal 612 from the second mobile device 602 and then determine whether to continue to transmit the 1 st RS 606 or the 3 rd RS 618 based on the whether the feedback signal 612 indicates the presence of the target 608.
  • the second mobile device 602 may determine if the target 608 is present by receiving and detecting the quality of the received 1 st RS 606 and reporting back to the first mobile device 500 the detection of the target 608 implicitly by transmitting back the 2 nd RS 616 to the first mobile device 500.
  • the 2 nd RS 616 is only transmitted to the first mobile device 500 if the second mobile device 602 detects the target 608.
  • the second mobile device 602 detects the target 608 by receiving the 4 th RS 620, where the 4 th RS 620 is produced by the scattering of the 1 st RS 606 on the target 608.
  • the second mobile device 602 may detect the target 608 as a result of first receiving the 1 st RS 606 and then, when the target 608 is present, receiving the 4 th RS 620 where the second mobile device 602 detects a change in amplitude, new multi-path components, or micro-Doppler of 4 th RS 620 as compared to the initially received 1 st RS 606.
  • the 2 nd RS 616 may include a fixed time offset as compared to the 1 st RS 606.
  • the 2 nd RS 616 may also either be a low-cost (e.g., with sparse and short duration) signal utilized as an indicator signal that provides the feedback that the target 608 has been detected, or an enhanced sensing signal (e.g., with dense and long duration) that allows the first mobile device 500 to also detect the target 608 from the 2 nd RS 616.
  • the first mobile device 500 switches from a sensing to a tracking mode of operation after the first mobile device 500 receives the 2 nd RS 616 and then stops transmitting the 1 st RS 606 and starts transmitting the 3 rd RS 618.
  • the 3 rd RS 618 may be an enhanced type of signal in comparison to the 1 st RS 606 with, for example, a shorter periodicity, wider bandwidth, narrower beam (optionally including beam sweeping and refinement) , phase continuity, and/or with long duration for each duration as compared to the 1 st RS 606.
  • the second mobile device 602 is then configured to receive the 3 rd RS 618 and perform a sensing computation and tracking of the target 608, while continuing to transmit the 2 nd RS 616.
  • the second mobile device 602 receives the 3 rd RS 618 by receiving the 5 th RS 622 that is produced by the scattering of the 3 rd RS 618 on the target 608.
  • the second mobile device 602 may track the target 608 by receiving the 5 th RS 622 and detecting the changes in amplitude, new multi-path components, or micro-Doppler of 5 th RS 622 as the target 608 moves within the sensing area 624.
  • the second mobile device 602 will continue to transmit the 2 nd RS 616 while the second mobile device 602 detects the target 608 in the sensing area 624; and after the target 608 moves out the sensing area 624 and the second mobile device 602 is no longer capable of detecting the target 608, the second mobile device 602 will stop transmitting the 2 nd RS 616.
  • the first mobile device 500 no longer receives 2 nd RS 616
  • the first mobile device 500 exits the tacking mode because of the non-presence of the target 608, stops transmitting the 3 rd RS 618, and switches back to the sensing mode and again starts transmitting the 1 st RS 606.
  • the first mobile device 500 may optionally also detect and track the target 608 by receiving the 2 nd RS 616.
  • the first mobile device 500 may receive a 6 th RS 626 that is produced by the scattering of the 2 nd RS 616 on the target 608.
  • the first mobile device 500 may also detect and track the target 608 by receiving the 6 th RS 626 and detecting the changes in amplitude, new multi-path components, or micro-Doppler of 6 th RS 626 as the target 608 moves within the sensing area 624.
  • the first mobile device 500 will continue to transmit the 3 rd RS 618 while the first mobile device 500 both receives the 2 nd RS 616 and also detects the target 608 in the sensing area 624 based on the 6 th RS 626; and when the target 608 moves out the sensing area 624 and the first mobile device 500 is no longer capable of detecting the target 608, the first mobile device 500 will stop transmitting the 3 rd RS 618.
  • the first mobile device 500 If the first mobile device 500 is no longer detecting the target 608 but is still receiving the 2 nd RS 616, the first mobile device 500, in response, exits the tacking mode, stops transmitting the 3 rd RS 618, and switches to transmit a seventh reference signal (7 th RS) 628 to the second mobile device 602, where the 7 th RS 628 commands the second mobile device 602 to stop (i.e., disable) transmitting the 2 nd RS 616 because the first mobile device 500 had determined that the detection of the target 608 by the second mobile device 602 is a false alarm.
  • 7 th RS 628 commands the second mobile device 602 to stop (i.e., disable) transmitting the 2 nd RS 616 because the first mobile device 500 had determined that the detection of the target 608 by the second mobile device 602 is a false alarm.
  • the second mobile device 602 stops transmitting the 2 nd RS 616 and when the first mobile device 500 stops receiving the 2 nd RS 616, the first mobile device returns to the sensing mode by switching to again transmit the 1 st RS 606 the second mobile device 602.
  • the first mobile device 500 may optionally use the sidelink channel (instead of utilizing the 7 th RS 628) to command the second mobile device 602 to stop transmitting the 2 nd RS 616 for the false alarm indication.
  • the false alarm may be optionally communicated to the second mobile device 602 via a physical sidelink shared channel (PSSCH) that carries sidelink data or by the SCI in the PSCCH.
