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WO2025157398A1 - Partage de spectre entre des réseaux terrestres et non terrestres - Google Patents

Partage de spectre entre des réseaux terrestres et non terrestres

Info

Publication number
WO2025157398A1
WO2025157398A1 PCT/EP2024/051601 EP2024051601W WO2025157398A1 WO 2025157398 A1 WO2025157398 A1 WO 2025157398A1 EP 2024051601 W EP2024051601 W EP 2024051601W WO 2025157398 A1 WO2025157398 A1 WO 2025157398A1
Authority
WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
terrestrial network
frequency range
network
sharing
terrestrial
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Pending
Application number
PCT/EP2024/051601
Other languages
English (en)
Inventor
Niloofar OKATI
Jeroen Wigard
André NOLL BARRETO
Luis Guilherme Uzeda Garcia
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Nokia Technologies Oy
Original Assignee
Nokia Technologies Oy
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Nokia Technologies Oy filed Critical Nokia Technologies Oy
Priority to PCT/EP2024/051601 priority Critical patent/WO2025157398A1/fr
Publication of WO2025157398A1 publication Critical patent/WO2025157398A1/fr
Pending legal-status Critical Current
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical

Links

Classifications

    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04W—WIRELESS COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
    • H04W16/00—Network planning, e.g. coverage or traffic planning tools; Network deployment, e.g. resource partitioning or cells structures
    • H04W16/14—Spectrum sharing arrangements between different networks
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04B—TRANSMISSION
    • H04B7/00—Radio transmission systems, i.e. using radiation field
    • H04B7/14—Relay systems
    • H04B7/15—Active relay systems
    • H04B7/185—Space-based or airborne stations; Stations for satellite systems
    • H04B7/1851—Systems using a satellite or space-based relay
    • H04B7/18513—Transmission in a satellite or space-based system
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04W—WIRELESS COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
    • H04W24/00—Supervisory, monitoring or testing arrangements
    • H04W24/02—Arrangements for optimising operational condition
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04W—WIRELESS COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
    • H04W24/00—Supervisory, monitoring or testing arrangements
    • H04W24/10—Scheduling measurement reports ; Arrangements for measurement reports
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04W—WIRELESS COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
    • H04W84/00—Network topologies
    • H04W84/02—Hierarchically pre-organised networks, e.g. paging networks, cellular networks, WLAN [Wireless Local Area Network] or WLL [Wireless Local Loop]
    • H04W84/04—Large scale networks; Deep hierarchical networks
    • H04W84/06—Airborne or Satellite Networks

Definitions

  • the following example embodiments relate to wireless communication and to spectrum sharing.
  • Spectrum sharing refers to the practice of allowing two or more wireless communication systems to access and use the same frequency range in a coordinated manner to optimize the use of the available radio frequency spectrum.
  • an apparatus comprising at least one processor, and at least one memory storing instructions that, when executed by the at least one processor, cause the apparatus at least to: determine a spectrum sharing mode to be used for sharing a frequency range between a terrestrial network and a non-terrestrial network, wherein the determination is based on one or more measurement reports reported from one or more user equipments connected to the terrestrial network or to the non-terrestrial network, wherein the spectrum sharing mode comprises one of: a direct pairing mode configured to enable sharing of the frequency range between the terrestrial network and the non-terrestrial network, such that the shared frequency range is concurrently utilized for communication in a same link direction for the terrestrial network and the non-terrestrial network, or a reverse pairing mode configured to enable sharing of the frequency range between the terrestrial network and the non-terrestrial network, such that the shared frequency range is concurrently utilized for communication in opposite link directions for the terrestrial network and the non-terrestrial network; and transmit an indication indicating the spectrum sharing mode to be used for sharing the frequency range between the terrestrial network and
  • an apparatus comprising: means for determining a spectrum sharing mode to be used for sharing a frequency range between a terrestrial network and a non-terrestrial network, wherein the determination is based on one or more measurement reports reported from one or more user equipments connected to the terrestrial network or to the non-terrestrial network, wherein the spectrum sharing mode comprises one of: a direct pairing mode configured to enable sharing of the frequency range between the terrestrial network and the non-terrestrial network, such that the shared frequency range is concurrently utilized for communication in a same link direction for the terrestrial network and the non-terrestrial network, or a reverse pairing mode configured to enable sharing of the frequency range between the terrestrial network and the non-terrestrial network, such that the shared frequency range is concurrently utilized for communication in opposite link directions for the terrestrial network and the non-terrestrial network; and means for transmitting an indication indicating the spectrum sharing mode to be used for sharing the frequency range between the terrestrial network and the non-terrestrial network, wherein the indication is transmitted to at least one of: an access node
  • a method comprising: determining a spectrum sharing mode to be used for sharing a frequency range between a terrestrial network and a non-terrestrial network, wherein the determination is based on one or more measurement reports reported from one or more user equipments connected to the terrestrial network or to the non- terrestrial network, wherein the spectrum sharing mode comprises one of: a direct pairing mode configured to enable sharing of the frequency range between the terrestrial network and the non-terrestrial network, such that the shared frequency range is concurrently utilized for communication in a same link direction for the terrestrial network and the non-terrestrial network, or a reverse pairing mode configured to enable sharing of the frequency range between the terrestrial network and the non-terrestrial network, such that the shared frequency range is concurrently utilized for communication in opposite link directions for the terrestrial network and the non-terrestrial network; and transmitting an indication indicating the spectrum sharing mode to be used for sharing the frequency range between the terrestrial network and the non-terrestrial network, wherein the indication is transmitted to at least one of: an access node of the nonterrest
