WO2025158525A1 - Terminal, wireless communication method, and base station - Google Patents

Abstract

A terminal according to one aspect of the present disclosure comprises: a control unit that performs Doppler estimation on the basis of at least one of first output information from a first artificial intelligence (AI) model on the terminal side and second output information from a second AI model on the network side; and a transmission/reception unit that transmits and receives signals by applying Doppler compensation based on the Doppler estimation. According to one aspect of the present disclosure, it is possible to appropriately perform signal transmission processing/reception processing.

Description

Terminal, wireless communication method and base station

This disclosure relates to terminals, wireless communication methods, and base stations in next-generation mobile communication systems.

Long Term Evolution (LTE) was specified for Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) networks with the aim of achieving even higher data rates and lower latency (Non-Patent Document 1). Furthermore, LTE-Advanced (3GPP Rel. 10-14) was specified with the aim of achieving even greater capacity and sophistication over LTE (Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP (registered trademark)) Release (Rel.) 8 and 9).

Successor systems to LTE (e.g., 5th generation mobile communication system (5G), 5G+ (plus), 6th generation mobile communication system (6G), New Radio (NR), 3GPP Rel. 15 or later, etc.) are also being considered.

3GPP TS 36.300 V8.12.0 “Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA) and Evolved Univers al　Terrestrial　Radio　Access　Network　(E-UTRAN);　Overall　description;　Stage 2　(Release　8)”, April 2010

In future wireless communication systems (e.g., Rel. 20 and beyond), it is being considered to use higher frequency bands than those used in existing systems (e.g., up to Rel. 18).

However, there has been insufficient consideration given to the regulations regarding the use of these high-frequency bands. If this consideration is insufficient, there is a risk that improvements in communication throughput will be hindered.

Therefore, one of the objectives of this disclosure is to provide a terminal, a wireless communication method, and a base station that can properly process signals for reception.

A terminal according to one aspect of the present disclosure has a control unit that performs Doppler estimation based on at least one of first output information from a first artificial intelligence (AI) model on the terminal side and second output information from a second AI model on the network side, and a transceiver unit that transmits and receives signals by applying Doppler compensation based on the Doppler estimation.

According to one aspect of the present disclosure, signal transmission and reception processing can be performed appropriately.

1A and 1B are diagrams showing an overview of MIMO. 2A and 2B are diagrams showing an overview of a cellular system and a cell-free system, respectively. 3A to 3C are diagrams showing examples of outlines of various assumptions regarding the cell-free configuration. FIG. 4 is a diagram showing an example of a pattern of one PCI component. 5A to 5E are diagrams showing an example of the configuration of the first cell. FIG. 6 is a diagram showing an example of a pattern of the elements (area components) of one area. 7A and 7B are diagrams showing examples of the configuration of the first and second cells according to Option 1.1 and Option 1.2, respectively. 8A and 8B are diagrams illustrating an example of the configuration of the first and second cells according to Option 2/4.1 and Option 2/4.2, respectively. 9A and 9B are diagrams illustrating an example of the configuration of the first and second cells according to options 3 and 5.1 and 3 and 5.2, respectively. FIG. 10 is a diagram illustrating an example of a change in the configuration of the second cell. 11A to 11C are diagrams showing an example of the configuration of the second cell according to option 0.3. 12A and 12B are diagrams illustrating an example of communication between a mobile unit and a transmission point (e.g., a remote radio head). 13A-13C are diagrams showing examples of schemes 0 to 2 for SFN. 14A-14B are diagrams showing an example of Scheme 1. Figures 15A to 15C are diagrams showing an example of a NW pre-compensation scheme. FIG. 16 is a diagram illustrating an example of a framework for managing AI models. 17A and 17B are diagrams illustrating an example of a CRS arrangement in an LTE system and a TRS arrangement in an NR system, respectively. FIG. 18 is a diagram showing an example of the arrangement of TRSs according to the first to third embodiments. FIG. 19 is a diagram illustrating an example of Doppler estimation according to the second embodiment. FIG. 20 is a diagram illustrating an example of a schematic configuration of a wireless communication system according to an embodiment. FIG. 21 is a diagram illustrating an example of the configuration of a base station according to an embodiment. FIG. 22 is a diagram illustrating an example of the configuration of a user terminal according to an embodiment. FIG. 23 is a diagram illustrating an example of the hardware configuration of a base station and a user terminal according to an embodiment. FIG. 24 is a diagram illustrating an example of a vehicle according to an embodiment.

(selfie)
Existing wireless communication systems (e.g., 5G NR) have adopted a cellular system in which one cell is formed by one antenna/transmitting/receiving point (TRP), and the area formed by the cell is fixed/static.

Furthermore, existing wireless communication systems (e.g., Rel. 16 and later) have introduced distributed multi-input multi-output (Distributed MIMO, e.g., multi-TRP using multiple TRPs), which forms a communication area using the coverage of multiple antennas/TRPs. Distributed MIMO allows simultaneous communication using multiple antennas/TRPs, as well as communication using a single antenna/TRP.

By adopting distributed MIMO, it is possible to create a more favorable line-of-sight environment and improve MIMO performance.

Figures 1A and 1B are diagrams showing an overview of MIMO. Figure 1A shows an example of co-located MIMO. In co-located MIMO, one UE communicates with one antenna/TRP.

On the other hand, Figure 1B shows an example of distributed MIMO. In distributed MIMO, one UE communicates with multiple associated antennas/TRPs.

In future wireless communication systems (e.g., Rel. 20 and later), the introduction of cell-free communication is being considered with the aim of further improving performance and streamlining energy consumption through reducing interference between multiple antennas/TRPs, creating a line-of-sight environment for high-frequency use, improving frequency utilization efficiency throughout the system, and applying equal, high-quality communications to each user.

Self-Free may also be referred to as cell-free massive MIMO (mMIMO) or large-scale distributed MIMO (D-MIMO). Self-Free uses coherent cooperation of multiple access points. Self-Free may include at least one of ultra-dense deployment, scalable cooperation, user-centric clustering, super-carrier aggregation, and analog fronthaul. The user plane for cell-free may provide more flexible scheduling than existing scheduling. The control plane for cell-free may maintain some form of cell to facilitate signaling.

Unlike conventional cellular systems, in cell-free, multiple antennas/TRPs may form a single area (which may also be called a cell/sub-cell, etc.). In other words, the area may refer to a cell that is independent of the position of the antenna/TRP.

In cell-free, the set of antennas/TRPs used to form an area may be changed according to UE demand. For example, the set of antennas/TRPs may be changed based on factors other than the coverage area of the antennas/TRPs, such as the number of UEs, traffic volume, and communication use (e.g., initial access, data communication, measurement, reporting, etc.).

In other words, in cell-free environments, coverage between multiple antennas/TRPs may overlap.

In cell-free mode, the direction in which each antenna/TRP transmits a synchronization signal (which may also be called, for example, a synchronization signal block (SSB), a synchronization signal/physical broadcast channel (SS/PBCH) block, etc.) may be controlled.

Furthermore, in cell-free, the central unit (CU)/distributed unit (DU) may be virtualized for each antenna. Alternatively, each antenna may be managed by the CU alone.

Figure 2A is a diagram showing an overview of a cellular system. Figure 2A shows the cells formed by each antenna/TRP, and UEs communicate based on these cells.

On the other hand, Figure 2B is a diagram showing an overview of a cell-free system. In the example shown in Figure 2B, the installed antennas/TRPs do not form fixed/static cells as in a cellular system. As shown in Figure 2B, in a cell-free system, one or more antennas/TRPs form areas according to conditions. Therefore, in a cell-free system, each antenna/TRP does not have to correspond to the same physical cell ID, and the areas between multiple antennas/TRPs may overlap.

Selfie may be achieved, for example, by adjusting a set of antennas/TRPs controlled by a central control unit (e.g., CU).

In a cell-free system, a first cell (which may be called, for example, a cell/supercell/macrocell/large cell, etc.) with a fixed physical range like a cell in a 5G NR system, and a second cell (which may be called, for example, a subcell/area/microcell/cell/small cell/second cell within the first cell, etc.) with a quasi-static or dynamic physical range that varies based on conditions may be formed.

For example, a first cell may be called a super cell to distinguish it from a second cell. If the super cell is composed of multiple second cells, the second cells may have the same definition/operation/coverage as existing cells in NR. For example, a second cell may be called a sub cell to distinguish it from a first cell. If a super cell or cell is composed of multiple sub cells, the sub cells may have the same definition/operation/coverage as existing cells in NR.

The first cell may be a cell that is newly defined in a future wireless communication system, or the definition of a cell in an existing wireless communication system may be reused.

The configurations of the first cell and the second cell are considered as follows:
Assumption 1: The first cell is composed of multiple TRPs with one cell ID (physical cell ID (PCI)). The multiple TRPs can transmit and receive in cooperation with each other.
Assumption 2: The first cell consists of multiple TRPs (or sub-cells) with different cell IDs. The multiple TRPs/sub-cells can transmit and receive in a coordinated manner.

Figure 3A is a diagram showing an example of an overview of cell-free configuration assumption 1. In the example shown in Figure 3A, each TRP included in the first cell (super cell/cell) has the same PCI (PCI #0). Multiple TRPs can communicate cooperatively with one UE.

Figure 3B is a diagram showing an example of an overview of cell-free configuration scenario 2. In the example shown in Figure 3B, each TRP included in the first cell (supercell/cell) has a different PCI (PCI #0 to #9). Multiple TRPs can communicate cooperatively with one UE.

Figure 3C is a diagram showing another example of the outline of cell-free configuration assumption 2. In the example shown in Figure 3C, a PCI is assigned to each TRP included in the first cell (supercell/cell). In the example shown in Figure 3C, unlike the example in Figure 3B, the same PCI may correspond to multiple TRPs. Multiple TRPs can communicate cooperatively with one UE.

Transmission/reception with TRP/subcell coordination may be based on at least one of the following schemes supported in NR:
- Single TRP/subcell transmission with dynamic TRP/subcell switching (single-TRP transmission).
Joint transmission using multiple TRPs/subcells (multi-TRP joint transmission), which may be based on a single DCI or multiple DCIs, and may be non-coherent joint transmission (NCJT) or coherent joint transmission (CJT).

For cell-free, assuming ideal backhaul and tight coordination, in the joint transmission scheme, CJT may be prioritized over NCJT, and single DCI-based joint transmission may be prioritized over multi-DCI-based joint transmission.

(Each component of Self-Free)
An example of a self-free configuration will be described below.

In this disclosure, terms such as a cell with a fixed physical range, an unchanging cell, a first cell, a super cell, a cell, a macro cell, and a large cell may be used interchangeably.

In the present disclosure, terms such as a cell whose physical range changes quasi-statically/dynamically based on conditions, a changing cell, a second cell, a cell, an area, a microcell, a small cell, a second cell within a first cell, etc. may be interpreted interchangeably.

In this disclosure, terms such as area, cell, coverage, range, etc. may be interpreted interchangeably.

A first cell may contain one or more second cells.

A single second cell may be included in multiple first cells. Different first cells may share a single second cell.

Different first cells may or may not overlap.

The UE may transmit and receive signals using a second cell included in the first cell. The UE may receive a configuration related to the second cell and transmit and receive signals based on the configuration.

A Physical Cell ID (PCI) Component may include at least one of the following:
- Number of TRPs per PCI.
-TRP coverage layout.
Number of synchronization signals (e.g., SSB, SS/PBCH blocks) per TRP.

The configuration of the first cell may be associated with a PCI component. The first cell may be configured based on the PCI component.

Figure 4 shows an example of a pattern for the components of one PCI (PCI component). As shown in Figure 4, a PCI component consists of the number of TRPs per PCI, the TRP coverage layout, and the number of SSBs per TRP.

As shown in Figure 4, the number of TRPs per PCI can take one or multiple values, the TRP coverage layout can be either non-overlapping or overlapping in TRP coverage, and the number of SSBs per TRP can take one or multiple values.

In the present disclosure, the pattern related to the PCI component may be any of patterns 1 to 5 shown in Figure 4. The pattern numbers shown in Figure 4 are all examples and are not limited to these examples. Furthermore, the PCI component may include elements other than those shown in Figure 4.

Figure 5A is a diagram showing an example of a cell configuration related to Pattern 1. In the cell configuration shown in Figure 5A, the number of TRPs included in the PCI/cell is one, the TRP coverage does not overlap, and the number of SSBs per TRP is multiple. Note that in the cell configuration in Figure 5A, the coverage of the TRP may match the coverage of the cell (first cell) (therefore, the TRP coverage is not shown in Figure 5A).

For example, inter-cell multi-TRP operation can be performed using a cell configuration according to pattern 1 as shown in Figure 5A.

Figure 5B is a diagram showing an example of a cell configuration related to Pattern 2. In the cell configuration shown in Figure 5B, the PCI/cell contains multiple TRPs, the TRP coverage does not overlap, and there is one SSB per TRP. Note that in the cell configuration in Figure 5B, the TRP coverage may match the SSB coverage (therefore, the TRP coverage is not shown in Figure 5B).

For example, inter-cell multi-TRP operation can be performed using a cell configuration according to pattern 2 as shown in Figure 5B.

Figure 5C is a diagram showing an example of a cell configuration related to Pattern 3. In the cell configuration shown in Figure 5C, the PCI/cell contains multiple TRPs, the TRP coverage does not overlap, and each TRP has multiple SSBs.

For example, inter-cell multi-TRP operation can be performed using a cell configuration according to pattern 3 as shown in Figure 5C.

Figure 5D is a diagram showing an example of a cell configuration related to pattern 4. In the cell configuration shown in Figure 5D, the PCI/cell contains multiple TRPs, the TRP coverage overlaps, and there is one SSB per TRP. Note that in the cell configuration in Figure 5D, the TRP coverage may match the SSB coverage (therefore, the TRP coverage is not shown in Figure 5D).

For example, inter-cell/intra-cell multi-TRP operation can be performed using a cell configuration according to pattern 3 as shown in Figure 5D.

Figure 5E is a diagram showing an example of a cell configuration related to Pattern 5. In the cell configuration shown in Figure 5E, the PCI/cell contains multiple TRPs, the TRP coverage overlaps, and there are multiple SSBs per TRP.

For example, inter-cell/intra-cell multi-TRP operation can be performed using a cell configuration according to pattern 5 as shown in Figure 5E.

Additionally, the components of one second cell (e.g., area) may include at least one of the following:
Number of CU/DU per second cell.
PCI number per second cell.
- Number of TRPs per second cell.
Number of synchronization signals (e.g. SSB, SS/PBCH blocks) per second cell.

The configuration of the second cell may be associated with the components of the second cell. The second cell may be configured based on the components of the second cell.

Figure 6 shows an example of a pattern of the elements (area components) of one area. As shown in Figure 6, the area components are composed of the number of CU/DUs per area, the number of PCIs per area, the number of TRPs per area, and the number of synchronization signals per area.

As shown in Figure 6, the number of CU/DUs per second cell, the number of PCIs per second cell, the number of TRPs per second cell, and the number of synchronization signals per second cell can each take one or more values.

In the present disclosure, the pattern associated with the area component may be any of patterns A to E shown in FIG. 6. The pattern symbols shown in FIG. 6 are all examples and are not limited to these examples. In addition, the area component may include elements other than those shown in FIG. 6.

For example, the second cells relating to the above patterns A, D, and E may be configurable in any first cell (cell configuration).

Below, configurations related to the first cell/second cell will be described for cases where different cells overlap and cases where they do not. At least one of the configurations related to the first cell/second cell described below may be defined/set.

<<Configuration of First Cell/Second Cell According to Pattern 1>>
<<<Option 1.1>>>
The different first cells may not (physically) overlap.

In this option, a second cell may be configured according to at least one of patterns A, B, D, and E above.

Figure 7A is a diagram showing an example of the configuration of the first and second cells related to Option 1.1. In the example shown in Figure 7A, two different cells (first cells) do not overlap.

In the example shown in Figure 7A, the second cell (second cell coverage) related to pattern A, the second cell (second cell coverage) related to pattern B, and the second cell (second cell coverage) related to patterns D/E are shown.

Note that in the cell configuration in Figure 7A, the coverage of the TRP may match the coverage of the cell (first cell) (therefore, the coverage of the TRP is not shown in Figure 7A).

In this optional configuration, only single-TRP operation may be possible in each second cell.

This optional configuration allows for more optimal network energy saving (NES).

<<<Option 1.2>>>
The different first cells may (physically) overlap.

In this option, a second cell may be configured according to at least one of patterns A, B, D, and E above.

Figure 7B is a diagram showing an example of the configuration of the first and second cells related to option 1.2. In the example shown in Figure 7B, two different cells (first cells) overlap.