  • PSSCH physical sidelink shared channel
  • FIG. 7 is a message diagram 700 between the first mobile device 500 and second mobile device 602 of an example of implementation of a method for closed loop sensing utilizing reference signal adaptation described in FIGS. 6A and 6B utilizing a sidelink channel in accordance with the present disclosure.
  • the system 600 switches between the first sensing mode stage 702, tracking mode stage 704, and second sensing mode stage 706.
  • the 1 st RS 606 and 3 rd RS 618 may be optionally pre-defined for both the first mobile device 500 and second mobile device 602 or provided from the first mobile device 500 to the second mobile device 602 via a handshake procedure 708 utilizing, for example, the sidelink channel via the second signal path 614.
  • the first mobile device 500 When the characteristics of the 1 st RS 606 and 3 rd RS 618 are known to the second mobile device 602, the first mobile device 500 operates in a sensing stage 710 by transmitting 712 the 1 st RS 606 to the second mobile device 602. In response, the second mobile device 602 may optionally report 714 the reception of the 1 st RS 606 to the first mobile device 500 via the sidelink channel. This process repeats until the target 608 is detected.
  • both the first mobile device 500 and second mobile device 602 switch to a tracking mode stage 704 of operation.
  • the second mobile device 602 detects the target 608 and transmits 718 the feedback signal 612 via the sidelink channel to the first mobile device 500.
  • the first mobile device 500 switches to operating in tracking stage 720 and stops transmitting the 1 st RS 606 and begins transmitting 722 the 3 rd RS 618 to the second mobile device 602.
  • the second mobile device 602 receives the 3 rd RS 618, tracks the target 608, and transmits 724 the tracking information to the first mobile device 500 via the feedback signal 612. This process repeats until the target 608 is no longer detected.
  • both the first mobile device 500 and second mobile device 602 switch back to the second sensing mode stage 706 of operation.
  • the second mobile device 602 no longer detects the presence of the target 608 and transmits 728 this information to the first mobile device 500 with the feedback signal 612 via the sidelink channel.
  • the first mobile device 500 switches to operating in sensing stage 730 again and stops transmitting the 3 rd RS 618 and begins transmitting 732 the 1 st RS 606 again to the second mobile device 602.
  • the second mobile device 602 receives the 1 st RS 606 and may again optionally report 734 the reception of the 1 st RS 606 to the first mobile device 500 via the sidelink channel. This process repeats until the target 608 is detected.
  • the feedback signal 612 may include detection information that may include a measurement of CQI and/or RI of the 1 st RS 606 and/or 3 rd RS 618 the received at the second mobile device 602.
  • periodical CQI and/or RI reporting by the second mobile device 602 may be utilized to accurately track the sensing status of the system 600.
  • FIG. 8 is a message diagram 800 between the first mobile device 500 and second mobile device 602, described previously in relation to FIGS. 6C and 6D, of an example of implementation of closed loop sensing utilizing reference signal adaptation without utilizing a sidelink channel in accordance with the present disclosure.
  • the system 600 switches between the first sensing mode stage 802, tracking mode stage 804, and second sensing mode stage 806.
  • the 1 st RS 606, 2 nd RS 616, and 3 rd RS 618 may be optionally pre-defined for both the first mobile device 500 and second mobile device 602 or provided to each of the first mobile device 500 to the second mobile device 602 via a handshake procedure.
  • the first mobile device 500 operates in a sensing stage by transmitting 808 the 1 st RS 606 to the second mobile device 602 that is operating in a detection stage 810 where the second mobile device 602 is receiving the 1 st RS 606 and analyzing the 1 st RS 606 to detect the presence of the target 608.
  • the second mobile device 602 transmits 812 the 2 nd RS 616 to the first mobile device 500 to indicate the detection of the target 608.
  • the first mobile device 500 When the first mobile device 500 receives the 2 nd RS 616, the first mobile device 500 switches to the detection stage 814 and transmits 816 the 3 rd RS 618 to the second mobile device 602.
  • the second mobile device 602 receives the 3 rd RS 618 and switches to the tracking stage 818 and continues to transmit 820 the 2 nd RS 616 to the first mobile device 500.
  • the first mobile device 500 continues to transmit 822 the 3 rd RS 618.
  • the second mobile device 602 is configured to track the target 608 by receiving and analyzing the 3 rd RS 618 as described previously.
  • the first mobile device 500 may also optionally be configured to track the target 608 by receiving and analyzing the 2 nd RS 616 from the second mobile device 602. This process repeats until the target 608 is no longer detected.
  • both the first mobile device 500 and second mobile device 602 switch back to the second sensing mode stage 806 of operation.
  • the second mobile device 602 stops transmitting the 2 nd RS 616 and the first mobile device 500 switches to again transmit 828 the 1 st RS 606 to the second mobile device 602. This process repeats until the target 608 is detected by the second mobile device 602 and the method returns to the tracking mode stage 804.
  • FIG. 9 is a message diagram 900 between the first mobile device 500 and second mobile device 602, described in relation to FIGS. 6C and 6D, of an example of implementation of closed loop sensing utilizing reference signal adaptation with a false alarm detection in accordance with the present disclosure.
  • the method performed by the first mobile device 500 and second mobile device 602 is similar to the method described in relation to FIG. 8, except that in this method the first mobile device 500 is configured to detect a false alarm indicating that the target 608 detection by the second mobile device 602 is a false detection and should be ignored.