  • a computer program comprising instructions which, when executed by an apparatus, cause the apparatus to perform at least the following: determining a spectrum sharing mode to be used for sharing a frequency range between a terrestrial network and a nonterrestrial network, wherein the determination is based on one or more measurement reports reported from one or more user equipments connected to the terrestrial network or to the non-terrestrial network, wherein the spectrum sharing mode comprises one of: a direct pairing mode configured to enable sharing of the frequency range between the terrestrial network and the non-terrestrial network, such that the shared frequency range is concurrently utilized for communication in a same link direction for the terrestrial network and the nonterrestrial network, or a reverse pairing mode configured to enable sharing of the frequency range between the terrestrial network and the non-terrestrial network, such that the shared frequency range is concurrently utilized for communication in opposite link directions for the terrestrial network and the non-terrestrial network; and transmitting an indication indicating the spectrum sharing mode to be used for sharing the frequency range between the terrestrial network and the non-terrestrial network, wherein
  • a computer readable medium comprising program instructions which, when executed by an apparatus, cause the apparatus to perform at least the following: determining a spectrum sharing mode to be used for sharing a frequency range between a terrestrial network and a non-terrestrial network, wherein the determination is based on one or more measurement reports reported from one or more user equipments connected to the terrestrial network or to the non-terrestrial network, wherein the spectrum sharing mode comprises one of: a direct pairing mode configured to enable sharing of the frequency range between the terrestrial network and the non-terrestrial network, such that the shared frequency range is concurrently utilized for communication in a same link direction for the terrestrial network and the non-terrestrial network, or a reverse pairing mode configured to enable sharing of the frequency range between the terrestrial network and the nonterrestrial network, such that the shared frequency range is concurrently utilized for communication in opposite link directions for the terrestrial network and the non-terrestrial network; and transmitting an indication indicating the spectrum sharing mode to be used for sharing the frequency range between the terrestrial network and the non-terrestrial
  • a non-transitory computer readable medium comprising program instructions which, when executed by an apparatus, cause the apparatus to perform at least the following: determining a spectrum sharing mode to be used for sharing a frequency range between a terrestrial network and a non-terrestrial network, wherein the determination is based on one or more measurement reports reported from one or more user equipments connected to the terrestrial network or to the nonterrestrial network, wherein the spectrum sharing mode comprises one of: a direct pairing mode configured to enable sharing of the frequency range between the terrestrial network and the non-terrestrial network, such that the shared frequency range is concurrently utilized for communication in a same link direction for the terrestrial network and the non-terrestrial network, or a reverse pairing mode configured to enable sharing of the frequency range between the terrestrial network and the non-terrestrial network, such that the shared frequency range is concurrently utilized for communication in opposite link directions for the terrestrial network and the non-terrestrial network; and transmitting an indication indicating the spectrum sharing mode to be used for sharing the frequency range between the terrestrial network and the
  • an apparatus comprising at least one processor, and at least one memory storing instructions that, when executed by the at least one processor, cause the apparatus at least to: receive an indication indicating a spectrum sharing mode to be used for sharing a frequency range between a terrestrial network and a non-terrestrial network, wherein the spectrum sharing mode comprises one of: a direct pairing mode configured to enable sharing of the frequency range between the terrestrial network and the non-terrestrial network, such that the shared frequency range is concurrently utilized for communication in a same link direction for the terrestrial network and the non-terrestrial network, or a reverse pairing mode configured to enable sharing of the frequency range between the terrestrial network and the nonterrestrial network, such that the shared frequency range is concurrently utilized for communication in opposite link directions for the terrestrial network and the non-terrestrial network; generate, based on receiving the indication, a message indicating the spectrum sharing mode to be used for sharing the frequency range between the terrestrial network and the non-terrestrial network; and transmit the message to one or more user equipments connected to the non-ter
  • an apparatus comprising: means for receiving an indication indicating a spectrum sharing mode to be used for sharing a frequency range between a terrestrial network and a nonterrestrial network, wherein the spectrum sharing mode comprises one of: a direct pairing mode configured to enable sharing of the frequency range between the terrestrial network and the non-terrestrial network, such that the shared frequency range is concurrently utilized for communication in a same link direction for the terrestrial network and the non-terrestrial network, or a reverse pairing mode configured to enable sharing of the frequency range between the terrestrial network and the non-terrestrial network, such that the shared frequency range is concurrently utilized for communication in opposite link directions for the terrestrial network and the non-terrestrial network; means for generating, based on receiving the indication, a message indicating the spectrum sharing mode to be used for sharing the frequency range between the terrestrial network and the nonterrestrial network; and means for transmitting the message to one or more user equipments connected to the non-terrestrial network or to the terrestrial network.