In the example shown in Figure 7B, the second cell (second cell coverage) related to pattern A, the second cell (second cell coverage) related to pattern B, and the second cell (second cell coverage) related to patterns D/E are shown.

Note that in the cell configuration in Figure 7B, the coverage of the TRP may match the coverage of the cell (first cell) (therefore, the coverage of the TRP is not shown in Figure 7B).

In this optional configuration, for example, inter-cell multi-TRP operation may be possible in the second cell related to pattern D/E.

This optional configuration can, for example, increase the coverage within overlapping cells, thereby improving the uniformity of communication quality.

Furthermore, with this optional configuration, it is possible to improve frequency utilization efficiency, for example, by reducing the coverage area within overlapping cells.

Furthermore, with this optional configuration, by reusing existing NR-specification antennas/TRPs, operation can be achieved by modifying the antenna/TRP equipment so that it overlaps with the coverage deployed by existing NR, thereby reducing station installation costs.

<<Configuration of First Cell/Second Cell According to Pattern 2/Pattern 4>>
<<<Option 2/4.1>>>
The different first cells may not (physically) overlap.

In this option, a second cell may be configured according to at least one of patterns A, C, D, and E above.

Figure 8A is a diagram showing an example of the configuration of the first and second cells related to Option 2/4.1. In the example shown in Figure 8A, two different cells (first cells) do not overlap.

In the example shown in Figure 8A, the second cell (second cell coverage) related to pattern A, the second cell (second cell coverage) related to pattern C, and the second cell (second cell coverage) related to patterns D/E are shown.

Note that in the cell configuration in Figure 8A, the TRP coverage may match the SSB coverage (therefore, the TRP coverage is not shown in Figure 8A).

Furthermore, in this optional configuration, only single-TRP operation may be possible in each second cell.

With this optional configuration, for example, by increasing the number of TRPs per first cell, it is possible to improve the uniformity of communication quality and frequency utilization efficiency.

<<<Option 2/4.2>>>
The different first cells may (physically) overlap.

In this option, a second cell may be configured according to at least one of patterns A, C, D, and E above.

Figure 8B is a diagram showing an example of the configuration of the first and second cells related to Option 2/4.2. In the example shown in Figure 8B, two different cells (first cells) overlap.

In the example shown in Figure 8B, the second cell (second cell coverage) related to pattern A, the second cell (second cell coverage) related to pattern C, and the second cell (second cell coverage) related to patterns D/E are shown.

Note that in the cell configuration in Figure 8B, the TRP coverage may match the SSB coverage (therefore, the TRP coverage is not shown in Figure 8B).

In this optional configuration, for example, inter-cell multi-TRP operation may be possible in the second cell related to pattern D/E.

This optional configuration can, for example, increase the coverage within overlapping cells, thereby improving the uniformity of communication quality.

Furthermore, with this optional configuration, it is possible to improve frequency utilization efficiency, for example, by reducing the coverage area within overlapping cells.

Furthermore, with this optional configuration, it is possible to improve the uniformity of communication quality and frequency utilization efficiency, for example, by increasing the number of TRPs per first cell.

<<Configuration of First Cell/Second Cell According to Pattern 3/Pattern 5>>
<<<Option 3/5.1>>>
The different first cells may not (physically) overlap.

In this option, a second cell may be configured according to at least one of the above patterns A, B, C, D, and E.

Figure 9A is a diagram showing an example of the configuration of the first and second cells related to Option 3/5.1. In the example shown in Figure 9A, two different cells (first cells) do not overlap.

In the example shown in Figure 9A, the second cell (second cell coverage) related to pattern A, the second cell (second cell coverage) related to pattern B, the second cell (second cell coverage) related to pattern C, and the second cell (second cell coverage) related to patterns D/E are shown.

Note that the second cell according to pattern B shown in Figure 9A is an example that is included only in the coverage of antenna/TRP#0. Furthermore, the second cell according to pattern C shown in Figure 11A is an example that corresponds to the overlapping area between the coverage of antenna/TRP#1 and the coverage of antenna/TRP#2.

In this optional configuration, single TRP operation may be possible in each second cell.

Furthermore, in this optional configuration, intra-cell multi-TRP operation may be possible in a second cell where the coverage of multiple TRPs overlaps. This configuration can improve frequency utilization efficiency.

Furthermore, with this optional configuration, it is possible to improve the uniformity of communication quality and frequency utilization efficiency, for example, by increasing the number of TRPs per first cell.

<<<Option 3/5.2>>>
The different first cells may (physically) overlap.

In this option, a second cell may be configured according to at least one of the above patterns A, B, C, D, and E.

Figure 9B is a diagram showing an example of the configuration of the first and second cells related to option 3/5.2. In the example shown in Figure 9B, two different cells (first cells) overlap.

In the example shown in Figure 9B, the second cell (second cell coverage) related to pattern A, the second cell (second cell coverage) related to pattern B, the second cell (second cell coverage) related to pattern C, and the second cell (second cell coverage) related to patterns D/E are shown.

Note that the second cell according to pattern B shown in Figure 9B is an example that is included only in the coverage of antenna/TRP#0. Also, the second cell according to pattern C shown in Figure 9B is an example that corresponds to the overlapping area between the coverage of antenna/TRP#1 and the coverage of antenna/TRP#2.

In this optional configuration, for example, inter-cell multi-TRP operation may be possible in the second cell related to pattern D/E.

Furthermore, in this optional configuration, in the case of a cell configuration of Pattern 5, intra-cell multi-TRP operation may be possible. By configuring in this way, it is possible to improve frequency utilization efficiency.

The configuration of this option can improve the uniformity of communication quality and frequency utilization efficiency compared to the above-mentioned options 1.2, and can reduce station placement costs compared to the above-mentioned options 2/4.2.

<<Flexibility of the second cell>>
The second cell may be configured/reconfigured based on a specific condition/trigger, and an example of the definition of the second cell is described in detail below.

The configuration of the second cell may be changed/updated based on specific conditions/triggers.

The specific condition/trigger may be, for example, at least one of a condition/trigger related to UE distribution, a condition/trigger related to traffic, a condition/trigger related to a specific event, and a condition/trigger based on specific information (for example, at least one of information related to time, location information related to UE/TRP, and information related to the season).

For example, the conditions/triggers related to the distribution of UEs may be conditions/triggers based on the distribution/number of UEs in the first cell/second cell.

For example, the traffic-related conditions/triggers may be conditions/triggers based on at least one of the traffic volume/communication volume within the first cell/second cell, the traffic volume/communication volume for TRP, and the traffic volume/communication volume for SSB.

For example, specific events related to the conditions/triggers for a specific event may be predefined in the specifications, or may depend on the network implementation.

For example, the condition/trigger based on specific information may be a condition/trigger based on at least one of information related to time, information related to a specific timer, location information related to the UE/TRP, and information related to the time of year (e.g., date, time, day of the week, weather, etc.).

The second cell may be configured based on the specific condition/trigger, or statically, regardless of the specific condition.

The second cell may be configured dynamically or semi-statically based on the specific conditions or triggers. By configuring it in this way, it is possible to reduce power consumption in the network and provide communication quality that meets the needs of the UE.

Restrictions on changing/updating the second cell may be specified. The network may decide not to change/update the second cell in certain cases.

Figure 10 is a diagram showing an example of a change in the configuration of a second cell. The example shown in Figure 10 shows a case in which the range of the second cell (area) changes depending on the distribution of UEs and changes in time (from time #1 to time #2).

<<Definition of the second cell>>
An example of the configuration/definition of the second cell will be described below.

Regarding the configuration/definition of the second cell, at least one of options 0.1 and 0.2 below may be appropriately and consistently combined with the above description of the second cell.

<<<Option 0.1>>>
The second cell may be constituted by one cell (first cell)/PCI.

For example, the second cell may be identified by a PCI (similar to the existing NR). For example, the second cell may be configured with a PCI similar to the existing NR.

The PCI may be defined, for example, in the same way as the PCI defined in the existing NR.

This option may address scenario 1 above.

[[Option 0.1.1]]
A second cell may be configured with one TRP for one cell, in other words, one second cell may correspond to one TRP.

[[[Option 0.1.1.1]]]
The second cell may be configured with one synchronization signal (e.g., SSB and/or SS/PBCH block) for one cell. In other words, one second cell may correspond to one synchronization signal. Such a configuration corresponds, for example, to the second cell according to Pattern A in at least one of Options 1.1, 1.2, 2/4.1, 2/4.2, 3/5.1, and 3/5.2.

[[[Option 0.1.1.2]]]
The second cell may be configured with multiple synchronization signals (e.g., portions of the synchronization signal) for one cell. In other words, one second cell may correspond to multiple synchronization signals (portions of the synchronization signal for one cell). Such a configuration corresponds, for example, to the second cell according to Pattern B in at least one of Options 1.1, 1.2, 3/5.1, and 3/5.2 above.

[[[Option 0.1.1.3]]]
The second cell may be configured with multiple synchronization signals for one cell (e.g., all synchronization signals for one cell). In other words, one second cell may correspond to multiple synchronization signals (all synchronization signals for one cell). Such a configuration corresponds, for example, to the second cell according to Pattern B in at least one of Options 1.1 and 1.2 above.

[[Option 0.1.2]]
A second cell may be configured by multiple TRPs for one cell (e.g., a portion of a TRP for one cell). In other words, one second cell may correspond to multiple TRPs (a portion of a TRP for one cell).

[[[Option 0.1.2.1]]]
The second cell may be configured with multiple synchronization signals (e.g., portions of the synchronization signal) for one cell. In other words, one second cell may correspond to multiple synchronization signals (portions of the synchronization signal for one cell). Such a configuration corresponds, for example, to the second cell according to Pattern C in at least one of Options 2/4.1, 2/4.2, 3/5.1, and 3/5.2.

[[Option 0.1.3]]
A second cell may be configured by multiple TRPs for one cell (e.g., all TRPs for one cell). In other words, one second cell may correspond to multiple TRPs (all TRPs for one cell).

[[[Option 0.1.3.1]]]
The second cell may be configured with one synchronization signal (e.g., SSB and/or SS/PBCH block) for one cell. In other words, one second cell may correspond to one synchronization signal. Such a configuration corresponds, for example, to the second cell according to Pattern A in at least one of Options 1.1 and 1.2 above.

[[[Option 0.1.3.2]]]
The second cell may be configured with multiple synchronization signals (e.g., portions of the synchronization signal) intended for one cell. In other words, one second cell may correspond to multiple synchronization signals (portions of the synchronization signal intended for one cell). Such a configuration applies, for example, to the second cell according to Pattern B in at least one of Options 1.1 and 1.2 above, and to the second cell according to Pattern C in at least one of Options 3/5.1 and 3/5.2 above.

[[[Option 0.1.3.3]]]
A second cell may be configured with multiple synchronization signals for one cell (e.g., all synchronization signals for one cell). In other words, one second cell may correspond to multiple synchronization signals (all synchronization signals for one cell). Such a configuration applies, for example, to a second cell according to Pattern B in at least one of Options 1.1 and 1.2 above, and to a second cell according to Pattern C in at least one of Options 2/4.1, 2/4.2, 3/5.1, and 3/5.2 above.

<<<Option 0.2>>>
The second cell may be composed of multiple cells (first cells)/PCIs.

The PCI may be defined, for example, in the same way as the PCI defined in the existing NR.

This option may address scenario 2 above.

[[Option 0.2.1]]
The second cell may be configured by multiple TRPs, in other words, one second cell may correspond to multiple TRPs.

The TRP may be defined, for example, in the same way as the TRP defined in an existing NR.

[[[Option 0.2.1.1]]]
The second cell may be configured with multiple synchronization signals. In other words, one second cell may correspond to multiple synchronization signals. Such a configuration corresponds, for example, to the second cell of Pattern D/E in at least one of Options 1.1, 1.2, 2/4.1, 2/4.2, 3/5.1, and 3/5.2.

Each of the above options may be selected/determined based on the above-mentioned conditions/triggers (e.g., conditions/triggers based on time, number of UEs, traffic, etc.).

Changes/updates to each of the above options may be set/instructed/notified to the UE based on at least one of system information (e.g., SIB/MIB), higher layer signaling (RRC parameters/MAC CE), and DCI.

The above options may be changed/updated based on the above conditions/triggers (e.g., timers/events) or based on the implementation of the NW/UE.

The second cell may be identified by a specific ID.

The specific ID may have a fixed value.

Furthermore, the specific ID may be a virtual ID. In other words, the specific ID is an ID that can be changed dynamically, and the configuration/scope/position of the second cell may be changed dynamically in conjunction with the change in the ID.

Common/dedicated settings/parameters for multiple second cells may be notified to the UE. These settings/parameters may be notified, for example, using higher layer (RRC) parameters.

These settings/parameters may be, for example, settings/parameters related to PCI/TRP/SSB.

The second cell may be used for a particular purpose/property. In other words, the second cell may be defined/configured/identified with a particular purpose/property.

The specific purpose may be, for example, at least one of the following: control plane, user plane, paging, measurement, reporting, measurement reporting, beam instruction/activation, transmission/reception of specific channels/signals (e.g., PUCCH/PUSCH/SRS/PDCCH/PDSCH/CSI-RS), initial access, on-demand signals, and handover trigger signals.

The specific characteristic may be, for example, at least one of Doppler shift, Doppler spread, mean delay, mean spread, band/component carrier, subcarrier spacing, TCI state, spatial relationship, QCL type, timing advance value, downlink transmission timing, and RNTI.

The number (e.g., maximum number) of PCI/TRP/SSB in one second cell may be predefined in a specification, may be configured/instructed/notified to the UE using higher layer signaling (RRC/MAC CE)/DCI, may be determined based on a report of UE capability information, or may be determined by a combination of at least two of these.

The second cells may be arranged contiguously (physically/spatially). Alternatively, the second cells may be arranged discontinuously (physically/spatially) from one another.

<<Sharing Between Second Cells>>
<<<Option 0.3.1>>>
A synchronization signal (e.g., SSB and/or SS/PBCH block) may be shared among multiple second cells, and the UE may assume that it can receive the same (shared/common) synchronization signal in different multiple second cells.

In this case, the information contained in the synchronization signal may be set as information specific to the second cell.

In option 0.3.1, the TRP/PCI may be shared among multiple second cells.

In Option 0.3.1, at least one of the following may be used between multiple second cells: an ID for the same synchronization signal (e.g., SSB ID/SSB index/candidate SSB index), an ID for the same TRP (e.g., at least one of an ID for identifying a TRP, a TRP ID, and a CORESET pool index), and the same PCI.

Figure 11A is a diagram showing an example of an area related to Option 0.3.1. Figure 11A shows one cell including TRP#0-TRP#3. In the example shown in Figure 11A, Area#1 and Area#2 are formed within the coverage of TRP#0. Area#1 and Area#2 overlap in the overlapping area, and have the same SSB coverage. In other words, in this overlapping area, Area#1 and Area#2 can share the same SSB/TRP/PCI.

Allowing configurations like option 0.3.1 allows for the most flexible configuration of the second cell.

<<<Option 0.3.2>>>
The synchronization signal may not be shared among the second cells, and the UE may assume that it does not receive the same (shared/common) synchronization signal in different second cells.

In this case, the information contained in the synchronization signal may be set as information specific to the second cell. Also, in this case, the second cell may be identified using an index related to the synchronization signal.

In option 0.3.2, the TRP/PCI may be shared among multiple second cells.

In option 0.3.2, at least one of the following may be used between multiple second cells: an ID for the same TRP (e.g., at least one of an ID for identifying the TRP, a TRP ID, and a CORESET pool index) and the same PCI.

Figure 11B is a diagram showing an example of an area related to Option 0.3.2. Figure 11B shows one cell including TRP#0-TRP#3. In the example shown in Figure 11B, Area#1 and Area#2 are formed within the coverage of TRP#1. Because Area#1 and Area#2 do not overlap with each other, Area#1 and Area#2 have different SSB coverage. Therefore, areas included in Area#1 or Area#2 do not share the same SSB, but can share the same TRP/PCI.

In a configuration such as Option 0.3.2, the maximum number of second cells within a first cell may be the number of synchronization signals (SSB/SSB coverage). Also, if the second cell spans multiple SSB coverage areas, the maximum number of second cells within a first cell may be the number of spanning SSBs (SSB groups).

<<<Option 0.3.3>>>
The synchronization signal and the TRP may not be shared among the second cells. The UE may assume that it does not transmit and receive signals for the same TRP and does not receive the same (shared/common) synchronization signal in different second cells.

In this case, the information contained in the synchronization signal may be set as information specific to the second cell. Also, in this case, the second cell may be identified using an index related to the synchronization signal. Also, in this case, the second cell may be identified using an ID related to the TRP (an ID for identifying the TRP).