  • the first mobile device 500 transmits 902 the 1 st RS 606 to the second mobile device 602. This process continues until the second mobile device 602 detects the target 608 and enters the detect target stage 904, where the second mobile device 602 transmits 906 the 2 nd RS 616 to the first mobile device 500.
  • the first mobile device 500 receives the 2 nd RS 616
  • the first mobile device 500 switches to the detection stage 908 and receives and analyzes the 2 nd RS 616 to detect and track the target 608.
  • the first mobile device 500 also switches from transmitting the 1 st RS 606 to transmitting 910 the 3 rd RS 618 to the second mobile device 602.
  • the second mobile device 602 receives and analyzes the 3 rd RS 618 to continue to detect and track the target 608; and continues to transmit 912 the 2 nd RS 616 to the first mobile device 500, where the first mobile device 500 continues to detect and track the target 608 utilizing the 2 nd RS 616. This process repeats until the target 608 is no longer detected by the first mobile device 500.
  • the first mobile device 500 switches to a false alarm stage 914.
  • the first mobile device 500 stops transmitting the 3 rd RS 618 and switches to transmitting 916 the 7 th RS 628 to command the second mobile device 602 to stop transmitting the 2 nd RS 616 because the detection of the target 608 by the second mobile device 602 is false alarm because the first mobile device 500 cannot confirm the detection of the target 608 from the 2 nd RS 616.
  • the second mobile device 602 When the second mobile device 602 receives the command to stop transmitting the 2 nd RS 616 via receiving the 7 th RS 628, the second mobile device 602 enters the ignore detection stage 918 and the second mobile device 602 stops attempting to track the target 608 from the 3 rd RS 618 because the 7 th RS 628 indicates that the previous detection of the target 608 by the second mobile device 602 was a false alarm.
  • the first mobile device 500 also returns to a sensing mode and switches from transmitting the 7th RS 628 to again transmitting 920 the 1 st RS 606 to the second mobile device 602.
  • the second mobile device 602 then returns to sensing and attempting to detect the presence of the target 608. This process repeats until the target 608 is detected by the second mobile device 602 from the 1 st RS 606.
  • FIG. 10 is a functional system block diagram of an example of an implementation of the system 600, described in relation to FIGS. 6C and 6D, for closed loop sensing utilizing the reference signal adaptation with beamforming in accordance with the present disclosure.
  • the system 1000 is configured to perform a method for closed loop sensing based on the round-trip detection utilizing a reference signal adaptation in a bistatic sensing mode that utilizes the 2 nd RS 616 as a feedback signal.
  • the first mobile device 500 and second mobile device 602 may be beamformed to the same sensing area 1002 along the first signal path 1004.
  • the first mobile device 500 has a first antenna beam 1006 that is directed towards the second mobile device 602 approximately along the first signal path 1004 and the second mobile device 602 has a second antenna beam 1008 that is directed towards the first mobile device 500 approximately along the first signal path 1004. If the first mobile device 500 transmits the 1 st RS 606 towards the second mobile device 602 and the second mobile device 602 receives the 1 st RS 606, then the first antenna beam 1006 and the second antenna beam 1008 are aligned to cover the same sensing area 1002 where the target 608 may be properly detected if present.
  • the system 100 may utilize the 2 nd RS 616 to confirm that the first antenna beam 1006 and the second antenna beam 1008 are properly aligned because if the second mobile device 602 receives the 1 st RS 606 and the second mobile device 602 receives the 2 nd RS 616, both the first antenna beam 1006 and the second antenna beam 1008 are properly aligned to cover the same sensing area 1002.
  • a third mobile device 1010 may have a third antenna beam 1012 that is aligned towards the second mobile device 602 but not the first mobile device 500.
  • the both the first mobile device 500 and third mobile device 1010 can receive the 2 nd RS 616 but only the second mobile device 602 can receive the 1 st RS 606 because the second mobile device 602 is aligned to cover the sensing area 1002 with the first mobile device 500 along the first signal path 1004.
  • FIG. 11 is a message diagram 1100 between the first mobile device and second mobile device, shown in FIGS. 6C through 6D, of an example of implementation of closed loop sensing utilizing reference signal adaptation with reference signals pre-defined to indicate measured channel quality indicator (CQI) and/or rank indicator (RI) in accordance with the present disclosure.
  • the first mobile device 500 and second mobile device 602 perform a method that includes implicit feedback based on closed loop framework where the CQI and/or RI results at the second mobile device 602 are reported back the first mobile device 500 by a specific type of sensing reference signal.
  • the CQI and RI results also can be reported by the specific sensing reference signal.
  • a first reference signal (i.e., 1 st RS 606) may be pre-configured/pre-defined to indicate the CQI and/or RI of the 1 st RS 606 being transmitted to the second mobile device 602.
  • there be two sets of reference signals separately associated to the CQI indication and RI indication, or only a single reference signal with both CQI and RI.
  • This pre-defined reference signal set is shared between first mobile device 500 and second mobile device 602 a priori. Each element in the pre-defined reference signal set may be mapped to one quantized CQI or RI (or mapped to one value range) .
  • the second mobile device 602 may receive the 1 st RS 606 and detect the reference signal index to determine the CQI and RI values.
  • the reference signal set to indicate CQI may include a first plurality of sequences of data to indicate CQI values or ranges.
  • the index of the reference signal (from the pre-defined reference signal set) is mapped to the CQI or RI.
  • the reference signal set is shared between the transmitting mobile device (i.e., the first mobile device 500) and receiving (i.e., the second mobile device 602) .