  • the spectrum sharing mode comprises one of: a direct pairing mode configured to enable sharing of the
  • a method comprising: receiving an indication indicating a spectrum sharing mode to be used for sharing a frequency range between a terrestrial network and a non-terrestrial network, wherein the spectrum sharing mode comprises one of: a direct pairing mode configured to enable sharing of the frequency range between the terrestrial network and the non-terrestrial network, such that the shared frequency range is concurrently utilized for communication in a same link direction for the terrestrial network and the non-terrestrial network, or a reverse pairing mode configured to enable sharing of the frequency range between the terrestrial network and the non-terrestrial network, such that the shared frequency range is concurrently utilized for communication in opposite link directions for the terrestrial network and the non-terrestrial network; generating, based on receiving the indication, a message indicating the spectrum sharing mode to be used for sharing the frequency range between the terrestrial network and the non-terrestrial network; and transmitting the message to one or more user equipments connected to the non-terrestrial network or to the terrestrial network.
  • the spectrum sharing mode comprises one of: a direct pairing mode configured to enable sharing of the frequency range between
  • a computer program comprising instructions which, when executed by an apparatus, cause the apparatus to perform at least the following: receiving an indication indicating a spectrum sharing mode to be used for sharing a frequency range between a terrestrial network and a non-terrestrial network, wherein the spectrum sharing mode comprises one of: a direct pairing mode configured to enable sharing of the frequency range between the terrestrial network and the non-terrestrial network, such that the shared frequency range is concurrently utilized for communication in a same link direction for the terrestrial network and the non-terrestrial network, or a reverse pairing mode configured to enable sharing of the frequency range between the terrestrial network and the non-terrestrial network, such that the shared frequency range is concurrently utilized for communication in opposite link directions for the terrestrial network and the non-terrestrial network; generating, based on receiving the indication, a message indicating the spectrum sharing mode to be used for sharing the frequency range between the terrestrial network and the non-terrestrial network; and transmitting the message to one or more user equipments connected to the non-terrestrial network or to the terrestrial
  • a computer readable medium comprising program instructions which, when executed by an apparatus, cause the apparatus to perform at least the following: receiving an indication indicating a spectrum sharing mode to be used for sharing a frequency range between a terrestrial network and a non-terrestrial network, wherein the spectrum sharing mode comprises one of: a direct pairing mode configured to enable sharing of the frequency range between the terrestrial network and the non-terrestrial network, such that the shared frequency range is concurrently utilized for communication in a same link direction for the terrestrial network and the non-terrestrial network, or a reverse pairing mode configured to enable sharing of the frequency range between the terrestrial network and the non- terrestrial network, such that the shared frequency range is concurrently utilized for communication in opposite link directions for the terrestrial network and the non-terrestrial network; generating, based on receiving the indication, a message indicating the spectrum sharing mode to be used for sharing the frequency range between the terrestrial network and the non-terrestrial network; and transmitting the message to one or more user equipments connected to the non-terrestrial network or to the
  • a non-transitory computer readable medium comprising program instructions which, when executed by an apparatus, cause the apparatus to perform at least the following: receiving an indication indicating a spectrum sharing mode to be used for sharing a frequency range between a terrestrial network and a non-terrestrial network, wherein the spectrum sharing mode comprises one of: a direct pairing mode configured to enable sharing of the frequency range between the terrestrial network and the non-terrestrial network, such that the shared frequency range is concurrently utilized for communication in a same link direction for the terrestrial network and the non-terrestrial network, or a reverse pairing mode configured to enable sharing of the frequency range between the terrestrial network and the non-terrestrial network, such that the shared frequency range is concurrently utilized for communication in opposite link directions for the terrestrial network and the non-terrestrial network; generating, based on receiving the indication, a message indicating the spectrum sharing mode to be used for sharing the frequency range between the terrestrial network and the non-terrestrial network; and transmitting the message to one or more user equipments connected to the non-
  • an apparatus comprising at least one processor, and at least one memory storing instructions that, when executed by the at least one processor, cause the apparatus at least to: receive, from an access node of a terrestrial network or a non-terrestrial network, a message indicating a spectrum sharing mode to be used for sharing a frequency range between the terrestrial network and the non-terrestrial network, wherein the spectrum sharing mode comprises one of: a direct pairing mode configured to enable sharing of the frequency range between the terrestrial network and the non-terrestrial network, such that the shared frequency range is concurrently utilized for communication in a same link direction for the terrestrial network and the non-terrestrial network, or a reverse pairing mode configured to enable sharing of the frequency range between the terrestrial network and the nonterrestrial network, such that the shared frequency range is concurrently utilized for communication in opposite link directions for the terrestrial network and the non-terrestrial network; and communicate with the access node or with another access node according to the indicated spectrum sharing mode.