In option 0.3.3, PCI may be shared among multiple second cells.

In option 0.3.3, the same PCI may be used between multiple second cells.

Figure 11C is a diagram showing an example of an area related to Option 0.3.3. Figure 11C shows one cell including TRP#0-TRP#3. In the example shown in Figure 11C, Area#1 is formed within the coverage of TRP#2, and Area#2 is formed within the coverage of TRP#3. Because Area#1 and Area#2 do not overlap with each other, Area#1 and Area#2 have different SSB coverage. Therefore, areas included in Area#1 or Area#2 do not share the same SSB, do not share the same TRP, and can share the same PCI.

In a configuration such as option 0.3.3, the maximum number of second cells within a first cell may be the number of TRPs. Also, if a second cell spans multiple TRPs, the maximum number of second cells within a first cell may be the number of spanned TRPs (TRP groups).

<<<Option 0.3.4>>>
The synchronization signal, TRP, and PCI may not be shared among the second cells. It may be assumed that the UE does not transmit/receive signals to/from the same cell (first cell/PCI), the same TRP, or receive the same (shared/common) synchronization signal among different second cells.

In this case, the information included in the synchronization signal may be set as information specific to the second cell. Also, in this case, the second cell may be identified using an index related to the synchronization signal. Also, in this case, the second cell may be identified using an ID related to the TRP (an ID for identifying the TRP). Also, in this case, the second cell may be identified using a PCI.

In a configuration such as option 0.3.4, the maximum number of second cells within a first cell may be one. Also, if a second cell spans multiple first cells, the total maximum number of second cells may be the number of spanned first cells/PCIs (PCI groups).

Each of the above options may be selected/determined based on the above-mentioned conditions/triggers (e.g., conditions/triggers based on time, number of UEs, traffic, etc.).

Changes/updates to each of the above options may be set/instructed/notified to the UE based on at least one of system information (e.g., SIB/MIB), higher layer signaling (RRC parameters/MAC CE), and DCI.

The above options may be changed/updated based on the above conditions/triggers (e.g., timers/events) or based on the implementation of the NW/UE.

The ID for each of the above options (e.g., at least one of the ID for the synchronization signal, the ID for the TRP, and the PCI) may be a global ID (e.g., common to all networks) or a local ID (e.g., unique to a portion of the network).

The number (e.g., maximum number) of multiple second cells using at least one of the same synchronization signal ID, the same TRP ID, and the same PCI may be predefined in the specifications, may be configured/instructed/notified to the UE using higher layer signaling (RRC/MAC CE)/DCI, may be determined based on reports of UE capability information, or may be determined by a combination of at least two of these.

(HST)
In LTE, antenna placement in a tunnel for a high-speed train (HST) is difficult. A large antenna transmits both inside and outside the tunnel. For example, the transmit power of a large antenna is about 1 to 5 W. For handover, it is important for a UE to transmit outside the tunnel before entering the tunnel.

Also, for example, the transmission power of a small antenna is about 250 mW. Multiple small antennas (transmitting and receiving points) with the same cell ID and a distance of 300 m form a single frequency network (SFN). All small antennas within the SFN transmit the same signal at the same time on the same PRB. It is assumed that a UE transmits and receives signals to a single base station. In reality, multiple transmitting and receiving points transmit the same DL signal. When moving at high speeds, transmitting and receiving points of several kilometers apart form a single cell. Handover occurs when crossing cells. This reduces the frequency of handovers.

In NR, it is expected that beams transmitted from a transmission point (e.g., RRH) will be used to communicate with UEs included in moving objects (HSTs) such as fast-moving trains. Existing systems (e.g., Rel. 15) support transmitting a unidirectional beam from an RRH to communicate with moving objects (see Figure 12A).

12A shows a case where RRHs are installed along the movement path (or movement direction, traveling direction, or travel path) of a moving object, and a beam is formed from each RRH in the traveling direction of the moving object. An RRH that forms a beam in one direction may be called a uni-directional RRH. In the example shown in FIG. 12A, the moving object receives a negative Doppler shift (−f _D ) from each RRH.

Note that while the example shown here shows a case where a beam is formed in the direction of travel of a moving object, this is not limited to this and a beam may be formed in the opposite direction to the direction of travel, or a beam may be formed in any direction regardless of the direction of travel of the moving object.

In Rel. 16 and later, it is expected that multiple beams (e.g., two or more) will be transmitted from the RRH. For example, it is expected that beams will be formed in both the direction of travel of the moving object and the opposite direction (see Figure 12B).

Figure 12B shows a case where RRHs are installed along the movement path of a moving object, and beams are formed from each RRH in both the direction of movement of the moving object and the direction opposite to the direction of movement. An RRH that forms beams in multiple directions (e.g., two directions) may also be called a bi-directional RRH.

In HST, the UE communicates as if it were a single TRP. In base station implementations, it can transmit from multiple TRPs (same cell ID).

12B, when two remote radio heads (RRH#1 and RRH#2) use SFN, the mobile station switches from a signal that has undergone a negative Doppler shift to a signal that has undergone a positive Doppler shift, which increases the power, midway between the two remote radio heads. In this case, the maximum Doppler shift change range that requires correction is from _−fD to + _fD , which is twice as large as that in the case of unidirectional remote radio heads.

Here, we will compare the following HST schemes, Scheme 0 to Scheme 2 (HST Scheme 0 to HST Scheme 2).

In scheme 0 of Figure 13A, the tracking reference signal (TRS), DMRS, and PDSCH are transmitted in common (using the same time and frequency resources) to two TRPs (RRHs) (normal SFN, transparent SFN, HST-SFN).

In Scheme 0, the UE receives DL channels/signals equivalent to a single TRP, so there is one TCI state for the PDSCH.

Note that Rel. 16 specifies RRC parameters for distinguishing between transmissions using a single TRP and transmissions using an SFN. When a UE reports corresponding UE capability information, it may use the RRC parameters to distinguish between reception of a DL channel/signal using a single TRP and reception of a PDSCH that assumes an SFN. On the other hand, the UE may also transmit and receive using an SFN, assuming a single TRP.

In Scheme 1 of Figure 13B, TRSs are transmitted TRP-specifically (using different time/frequency resources depending on the TRP). In this example, TRS1 is transmitted from TRP#1, and TRS2 is transmitted from TRP#2.

In Scheme 1, the UE receives DL channels/signals from each TRP using the TRS from each TRP, so there are two TCI states for the PDSCH.

Note that in this disclosure, SFN scheme 1 (SFN scheme 1) may also be referred to as SFN scheme A or scheme A. In scheme A, Doppler compensation may be performed in the UE.

In Scheme 2 of Figure 13C, TRS and DMRS are transmitted TRP-specifically. In this example, TRS1 and DMRS1 are transmitted from TRP#1, and TRS2 and DMRS2 are transmitted from TRP#2. Compared to Scheme 0, Schemes 1 and 2 can suppress sudden changes in Doppler shift and properly estimate/guarantee Doppler shift. Since the DMRS in Scheme 2 is increased more than the DMRS in Scheme 1, the maximum throughput of Scheme 2 is lower than that of Scheme 1.

In Scheme 0, the UE switches between a single TRP and SFN based on higher layer signaling (RRC information elements/MAC CE).

The UE may switch between Scheme 1, Scheme 2, and NW pre-compensation schemes based on higher layer signaling (RRC information elements/MAC CE).

In Scheme 1, two TRS resources are set for the HST's direction of travel and the opposite direction.

In the example of Figure 14A, the TRPs (TRPs #0, #2, ...) transmitting DL signals in the opposite direction to the HST transmit the first TRS (TRS arriving before the HST) in the same time and frequency resource (SFN). The TRPs (TRPs #1, #3, ...) transmitting DL signals in the direction of travel of the HST transmit the second TRS (TRS arriving after the HST) in the same time and frequency resource (SFN). The first TRS and second TRS may be transmitted/received using different frequency resources.

In the example of Figure 14B, TRS1-1 to 1-4 are transmitted as the first TRS, and TRS2-1 to 2-4 are transmitted as the second TRS.

Considering beam operation, the first TRS is transmitted using 64 beams and 64 time resources, and the second TRS is transmitted using 64 beams and 64 time resources. The beams of the first TRS and the second TRS are considered to be equal (QCL Type D RSs are equal). By multiplexing the first TRS and second TRS onto the same time resources but different frequency resources, resource utilization efficiency can be improved.

In the example of Figure 15A, RRHs #0-#7 are arranged along the movement path of the HST. RRHs #0-#3 and RRHs #4-#7 are connected to baseband units (BBU) #0 and #1, respectively. Each RRH is a bidirectional RRH, and forms beams in both the direction of movement of the movement path and the opposite direction using each transmission/reception point (TRP).

In the received signal example of Figure 15B (single TRP (SFN)/Scheme 1), when the UE receives a signal/channel (a beam in the direction of travel of the HST, a beam from behind the UE) transmitted from TRP #2n-1 (n is an integer greater than or equal to 0), a negative Doppler shift ( _-fD in this example) occurs. Also, when the UE receives a signal/channel (a beam in the opposite direction of travel of the HST, a beam from in front of the UE) transmitted from TRP #2n (n is an integer greater than or equal to 0), a positive Doppler shift (+ _fD in this example) occurs.

In Rel. 17 and later, consideration is being given to performing Doppler shift correction (also referred to as Doppler Compensation, Pre-Doppler Compensation, network (NW) pre-compensation scheme (NW pre-compensation scheme, HST NW pre-compensation scheme, or TRP-based pre-compensation scheme)) when transmitting downlink (DL) signals/channels from the TRP to the UE in the HST. By performing Doppler compensation in advance when transmitting DL signals/channels to the UE, the TRP can reduce the impact of Doppler shift when the UE receives the DL signals/channels.

In this disclosure, the NW pre-compensation scheme may be a combination of Scheme 1 and preliminary compensation of Doppler shift by the base station. In this disclosure, the NW pre-compensation and TRP-based pre-compensation scheme may be referred to as SFN Scheme B, Scheme B, etc. In Scheme B, Doppler pre-compensation may be performed at the base station.

In the NW pre-compensation scheme, TRPs that form beams in the direction of travel of the travel path and TRPs that form beams in the opposite direction of travel of the travel path perform Doppler compensation before transmitting DL signals/channels to UEs within the HST. In this example, TRP #2n-1 performs positive Doppler compensation, and TRP #2n performs negative Doppler compensation, thereby reducing the effect of Doppler shift when the UE receives the signal/channel (Figure 15C).

Note that in the situation shown in Figure 15C, since the UE receives DL channels/signals from each TRP using the TRS from each TRP, there may be two TCI states for the PDSCH.

(Application of Artificial Intelligence (AI) technology to wireless communications)
Regarding future wireless communication technologies, the use of AI technologies such as machine learning (ML) for network/device control and management is being considered.

For example, the use of AI technology by terminals (user terminals, user equipment (UE))/base stations (BSs) is being considered to improve channel state information (CSI) feedback (e.g., reducing overhead, improving accuracy, prediction), improving beam management (e.g., improving accuracy, prediction in the time/space domain), and improving positioning (e.g., improving position estimation/prediction).

The AI model may output at least one piece of information, such as an estimated value, a predicted value, a selected action, or a classification, based on the input information. The UE/BS may input channel state information, reference signal measurements, etc. to the AI model, and output highly accurate channel state information/measurements/beam selection/position, future channel state information/radio link quality, etc.

In the present disclosure, AI may be interpreted as an object (also referred to as a subject, object, data, function, program, etc.) having (implementing) at least one of the following characteristics:
- Estimation based on observed or collected information;
- selections based on observed or collected information;
- Predictions based on observed or collected information.

In this disclosure, estimation, prediction, and inference may be interpreted interchangeably. Also, in this disclosure, estimate, predict, and infer may be interpreted interchangeably.

In this disclosure, an object may be, for example, an apparatus or device such as a UE or BS. Also, in this disclosure, an object may correspond to a program/model/entity that operates on the apparatus.

In addition, in the present disclosure, an AI model may be interpreted as an object having (implementing) at least one of the following characteristics:
- Producing estimates by feeding information,
- Predicting estimates by providing information
- Discover features by providing information,
-Select an action by providing information.

In addition, in this disclosure, an AI model may refer to a data-driven algorithm that applies AI techniques to generate a set of outputs based on a set of inputs.

Furthermore, in this disclosure, the terms AI model, model, ML model, predictive analytics, predictive analysis model, tool, autoencoder, encoder, decoder, neural network model, AI algorithm, scheme, etc. may be interchangeable. Furthermore, the AI model may be derived using at least one of regression analysis (e.g., linear regression analysis, multiple regression analysis, logistic regression analysis), support vector machine, random forest, neural network, deep learning, etc.

In the present disclosure, methods for training AI models may include supervised learning, unsupervised learning, reinforcement learning, federated learning, etc. Supervised learning may refer to the process of training a model from inputs and corresponding labels. Unsupervised learning may refer to the process of training a model without labeled data. Reinforcement learning may refer to the process of training a model from inputs (i.e., states) and feedback signals (i.e., rewards) resulting from the model's outputs (i.e., actions) in the environment with which the model interacts.

In this disclosure, terms such as generate, calculate, and derive may be interchangeable. In this disclosure, terms such as implement, operate, operate, and execute may be interchangeable. In this disclosure, terms such as training, learning, updating, and retraining may be interchangeable. In this disclosure, terms such as inference, after-training, live use, and actual use may be interchangeable. In this disclosure, terms such as signal and signal/channel may be interchangeable.

Figure 16 shows an example of a framework for managing AI models. In this example, each stage related to an AI model is shown as a block. This example is also referred to as AI model life cycle management (LCM).

The data collection stage corresponds to the stage of collecting data for generating/updating an AI model. The data collection stage may include data organization (e.g., determining which data to transfer for model training/model inference), data transfer (e.g., transferring data to an entity (e.g., UE, gNB) that performs model training/model inference), etc.

Note that data collection may refer to a process in which data is collected by a network node, management entity, or UE for the purpose of AI model training/data analysis/inference. In this disclosure, the terms process and procedure may be interpreted interchangeably. Also, in this disclosure, collection may refer to obtaining a data set (e.g., usable as input/output) for AI model training/inference based on measurements (channel measurements, beam measurements, radio link quality measurements, position estimation, etc.).

In the present disclosure, offline field data may be data collected from the field (real world) and used for offline training of an AI model. In the present disclosure, online field data may be data collected from the field (real world) and used for online training of an AI model.

In the model training stage, model training is performed based on the data (training data) transferred from the collection stage. This stage may include data preparation (e.g., data preprocessing, cleaning, formatting, conversion, etc.), model training/validation, model testing (e.g., verifying that the trained model meets performance thresholds), model exchange (e.g., transferring the model for distributed learning), and model deployment/update (deploying/updating the model to the entities that will perform model inference).

In addition, AI model training may refer to the process of training an AI model in a data-driven manner and obtaining a trained AI model for inference.

Also, AI model validation may refer to a training subprocess for assessing the quality of an AI model using a dataset different from the dataset used for model training. This subprocess helps select model parameters that generalize beyond the dataset used for model training.

Also, AI model testing may refer to a training sub-process for evaluating the performance of the final AI model using a dataset different from the dataset used for model training/validation. Note that, unlike validation, testing does not necessarily require subsequent model tuning.

In the model inference stage, model inference is performed based on the data (inference data) transferred from the collection stage. This stage may include data preparation (e.g., performing data preprocessing, cleaning, formatting, conversion, etc.), model inference, model monitoring (e.g., monitoring the performance of model inference), model performance feedback (feeding back model performance to the entity performing model training), and output (providing model output to the actor).

Note that AI model inference may refer to the process of using a trained AI model to produce a set of outputs from a set of inputs.

Furthermore, a UE-side model may refer to an AI model whose inference is performed entirely in the UE. A network-side model may refer to an AI model whose inference is performed entirely in the network (e.g., gNB).

Furthermore, a one-sided model may refer to a UE-side model or a network-side model. A two-sided model may refer to a pair of AI models in which joint inference is performed. Here, joint inference may include AI inference in which the inference is performed jointly across the UE and the network; for example, the first part of the inference may be performed first by the UE and the remaining part by the gNB (or vice versa).

Also, AI model monitoring may refer to the process of monitoring the inference performance of an AI model, and may be interchangeably read as model performance monitoring, performance monitoring, etc.

Note that model registration may refer to making a model executable (registering) by assigning a version identifier to the model and compiling it into the specific hardware used in the inference stage. Model deployment may also refer to distributing (or activating in) a runtime image (or execution environment image) of a fully developed and tested model to (or enabling in) a target (e.g., UE/gNB) where inference will be performed.