  • the first mobile device 500 detects the 1 st RS 606 and gets its 1 st RS 606 index, look up the table (RS index ⁇ CQI/RI mapping) .
  • the Rx would know the corresponding CQI/RI value.
  • Such RS index might be impacted/determined by the RS sequence ID/time pattern/or ports.
  • the reference signal set may include: sequence 1, sequence 2, sequence 3, ...etc. to indicate CQI values or ranges.
  • the reference set may also include a second plurality of sequences of data to indicate RI values or ranges such, for example: sequence A, sequence B, sequence C, ...etc.
  • this information may be described by Tables 1-3 as examples to provide mappings between the CQI/IR and reference signal index.
  • the first mobile device 500 transmits 1102 the 1 st RS 606 and second mobile device 602 receives the 1 st RS 606 and in stage 1104, detects the presence of the target 608 (if present) and determines (i.e., calculates) the CQI and/RI values of the received 1 st RS 606.
  • reference signal set includes CQI range values of -10dB to -5dB for sequence 1 and -5dB to 0dB for sequence 3
  • the second mobile device 602 detects and estimate of CQI to approximately –8dB
  • the second mobile device 602 send a feedback signal to the first mobile device 500 that includes sequence 1 in the feedback signal.
  • the feedback signal may be transmitted 1106 either via the feedback signal 612 via a sideline channel or the 2 nd RS 616 described previously.
  • the first mobile device 500 receives the feedback signal and detects (in detection stage 1108) sequence 1 in the 2 nd RS 616 to determine that the status of the current CQI received by the second mobile device 602 is within the range of -10 dB to -5dB.
  • the first mobile device 500 then increases the sensing density for more accurate estimation. In this example, the first mobile device 500 may then switch to transmitting 1110 the 3 rd RS 618.
  • the second mobile device 602 transmits the 2 nd RS 616 as the feedback signal, the CQI and/or RI reporting may not be needed since the first mobile device 500 may measure the CQI and/or RI based on the 2 nd RS 616.
  • FIG. 12 is a functional system block diagram of an example of an implementation of a two resource pools (a1 st RS 606 reception pool 1200 and a 2 nd RS 616 transmission pool 1202) in the second mobile device 602 in accordance with the present disclosure.
  • both the 1 st RS 606 reception pool 1200 and the 2 nd RS 616 transmission pool may be spaced in time 1204 and narrow band, such as, for example single sideband (SSB) signal types.
  • the 1 st RS 606 reception pool 1200 and the 2 nd RS 616 transmission pool are shown in a first active state 1206 and second active state 1208 spaced (i.e., first time space 1210) apart in time 1204.
  • 1 st RS 606 reception pool 1200 and 2 nd RS 616 transmission pool 1202 within the first active state 1206 may be spaced (i.e., second time space 1212) back-to-back (i.e., scheduled) in time 1204 to save power in second mobile device 602.
  • the 1 st RS 606 reception pool 1200 and 2 nd RS 616 transmission pool 1202 within the second active state 1208 may also be spaced (i.e., second time space 1212) back-to-back in time 1204 similar to the first active state 1206.
  • the first time space 1210 may be utilized by the second mobile device 602 for a sleep mode for power savings.
  • the second mobile device 602 may utilize one or two symbols to switch 1220 from a reception mode to transmission mode utilizing the 1 st RS 606 reception pool 1200 and 2 nd RS 616 transmission pool 1202.
  • the second time space 1212 may be a fixed time offset between the 1 st RS 606 reception pool 1200 and the 2 nd RS 616 transmission pool 1202 configured such that first mobile device 500 may be configured to “know” when to monitor for the reception of the 2 nd RS 616 transmitted by the second mobile device 602.
  • both the first mobile device 500 and second mobile device 602 to conserve power by configuring a schedule of reception and transmission between both the first mobile device 500 and second mobile device 602 that allow the second mobile device 602 to receive the 1 st RS 606 from the first mobile device 500 and (if a target 608 is present) transmit the 2 nd RS 616 to the first mobile device 500.
  • the second mobile device 602 may then “sleep” for the first time space 1210 and “wake” for the second active state 1208. Additionally, the first mobile device 500 may then “sleep” for the second time space 1212 between the 1 st RS 606 reception pool 1200 and 2 nd RS 616 transmission pool 1202 times. This sleep/wake configuration may be pre-programmed between the first mobile device 500 and second mobile device 602 to conserve power for both.
  • the first time space 1210 and second time space 1212 may be configured by the communication network via, for example, the NG-RAN 135 and/or 5GC 140.
  • the SMF 117 may configure rules in the RRC signaling and the condition to trigger the rules –for example, when either the first mobile device 500 and/or second mobile device 602 are outside of the coverage area of the communication network or in an environment with poor channel connection to the communications network.
  • the communication network may configure these rules and triggers based on implicit feedback based on the closed loop framework to either the first mobile device 500 and/or second mobile device 602 when communication network predicts a bad communication connection or there are limited resources for communication.
  • the communication network may configure these rules and triggers based on, for example, the 3GPP specification where the rules and triggers may be built into the stock of the first mobile device 500 and/or second mobile device 602.
  • each sensing reference signal from each mobile device may be associated with the identity of mobile device that transmitted the corresponding reference signal.
  • each reference signal would be a mobile device specific reference signal that is associated with the identity of the corresponding mobile device.