  • the spectrum sharing mode comprises one of: a direct pairing mode configured to enable sharing of the frequency
  • an apparatus comprising: means for receiving, from an access node of a terrestrial network or a non-terrestrial network, a message indicating a spectrum sharing mode to be used for sharing a frequency range between the terrestrial network and the nonterrestrial network, wherein the spectrum sharing mode comprises one of: a direct pairing mode configured to enable sharing of the frequency range between the terrestrial network and the non-terrestrial network, such that the shared frequency range is concurrently utilized for communication in a same link direction for the terrestrial network and the non-terrestrial network, or a reverse pairing mode configured to enable sharing of the frequency range between the terrestrial network and the non-terrestrial network, such that the shared frequency range is concurrently utilized for communication in opposite link directions for the terrestrial network and the non-terrestrial network; and means for communicating with the access node or with another access node according to the indicated spectrum sharing mode.
  • the spectrum sharing mode comprises one of: a direct pairing mode configured to enable sharing of the frequency range between the terrestrial network and the non-terrestrial network, such that the shared frequency range is concurrently utilized for communication
  • a method comprising: receiving, from an access node of a terrestrial network or a non-terrestrial network, a message indicating a spectrum sharing mode to be used for sharing a frequency range between the terrestrial network and the non-terrestrial network, wherein the spectrum sharing mode comprises one of: a direct pairing mode configured to enable sharing of the frequency range between the terrestrial network and the non-terrestrial network, such that the shared frequency range is concurrently utilized for communication in a same link direction for the terrestrial network and the non-terrestrial network, or a reverse pairing mode configured to enable sharing of the frequency range between the terrestrial network and the non-terrestrial network, such that the shared frequency range is concurrently utilized for communication in opposite link directions for the terrestrial network and the non-terrestrial network; and communicating with the access node or with another access node according to the indicated spectrum sharing mode.
  • the spectrum sharing mode comprises one of: a direct pairing mode configured to enable sharing of the frequency range between the terrestrial network and the non-terrestrial network, such that the shared frequency range is concurrently utilized for communication in
  • a computer program comprising instructions which, when executed by an apparatus, cause the apparatus to perform at least the following: receiving, from an access node of a terrestrial network or a non-terrestrial network, a message indicating a spectrum sharing mode to be used for sharing a frequency range between the terrestrial network and the non-terrestrial network, wherein the spectrum sharing mode comprises one of: a direct pairing mode configured to enable sharing of the frequency range between the terrestrial network and the non-terrestrial network, such that the shared frequency range is concurrently utilized for communication in a same link direction for the terrestrial network and the non-terrestrial network, or a reverse pairing mode configured to enable sharing of the frequency range between the terrestrial network and the non-terrestrial network, such that the shared frequency range is concurrently utilized for communication in opposite link directions for the terrestrial network and the non-terrestrial network; and communicating with the access node or with another access node according to the indicated spectrum sharing mode.
  • the spectrum sharing mode comprises one of: a direct pairing mode configured to enable sharing of the frequency range between the terrestrial network and the non-
  • a computer readable medium comprising program instructions which, when executed by an apparatus, cause the apparatus to perform at least the following: receiving, from an access node of a terrestrial network or a non-terrestrial network, a message indicating a spectrum sharing mode to be used for sharing a frequency range between the terrestrial network and the non-terrestrial network, wherein the spectrum sharing mode comprises one of: a direct pairing mode configured to enable sharing of the frequency range between the terrestrial network and the non-terrestrial network, such that the shared frequency range is concurrently utilized for communication in a same link direction for the terrestrial network and the non-terrestrial network, or a reverse pairing mode configured to enable sharing of the frequency range between the terrestrial network and the non-terrestrial network, such that the shared frequency range is concurrently utilized for communication in opposite link directions for the terrestrial network and the non-terrestrial network; and communicating with the access node or with another access node according to the indicated spectrum sharing mode.