Actor stages may include action triggers (e.g., decisions about whether to trigger an action on another entity), feedback (e.g., feedback of information needed for training data/inference data/performance feedback), etc.

Incidentally, training of a model for mobility optimization, for example, may be performed in the Operation, Administration and Maintenance (Management) (OAM)/gNodeB (gNB) of the network (NW). The former offers advantages in terms of interoperability, large-capacity storage, operator manageability, and model flexibility (feature engineering, etc.). The latter offers advantages in that it does not require latency for model updates or data exchange for model deployment. Inference of the above model may be performed, for example, in the gNB.

Note that model activation may mean activating an AI model for a specific function. Model deactivation may mean disabling an AI model for a specific function. Model switching may mean deactivating a currently active AI model for a specific function and activating a different AI model.

Model transfer may also refer to distributing an AI model over the air interface. This distribution may include distributing parameters of a model structure already known at the receiving end, or a new model with parameters, or both. This distribution may also include a complete model or a partial model. Model download may refer to transferring a model from the network to the UE. Model upload may refer to transferring a model from the UE to the network.

(analysis)
In existing systems, Doppler measurements are performed using periodic DL RSs, e.g., Cell-specific Reference Signals (CRSs) are used in LTE, and TRSs are used in NR (up to Rel. 16).

Figure 17A shows an example of CRS placement in an LTE system. As shown in Figure 17A, the CRS symbol interval is 3 symbols (0.214 ms), and in this case, Doppler shifts of up to 972 Hz can be measured.

Figure 17B shows an example of TRS placement in an NR system. In the example shown in Figure 17B, the TRS symbol interval is 4 symbols (0.286 ms), which allows Doppler shift measurements of up to 870 Hz.

As mentioned above, the maximum measurable Doppler shift in an NR system is thought to be insufficient to support high frequency bands (e.g., bands above 2.1 GHz in the FDD band, and bands above 4.5 GHz in the TDD band) in environments with high-speed movement (e.g., movement at speeds exceeding 500 km/h).

On the other hand, future wireless communication systems (e.g., Rel. 20 and beyond) may use higher frequencies than those used in existing systems, and in order to ensure flexibility in the bands available to each operator, it is desirable that regulations that can withstand high-speed mobile environments be supported in all bands.

However, there has been insufficient consideration given to such regulations. More specifically, even when using higher frequency bands than existing systems in high-speed mobile environments, there has been insufficient consideration given to methods for appropriately measuring/predicting Doppler shift (for example, DL RS configuration (e.g., RS symbol interval/symbol position), Doppler estimation using AI/ML models on the UE/NW side).

If these considerations are not sufficient, the UE/NW may not be able to properly process signals, which could hinder improvements in communication throughput.

The inventors therefore came up with a way to solve these problems.

Embodiments of the present disclosure will be described in detail below with reference to the drawings. The wireless communication methods according to the embodiments may be applied independently or in combination.

(Various reading changes)
In the present disclosure, a word enclosed in "( )" in a sentence may indicate an explanation of the word immediately preceding it (for example, an explanation of spelling), a paraphrase, a specific example, a supplementary explanation, etc. Also, in the present disclosure, a word enclosed in "[ ]" in a sentence may be interpreted including the word in the meaning of the entire sentence, or may be interpreted excluding the word in the meaning of the entire sentence (ignoring the word in the meaning of the entire sentence). Note that "( )" and "[ ]" may also be used for purposes/meanings other than those mentioned above.

In this disclosure, "A/B" and "at least one of A and B" may be interpreted interchangeably. Also, in this disclosure, "A/B/C" may mean "at least one of A, B, and C."

In this disclosure, terms such as notify, activate, deactivate, indicate (or indicate), select, configure, update, and determine may be read interchangeably. In this disclosure, terms such as support, control, controllable, operate, and operateable may be read interchangeably.

In this disclosure, Radio Resource Control (RRC), RRC parameters, RRC messages, upper layer parameters, fields, information elements (IEs), settings, etc. may be interchangeable. In this disclosure, Medium Access Control control elements (MAC Control Elements (CEs)), update commands, activation/deactivation commands, etc. may be interchangeable.

In the present disclosure, higher layer signaling may be, for example, Radio Resource Control (RRC) signaling, Medium Access Control (MAC) signaling, broadcast information, other messages (e.g., messages from the core network such as positioning protocol (e.g., NR Positioning Protocol A (NRPPa)/LTE Positioning Protocol (LPP)) messages), or a combination of these.

In the present disclosure, MAC signaling may use, for example, a MAC Control Element (MAC CE), a MAC Protocol Data Unit (PDU), etc. Broadcast information may be, for example, a Master Information Block (MIB), a System Information Block (SIB), Remaining Minimum System Information (RMSI), Other System Information (OSI), etc.

In the present disclosure, physical layer signaling may be, for example, Downlink Control Information (DCI), Uplink Control Information (UCI), etc.

In this disclosure, synchronization signal, SSB, SS/PBCH block, etc. may be interpreted interchangeably.

In this disclosure, single TRP and SFN may be read as interchangeable. In this disclosure, HST, HST scheme, high-speed mobility scheme, scheme 1, scheme 2, NW pre-compensation scheme, HST scheme 1, HST scheme 2, and HST NW pre-compensation scheme may be read as interchangeable.

In this disclosure, PDSCH/PDCCH using a single TRP may be interchangeably read as PDSCH/PDCCH based on a single TRP, single TRP PDSCH/PDCCH, and non-SFN PDSCH/PDCCH. Also, in this disclosure, PDSCH/PDCCH using SFN may be interchangeably read as PDSCH/PDCCH using SFN in multi-mode, PDSCH/PDCCH based on SFN, and SFN PDSCH/PDCCH.

In the present disclosure, receiving DL signals (PDSCH/PDCCH) using an SFN may mean receiving the same data (PDSCH)/control information (PDCCH) from multiple transmission/reception points using the same time/frequency resources. Furthermore, receiving DL signals using an SFN may mean receiving the same data/control information using the same time/frequency resources and/or using multiple TCI states/spatial domain filters/beams/QCLs.

In the present disclosure, the terms HST-SFN scheme, SFN scheme for Rel. 17 and later, new SFN scheme, new HST-SFN scheme, HST-SFN scenario for Rel. 17 and later, HST-SFN scheme for HST-SFN scenario, SFN scheme for HST-SFN scenario, scheme 1, Doppler pre-compensation scheme, scheme 1 (HST scheme 1), and at least one of Doppler pre-compensation scheme may be interpreted interchangeably. In the present disclosure, the terms Doppler pre-compensation scheme, base station pre-compensation scheme, TRP pre-compensation scheme, pre-Doppler compensation scheme, Doppler pre-compensation scheme, NW pre-compensation scheme, HST NW pre-compensation scheme, TRP pre-compensation scheme, and TRP-based pre-compensation scheme may be interpreted interchangeably. In the present disclosure, the terms pre-compensation scheme, reduction scheme, improvement scheme, and correction scheme may be interpreted interchangeably.

(Wireless communication method)
In the present disclosure, TRS, DL RS, UL RS, CRS, etc. may be interchangeable. In each embodiment of the present disclosure, a TRS (particularly, an NZP CSI-RS) will be described as an example, but the RS used in applying each embodiment is not limited to a TRS/NZP CSI-RS.

In this disclosure, HST, high mobility, high-speed mobility, second mobility, TRS for HST, and TRS for high mobility may be read interchangeably. In this disclosure, normal mobility, mobility other than high mobility, first mobility, normal TRS, and TRS for normal mobility may be read interchangeably.

The RRC parameter/information element names and MAC CE/DCI field names in this disclosure are merely examples and are not limited to the examples shown.

Note that each embodiment of the present disclosure can be applied in ways other than those limited to cell-free configuration/HST. In other words, each embodiment of the present disclosure can be applied even in cases where a cell-free configuration/HST is not adopted.

First Embodiment
The first embodiment relates to the setting of the TRS.

The first embodiment is broadly divided into embodiments 1-1 to 1-4. The UE/NW may apply any one of embodiments 1-1 to 1-4 alone, or may apply a combination of at least two of embodiments 1-1 to 1-4.

Furthermore, the UE/NW may use at least one of the modes corresponding to each of embodiments 1-1 to 1-4.

<<Embodiment 1-1>>
The UE may receive the configuration for the TRS using higher layer signaling (e.g., SIB/RRC signaling).

The UE may measure the Doppler shift using a TRS based on this setting.

<<<Option 1-1-1>>>
The configuration for the TRS may be, for example, a configuration for a non-zero power (NZP) CSI-RS resource set/resource (e.g., NZP-CSI-RS-ResourceSet).

The settings for the TRS may include, for example, setting a symbol interval/number of symbols that differs from the symbol interval (e.g., 4)/number of symbols in a slot (e.g., 2) of the TRS in the existing NR.

For example, the symbol interval included in the settings for the TRS may be smaller than the symbol interval of the existing TRS (for example, the symbol interval may be 3 or less).

For example, the number of symbols included in the settings for the TRS may be equal to or greater than the number of symbols in the existing TRS (for example, the number of symbols may be two or more).

For example, the configuration for the TRS may be able to set a different periodic NZP CSI-RS resource (e.g., a CSI-RS resource other than a single-port CSI-RS resource with a frequency density of 3) among the TRS configurations in existing NR.

For example, the configuration related to the TRS may allow for the configuration of a new periodic NZP CSI-RS resource.

For example, the configuration related to the TRS may be such that the number of periodic NZP CSI-RS resource configurations that can be configured per slot is greater than the existing number (e.g., 2). The configuration of the periodic NZP CSI-RS resource may include configuration of the TRS symbol interval/number of symbols in a slot.

For example, the settings for the TRS may include a parameter (e.g., trs-Info-HighMobility) indicating that it is to be used as a TRS for HST.

<<<Option 1-1-2>>>
The setting for the TRS may be, for example, a new RRC parameter (e.g., TRS-ResourceSetforhighmobility).

In other words, the settings for this TRS may be different from the settings for the existing NZP CSI-RS.

The settings for this TRS may have the same configuration as the settings for the existing NZP CSI-RS.

The settings for the TRS may include, for example, setting a symbol interval/number of symbols that differs from the symbol interval (e.g., 4)/number of symbols in a slot (e.g., 2) of the TRS in the existing NR.

For example, the symbol interval included in the settings for the TRS may be smaller than the symbol interval of the existing TRS (for example, the symbol interval may be 3 or less).

For example, the number of symbols included in the settings for the TRS may be equal to or greater than the number of symbols in the existing TRS (for example, the number of symbols may be two or more).

For example, the configuration for the TRS may be able to set a different periodic NZP CSI-RS resource (e.g., a CSI-RS resource other than a single-port CSI-RS resource with a frequency density of 3) among the TRS configurations in existing NR.

For example, the configuration related to the TRS may allow for the configuration of a new periodic NZP CSI-RS resource.

For example, the configuration related to the TRS may be such that the number of periodic NZP CSI-RS resource configurations that can be configured per slot is greater than the existing number (e.g., 2). The configuration of the periodic NZP CSI-RS resource may include configuration of the TRS symbol interval/number of symbols in a slot.

For example, the settings for the TRS may include a parameter (e.g., trs-Info-HighMobility) indicating that it is to be used as a TRS for HST.

For example, the settings for the TRS may be included in the settings for the resource set of the TRS (e.g., TRS-ResourceSet/TRS-ResourceSet-r17).

<<<Option 1-1-3>>>
Settings for the first TRS (e.g., settings for an existing TRS) and settings for the second TRS (e.g., settings for a TRS for an HST) may be defined.

The UE may be notified of whether the configuration for the first TRS or the configuration for the second TRS is to be configured using higher layer signaling (e.g., information of a specific number of bits (e.g., 1 bit) included in the RRC/SIB).

For example, if the UE determines that a setting related to the first TRS is to be configured, the UE may determine to use the first TRS configuration (e.g., an existing TRS configuration (e.g., a TRS with a symbol interval of 4)). Also, for example, if the UE determines that a setting related to the second TRS is to be configured, the UE may determine to use the second TRS configuration (e.g., a TRS configuration for HST (e.g., a TRS with a symbol interval of 3)).

For example, when SIB is used to notify (e.g., to multiple UEs in a cell) which of the first TRS configuration and the second TRS configuration will be configured, the same resources may be configured for the TRS related to the first TRS configuration and the TRS related to the second TRS configuration, or different resources may be configured.

For example, when RRC is used (e.g., individually for each UE) to notify which of the first TRS configuration and the second TRS configuration will be configured, different resources may be configured for the TRS associated with the first TRS configuration and the TRS associated with the second TRS configuration.

In this case, for example, the TRS resources relating to the first TRS configuration and the TRS resources relating to the second TRS configuration may be time division multiplexed (TDM), frequency division multiplexed (FDM), or space division multiplexed (SDM).

Furthermore, in this case, for example, the resources of the TRS relating to the first TRS configuration and the resources of the TRS relating to the second TRS configuration may overlap in at least some resources (e.g., symbols).

In this case, for example, a parameter indicating switching between the existing (normal) TRS and the TRS for HST may be specified/set for each CSI-RS resource set/resource.

Furthermore, in this case, for example, the UE may assume/determine that a specific (e.g., first) CSI-RS resource set/resource is configured for normal TRS, and another (e.g., second) CSI-RS resource set/resource is configured for TRS for HST.

<<<Modifications>>>
In the first embodiment, for the periodic NZP CSI-RS related to the TRS for HST, a period (e.g., a period shorter than 10 ms) different from the existing setting (e.g., shorter than the existing setting) may be set.

Furthermore, in the first embodiment, the mapping of the TRS may be configured using parameters related to CSI-RS resource mapping (e.g., CSI-RS-resourceMapping), or may be configured using new parameters. For example, the UE may determine the mapping position of the TRS (e.g., symbol number l = 4/7/8) using a parameter indicating the symbol position to which the TRS is mapped.

Furthermore, in the first embodiment, the UE may assume/determine that antenna ports correspond to different port indices for the configured periodic NZP CSI-RS.

In this disclosure, periodic NZP CSI-RS, aperiodic NZP CSI-RS, and semi-persistent NZP CSI-RS may be interpreted interchangeably.

Furthermore, the settings in the first embodiment may be UE-specific settings or cell-specific settings.

Furthermore, the RRC configuration in the first embodiment may be configured for each serving cell/area (second cell in cell-free mode)/TRP, or may be configured for at least one of a non-serving cell/area/TRP and a candidate cell/area/TRP.

At least one of the parameters described in this variant may be set using higher layer parameters, may be predefined in specifications, may be determined based on reported UE capability information, or may be determined based on a combination of these.

According to embodiment 1-1, the TRS for the HST can be set appropriately.

<<Embodiment 1-2>>
The UE may receive an indication regarding the TRS using the MAC CE/DCI.

The UE may measure the Doppler shift using the TRS based on this instruction.

<<<Option 1-2-1>>>
For example, the UE may be instructed on the resource set for the TRS using the MAC CE/DCI.

For example, the UE may be instructed of one or more resource set IDs using code points included in the MAC CE/DCI.

For example, the UE may be instructed of one or more resource set IDs using a bitmap included in the MAC CE/DCI.

<<<Option 1-2-2>>>
For example, the UE may be instructed about the symbol interval/number of symbols (number of symbols in a slot) of the TRS using MAC CE/DCI.

For example, the UE may be instructed using MAC CE/DCI to specify only the symbol interval of the TRS, or only the number of symbols of the TRS, or the symbol interval and number of symbols of the TRS, or may be instructed using an ID to specify a combination of the symbol interval and number of symbols that are set in advance using RRC (or that are specified in advance in the specifications).

<<<Options 1-2-3>>>
For example, the UE may be instructed on the symbol position of the TRS (symbol position within a slot) using MAC CE/DCI.

For example, the symbol number indicating the symbol position of the TRS may be indicated by a code point or bitmap, or a combination of symbol positions set in advance using RRC (or specified in advance in the specifications) may be indicated using an ID.

<<<Option 1-2-4>>>
For example, the UE may be notified of the transmission of the TRS for the HST using the MAC CE/DCI.

In this option, one (or at least one) TRS for HST may be configured for the UE using RRC configuration.

For example, the UE may be notified of either transmitting a normal TRS (for normal mobility) or a TRS for HST using a field (e.g., a 1-bit field) included in the MAC CE/DCI.

For example, when the field indicates a first value (e.g., 0), the UE may assume that a normal TRS is being transmitted, and when the field indicates a second value (e.g., 1), the UE may assume that a TRS for HST is being transmitted.

<<<Option 1-2-5>>>
For example, if the UE is specifically notified using MAC CE/DCI, the UE may determine that a TRS for HST is to be transmitted.