  • the mobile device specific reference signal may be associated with the transmitting mobile device based on identification of the mobile device being mapped to, for example, a sequence, time domain resource, and/or frequency domain resource of the reference signal.
  • the transmissions may have the same configuration at least for the same type of reference signal (i.e., low-cost vs enhanced type of signal) including, for example periodicity, subcarrier spacing for OFDM based reference signals, and basic sequences.
  • the low-cost reference signals may have a periodicity approximately equal to time division duplex (TDD) DL and/or UL pattern duration or multiple SSB periodicity.
  • FIG. 13 is a functional block diagram of system 1300 that is configured to perform implicit feedback based on a closed loop framework in accordance with the present disclosure.
  • the first mobile device 500 is shown in signal communication with a second mobile device 602.
  • the first mobile device 500 and the second mobile device 602 are configured to operate in a bistatic sensing mode where the first mobile device 500 transmits a first type of sensing signal (i.e., 1 st RS 606) to the second mobile device 602 and the second mobile device 602 receives the 1 st RS 606 and determines if there is a target 1302 present between the first mobile device 500 and the second mobile device 602 in the sensing area 1304.
  • a first type of sensing signal i.e., 1 st RS 606
  • the second mobile device 602 in response, transmits a second type of sensing signal (i.e., the 2 nd RS 616) to the first mobile device 500 and the first mobile device 500 receives the 2 nd RS 616 and also determines if the target 1302 is present in the sensing area 1304.
  • a second type of sensing signal i.e., the 2 nd RS 616
  • first mobile device 500 receives a second scattered signal (1 st SS) 1308 version of the 1 st RS 606
  • the first mobile device 500 receives a second scattered signal (2 nd SS) 1310 version of the 2 nd RS 616.
  • the first mobile device 500 may switch to transmitting an enhanced reference signal (1 st ERS) 1312 towards the second mobile device 602.
  • the 1 st ERS 1312 may be a higher cost signal (e.g., high power, high data rate, different modulation, etc. ) , as compared to the 1 st RS 606, that may be utilized by the second mobile device 602 to track the movement of the target 1302 within the sensing area 1304.
  • the second mobile device 602 stops detecting the presence of the target 1302 within the sensing area 1304 and stops transmitting the 2 nd RS 616.
  • the 2 nd RS 616 transmission stops the first mobile 500 no longer receives the 2 nd SS 1310 that triggers the first mobile device 500 to switch back to the 1 st RS 606 which is a lower cost sensing signal.
  • FIG. 14 is a message diagram 1400 between the first mobile device 500 and the second mobile device 602 of an example of an implementation of closed loop sensing utilizing an implicit feedback based close loop framework discussed previously in relation to FIG. 13 in accordance with the present disclosure.
  • the first mobile device 500 transmits 1402 the 1 st RS 606 to the second mobile device 602. This process continues until the second mobile device 602 detects the target 1302 and enters the detect target stage 1404, where the second mobile device 602 transmits 1406 the 2 nd RS 616, as a feedback signal, to the first mobile device 500.
  • the first mobile device 500 When the first mobile device 500 receives the 2 nd RS 616 (i.e., 2 nd SS 1310) , the first mobile device 500 switches to the detection stage 908 and receives and analyzes the 2 nd SS 1310 to detect and track the target 1302 within the sensing area 1304. The first mobile device 500 also switches from transmitting the 1 st RS 606 to transmitting 1410 the 1 st ERS 1312 to the second mobile device 602.
  • the second mobile device 602 receives and analyzes the 1 st ERS 1312 to continue to detect and track (i.e., the object tracking stage 1412) the target 1302; and continues to transmit 1414 the 2 nd RS 616 to the first mobile device 500, where the first mobile device 500 continues to detect and track the target 1302 utilizing the 2 nd RS 616/2 nd SS 1310. This process repeats until the target 1302 is no longer detected by the first mobile device 500.
  • the second mobile device 602 When the second mobile device 602 continues to receive the 1 st ERS 1312 from the first mobile device 500 but can no longer detect the presence of the target 1302 within the sensing area 1304 with the 2 nd RS 616, the second mobile device 500 stops transmitting the 2 nd RS 616 in the target not detected stage 1416.
  • the first mobile device 500 stops receiving the 2 nd RS 616/2 nd SS 1310, the first mobile device 500 knows that the target 1302 is no longer detected in the sensing area 1304, and at the target not detected stage 1418, the first mobile device 500 stops transmitting the 1 st ERS 1312 and switches back (i.e., reverts) to transmitting the 1 st RS 606 sensing signal to the second mobile device 602 and the process repeats.
  • FIG. 15 is a flowchart of an example of an implementation of a method 1500, performed by the first mobile device 500, shown in FIGS. 6A through 6D, closed loop sensing utilizing reference signal adaptation in accordance with the present disclosure.
  • the method 1500 includes transmitting 1502, via an at least one transceiver 502 of a first mobile device 500, a first reference signal (i.e., 1 st RS 606) to the second mobile device 602, where the 1 st RS 606 has a first signal configuration configured to detect the target 608.
  • a first reference signal i.e., 1 st RS 606
  • the method 1500 also includes receiving 1504, at the first mobile device 500, a feedback signal 612 (or 2 nd RS 616) from the second mobile device 602 in response to the second mobile device 602 receiving the 1 st RS 606 and transmitting 1506, via the at least one transceiver 502, a second reference signal (i.e., the 3 rd RS 618) instead of the 1 st RS 606 if the feedback signal 612 indicates a presence of the target 608, where the second reference signal has a second signal configuration configured to track the target 608.