  • the spectrum sharing mode comprises one of: a direct pairing mode configured to enable sharing of the frequency range between the terrestrial network and
  • a non-transitory computer readable medium comprising program instructions which, when executed by an apparatus, cause the apparatus to perform at least the following: receiving, from an access node of a terrestrial network or a non-terrestrial network, a message indicating a spectrum sharing mode to be used for sharing a frequency range between the terrestrial network and the non-terrestrial network, wherein the spectrum sharing mode comprises one of: a direct pairing mode configured to enable sharing of the frequency range between the terrestrial network and the non-terrestrial network, such that the shared frequency range is concurrently utilized for communication in a same link direction for the terrestrial network and the non-terrestrial network, or a reverse pairing mode configured to enable sharing of the frequency range between the terrestrial network and the non-terrestrial network, such that the shared frequency range is concurrently utilized for communication in opposite link directions for the terrestrial network and the non-terrestrial network; and communicating with the access node or with another access node according to the indicated spectrum sharing mode.
  • the spectrum sharing mode comprises one of: a direct pairing mode configured to enable sharing of the frequency range
  • FIG. 1A illustrates an example of a wireless communication network
  • FIG. IB illustrates an example of a system
  • FIG. 1C illustrates an example of a system
  • FIG. 2A illustrates examples of frequency bands
  • FIG. 2B illustrates examples of frequency bands
  • FIG. 3 illustrates a direct pairing mode and a reverse pairing mode
  • FIG. 4A illustrates simulation results
  • FIG. 4B illustrates simulation results
  • FIG. 5A illustrates simulation results
  • FIG. 5B illustrates simulation results
  • FIG. 6A illustrates simulation results
  • FIG. 6B illustrates simulation results
  • FIG. 7 illustrates a signal flow diagram
  • FIG. 8 illustrates a signal flow diagram
  • FIG. 9 illustrates a flow chart
  • FIG. 10 illustrates a flow chart
  • FIG. 11 illustrates a flow chart
  • FIG. 12 illustrates a flow chart
  • FIG. 13 illustrates an example of an apparatus
  • FIG. 14 illustrates an example of an apparatus.
  • Some example embodiments described herein may be implemented in a wireless communication network comprising a radio access network based on one or more of the following radio access technologies (RATs): global system for mobile communications (GSM) or any other second generation (2G) radio access technology, universal mobile telecommunication system (UMTS, 3G) based on basic wideband-code division multiple access (W-CDMA), high-speed packet access (HSPA), long term evolution (LTE), LTE-Advanced, fourth generation (4G), fifth generation (5G), 5G new radio (NR), 5G-Advanced (i.e., 3GPP NR Rel-18 and beyond), or sixth generation (6G).
  • RATs radio access technologies
  • GSM global system for mobile communications
  • UMTS universal mobile telecommunication system
  • W-CDMA basic wideband-code division multiple access
  • HSPA high-speed packet access
  • LTE long term evolution
  • LTE-Advanced LTE-Advanced
  • fourth generation (4G) fifth generation
  • 5G new radio (NR) i.e
  • radio access networks include the universal mobile telecommunications system (UMTS) radio access network (UTRAN), the evolved universal terrestrial radio access network (E-UTRA), or the next generation radio access network (NG-RAN).
  • UMTS universal mobile telecommunications system
  • E-UTRA evolved universal terrestrial radio access network
  • NG-RAN next generation radio access network
  • the wireless communication network may further comprise a core network, and some example embodiments may also be applied to network functions of the core network.
  • embodiments are not restricted to the wireless communication network given as an example, but a person skilled in the art may also apply the solution to other wireless communication networks or systems provided with necessary properties.
  • some example embodiments may also be applied to a communication system based on IEEE 802.11 specifications, or a communication system based on IEEE 802.15 specifications.
  • IEEE is an abbreviation for the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers.
  • FIG. 1A depicts an example of a simplified wireless communication network showing some physical and logical entities.
  • the connections shown in FIG. 1A may be physical connections or logical connections. It is apparent to a person skilled in the art that the wireless communication network may also comprise other physical and logical entities than those shown in FIG. 1A.
  • the example wireless communication network shown in FIG. 1A includes a radio access network (RAN) and a core network 110.
  • RAN radio access network
  • core network 110 The example wireless communication network shown in FIG. 1A includes a radio access network (RAN) and a core network 110.
  • FIG. 1A shows user equipment (UE) 102 configured to be in a wireless connection on one or more communication channels in a radio cell with an access node 104 of a terrestrial radio access network.
  • UE user equipment
  • the access node 104 may comprise a computing device configured to control the radio resources of the access node 104 and to be in a wireless connection with one or more UEs 102.