The specific notification may be, for example, a notification regarding the TCI state. For example, if the UE receives a notification indicating multiple (e.g., two) TCI states, it may determine that a TRS for HST is to be transmitted.

<<<Modifications>>>
The maximum number of TRS candidates that can be configured for a UE using RRC and the maximum number of TRS candidates that can be instructed for a UE using MAC CE/DCI may be configured using higher layer signaling, may be specified in advance in a specification, may be determined based on reported UE capability information, or may be determined based on a combination of these.

The UE may determine/assume that HST (TRS for HST)/normal mobility (TRS for normal mobility) will be applied after a certain period of time (e.g., X symbols/slots/ms) has elapsed since receiving/transmitting a notification using MAC CE/DCI.

Switching between HST (TRS for HST) and normal mobility (TRS for normal mobility) may be notified using [new] MAC CE/DCI.

Switching between HST (TRS for HST) and normal mobility (TRS for normal mobility) may be performed when a specific timer that is pre-defined/set expires.

Switching between HST (TRS for HST) and normal mobility (TRS for normal mobility) may be performed when the number of slots/number of TRSs to which the HST TRP/normal TRS is applied is set and a specific counter reaches a specific value.

The UE may send a request to the NW regarding switching between HST (TRS for HST) and normal mobility (TRS for normal mobility).

The above X, specific timer, and specific counter may be specified in advance in the specifications, may be configured in the UE using higher layer signaling, may be determined based on UE capability information, or may be determined based on a combination of these.

If the above specific timer/counter is applied and the UE receives a MAC CE/DCI for HST (TRS for HST), the UE may reset/restart the specific timer/counter.

If the above specific timer/counter is applied and the UE receives a MAC CE/DCI for normal mobility (TRS for normal mobility), the UE may determine/assume that the specific timer/counter has expired/countered.

In the first embodiment, the instruction by the MAC CE/DCI may be given for each serving cell/area (second cell in a cell-free environment)/TRP, or for at least one of a non-serving cell/area/TRP and a candidate cell/area/TRP.

According to embodiment 1-2, the TRS for the HST can be appropriately indicated.

<<Embodiment 1-3>>
A UE may be configured with multiple types of TRS (eg, NZP CSI-RS).

The multiple types of TRP may be, for example, at least two of periodic, aperiodic, and semi-persistent. The type of TRS in this embodiment may be interpreted as any type.

The configuration of the first (e.g., periodic) NZP CSI-RS may be the same as the configuration of the existing periodic NZP CSI-RS.

The UE may receive a TRS based on a first NZP CSI-RS configuration and a TRS based on a second (e.g., aperiodic/semi-persistent) NZP CSI-RS configuration.

With a configuration like this embodiment, it is possible to increase the number of TRS symbols that can be transmitted per slot compared to existing TRS.

The number of TRS symbols that can be transmitted per slot may be set using higher layer signaling, may be specified in advance, may be determined based on UE capability information, or may be determined based on a combination of these.

For example, the number of second (e.g., aperiodic/semi-persistent) NZP CSI-RS may be configured for the UE.

The number of TRS symbols that can be transmitted per slot may be configured per TRP/cell/area.

For example, the UE may be notified of the configuration of one or more second (e.g., aperiodic/semi-persistent) NZP CSI-RSs using RRC signaling.

The second NZP CSI-RS may be the same as or different from the first NZP CSI-RS.

For example, at least one of the settings described in embodiment 1-1 above may be applied to the NZP CSI-RS settings.

For example, the UE may be instructed using MAC CE/DCI which second NZP CSI-RS to trigger.

The instruction using MAC CE/DCI may be, for example, at least one of those described in embodiment 1-2 above (e.g., options 1-2-1/1-2-3/1-2-4/1-2-5).

The method described in embodiments 1-2 above may be applied to at least one of the number of second NZP CSI-RSs that can be instructed, the time until the instruction is applied, TRS/mobility switching, and notification target (e.g., serving cell/area/TRP, non-serving cell/area/TRP, candidate cell/area/TRP).

When certain conditions are met, when certain higher layer parameters are configured, and/or when certain UE capability information is reported, the UE may assume/determine that the phases of the first NZP CSI-RS resource and the second NZP CSI-RS resource are continuous. By specifying this in this way, it is possible to appropriately measure the Doppler shift even when multiple types of NZP CSI-RS are used.

FIG. 18 is a diagram showing an example of TRS arrangement according to embodiments 1-3. In the example shown in FIG. 18, a periodic NZP CSI-RS and an aperiodic NZP CSI-RS are configured/instructed to the UE. Doppler shift is measured using the periodic NZP CSI-RS and the aperiodic NZP CSI-RS.

According to embodiments 1-3, by using multiple existing TRSs, it is possible to realize a TRS configuration that is compatible with high frequency bands.

<<Embodiment 1-4>>
The UE may request the NW to transmit TRS for HST.

For example, if a specific event is met, the UE may send a request to transmit a TRS for HST.

The specific event may be configured using higher layer signaling, may be specified in advance in a specification, may be determined based on UE capability information, or may be determined based on a combination of these.

For example, a new event may be set/defined for determining/assessing HST for a specific event.

Also, for example, for specific events, existing events (up to Rel. 18) may be reused.

Also, for example, the UE may transmit a request for TRS transmission for HST based on the UE's implementation.

The UE may determine/assume that HST (TRS for HST)/normal mobility (TRS for normal mobility) will be applied after a certain period of time (e.g., X symbols/slots/ms) has elapsed since the event occurred/request was sent.

Switching between HST (TRS for HST) and normal mobility (TRS for normal mobility) may be notified using [new] MAC CE/DCI.

Switching between HST (TRS for HST) and normal mobility (TRS for normal mobility) may be performed when a specific timer that is pre-defined/set expires.

Switching between HST (TRS for HST) and normal mobility (TRS for normal mobility) may be performed when the number of slots/number of TRSs to which the HST TRP/normal TRS is applied is set and a specific counter reaches a specific value.

The UE may send a request to the NW regarding switching between HST (TRS for HST) and normal mobility (TRS for normal mobility).

The above X, specific timer, and specific counter may be specified in advance in the specifications, may be configured in the UE using higher layer signaling, may be determined based on UE capability information, or may be determined based on a combination of these.

If the above specific timer/counter is applied and the UE receives a MAC CE/DCI for HST (TRS for HST), the UE may reset/restart the specific timer/counter.

If the above specific timer/counter is applied and the UE receives a MAC CE/DCI for normal mobility (TRS for normal mobility), the UE may determine/assume that the specific timer/counter has expired/countered.

The request sent by the UE may be transmitted using a specific UL channel/signal (e.g., PUCCH/PUSCH/PRACH/SRS/other UL signal).

For example, the UE may transmit the request using a scheduling request (SR), for which SR settings/SR resources may be configured/defined for the request.

For example, if the SR setting/SR resource for the request is not configured, the UE may use the normal SR setting/SR resource.

For example, the UE may send the request using a MAC CE. If the UE receives an UL grant (e.g., if there are free PUSCH resources), it may send the MAC CE on the PUSCH. The UE may also request the UL grant by sending an SR.

For example, the UE may send the request using UCI.

In this case, for example, the UE may use the resources allocated in periodic/semi-persistent CSI reporting.

Furthermore, to distinguish it from a CSI report, a bit for identifying the use may be specified in the UCI, or a specific bit (bit length) in the UCI may be used for the purpose of use identification.

The request sent by the UE may include at least one of a bit requesting HST/high mobility (e.g., 1 bit) and the number/ID of the applicable TRP/cell/area.

According to embodiments 1-4, it is possible to appropriately request the setting/instruction of the HST and the TRS for the HST.

According to the first embodiment, by using a TRS for HST, it is possible to properly measure Doppler shift even when using high frequency bands.

Second Embodiment
The second embodiment relates to Doppler estimation.

The UE/NW may use the UE-side/NW-side AI/ML model to predict/estimate the Doppler shift.

The UE/NW may transmit and receive signals by applying Doppler compensation based on the predicted/estimated Doppler shift.

The input information for the UE-side/NW-side AI/ML model may include, for example, information on at least one of the following:
UE movement speed/acceleration.
- UE location.
·frequency.
- Subcarrier spacing.
The phase of the RS (e.g., DL/UL RS) used for estimation [Result].
- Past (historical) Doppler shift.
-TRP movement speed/acceleration.
・TRP position.
- Mobility history.
- Mobility routes.

The output information from the UE-side/NW-side AI/ML model may include, for example, information regarding at least one of the following:
- Doppler shift prediction.
Phase difference [cannot be measured if it exceeds 360°].

For example, network-side information (e.g., information regarding the TRP's movement speed/acceleration, or at least one of the TRP's location information) used as input information for the UE-side AI/ML model may be notified to the UE using, for example, MAC CE/DCI.

By using information from the network side for Doppler estimation/compensation in the UE, more accurate Doppler estimation/compensation can be performed.

For example, UE-side information used as input information for the NW-side AI/ML model (e.g., UE movement speed/acceleration, UE position, RS (e.g., TRS) phase [result] used for estimation, and at least one of past (historical) Doppler shift) may be transmitted to the NW using, for example, MAC CE/UCI.

By using information from the UE for Doppler estimation/compensation in the network, more accurate Doppler estimation/compensation can be performed.

For example, the UE may receive output information from the AI/ML model on the network side using MAC CE/DCI.

By using network output information for Doppler compensation in the UE, more accurate Doppler compensation can be performed.

For example, the UE may receive output information from the AI/ML model on the UW side using MAC CE/UCI.

By using output information from the UE for Doppler compensation in the network, more accurate Doppler compensation can be performed.

The output information from the UE-side/NW-side AI/ML model may be used for Doppler compensation in HST/SFN as specified in Rel. 17.

FIG. 19 is a diagram showing an example of Doppler estimation according to the second embodiment. As shown in FIG. 19, the UE/NW uses the phase rotations at t = 0, 1, and 2 as input information to estimate the future (t = 3) movement rotation using an AI model. The UE/NW performs Doppler compensation based on the predicted/estimated Doppler shift.

Note that the RS (e.g., TRS) in this embodiment may be transmitted using the same method as the existing TRS (specified up to Rel. 18).

Furthermore, the RS (e.g., TRS) in this embodiment may be transmitted using a method different from that of the existing TRS (defined up to Rel. 18). In this case, this embodiment may be applied in appropriate combination with the first embodiment described above.

According to the second embodiment, by using the AI/ML model, it is possible to perform appropriate Doppler compensation even when using high frequency bands.

<Additional Information>
<<Notification of information to UE>>
In the above-described embodiments, notification of any information (from a network (NW) (e.g., a base station (BS))) to a UE (in other words, reception of any information from the BS by the UE) may be performed using physical layer signaling (e.g., DCI), higher layer signaling (e.g., RRC signaling, MAC CE), a specific signal/channel (e.g., PDCCH, PDSCH, reference signal), or a combination thereof.

If the above notification is made by a MAC CE, the MAC CE may be identified by including a new Logical Channel ID (LCID) in the MAC subheader that is not specified in existing standards.

If the notification is made by DCI, the notification may be made by a specific field of the DCI, a Radio Network Temporary Identifier (RNTI) used to scramble the Cyclic Redundancy Check (CRC) bits assigned to the DCI, the format of the DCI, etc.

Furthermore, notification of any information to the UE in the above-described embodiments may be performed periodically, semi-persistently, or aperiodically.

<<Notification of information from UE>>
In the above-described embodiments, notification of any information from the UE (to the NW) (in other words, transmission/reporting of any information from the UE to the BS) may be performed using physical layer signaling (e.g., UCI), higher layer signaling (e.g., RRC signaling, MAC CE), specific signals/channels (e.g., PUCCH, PUSCH, PRACH, reference signals), or a combination thereof.

If the above notification is made by a MAC CE, the MAC CE may be identified by including a new LCID in the MAC subheader that is not specified in existing standards.

If the notification is made by UCI, the notification may be transmitted using PUCCH or PUSCH.

Furthermore, any information notification from the UE in the above-described embodiments may be performed periodically, semi-persistently, or aperiodically.

<<Application of each embodiment>>
In a UE/BS, the specific process/operation/control/assumption/information(s) of at least one of the above-described embodiments may be applied (used) when one or more of the following conditions are met:
- Upper layer parameters indicating the above specific processing/operation/control/assumption/information are set.
The specific processing/actions/controls/assumptions/information are determined based on relevant higher layer parameters.
- The above specific processes/actions/controls/assumptions/information are specified/activated/triggered by MAC CE/DCI/UCI/resources/channels/RS.
Reporting or supporting specific UE capabilities indicating (or relating to) the above specific processes/actions/controls/assumptions/information.
The application of the specific process/action/control/assumption/information is determined based on specific conditions.

The specific UE capabilities may indicate at least one of the following:
- Supporting the above specific processes/actions/controls/assumptions/information.
- Support TRS for HST.
Number of supported TRS configurations.

Furthermore, the above-mentioned specific UE capabilities may be capabilities that are applied across all frequencies (commonly regardless of frequency), capabilities for each frequency (e.g., one or a combination of cell, band, band combination, BWP, component carrier, etc.), capabilities for each frequency range (e.g., Frequency Range 1 (FR1), FR2, FR3, FR4, FR5, FR2-1, FR2-2), capabilities for each subcarrier spacing (SubCarrier Spacing (SCS)), or capabilities for each Feature Set (FS) or Feature Set Per Component-carrier (FSPC)).

Furthermore, the above-mentioned specific UE capabilities may be capabilities that apply across all duplexing methods (commonly regardless of the duplexing method), or may be capabilities for each duplexing method (e.g., Time Division Duplex (TDD) or Frequency Division Duplex (FDD)).

If the above conditions are not met, the UE/BS may follow the behavior specified in existing 3GPP releases.

(Additional Note)
The following inventions are added regarding one embodiment of the present disclosure.
[Appendix 1-1]
A terminal having: a receiving unit that receives at least one of a setting for high mobility and an instruction for bi-mobility; and a control unit that controls reception of a downlink reference signal based on at least one of the setting and the instruction.
[Appendix 1-2]
The terminal according to 1-1, wherein the downlink reference signal is set and indicated separately from a downlink reference signal for purposes other than the high mobility.
[Appendix 1-3]
The terminal according to Supplementary Note 1-1 or Supplementary Note 1-2, wherein the downlink reference signal includes a plurality of types of non-zero power channel state information reference signals.
[Appendix 1-4]
The terminal according to any one of Supplementary Note 1-1 to Supplementary Note 1-3, wherein the control unit controls to transmit a request for transmission of the downlink signal based on a specific event.
[Appendix 2-1]
A terminal having a control unit that performs Doppler estimation based on at least one of first output information from a first Artificial Intelligence (AI) model on the terminal side and second output information from a second AI model on the network side, and a transceiver unit that transmits and receives signals by applying Doppler compensation based on the Doppler estimation.
[Appendix 2-2]
The terminal according to Supplementary Note 2-1, wherein the first output information is based on at least one of input information on the terminal side and input information on the network side.
[Appendix 2-3]
The terminal according to Supplementary Note 2-1 or Supplementary Note 2-2, wherein the transceiver unit transmits the first output information to the network using at least one of a Medium Access Control (MAC) control element and uplink control information.
[Appendix 2-4]
The terminal according to any one of Supplementary Note 2-1 to Supplementary Note 2-3, wherein the transceiver unit receives the second output information from the network using at least one of a Medium Access Control (MAC) control element and downlink control information.

(wireless communication system)
The configuration of a wireless communication system according to an embodiment of the present disclosure will be described below. In this wireless communication system, communication is performed using any one of the wireless communication methods according to the above embodiments of the present disclosure or a combination thereof.

FIG. 20 is a diagram showing an example of the schematic configuration of a wireless communication system according to one embodiment. Wireless communication system 1 (which may simply be referred to as system 1) may be a system that achieves communication using Long Term Evolution (LTE) specified by the Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP), 5th generation mobile communication system New Radio (5G NR), or the like.

The wireless communication system 1 may also support dual connectivity between multiple Radio Access Technologies (RATs) (Multi-RAT Dual Connectivity (MR-DC)). MR-DC may include dual connectivity between LTE (Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA)) and NR (E-UTRA-NR Dual Connectivity (EN-DC)), dual connectivity between NR and LTE (NR-E-UTRA Dual Connectivity (NE-DC)), etc.

In EN-DC, the LTE (E-UTRA) base station (eNB) is the master node (MN), and the NR base station (gNB) is the secondary node (SN). In NE-DC, the NR base station (gNB) is the MN, and the LTE (E-UTRA) base station (eNB) is the SN.

The wireless communication system 1 may support dual connectivity between multiple base stations within the same RAT (for example, dual connectivity where both the MN and SN are NR base stations (gNBs) (NR-NR Dual Connectivity (NN-DC))).