  • a second reference signal i.e., the 3 rd RS 618
  • FIG. 16 is a flowchart of an example of an implementation of a method 1600, performed by the second mobile device 602, shown in FIGS. 6A through 6D, closed loop sensing utilizing reference signal adaptation in accordance with the present disclosure.
  • the method 1600 includes receiving 1602, via an at least one transceiver of the first mobile device (i.e., the second mobile device 602) , a first reference signal (i.e., 1 st RS 606) from a second mobile device (i.e., the first mobile device 500) , where the first reference signal has a first signal configuration configured to detect the target 608.
  • the method 1600 also includes detecting 1604 the target 608 from the first reference signal and transmitting 1606 a feedback signal (i.e., either the feedback signal 612 or the 2 nd RS 616) to the second mobile device in response to detecting the target 608.
  • a feedback signal i.e., either the feedback signal 612 or the 2 nd RS 616
  • a method for sensing comprising: transmitting, via an at least one transceiver of a first device, a first reference signal to a second device, wherein the first reference signal has a first signal configuration configured to detect a target; receiving, at the first device, a feedback signal from the second device in response to the second device receiving the first reference signal; and transmitting, via the at least one transceiver, a second reference signal if the feedback signal indicates a presence of the target, wherein the second reference signal has a second signal configuration configured to track the target.
  • receiving the feedback signal includes receiving the feedback signal via a sidelink channel
  • the feedback signal includes detection information from the second device that indicates the presence of the target based on a third reference signal that is received at the second device from the first reference signal scattering on the target
  • transmitting the second reference signal includes switching the transmission of the first reference signal to the second reference signal, via the at least one transceiver, in response to the detection information indicating the presence of the target.
  • Clause 3 The method of clause 2, further including switching the transmitting of the second reference signal back to the first reference signal in response to the detection information indicating a non-presence of the target.
  • Clause 4 The method of clause 2, wherein the first reference signal includes a first channel quality indicator (CQI) , the detection information includes a measurement of a second CQI of the first reference signal received at the second device, and switching the transmission of the first reference signal to the second reference signal includes switching the transmission based on a first difference between the second CQI and the first CQI being greater than a first predetermined threshold.
  • CQI channel quality indicator
  • Clause 5 The method of clause 4, wherein the first reference signal includes a first rank indicator (RI) , the detection information includes a measurement of a second RI of the first reference signal received at the second device, and switching the transmission of the first reference signal to the second reference signal includes switching the transmission based on a second difference between the second RI and the first RI being greater than a second predetermined threshold.
  • RI rank indicator
  • Clause 6 The method of clause 2, wherein the first reference signal includes a first modulation and coding scheme (MCS) , and the second reference signal includes a second MCS.
  • MCS modulation and coding scheme
  • receiving the feedback signal includes receiving a third reference signal from the second device
  • the third reference signal indicates the presence of the target based on a fourth reference signal that is received at the second device from the first reference signal scattering on the target and has a third signal configuration configured to track the target
  • transmitting the second reference signal includes switching the transmission of the first reference signal to the second reference signal in response to receiving the third reference signal.
  • Clause 8 The method of clause 7, further including switching the transmitting of the second reference signal back to the first reference signal in response to not receiving the third reference signal from the second device.
  • Clause 9 The method of clause 7, further including detecting the target based on a fifth reference signal that is received by the first device from the third reference signal scattering on the target.
  • Clause 10 The method of clause 9, further including detecting a false alarm when the first device receives the third reference signal while not detecting the target based on the fifth reference signal, wherein transmitting the second reference signal further includes switching the transmission of the second reference signal to a sixth reference signal to the second device in response to detecting the false alarm, the sixth reference signal is configured to order the second device to stop transmitting the third reference signal, and switching the transmission of the second reference signal to the sixth reference signal further includes switching the transmission of sixth reference signal to the first reference signal in response to the transmission of the sixth reference signal.
  • a apparatus for closed loop sensing utilizing reference signal adaptation comprising: at least one transceiver; at least one memory; and at least one processor, in signal communication with the at least one transceiver, and the at least one memory, the at least one processor configured to: transmit, via the at least one transceiver, a first reference signal to a second device, wherein the first reference signal has a first signal configuration configured to detect a target; receive a feedback signal from the second device in response to the second device receiving the first reference signal; and transmit, via the at least one transceiver, a second reference signal instead of the first reference signal if the feedback signal indicates a presence of the target, wherein the second reference signal has a second signal configuration configured to track the target.
  • Clause 12 The apparatus of clause 11, wherein the at least one processor is configured to receive the feedback signal by being further configured to receive the feedback signal via a sidelink channel, wherein the feedback signal includes detection information from the second device that indicates the presence of the target based on a third reference signal that is received at the second device from the first reference signal scattering on the target, and transmit the second reference signal by further being configured to switch the transmission of the first reference signal to the second reference signal in response to the detection information indicating the presence of the target.
  • Clause 13 The apparatus of clause 12, wherein the at least one processor is further configured to switch the transmission of the second reference signal back to the first reference signal in response to the detection information indicating a non-presence of the target.
  • Clause 14 The apparatus of clause 12, wherein the first reference signal includes a first channel quality indicator (CQI) , and the detection information includes a measurement of a second CQI of the first reference signal received at the second device, and the at least one processor is configured to switch the transmission of the first reference signal to the second reference signal by being configured to switch the transmission based on a first difference between the second CQI and the first CQI being greater than a first predetermined threshold.