  • the access node 104 may also be referred to as a base station, a base transceiver station (BTS), an access point, a cell site, a network node, a radio access network node, or a RAN node.
  • BTS base transceiver station
  • access point a cell site
  • network node a radio access network node
  • RAN node RAN node
  • the access node 104 may be, for example, an evolved NodeB (abbreviated as eNB or eNodeB), or a next generation evolved NodeB (abbreviated as ng-eNB), or a next generation NodeB (abbreviated as gNB or gNodeB), providing the radio cell.
  • the access node 104 may include or be coupled to transceivers. From the transceivers of the access node 104, a connection may be provided to an antenna unit that establishes a bi-directional radio link to one or more UEs 102.
  • the antenna unit may comprise an antenna or antenna element, or a plurality of antennas or antenna elements.
  • the wireless connection (e.g., radio link) from a UE 102 to the access node 104 may be called uplink (UL) or reverse link, and the wireless connection (e.g., radio link) from the access node 104 to the UE 102 may be called downlink (DL) or forward link.
  • a UE 102 may also communicate directly with another UE 100, and vice versa, via a wireless connection generally referred to as a sidelink (SL).
  • the access node 104 or its functionalities may be implemented by using any node, host, server, access point or other entity suitable for providing such functionalities.
  • the radio access network may comprise more than one access node 104, in which case the access nodes may also be configured to communicate with one another over wired or wireless links. These links between access nodes may be used for sending and receiving control plane signaling and also for routing data from one access node to another access node.
  • the access node 104 may further be connected to a core network (CN) 110.
  • the core network 110 may comprise an evolved packet core (EPC) network and/or a 5 th generation core network (5GC).
  • the EPC may comprise network entities, such as a serving gateway (S-GW for routing and forwarding data packets), a packet data network gateway (P-GW) for providing connectivity of UEs to external packet data networks, and/or a mobility management entity (MME).
  • the 5GC may comprise one or more network functions, such as at least one of: a user plane function (UPF), an access and mobility management function (AMF), a location management function (LMF), and/or a session management function (SMF).
  • UPF user plane function
  • AMF access and mobility management function
  • LMF location management function
  • SMF session management function
  • the core network 110 may also be able to communicate with one or more external networks 113, such as a public switched telephone network or the Internet, or utilize services provided by them.
  • external networks 113 such as a public switched telephone network or the Internet
  • the UPF of the core network 110 may be configured to communicate with an external data network via an N6 interface.
  • the P-GW of the core network 110 may be configured to communicate with an external data network.
  • the illustrated UE 100, 102 is one type of an apparatus to which resources on the air interface may be allocated and assigned.
  • the UE 100, 102 may also be called a wireless communication device, a subscriber unit, a mobile station, a remote terminal, an access terminal, a user terminal, a terminal device, or a user device, just to mention but a few names.
  • the UE 100, 102 may be a computing device operating with or without a subscriber identification module (SIM), including, but not limited to, the following types of computing devices: a mobile phone, a smartphone, a personal digital assistant (PDA), a handset, a computing device comprising a wireless modem (e.g., an alarm or measurement device, etc.), a laptop computer, a desktop computer, a tablet, a game console, a notebook, a multimedia device, a reduced capability (RedCap) device, a wearable device (e.g., a watch, earphones or eyeglasses) with radio parts, a sensor comprising a wireless modem, or a computing device comprising a wireless modem integrated in a vehicle.
  • SIM subscriber identification module
  • the UE 100, 102 may also be a nearly exclusive uplink-only device, of which an example may be a camera or video camera loading images or video clips to a network.
  • the UE 100, 102 may also be a device having capability to operate in an Internet of Things (loT) network, which is a scenario in which objects may be provided with the ability to transfer data over a network without requiring human-to-human or human-to-computer interaction.
  • LoT Internet of Things
  • the wireless communication network may also be able to support the usage of cloud services. For example, at least part of core network operations may be carried out as a cloud service (this is depicted in FIG. 1A by “cloud” 114).
  • the UE 100, 102 may also utilize the cloud 114. In some applications, the computation for a given UE may be carried out in the cloud 114 or in another UE.
  • the wireless communication network may also comprise a central control entity, such as a network management system (NMS), or the like.
  • NMS network management system
  • the NMS is a centralized suite of software and hardware used to monitor, control, and administer the network infrastructure.
  • the NMS is responsible for a wide range of tasks such as fault management, configuration management, security management, performance management, and accounting management.
  • the NMS enables network operators to efficiently manage and optimize network resources, ensuring that the network delivers high performance, reliability, and security.
  • 5G enables using multiple-input and multiple-output (M1M0) antennas in the access node 104 and/or the UE 100, 102, many more base stations or access nodes than an LTE network (a so-called small cell concept), including macro sites operating in co-operation with smaller stations and employing a variety of radio technologies depending on service needs, use cases and/or spectrum available.