The wireless communication system 1 may include a base station 11 that forms a macrocell C1 with relatively wide coverage, and base stations 12 (12a-12c) that are located within the macrocell C1 and form a small cell C2 that is smaller than the macrocell C1. A user terminal 20 may be located within at least one of the cells. The location and number of each cell and user terminal 20 are not limited to the configuration shown in the figure. Hereinafter, when there is no need to distinguish between base stations 11 and 12, they will be collectively referred to as base station 10.

The user terminal 20 may be connected to at least one of the multiple base stations 10. The user terminal 20 may use at least one of carrier aggregation (CA) using multiple component carriers (CC) and dual connectivity (DC).

Each CC may be included in at least one of a first frequency band (Frequency Range 1 (FR1)) and a second frequency band (Frequency Range 2 (FR2)). Macrocell C1 may be included in FR1, and small cell C2 may be included in FR2. For example, FR1 may be a frequency band below 6 GHz (sub-6 GHz), and FR2 may be a frequency band above 24 GHz (above-24 GHz). Note that the frequency bands and definitions of FR1 and FR2 are not limited to these, and for example, FR1 may correspond to a higher frequency band than FR2.

Furthermore, the user terminal 20 may communicate using at least one of time division duplex (TDD) and frequency division duplex (FDD) in each CC.

Multiple base stations 10 may be connected by wire (e.g., optical fiber compliant with the Common Public Radio Interface (CPRI), X2 interface, etc.) or wirelessly (e.g., NR communication). For example, if NR communication is used as a backhaul between base stations 11 and 12, base station 11, which corresponds to the upper station, may be called an Integrated Access Backhaul (IAB) donor, and base station 12, which corresponds to the relay station (relay), may be called an IAB node.

A base station 10 may be connected to the core network 30 directly or via another base station 10. The core network 30 may include, for example, at least one of an Evolved Packet Core (EPC), a 5G Core Network (5GCN), a Next Generation Core (NGC), etc.

The core network 30 may include network functions (Network Functions (NF)) such as, for example, a User Plane Function (UPF), an Access and Mobility management Function (AMF), a Session Management Function (SMF), a Unified Data Management (UDM), an Application Function (AF), a Data Network (DN), a Location Management Function (LMF), and Operation, Administration and Maintenance (Management) (OAM). Note that multiple functions may be provided by a single network node. Communication with an external network (e.g., the Internet) may also be performed via the DN.

The user terminal 20 may be a terminal that supports at least one of the communication methods such as LTE, LTE-A, and 5G.

In the wireless communication system 1, a wireless access method based on Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) may be used. For example, in at least one of the downlink (DL) and uplink (UL), Cyclic Prefix OFDM (CP-OFDM), Discrete Fourier Transform Spread OFDM (DFT-s-OFDM), Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (OFDMA), Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple Access (SC-FDMA), etc. may be used.

The radio access method may also be called a waveform. Note that in the wireless communication system 1, other radio access methods (e.g., other single-carrier transmission methods, other multi-carrier transmission methods) may be used as the UL and DL radio access methods.

In the wireless communication system 1, the downlink channel may be a downlink shared channel (Physical Downlink Shared Channel (PDSCH)) shared by each user terminal 20, a broadcast channel (Physical Broadcast Channel (PBCH)), a downlink control channel (Physical Downlink Control Channel (PDCCH)), or the like.

Furthermore, in the wireless communication system 1, an uplink shared channel (Physical Uplink Shared Channel (PUSCH)) shared by each user terminal 20, an uplink control channel (Physical Uplink Control Channel (PUCCH)), a random access channel (Physical Random Access Channel (PRACH)), etc. may be used as an uplink channel.

User data, upper layer control information, System Information Block (SIB), etc. are transmitted via PDSCH. User data, upper layer control information, etc. may also be transmitted via PUSCH. Furthermore, Master Information Block (MIB) may also be transmitted via PBCH.

Lower layer control information may be transmitted via the PDCCH. The lower layer control information may include, for example, Downlink Control Information (DCI) including scheduling information for at least one of the PDSCH and PUSCH.

Note that the DCI that schedules the PDSCH may be referred to as a DL assignment or DL DCI, and the DCI that schedules the PUSCH may be referred to as a UL grant or UL DCI. Note that the PDSCH may be interpreted as DL data, and the PUSCH may be interpreted as UL data.

A control resource set (CORESET) and a search space may be used to detect the PDCCH. The CORESET corresponds to the resources to search for DCI. The search space corresponds to the search area and search method for PDCCH candidates. One CORESET may be associated with one or more search spaces. The UE may monitor the CORESET associated with a certain search space based on the search space configuration.

One search space may correspond to PDCCH candidates corresponding to one or more aggregation levels. One or more search spaces may be referred to as a search space set. Note that in this disclosure, "search space," "search space set," "search space setting," "search space set setting," "CORESET," "CORESET setting," etc. may be read interchangeably.

The PUCCH may transmit uplink control information (UCI) including at least one of channel state information (CSI), delivery confirmation information (which may be called, for example, Hybrid Automatic Repeat reQuest ACKnowledgement (HARQ-ACK), ACK/NACK, etc.), and scheduling request (SR). The PRACH may transmit a random access preamble for establishing a connection with a cell.

Note that in this disclosure, downlink, uplink, etc. may be expressed without the word "link." Also, various channels may be expressed without the word "Physical" at the beginning.

In the wireless communication system 1, a synchronization signal (SS), a downlink reference signal (DL-RS), etc. may be transmitted. In the wireless communication system 1, as the DL-RS, a cell-specific reference signal (CRS), a channel state information reference signal (CSI-RS), a demodulation reference signal (DMRS), a positioning reference signal (PRS), a phase tracking reference signal (PTRS), etc. may be transmitted.

The synchronization signal may be, for example, at least one of a primary synchronization signal (PSS) and a secondary synchronization signal (SSS). A signal block including an SS (PSS, SSS) and a PBCH (and a DMRS for the PBCH) may be referred to as an SS/PBCH block, an SS block (SSB), etc. Note that SS, SSB, etc. may also be referred to as a reference signal.

Furthermore, in the wireless communication system 1, a sounding reference signal (SRS), a demodulation reference signal (DMRS), etc. may be transmitted as an uplink reference signal (UL-RS). DMRS may also be called a user equipment-specific reference signal (UE-specific Reference Signal).

(base station)
21 is a diagram showing an example of the configuration of a base station according to an embodiment. The base station 10 includes a control unit 110, a transceiver unit 120, a transceiver antenna 130, and a transmission line interface 140. Note that the base station may include one or more of each of the control unit 110, the transceiver unit 120, the transceiver antenna 130, and the transmission line interface 140.

Note that this example mainly shows the functional blocks that characterize the present embodiment, and it may be assumed that the base station 10 also has other functional blocks necessary for wireless communication. Some of the processing of each unit described below may be omitted.

The control unit 110 controls the entire base station 10. The control unit 110 can be composed of a controller, a control circuit, etc., as described based on common understanding in the technical field to which this disclosure pertains.

The control unit 110 may control signal generation, scheduling (e.g., resource allocation, mapping), etc. The control unit 110 may also control transmission and reception using the transceiver unit 120, the transceiver antenna 130, and the transmission path interface 140, measurements, etc. The control unit 110 may generate data, control information, sequences, etc. to be transmitted as signals, and transfer them to the transceiver unit 120. The control unit 110 may also perform call processing of communication channels (setting up, releasing, etc.), status management of the base station 10, management of radio resources, etc.

The transceiver unit 120 may include a baseband unit 121, a radio frequency (RF) unit 122, and a measurement unit 123. The baseband unit 121 may include a transmission processing unit 1211 and a reception processing unit 1212. The transceiver unit 120 may be composed of a transmitter/receiver, an RF circuit, a baseband circuit, a filter, a phase shifter, a measurement circuit, a transceiver circuit, etc., which are described based on common understanding in the technical field to which this disclosure relates.

The transceiver unit 120 may be configured as an integrated transceiver unit, or may be composed of a transmitter unit and a receiver unit. The transmitter unit may be composed of a transmission processing unit 1211 and an RF unit 122. The receiver unit may be composed of a reception processing unit 1212, an RF unit 122, and a measurement unit 123.

The transmitting and receiving antenna 130 can be composed of an antenna described based on common understanding in the technical field to which this disclosure pertains, such as an array antenna.

The transceiver 120 may transmit the above-mentioned downlink channel, synchronization signal, downlink reference signal, etc. The transceiver 120 may also receive the above-mentioned uplink channel, uplink reference signal, etc.

The transceiver unit 120 may form at least one of the transmit beam and the receive beam using digital beamforming (e.g., precoding), analog beamforming (e.g., phase rotation), etc.

The transceiver 120 (transmission processing unit 1211) may perform Packet Data Convergence Protocol (PDCP) layer processing, Radio Link Control (RLC) layer processing (e.g., RLC retransmission control), Medium Access Control (MAC) layer processing (e.g., HARQ retransmission control), etc. on data, control information, etc. obtained from the control unit 110, and generate a bit string to be transmitted.

The transmitter/receiver unit 120 (transmission processing unit 1211) may perform transmission processing such as channel coding (which may include error correction coding), modulation, mapping, filtering, Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT) processing (if necessary), Inverse Fast Fourier Transform (IFFT) processing, precoding, and digital-to-analog conversion on the bit string to be transmitted, and output a baseband signal.

The transceiver unit 120 (RF unit 122) may perform modulation, filtering, amplification, etc. on the baseband signal to a radio frequency band, and transmit the radio frequency band signal via the transceiver antenna 130.

On the other hand, the transceiver unit 120 (RF unit 122) may perform amplification, filtering, demodulation to a baseband signal, etc. on the radio frequency band signal received by the transceiver antenna 130.

The transceiver unit 120 (reception processing unit 1212) may apply reception processing such as analog-to-digital conversion, Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) processing, Inverse Discrete Fourier Transform (IDFT) processing (if necessary), filtering, demapping, demodulation, decoding (which may include error correction decoding), MAC layer processing, RLC layer processing, and PDCP layer processing to the acquired baseband signal, thereby acquiring user data, etc.

The transceiver 120 (measurement unit 123) may perform measurements on the received signal. For example, the measurement unit 123 may perform Radio Resource Management (RRM) measurements, Channel State Information (CSI) measurements, etc. based on the received signal. The measurement unit 123 may measure received power (e.g., Reference Signal Received Power (RSRP)), received quality (e.g., Reference Signal Received Quality (RSRQ), Signal to Interference plus Noise Ratio (SINR), Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR)), signal strength (e.g., Received Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI)), propagation path information (e.g., CSI), etc. The measurement results may be output to the control unit 110.

The transmission path interface 140 may transmit and receive signals (backhaul signaling) between devices included in the core network 30 (e.g., network nodes providing NF), other base stations 10, etc., and may acquire and transmit user data (user plane data), control plane data, etc. for the user terminal 20.

Note that the transmitter and receiver of the base station 10 in this disclosure may be configured by at least one of the transmitter/receiver 120, the transmitter/receiver antenna 130, and the transmission path interface 140.

The transceiver unit 120 may transmit at least one of a setting for high mobility and an instruction for bi-mobility. The control unit 110 may control the transmission of a downlink reference signal using at least one of the setting and the instruction (first embodiment).

The control unit 110 may perform Doppler estimation based on at least one of first output information from a first artificial intelligence (AI) model on the terminal side and second output information from a second AI model on the network side. The transceiver unit 120 may transmit and receive signals by applying Doppler compensation based on the Doppler estimation (second embodiment).

(user terminal)
22 is a diagram showing an example of the configuration of a user terminal according to one embodiment. The user terminal 20 includes a control unit 210, a transceiver unit 220, and a transceiver antenna 230. Note that the user terminal 20 may include one or more of each of the control unit 210, the transceiver unit 220, and the transceiver antenna 230.

Note that this example mainly shows the functional blocks that characterize the present embodiment, and the user terminal 20 may also have other functional blocks necessary for wireless communication. Some of the processing of each unit described below may be omitted.

The control unit 210 controls the entire user terminal 20. The control unit 210 can be composed of a controller, control circuit, etc., as described based on common understanding in the technical field to which this disclosure pertains.

The control unit 210 may control signal generation, mapping, etc. The control unit 210 may also control transmission and reception, measurement, etc. using the transmission and reception unit 220 and the transmission and reception antenna 230. The control unit 210 may generate data, control information, sequences, etc. to be transmitted as signals and transfer them to the transmission and reception unit 220.

The transceiver unit 220 may include a baseband unit 221, an RF unit 222, and a measurement unit 223. The baseband unit 221 may include a transmission processing unit 2211 and a reception processing unit 2212. The transceiver unit 220 may be composed of a transmitter/receiver, an RF circuit, a baseband circuit, a filter, a phase shifter, a measurement circuit, a transceiver circuit, etc., which are described based on common understanding in the technical field related to this disclosure.

The transceiver unit 220 may be configured as an integrated transceiver unit, or may be composed of a transmitter unit and a receiver unit. The transmitter unit may be composed of a transmission processing unit 2211 and an RF unit 222. The receiver unit may be composed of a reception processing unit 2212, an RF unit 222, and a measurement unit 223.

The transmitting and receiving antenna 230 can be configured as an antenna described based on common understanding in the technical field to which this disclosure pertains, such as an array antenna.

The transceiver unit 220 may receive the above-mentioned downlink channel, synchronization signal, downlink reference signal, etc. The transceiver unit 220 may also transmit the above-mentioned uplink channel, uplink reference signal, etc.

The transceiver unit 220 may form at least one of the transmit beam and the receive beam using digital beamforming (e.g., precoding), analog beamforming (e.g., phase rotation), etc.

The transceiver unit 220 (transmission processing unit 2211) may perform PDCP layer processing, RLC layer processing (e.g., RLC retransmission control), MAC layer processing (e.g., HARQ retransmission control), etc. on data, control information, etc. obtained from the control unit 210, and generate a bit string to be transmitted.

The transceiver unit 220 (transmission processing unit 2211) may perform transmission processing such as channel coding (which may include error correction coding), modulation, mapping, filtering, DFT processing (if necessary), IFFT processing, precoding, and digital-to-analog conversion on the bit string to be transmitted, and output a baseband signal.

Whether or not to apply DFT processing may be based on the settings for transform precoding. If transform precoding is enabled for a certain channel (e.g., PUSCH), the transceiver unit 220 (transmission processing unit 2211) may perform DFT processing as the transmission processing to transmit the channel using a DFT-s-OFDM waveform; if not, it may not be necessary to perform DFT processing as the transmission processing.

The transceiver unit 220 (RF unit 222) may perform modulation, filtering, amplification, etc. on the baseband signal to a radio frequency band, and transmit the radio frequency band signal via the transceiver antenna 230.

On the other hand, the transceiver unit 220 (RF unit 222) may perform amplification, filtering, demodulation to a baseband signal, etc. on the radio frequency band signal received by the transceiver antenna 230.

The transceiver unit 220 (reception processing unit 2212) may apply reception processing such as analog-to-digital conversion, FFT processing, IDFT processing (if necessary), filtering, demapping, demodulation, decoding (which may include error correction decoding), MAC layer processing, RLC layer processing, and PDCP layer processing to the acquired baseband signal to acquire user data, etc.

The transceiver unit 220 (measurement unit 223) may perform measurements on the received signal. For example, the measurement unit 223 may perform RRM measurements, CSI measurements, etc. based on the received signal. The measurement unit 223 may measure received power (e.g., RSRP), received quality (e.g., RSRQ, SINR, SNR), signal strength (e.g., RSSI), propagation path information (e.g., CSI), etc. The measurement results may be output to the control unit 210.

The measurement unit 223 may derive channel measurements for CSI calculation based on channel measurement resources. The channel measurement resources may be, for example, non-zero power (NZP) CSI-RS resources. The measurement unit 223 may also derive interference measurements for CSI calculation based on interference measurement resources. The interference measurement resources may be at least one of NZP CSI-RS resources for interference measurement, CSI-Interference Measurement (IM) resources, etc. CSI-IM may also be referred to as CSI-Interference Management (IM) or may be interchangeably read as Zero Power (ZP) CSI-RS. In this disclosure, CSI-RS, NZP CSI-RS, ZP CSI-RS, CSI-IM, CSI-SSB, etc. may be interchangeable.

Note that the transmitter and receiver of the user terminal 20 in this disclosure may be configured by at least one of the transmitter/receiver 220 and the transmitter/receiver antenna 230.

The transceiver unit 220 may receive at least one of a setting for high mobility and an instruction for bi-mobility. The control unit 210 may control reception of a downlink reference signal based on at least one of the setting and the instruction (first embodiment).