  • CQI channel quality indicator
  • Clause 15 The apparatus of clause 14, wherein the first reference signal includes a first rank indicator (RI) , the detection information includes a measurement of a second RI of the first reference signal received at the second device, and the at least one processor is configured to switch the transmission of the first reference signal to the second reference signal by being configured to switch the transmission based on a second difference between the second RI and the first RI being greater than a second predetermined threshold.
  • RI rank indicator
  • Clause 16 The apparatus of clause 12, wherein the first reference signal includes a first modulation and coding scheme (MCS) , and the second reference signal includes a second MCS.
  • MCS modulation and coding scheme
  • Clause 17 The apparatus of clause 11, wherein the at least one processor is configured to receive the feedback signal by further being configured to receive a third reference signal from the second device, wherein the third reference signal indicates the presence of the target based on a fourth reference signal that is received at the second device from the first reference signal scattering on the target and has a third signal configuration configured to track the target, and transmit the second reference signal by further being configured to switch the transmission of the first reference signal to the second reference signal in response to receiving the third reference signal.
  • Clause 18 The apparatus of clause 17, wherein the at least one processor is further configured to switch the transmitting of the second reference signal back to the first reference signal in response to not receiving the third reference signal from the second device.
  • Clause 19 The apparatus of clause 17, wherein the at least one processor is further configured to detect the target based on a fifth reference signal that is received by the device from the third reference signal scattering on the target.
  • Clause 20 The apparatus of clause 19, wherein the at least one processor is further configured to detect a false alarm when the device receives the third reference signal while not detecting the target based on the fifth reference signal, and switch the transmission of the second reference signal to a sixth reference signal to the second device in response to detecting the false alarm, wherein the sixth reference signal is configured to order the second device to stop transmitting the third reference signal, and the at least one processor is further configured to switch the transmission of the second reference signal to the sixth reference signal by being further configured to switch the transmission of sixth reference signal to the first reference signal in response to the transmission of the sixth reference signal.
  • a method for sensing comprising: receiving, via an at least one transceiver of a first device, a first reference signal from a second device, wherein the first reference signal has a first signal configuration configured to detect a target; detecting the target from the first reference signal; and transmitting a feedback signal to the second device in response to detecting the target.
  • Clause 22 The method of clause 21, wherein transmitting the feedback signal includes transmitting the feedback signal via a sidelink channel, and the feedback signal includes detection information that indicates a presence of the target based on a second reference signal that is received at the first device from the first reference signal scattering on the target.
  • Clause 24 The method of clause 23, wherein the first reference signal includes a first rank indicator (RI) , and the detection information includes a measurement of a second RI of the received first reference signal.
  • RI first rank indicator
  • Clause 25 The method of clause 21, further including receiving, via the at least one transceiver, a second reference signal instead of the first reference signal if the feedback signal indicates a presence of the target, wherein the second reference signal has a second signal configuration configured to track the target, wherein the first reference signal includes a first modulation and coding scheme (MCS) , and the second reference signal includes a second MCS.
  • MCS modulation and coding scheme
  • Clause 26 The method of clause 21, wherein transmitting the feedback signal includes transmitting a third reference signal to the second device, and the third reference signal indicates a presence of the target based on a fourth reference signal that is received at the second device from the first reference signal scattering on the target and has a third signal configuration configured to track the target.
  • transmitting the feedback signal includes transmitting a third reference signal to the second device, and the third reference signal indicates a presence of the target based on either a fourth reference signal that is received at the first device from the first reference signal scattering on the target and has a third signal configuration configured to track the target or a fifth reference signal that is received at the first device from the second reference signal scattering on the target and has a fourth signal configuration configured to track the target.
  • Clause 28 The method of clause 27, further including receiving, via the at least one transceiver, a sixth reference signal instead of the second reference signal in response to the second device determining a false alarm for the presence of the target, and disabling the transmission of the third reference signal in response to receiving the sixth reference signal.
  • An apparatus for sensing comprising: means for transmitting, from the device, a first reference signal to a second device, wherein the first reference signal has a first signal configuration configured to detect a target; means for receiving, at the device, a feedback signal from the second device in response to the second device receiving the first reference signal; and means for transmitting a second reference signal instead of the first reference signal if the feedback signal indicates a presence of the target, wherein the second reference signal has a second signal configuration configured to track the target.
  • Clause 30 The apparatus of clause 29, wherein the means for receiving the feedback signal includes a means for receiving the feedback signal via a sidelink channel, the feedback signal includes detection information from the second device that indicates the presence of the target based on a third reference signal that is received at the second device from the first reference signal scattering on the target, and the means for transmitting the second reference signal includes a means for switching the transmission of the first reference signal to the second reference signal in response to the detection information indicating the presence of the target.
  • a non-transitory processor-readable storage medium comprising processor-readable instructions configured to cause one or more processors of an apparatus to determine a presence of a, comprising: code for transmitting, via an at least one transceiver of a first mobile device, a first reference signal to a second device, wherein the first reference signal has a first signal configuration configured to detect a target; code for receiving, at the first device, a feedback signal from the second device in response to the second device receiving the first reference signal; and code for transmitting, via the at least one transceiver, a second reference signal instead of the first reference signal if the feedback signal indicates a presence of the target, wherein the second reference signal has a second signal configuration configured to track the target.