  • 5G wireless communication networks may support a wide range of use cases and related applications including video streaming, augmented reality, different ways of data sharing and various forms of machine-type applications, such as (massive) machine-type communications (mMTC), including vehicular safety, different sensors and real-time control.
  • M1M0 multiple-input and multiple-output
  • access nodes and/or UEs may have multiple radio interfaces, such as below 6 gigahertz (GHz), centimeter wave (cmWave) and millimeter wave (mmWave), and also being integrable with legacy radio access technologies, such as LTE. Integration with LTE may be implemented, for example, as a system, where macro coverage may be provided by LTE, and 5G radio interface access may come from small cells by aggregation to LTE.
  • a 5G wireless communication network may support both inter-RAT operability (such as interoperability between LTE and 5G) and inter-Rl operability (inter-radio interface operability, such as between below 6GHz, cmWave, and mmWave).
  • 5G wireless communication networks may also apply network slicing, in which multiple independent and dedicated virtual sub-networks (network instances) may be created within the same physical infrastructure to run services that have different requirements on latency, reliability, throughput and mobility.
  • an access node 104 may comprise: a radio unit (RU) comprising a radio transceiver (TRX), i.e., a transmitter (Tx) and a receiver (Rx); one or more distributed units (DUs) 105 that may be used for the so-called Layer 1 (LI) processing and real-time Layer 2 (L2) processing; and a central unit (CU) 108 (also known as a centralized unit) that may be used for non-real-time L2 and Layer 3 (L3) processing.
  • the CU 108 may be connected to the one or more DUs 105 for example via an Fl interface.
  • Such an embodiment of the access node 104 may enable the centralization of CUs relative to the cell sites and DUs, whereas DUs may be more distributed and may even remain at cell sites.
  • the CU and DU together may also be referred to as baseband or a baseband unit (BBU).
  • BBU baseband unit
  • the CU and DU may also be comprised in a radio access point (RAP).
  • RAP radio access point
  • the CU 108 may be a logical node hosting radio resource control (RRC), service data adaptation protocol (SDAP) and/or packet data convergence protocol (PDCP), of the NR protocol stack for an access node 104.
  • the CU 108 may comprise a control plane (CU-CP), which may be a logical node hosting the RRC and the control plane part of the PDCP protocol of the NR protocol stack for the access node 104.
  • the CU 108 may further comprise a user plane (CU-UP), which may be a logical node hosting the user plane part of the PDCP protocol and the SDAP protocol of the CU for the access node 104.
  • RRC radio resource control
  • SDAP service data adaptation protocol
  • PDCP packet data convergence protocol
  • the DU 105 may be a logical node hosting radio link control (RLC), medium access control (MAC) and/or physical (PHY) layers of the NR protocol stack for the access node 104.
  • the operations of the DU 105 may be at least partly controlled by the CU 108. It should also be understood that the distribution of functions between the DU 105 and the CU 108 may vary depending on the implementation.
  • Cloud computing systems may also be used to provide the CU 108 and/or DU 105.
  • a CU provided by a cloud computing system may be referred to as a virtualized CU (vCU).
  • vCU virtualized CU
  • vDU virtualized DU
  • the DU may be implemented on so-called bare metal solutions, for example application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC) or customer-specific standard product (CSSP) system-on-a-chip (SoC).
  • ASIC application-specific integrated circuit
  • CSSP customer-specific standard product
  • Edge cloud may be brought into the radio access network by utilizing network function virtualization (NFV) and software defined networking (SDN).
  • NFV network function virtualization
  • SDN software defined networking
  • Using edge cloud may mean access node operations to be carried out, at least partly, in a computing system operationally coupled to a remote radio head (RRH) or a radio unit (RU) of an access node 104. It is also possible that access node operations may be performed on a distributed computing system or a cloud computing system located at the access node 104.
  • Application of cloud RAN architecture enables RAN real-time functions being carried out at the radio access network (e.g., in a DU 105), and non-real-time functions being carried out in a centralized manner (e.g., in a CU 108).
  • 5G (or new radio, NR) wireless communication networks may support multiple hierarchies, where multi-access edge computing (MEC) servers may be placed between the core network 110 and the access node 104. It should be appreciated that MEC may be applied in LTE wireless communication networks as well.
  • MEC multi-access edge computing
  • a 5G wireless communication network (“5G network”) may also comprise a non-terrestrial communication network, such as a satellite communication network, to enhance or complement the coverage of the 5G radio access network.
  • a non-terrestrial communication network such as a satellite communication network
  • satellite communication may support the transfer of data between the 5G radio access network and the core network 110, enabling more extensive network coverage.