The downlink reference signal may be configured and indicated separately from downlink reference signals for uses other than high mobility (first embodiment).

The downlink reference signal may include multiple types of non-zero power channel state information reference signals (first embodiment).

The control unit 210 may also control the transmission of a request for the transmission of the downlink signal based on a specific event (first embodiment).

The control unit 210 may perform Doppler estimation based on at least one of first output information from a first artificial intelligence (AI) model on the terminal side and second output information from a second AI model on the network side. The transceiver unit 220 may transmit and receive signals by applying Doppler compensation based on the Doppler estimation (second embodiment).

The first output information may be based on at least one of the input information on the terminal side and the input information on the network side (second embodiment).

The transceiver unit 220 may transmit the first output information to the network using at least one of a Medium Access Control (MAC) control element and uplink control information (second embodiment).

The transceiver unit 220 may receive the second output information from the network using at least one of a Medium Access Control (MAC) control element and downlink control information (second embodiment).

(Hardware configuration)
The block diagrams used to explain the above embodiments show functional blocks. These functional blocks (components) are realized by any combination of hardware and/or software. Furthermore, the method for realizing each functional block is not particularly limited. That is, each functional block may be realized using a single device that is physically or logically coupled, or may be realized using two or more physically or logically separated devices that are directly or indirectly connected (e.g., wired, wireless, etc.) and these multiple devices. The functional block may also be realized by combining software with the single device or multiple devices.

Here, functions include, but are not limited to, judgment, determination, judgment, calculation, computation, processing, derivation, investigation, search, confirmation, reception, transmission, output, access, resolution, selection, election, establishment, comparison, assumption, expectation, deeming, broadcasting, notifying, communicating, forwarding, configuring, reconfiguring, allocating, mapping, and assignment. For example, a functional block (component) that performs transmission functions may be called a transmitting unit, transmitter, etc. As mentioned above, there are no particular limitations on how these functions are implemented.

For example, a base station, a user terminal, etc. in one embodiment of the present disclosure may function as a computer that performs processing of the wireless communication method of the present disclosure. Figure 23 is a diagram showing an example of the hardware configuration of a base station and a user terminal according to one embodiment. The above-mentioned base station 10 and user terminal 20 may be physically configured as a computer device including a processor 1001, memory 1002, storage 1003, a communication device 1004, an input device 1005, an output device 1006, a bus 1007, etc.

In this disclosure, terms such as apparatus, circuit, device, section, and unit may be used interchangeably. The hardware configuration of the base station 10 and user terminal 20 may be configured to include one or more of the devices shown in the figures, or may be configured to exclude some of the devices.

For example, although only one processor 1001 is shown, there may be multiple processors. Furthermore, processing may be performed by a single processor, or processing may be performed by two or more processors simultaneously, sequentially, or using other techniques. Furthermore, the processor 1001 may be implemented by one or more chips.

The functions of the base station 10 and the user terminal 20 are realized, for example, by loading specific software (programs) onto hardware such as the processor 1001 and memory 1002, causing the processor 1001 to perform calculations, control communications via the communication device 1004, and control at least one of reading and writing data from and to the memory 1002 and storage 1003.

The processor 1001, for example, runs an operating system to control the entire computer. The processor 1001 may be configured as a central processing unit (CPU) that includes an interface with peripheral devices, a control unit, an arithmetic unit, registers, etc. For example, at least a portion of the above-mentioned control unit 110 (210), transceiver unit 120 (220), etc. may be realized by the processor 1001.

In addition, the processor 1001 reads programs (program code), software modules, data, etc. from at least one of the storage 1003 and the communication device 1004 into the memory 1002, and executes various processes in accordance with these. The programs used are those that cause a computer to execute at least some of the operations described in the above-described embodiments. For example, the control unit 110 (210) may be implemented by a control program stored in the memory 1002 and running on the processor 1001, and similar implementations may be used for other functional blocks.

Memory 1002 is a computer-readable recording medium and may be composed of, for example, at least one of Read Only Memory (ROM), Erasable Programmable ROM (EPROM), Electrically EPROM (EEPROM), Random Access Memory (RAM), or other suitable storage medium. Memory 1002 may also be referred to as a register, cache, main memory, etc. Memory 1002 can store executable programs (program code), software modules, etc. for implementing a wireless communication method according to one embodiment of the present disclosure.

Storage 1003 is a computer-readable recording medium and may be composed of at least one of a flexible disk, a floppy disk, a magneto-optical disk (e.g., a compact disc (Compact Disc ROM (CD-ROM)), a digital versatile disc, a Blu-ray disc), a removable disk, a hard disk drive, a smart card, a flash memory device (e.g., a card, a stick, a key drive), a magnetic stripe, a database, a server, or other suitable storage medium. Storage 1003 may also be referred to as an auxiliary storage device.

The communication device 1004 is hardware (transmitting/receiving device) for communicating between computers via at least one of a wired network and a wireless network, and is also referred to as a network device, network controller, network card, or communication module. The communication device 1004 may be configured to include high-frequency switches, duplexers, filters, frequency synthesizers, etc. to implement at least one of frequency division duplex (FDD) and time division duplex (TDD). For example, the above-mentioned transmitter/receiver unit 120 (220), transmitter/receiver antenna 130 (230), etc. may be implemented by the communication device 1004. The transmitter/receiver unit 120 (220) may be implemented as a transmitter unit 120a (220a) and a receiver unit 120b (220b) that are physically or logically separated.

The input device 1005 is an input device (e.g., a keyboard, mouse, microphone, switch, button, sensor, etc.) that accepts input from the outside. The output device 1006 is an output device (e.g., a display, speaker, Light Emitting Diode (LED) lamp, etc.) that outputs to the outside. Note that the input device 1005 and the output device 1006 may be integrated into one device (e.g., a touch panel).

Furthermore, each device, such as the processor 1001 and memory 1002, is connected by a bus 1007 for communicating information. The bus 1007 may be configured using a single bus, or may be configured using different buses between each device.

Furthermore, the base station 10 and user terminal 20 may be configured to include hardware such as a microprocessor, a digital signal processor (DSP), an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC), a programmable logic device (PLD), or a field programmable gate array (FPGA), and some or all of the functional blocks may be realized using this hardware. For example, the processor 1001 may be implemented using at least one of these pieces of hardware.

(Modification)
Note that terms described in the present disclosure and terms necessary for understanding the present disclosure may be replaced with terms having the same or similar meanings. For example, a channel, a symbol, and a signal (signal or signaling) may be interchangeable. A signal may also be a message. A reference signal may be abbreviated as RS, and may also be called a pilot, pilot signal, etc. depending on the applicable standard. A component carrier (CC) may also be called a cell, frequency carrier, carrier frequency, etc.

A radio frame may be composed of one or more periods (frames) in the time domain. Each of the one or more periods (frames) constituting a radio frame may be called a subframe. Furthermore, a subframe may be composed of one or more slots in the time domain. A subframe may have a fixed time length (e.g., 1 ms) that is independent of numerology.

Here, numerology may be a communication parameter applied to at least one of the transmission and reception of a signal or channel. Numerology may indicate, for example, at least one of the following: subcarrier spacing (SCS), bandwidth, symbol length, cyclic prefix length, transmission time interval (TTI), number of symbols per TTI, radio frame structure, specific filtering processing performed by the transmitter/receiver in the frequency domain, and specific windowing processing performed by the transmitter/receiver in the time domain.

A slot may consist of one or more symbols in the time domain (such as Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) symbols or Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple Access (SC-FDMA) symbols). A slot may also be a time unit based on numerology.

A slot may include multiple minislots. Each minislot may consist of one or more symbols in the time domain. A minislot may also be called a subslot. A minislot may consist of fewer symbols than a slot. A PDSCH (or PUSCH) transmitted in a time unit larger than a minislot may be called PDSCH (PUSCH) mapping type A. A PDSCH (or PUSCH) transmitted using a minislot may be called PDSCH (PUSCH) mapping type B.

Radio frame, subframe, slot, minislot, and symbol all represent time units for transmitting signals. Radio frame, subframe, slot, minislot, and symbol may each be referred to by a different name. Note that the time units used in this disclosure, such as frame, subframe, slot, minislot, and symbol, may be interchangeable.

For example, one subframe may be referred to as a TTI, or multiple consecutive subframes may be referred to as a TTI, or one slot or one minislot may be referred to as a TTI. In other words, at least one of a subframe and a TTI may be a subframe (1 ms) as in existing LTE, or may be a period shorter than 1 ms (e.g., 1-13 symbols), or may be a period longer than 1 ms. Note that the unit representing a TTI may be called a slot, minislot, etc. instead of a subframe.

Here, TTI refers to, for example, the smallest time unit for scheduling in wireless communication. For example, in an LTE system, a base station performs scheduling to allocate radio resources (such as the frequency bandwidth and transmission power that can be used by each user terminal) to each user terminal in TTI units. However, the definition of TTI is not limited to this.

The TTI may be a transmission time unit for a channel-encoded data packet (transport block), code block, code word, etc., or may be a processing unit for scheduling, link adaptation, etc. When a TTI is given, the time interval (e.g., number of symbols) to which a transport block, code block, code word, etc. is actually mapped may be shorter than the TTI.

Note that when one slot or one minislot is called a TTI, one or more TTIs (i.e., one or more slots or one or more minislots) may be the smallest time unit for scheduling. Furthermore, the number of slots (minislots) that make up the smallest time unit for scheduling may be controlled.

A TTI with a time length of 1 ms may be called a regular TTI (TTI in 3GPP Rel. 8-12), normal TTI, long TTI, regular subframe, normal subframe, long subframe, slot, etc. A TTI shorter than a regular TTI may be called a shortened TTI, short TTI, partial TTI (partial or fractional TTI), shortened subframe, short subframe, minislot, subslot, slot, etc.

Note that a long TTI (e.g., a normal TTI, subframe, etc.) may be interpreted as a TTI having a time length of more than 1 ms, and a short TTI (e.g., a shortened TTI, etc.) may be interpreted as a TTI having a TTI length of 1 ms or more but less than the TTI length of a long TTI.

A resource block (RB) is a resource allocation unit in the time domain and frequency domain, and may include one or more consecutive subcarriers in the frequency domain. The number of subcarriers included in an RB may be the same regardless of numerology, and may be, for example, 12. The number of subcarriers included in an RB may also be determined based on numerology.

Furthermore, an RB may include one or more symbols in the time domain and may be one slot, one minislot, one subframe, or one TTI in length. One TTI, one subframe, etc. may each be composed of one or more resource blocks.

Note that one or more RBs may also be referred to as a physical resource block (PRB), a sub-carrier group (SCG), a resource element group (REG), a PRB pair, an RB pair, etc.

Furthermore, a resource block may be composed of one or more resource elements (REs). For example, one RE may be a radio resource region of one subcarrier and one symbol.

A Bandwidth Part (BWP) (which may also be referred to as a partial bandwidth) may represent a subset of contiguous common resource blocks (RBs) for a given numerology on a given carrier. Here, the common RBs may be identified by the index of the RB relative to the common reference point of the carrier. PRBs may be defined in a BWP and numbered within that BWP.

BWPs may include UL BWPs (BWPs for UL) and DL BWPs (BWPs for DL). One or more BWPs may be configured for a UE within one carrier.

At least one of the configured BWPs may be active, and the UE may not expect to transmit or receive a given signal/channel outside the active BWP. Note that "cell," "carrier," etc. in this disclosure may be read as "BWP."

Note that the structures of the radio frames, subframes, slots, minislots, and symbols described above are merely examples. For example, the number of subframes included in a radio frame, the number of slots per subframe or radio frame, the number of minislots included in a slot, the number of symbols and RBs included in a slot or minislot, the number of subcarriers included in an RB, as well as the number of symbols in a TTI, symbol length, and cyclic prefix (CP) length can be changed in various ways.

Furthermore, the information, parameters, etc. described in this disclosure may be expressed using absolute values, relative values from a predetermined value, or other corresponding information. For example, radio resources may be indicated by a predetermined index.

The names used for parameters and the like in this disclosure are not limiting in any way. Furthermore, the mathematical formulas and the like using these parameters may differ from those explicitly disclosed in this disclosure. The various channels (PUCCH, PDCCH, etc.) and information elements may be identified by any suitable names, and therefore the various names assigned to these various channels and information elements are not limiting in any way.

The information, signals, etc. described in this disclosure may be represented using any of a variety of different technologies. For example, data, instructions, commands, information, signals, bits, symbols, chips, etc. that may be referred to throughout the above description may be represented by voltages, currents, electromagnetic waves, magnetic fields or magnetic particles, optical fields or photons, or any combination thereof.

Information, signals, etc. may be output from a higher layer to a lower layer and/or from a lower layer to a higher layer. Information, signals, etc. may be input/output via multiple network nodes.

Input and output information, signals, etc. may be stored in a specific location (for example, memory) or may be managed using a management table. Input and output information, signals, etc. may be overwritten, updated, or added to. Output information, signals, etc. may be deleted. Input information, signals, etc. may be sent to another device.

The notification of information is not limited to the aspects/embodiments described in this disclosure, and may be performed using other methods. For example, the notification of information in this disclosure may be performed using physical layer signaling (e.g., Downlink Control Information (DCI), Uplink Control Information (UCI))), higher layer signaling (e.g., Radio Resource Control (RRC) signaling, broadcast information (Master Information Block (MIB), System Information Block (SIB)), etc.), Medium Access Control (MAC) signaling), other signals, or a combination of these.

Note that physical layer signaling may also be referred to as Layer 1/Layer 2 (L1/L2) control information (L1/L2 control signal), L1 control information (L1 control signal), etc. Furthermore, RRC signaling may also be referred to as RRC messages, such as RRC Connection Setup messages or RRC Connection Reconfiguration messages. Furthermore, MAC signaling may also be notified using, for example, MAC Control Elements (CEs).

Furthermore, notification of specified information (e.g., notification that "X is true") is not limited to explicit notification, but may also be done implicitly (e.g., by not notifying the specified information or by notifying other information).

The determination may be made based on a value represented by a single bit (0 or 1), a Boolean value represented as true or false, or a comparison of numerical values (for example, a comparison with a predetermined value).

Software shall be construed broadly to mean instructions, instruction sets, code, code segments, program code, programs, subprograms, software modules, applications, software applications, software packages, routines, subroutines, objects, executable files, threads of execution, procedures, functions, etc., whether referred to as software, firmware, middleware, microcode, hardware description language, or otherwise.

In addition, software, instructions, information, etc. may be transmitted and received via a transmission medium. For example, if software is transmitted from a website, server, or other remote source using wired technology (such as coaxial cable, fiber optic cable, twisted pair, or Digital Subscriber Line (DSL)) and/or wireless technology (such as infrared or microwave), then the wired and/or wireless technology is included within the definition of transmission medium.

As used in this disclosure, the terms "system" and "network" may be used interchangeably. "Network" may refer to devices included in the network (e.g., base stations).

In this disclosure, terms such as "precoding," "precoder," "weight (precoding weight)," "Quasi-Co-Location (QCL)," "Transmission Configuration Indication state (TCI state)," "spatial relation," "spatial domain filter," "transmit power," "phase rotation," "antenna port," "layer," "number of layers," "rank," "resource," "resource set," "beam," "beam width," "beam angle," "antenna," "antenna element," "panel," "UE panel," "transmitting entity," "receiving entity," etc. may be used interchangeably.

In the present disclosure, the term "antenna port" may be interchangeably read as an antenna port for any signal/channel (e.g., a demodulation reference signal (DMRS) port). In the present disclosure, the term "resource" may be interchangeably read as a resource for any signal/channel (e.g., a reference signal resource, an SRS resource, etc.). The resource may include time/frequency/code/space/power resources. The spatial domain transmit filter may include at least one of a spatial domain transmission filter and a spatial domain reception filter.

The above groups may include, for example, at least one of a spatial relationship group, a Code Division Multiplexing (CDM) group, a Reference Signal (RS) group, a Control Resource Set (CORESET) group, a PUCCH group, an antenna port group (e.g., a DMRS port group), a layer group, a resource group, a beam group, an antenna group, a panel group, etc.

Furthermore, in this disclosure, beam, SRS Resource Indicator (SRI), CORESET, CORESET pool, PDSCH, PUSCH, codeword (CW), transport block (TB), RS, etc. may be read as interchangeable terms.

Furthermore, in this disclosure, terms such as TCI state, downlink TCI state (DL TCI state), uplink TCI state (UL TCI state), unified TCI state, common TCI state, and joint TCI state may be interpreted interchangeably.

Furthermore, in this disclosure, terms such as "QCL," "QCL assumptions," "QCL relationships," "QCL type information," "QCL properties," "specific QCL type (e.g., Type A, Type D) properties," and "specific QCL types (e.g., Type A, Type D)" may be read interchangeably.