  • a device in the singular includes at least one, i.e., one or more, of such devices (e.g., “a processor” includes at least one processor (e.g., one processor, two processors, etc. ) , “the processor” includes at least one processor, “a memory” includes at least one memory, “the memory” includes at least one memory, etc. ) .
  • phrases “at least one” and “one or more” are used interchangeably and such that “at least one” referred-to object and “one or more” referred-to objects include implementations that have one referred-to object and implementations that have multiple referred-to objects.
  • “at least one processor” and “one or more processors” each includes implementations that have one processor and implementations that have multiple processors.
  • “or” as used in a list of items indicates a disjunctive list such that, for example, a list of “at least one of A, B, or C, ” or a list of “one or more of A, B, or C” or a list of “A or B or C” means A, or B, or C, or AB (A and B) , or AC (A and C) , or BC (B and C) , or ABC (i.e., A and B and C) , or combinations with more than one feature (e.g., AA, AAB, ABBC, etc. ) .
  • a recitation that an item e.g., a processor, is configured to perform a function regarding at least one of A or B, or a recitation that an item is configured to perform a function A or a function B, means that the item may be configured to perform the function regarding A, or may be configured to perform the function regarding B, or may be configured to perform the function regarding A and B.
  • a phrase of “a processor configured to measure at least one of A or B” or “a processor configured to measure A or measure B” means that the processor may be configured to measure A (and may or may not be configured to measure B) , or may be configured to measure B (and may or may not be configured to measure A) , or may be configured to measure A and measure B (and may be configured to select which, or both, of A and B to measure) .
  • a recitation of a means for measuring at least one of A or B includes means for measuring A (which may or may not be able to measure B) , or means for measuring B (and may or may not be configured to measure A) , or means for measuring A and B (which may be able to select which, or both, of A and B to measure) .
  • a recitation that an item, e.g., a processor, is configured to at least one of perform function X or perform function Y means that the item may be configured to perform the function X, or may be configured to perform the function Y, or may be configured to perform the function X and to perform the function Y.
  • a phrase of “a processor configured to at least one of measure X or measure Y” means that the processor may be configured to measure X (and may or may not be configured to measure Y) , or may be configured to measure Y (and may or may not be configured to measure X) , or may be configured to measure X and to measure Y (and may be configured to select which, or both, of X and Y to measure) .
  • a statement that a function or operation is “based on” an item or condition means that the function or operation is based on the stated item or condition and may be based on one or more items and/or conditions in addition to the stated item or condition.
  • a wireless communication system is one in which communications are conveyed wirelessly, i.e., by electromagnetic and/or acoustic waves propagating through atmospheric space rather than through a wire or other physical connection, between wireless communication devices.
  • a wireless communication system also called a wireless communications system, a wireless communication network, or a wireless communications network
  • wireless communication device does not require that the functionality of the device is exclusively, or even primarily, for communication, or that communication using the wireless communication device is exclusively, or even primarily, wireless, or that the device be a mobile device, but indicates that the device includes wireless communication capability (one-way or two-way) , e.g., includes at least one radio (each radio being part of a transmitter, receiver, or transceiver) for wireless communication.
  • processor-readable medium refers to any medium that participates in providing data that causes a machine to operate in a specific fashion.
  • various processor-readable media might be involved in providing instructions/code to processor (s) for execution and/or might be used to store and/or carry such instructions/code (e.g., as signals) .
  • a processor-readable medium is a physical and/or tangible storage medium.
  • Such a medium may take many forms, including but not limited to, non-volatile media and volatile media.
  • Non-volatile media include, for example, optical and/or magnetic disks.
  • Volatile media include, without limitation, dynamic memory.
  • substantially as used herein when referring to a measurable value such as an amount, a temporal duration, a physical attribute (such as frequency) , and the like, also encompasses variations of ⁇ 20%or ⁇ 10%, ⁇ 5%, or ⁇ 0.1%from the specified value, as appropriate in the context of the systems, devices, circuits, methods, and other implementations described herein.
  • a statement that a value exceeds (or is more than or above) a first threshold value is equivalent to a statement that the value meets or exceeds a second threshold value that is slightly greater than the first threshold value, e.g., the second threshold value being one value higher than the first threshold value in the resolution of a computing system.
  • a statement that a value is less than (or is within or below) a first threshold value is equivalent to a statement that the value is less than or equal to a second threshold value that is slightly lower than the first threshold value, e.g., the second threshold value being one value lower than the first threshold value in the resolution of a computing system.

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Abstract

Sont proposées des techniques de détection en boucle fermée utilisant une adaptation de signal de référence. Un exemple d'un procédé de détection en boucle fermée utilisant une adaptation de signal de référence consiste à émettre, à partir d'un premier dispositif, un premier signal de référence vers un second dispositif, le premier signal de référence ayant une première configuration de signal configurée pour détecter une cible; recevoir, au niveau du premier dispositif, un signal de rétroaction provenant du second dispositif en réponse à la réception par le second dispositif du premier signal de référence; et émettre un second signal de référence au lieu du premier signal de référence si le signal de rétroaction indique une présence de la cible, le second signal de référence ayant une seconde configuration de signal configurée pour suivre la cible.
PCT/CN2024/078919 2024-02-28 2024-02-28 Adaptation de signal de référence de détection en boucle fermée Pending WO2025179468A1 (fr)

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