In this disclosure, terms such as index, identifier (ID), indicator, indication, and resource ID may be interchangeable. In this disclosure, terms such as sequence, list, set, group, cluster, and subset may be interchangeable.

Furthermore, the spatial relationship information identifier (ID) (TCI state ID) and spatial relationship information (TCI state) may be interchangeable. "Spatial relationship information (TCI state)" may be interchangeable as "set of spatial relationship information (TCI state)", "one or more pieces of spatial relationship information", etc. TCI state and TCI may be interchangeable. Spatial relationship information and spatial relationship may be interchangeable.

In this disclosure, terms such as "Base Station (BS)," "Radio Base Station," "Fixed Station," "NodeB," "eNB (eNodeB)," "gNB (gNodeB)," "Access Point," "Transmission Point (TP)," "Reception Point (RP)," "Transmission/Reception Point (TRP)," "Panel," "Cell," "Sector," "Cell Group," "Carrier," and "Component Carrier" may be used interchangeably. Base stations may also be referred to by terms such as macrocell, small cell, femtocell, and picocell.

A base station can accommodate one or more (e.g., three) cells. When a base station accommodates multiple cells, the entire coverage area of the base station can be divided into multiple smaller areas, and each smaller area can also be provided with communication services by a base station subsystem (e.g., a small indoor base station (Remote Radio Head (RRH))). The terms "cell" or "sector" refer to part or all of the coverage area of at least one of the base station and base station subsystems that provide communication services within this coverage area.

In this disclosure, a base station transmitting information to a terminal may be interpreted as the base station instructing the terminal to control/operate based on that information.

In this disclosure, terms such as "Mobile Station (MS)," "user terminal," "User Equipment (UE)," and "terminal" may be used interchangeably.

A mobile station may also be referred to as a subscriber station, mobile unit, subscriber unit, wireless unit, remote unit, mobile device, wireless device, wireless communication device, remote device, mobile subscriber station, access terminal, mobile terminal, wireless terminal, remote terminal, handset, user agent, mobile client, client, or some other suitable terminology.

At least one of the base station and the mobile station may be referred to as a transmitting device, a receiving device, a wireless communication device, etc. In addition, at least one of the base station and the mobile station may be a device mounted on a moving object, the moving object itself, etc.

The mobile body in question refers to an object that can move at any speed, and of course also includes cases where the mobile body is stationary. Examples of the mobile body in question include, but are not limited to, vehicles, transport vehicles, automobiles, motorcycles, bicycles, connected cars, excavators, bulldozers, wheel loaders, dump trucks, forklifts, trains, buses, handcarts, rickshaws, ships and other watercraft, airplanes, rockets, satellites, drones, multicopters, quadcopters, balloons, and objects mounted on these. The mobile body in question may also be a mobile body that moves autonomously based on operation commands.

The moving object may be a vehicle (e.g., a car, an airplane, etc.), an unmanned moving object (e.g., a drone, a self-driving car, etc.), or a robot (manned or unmanned). Note that at least one of the base station and the mobile station may also include devices that do not necessarily move during communication operations. For example, at least one of the base station and the mobile station may be an Internet of Things (IoT) device such as a sensor.

FIG. 24 is a diagram showing an example of a vehicle according to one embodiment. The vehicle 40 includes a drive unit 41, a steering unit 42, an accelerator pedal 43, a brake pedal 44, a shift lever 45, left and right front wheels 46, left and right rear wheels 47, an axle 48, an electronic control unit 49, various sensors (including a current sensor 50, an RPM sensor 51, an air pressure sensor 52, a vehicle speed sensor 53, an acceleration sensor 54, an accelerator pedal sensor 55, a brake pedal sensor 56, a shift lever sensor 57, and an object detection sensor 58), an information service unit 59, and a communication module 60.

The drive unit 41 is composed of, for example, at least one of an engine, a motor, or a hybrid of an engine and a motor. The steering unit 42 includes at least a steering wheel (also called a handle) and is configured to steer at least one of the front wheels 46 and the rear wheels 47 based on the operation of the steering wheel operated by the user.

The electronic control unit 49 is composed of a microprocessor 61, memory (ROM, RAM) 62, and a communication port (e.g., an input/output (IO) port) 63. Signals are input to the electronic control unit 49 from various sensors 50-58 provided in the vehicle. The electronic control unit 49 may also be called an Electronic Control Unit (ECU).

Signals from the various sensors 50-58 include a current signal from a current sensor 50 that senses the motor current, a rotation speed signal for the front wheels 46/rear wheels 47 obtained by a rotation speed sensor 51, an air pressure signal for the front wheels 46/rear wheels 47 obtained by an air pressure sensor 52, a vehicle speed signal obtained by a vehicle speed sensor 53, an acceleration signal obtained by an acceleration sensor 54, a depression amount signal for the accelerator pedal 43 obtained by an accelerator pedal sensor 55, a depression amount signal for the brake pedal 44 obtained by a brake pedal sensor 56, an operation signal for the shift lever 45 obtained by a shift lever sensor 57, and a detection signal for detecting obstacles, vehicles, pedestrians, etc. obtained by an object detection sensor 58.

The information service unit 59 is composed of various devices, such as a car navigation system, audio system, speakers, displays, televisions, and radios, that provide (output) various information such as driving information, traffic information, and entertainment information, as well as one or more ECUs that control these devices. The information service unit 59 uses information obtained from external devices via the communication module 60, etc., to provide various information/services (e.g., multimedia information/multimedia services) to the occupants of the vehicle 40.

The information service unit 59 may include input devices (e.g., keyboards, mice, microphones, switches, buttons, sensors, touch panels, etc.) that accept input from the outside, and may also include output devices (e.g., displays, speakers, LED lamps, touch panels, etc.) that output to the outside.

The driving assistance system unit 64 is composed of various devices that provide functions to prevent accidents and reduce the driver's driving burden, such as millimeter-wave radar, Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR), cameras, positioning locators (e.g., Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS)), map information (e.g., High Definition (HD) maps, Autonomous Vehicle (AV) maps), gyro systems (e.g., Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU) and Inertial Navigation System (INS)), artificial intelligence (AI) chips, and AI processors, as well as one or more ECUs that control these devices. The driving assistance system unit 64 also transmits and receives various information via the communication module 60 to realize driving assistance or autonomous driving functions.

The communication module 60 can communicate with the microprocessor 61 and components of the vehicle 40 via the communication port 63. For example, the communication module 60 transmits and receives data (information) via the communication port 63 between the drive unit 41, steering unit 42, accelerator pedal 43, brake pedal 44, shift lever 45, left and right front wheels 46, left and right rear wheels 47, axles 48, the microprocessor 61 and memory (ROM, RAM) 62 in the electronic control unit 49, and the various sensors 50-58, all of which are provided on the vehicle 40.

The communication module 60 is a communication device that can be controlled by the microprocessor 61 of the electronic control unit 49 and can communicate with external devices. For example, it sends and receives various information to and from external devices via wireless communication. The communication module 60 may be located either inside or outside the electronic control unit 49. The external device may be, for example, the base station 10 or user terminal 20 described above. The communication module 60 may also be, for example, at least one of the base station 10 and user terminal 20 described above (or may function as at least one of the base station 10 and user terminal 20).

The communications module 60 may transmit at least one of the following to an external device via wireless communication: signals from the various sensors 50-58 described above input to the electronic control unit 49; information obtained based on these signals; and information based on input from the outside (user) obtained via the information service unit 59. The electronic control unit 49, the various sensors 50-58, the information service unit 59, etc. may also be referred to as input units that accept input. For example, the PUSCH transmitted by the communications module 60 may include information based on the above input.

The communications module 60 receives various information (traffic information, traffic signal information, vehicle-to-vehicle information, etc.) transmitted from external devices and displays it on the information service unit 59 installed in the vehicle. The information service unit 59 may also be called an output unit that outputs information (for example, outputs information to a device such as a display or speaker based on the PDSCH received by the communications module 60 (or data/information decoded from the PDSCH)).

Furthermore, the communication module 60 stores various information received from external devices in memory 62 that can be used by the microprocessor 61. Based on the information stored in memory 62, the microprocessor 61 may control the drive unit 41, steering unit 42, accelerator pedal 43, brake pedal 44, shift lever 45, left and right front wheels 46, left and right rear wheels 47, axles 48, various sensors 50-58, and other components provided on the vehicle 40.

Furthermore, the base station in the present disclosure may be read as a user terminal. For example, the aspects/embodiments of the present disclosure may be applied to a configuration in which communication between a base station and a user terminal is replaced with communication between multiple user terminals (which may be called, for example, Device-to-Device (D2D) or Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X)). In this case, the user terminal 20 may be configured to have the functions possessed by the base station 10 described above. Furthermore, terms such as "uplink" and "downlink" may be read as terms corresponding to communication between terminals (for example, "sidelink"). For example, terms such as uplink channel and downlink channel may be read as sidelink channel.

Similarly, the user terminal in this disclosure may be interpreted as a base station. In this case, the base station 10 may be configured to have the functions possessed by the user terminal 20 described above.

In this disclosure, operations described as being performed by a base station may in some cases also be performed by its upper node. In a network including one or more network nodes having base stations, it is clear that various operations performed for communication with terminals may be performed by the base station, one or more network nodes other than the base station (such as, but not limited to, a Mobility Management Entity (MME) or a Serving-Gateway (S-GW)), or a combination thereof.

Each aspect/embodiment described in this disclosure may be used alone, in combination, or switched between depending on the implementation. Furthermore, the processing procedures, sequences, flowcharts, etc. of each aspect/embodiment described in this disclosure may be rearranged as long as they are consistent. For example, the methods described in this disclosure present various step elements in an exemplary order, and are not limited to the specific order presented.

Each aspect/embodiment described in this disclosure may be applied to any of the following mobile communication systems: Long Term Evolution (LTE), LTE-Advanced (LTE-A), LTE-Beyond (LTE-B), SUPER 3G, IMT-Advanced, 4th generation mobile communication system (4G), 5th generation mobile communication system (5G), 6th generation mobile communication system (6G), xth generation mobile communication system (xG (x is, for example, an integer or decimal number)), Future Radio Access (FRA), New-Radio The present invention may be applied to systems that use Access Technology (RAT), New Radio (NR), New radio access (NX), Future generation radio access (FX), Global System for Mobile communications (GSM (registered trademark)), CDMA2000, Ultra Mobile Broadband (UMB), IEEE 802.11 (Wi-Fi (registered trademark)), IEEE 802.16 (WiMAX (registered trademark)), IEEE 802.20, Ultra-WideBand (UWB), Bluetooth (registered trademark), or other appropriate wireless communication methods, as well as next-generation systems that are extended, modified, created, or defined based on these. It may also be applied to a combination of multiple systems (for example, a combination of LTE or LTE-A with 5G).

As used in this disclosure, the phrase "based on" does not mean "based only on," unless expressly stated otherwise. In other words, the phrase "based on" means both "based only on" and "based at least on."

As used in this disclosure, any reference to an element using a designation such as "first," "second," etc. does not generally limit the quantity or order of those elements. These designations may be used in this disclosure as a convenient method of distinguishing between two or more elements. Thus, a reference to a first and a second element does not imply that only two elements may be employed or that the first element must in some way precede the second element.

As used in this disclosure, the term "determining" may encompass a wide variety of actions. For example, "determining" may be considered to be judging, calculating, computing, processing, deriving, investigating, looking up, search, inquiry (e.g., searching in a table, database, or other data structure), ascertaining, etc.

Furthermore, "determination" may be considered to be "determining" receiving (e.g., receiving information), transmitting (e.g., sending information), input, output, accessing (e.g., accessing data in memory), etc.

Furthermore, "judgment (decision)" may be considered to mean "judging (deciding)" resolving, selecting, choosing, establishing, comparing, etc. In other words, "judgment (decision)" may be considered to mean "judging (deciding)" some kind of action. In this disclosure, "judgment (decision)" may be read interchangeably with the above-mentioned actions.

Furthermore, in this disclosure, "determine/determining" may be interpreted interchangeably as "assume/assuming," "expect/expecting," "consider/considering," etc. Furthermore, in this disclosure, "does not expect to do..." may be interpreted interchangeably as "assumes not to do...."

In the present disclosure, "expect" may be interchangeably read as "be expected." For example, "expect(s)..." ("..." may be expressed, for example, as a that clause, a to-infinitive, etc.) may be interchangeably read as "be expected...." "does not expect..." may be interchangeably read as "be not expected...." Furthermore, "An apparatus A is not expected..." may be interchangeably read as "apparatus B other than apparatus A does not expect..." (for example, if apparatus A is a UE, apparatus B may be a base station).

The term "maximum transmit power" used in this disclosure may refer to the maximum value of transmit power, the nominal UE maximum transmit power, or the rated UE maximum transmit power.

As used in this disclosure, the terms "connected," "coupled," or any variation thereof, mean any direct or indirect connection or coupling between two or more elements, and may include the presence of one or more intermediate elements between two elements that are "connected" or "coupled" to each other. The coupling or connection between elements may be physical, logical, or a combination thereof. For example, "connected" may be read as "access."

For the purposes of this disclosure, when two elements are connected, they may be considered to be "connected" or "coupled" to one another using one or more wires, cables, printed electrical connections, etc., as well as using electromagnetic energy having wavelengths in the radio frequency range, microwave range, light (both visible and invisible) range, etc., as some non-limiting and non-exhaustive examples.

In this disclosure, the term "A and B are different" may mean "A and B are different from each other." Note that this term may also mean "A and B are each different from C." Terms such as "separate" and "combined" may also be interpreted in the same way as "different."

When the terms "include," "including," and variations thereof are used in this disclosure, these terms are intended to be inclusive, similar to the term "comprising." Furthermore, when the term "or" is used in this disclosure, it is not intended to be an exclusive or.

In this disclosure, where articles are added by translation, such as a, an, and the in English, this disclosure may include the noun following these articles being plural.

In this disclosure, terms such as "less than or equal to," "less than," "greater than," "more than," "equal to," etc. may be read interchangeably. Furthermore, in this disclosure, terms meaning "good," "bad," "big," "small," "high," "low," "fast," "slow," "wide," "narrow," etc. may be read interchangeably, not limited to the positive, comparative, and superlative. Furthermore, in this disclosure, terms meaning "good," "bad," "big," "small," "high," "low," "fast," "slow," "wide," "narrow," etc. may be read interchangeably, not limited to the positive, comparative, and superlative, as expressions with the prefix "i-th" (i is any integer) (for example, "highest" may be read interchangeably as "i-th highest").

In this disclosure, the terms "of," "for," "regarding," "related to," "associated with," etc. may be read interchangeably.

In the present disclosure, expressions such as "when A, B," "if A, (then) B," "B upon A," "B in response to A," "B based on A," "B during/while A," "B before A," "B at (the same time as)/on A," "B after A," "B since A," and "B until A" may be interchangeable. Note that A and B may be replaced with other appropriate expressions, such as nouns, gerunds, and regular sentences, depending on the context. The time difference between A and B may be nearly zero (immediately after or immediately before). A time offset may also be applied to the time at which A occurs. For example, "A" may be interpreted interchangeably as "before/after the time offset at which A occurs." The time offset (e.g., one or more symbols/slots) may be predefined or may be determined by the UE based on signaled information.

In the present disclosure, terms such as timing, time, duration, time instance, any time unit (e.g., slot, subslot, symbol, subframe), period, occasion, and resource may be interpreted interchangeably.

The invention disclosed herein has been described in detail above, but it will be clear to those skilled in the art that the invention disclosed herein is not limited to the embodiments described herein.

Claims (6)

a control unit that performs Doppler estimation based on at least one of first output information from a first artificial intelligence (AI) model on the terminal side and second output information from a second AI model on the network side;
a transceiver unit that transmits and receives signals by applying Doppler compensation based on the Doppler estimation. The terminal according to claim 1, wherein the first output information is based on at least one of input information on the terminal side and input information on the network side. The terminal according to claim 1, wherein the transceiver unit transmits the first output information to the network using at least one of a Medium Access Control (MAC) control element and uplink control information. The terminal according to claim 1, wherein the transceiver receives the second output information from the network using at least one of a Medium Access Control (MAC) control element and downlink control information. performing Doppler estimation based on at least one of first output information from a first Artificial Intelligence (AI) model on the terminal side and second output information from a second AI model on the network side;
and transmitting and receiving signals by applying Doppler compensation based on the Doppler estimation. a control unit that performs Doppler estimation based on at least one of first output information from a first artificial intelligence (AI) model on the terminal side and second output information from a second AI model on the network side;
a transmitting/receiving unit that transmits and receives signals by applying Doppler compensation based on the Doppler estimation.