  • Possible use cases may include: providing service continuity for machine-to-machine (M2M) or Internet of Things (loT) devices or for passengers on board of vehicles, or ensuring service availability for critical communications, and future railway, maritime, or aeronautical communications.
  • M2M machine-to-machine
  • LoT Internet of Things
  • Satellite communication may utilize geostationary earth orbit (GEO) satellite systems, but also low earth orbit (LEO) satellite systems, in particular mega-constellations (i.e., systems in which hundreds of (nano)satellites are deployed).
  • GEO geostationary earth orbit
  • LEO low earth orbit
  • a given satellite 106 may cover several satellite-enabled network entities that create on-ground cells providing a wireless connection for one or more UEs 100.
  • the on-ground cells may be created through an on-ground relay access node or by an access node located on-ground or in a satellite 106.
  • the access node 104 depicted in FIG. 1A is just an example of a part of a radio access network, and in practice the radio access network may comprise a plurality of access nodes 104, the UEs 100, 102 may have access to a plurality of radio cells, and the radio access network may also comprise other apparatuses, such as physical layer relay access nodes or other entities. At least one of the access nodes may be a Home eNodeB or a Home gNodeB.
  • a Home gNodeB or a Home eNodeB is a type of access node that may be used to provide indoor coverage inside a home, office, or other indoor environment.
  • Radio cells may be macro cells (or umbrella cells) which may be large cells having a diameter of up to tens of kilometers, or smaller cells such as micro-, femto- or picocells.
  • the access node(s) 104 of FIG. 1A may provide any kind of these cells.
  • a cellular radio network may be implemented as a multilayer access networks including several kinds of radio cells. In multilayer access networks, one access node may provide one kind of a radio cell or radio cells, and thus a plurality of access nodes may be needed to provide such a multilayer access network.
  • a radio access network which may be able to use “plug-and-play” access nodes, may include, in addition to Home eNodeBs or Home gNodeBs, a Home Node B gateway (HNB-GW) (not shown in FIG. 1A).
  • HNB-GW which may be installed within an operator’s radio access network, may aggregate traffic from a large number of Home eNodeBs or Home gNodeBs back to a core network 110 of the operator.
  • 6G wireless communication networks are expected to adopt flexible decentralized and/or distributed computing systems and architecture and ubiquitous computing, with local spectrum licensing, spectrum sharing, infrastructure sharing, and intelligent automated management underpinned by mobile edge computing, artificial intelligence, short-packet communication and blockchain technologies.
  • Key features of 6G may include intelligent connected management and control functions, programmability, integrated sensing and communication, reduction of energy footprint, trustworthy infrastructure, scalability and affordability.
  • 6G is also targeting new use cases covering the integration of localization and sensing capabilities into system definition to unifying user experience across physical and digital worlds.
  • Spectrum sharing refers to the practice of allowing two or more wireless communication systems to access and use the same frequency range in a coordinated manner to optimize the use of the available radio frequency spectrum, since limited spectrum resources are available.
  • NTN terrestrial networks
  • NTN non-terrestrial networks
  • 6G cellular networks may be needed for example for 6G cellular networks to provide at least 99% coverage all over the globe.
  • Nonterrestrial networks are also part of the emerging space economy.
  • FIG. IB illustrates an example of a system, to which some example embodiments may be applied.
  • a satellite 106 interferes with TN UEs 102, 102C.
  • the satellite 106 may be a low earth orbit (LEO) satellite.
  • LEO low earth orbit
  • FIG. 1C illustrates an example of a system, to which some example embodiments may be applied.
  • NTN UEs 100, 100A, 100B, 100C interfere with TN UE 102.
  • NTN UE refers to a UE connected to the nonterrestrial network
  • TN UE refers to a UE connected to the terrestrial network
  • FIG. IB and FIG. 1C show a terrestrial network, where terrestrial access nodes (base stations) 104, 104A, 104B, 104C, 104D, 104E serve TN UEs 102, 102A, 102B, 102C, 102D.
  • the satellite 106 which is an access node of a non-terrestrial network, may also communicate (in UL and/or DL) with NTN UEs 100, 100A, 100B, 100C, 100D, 100E, 100F, 100G located close to the TN UEs 102, 102A, 102B, 102C, 102D.
  • a TN UE 102 may receive interference from both the terrestrial and non-terrestrial networks.
  • the TN interference may be caused by one or more access nodes 104A, 104B neighboring the serving access node 104 of the TN UE 102.
  • the source of NTN interference may be either the satellite 106 transmitting in downlink (in the case of FIG. IB with direct pairing, i.e., TN downlink paired with NTN downlink), or one or more NTN UEs 100, 100A, 100B, 100C transmitting in UL (in the case of FIG. IB with reverse pairing, i.e., TN downlink paired with NTN uplink).
  • the terrestrial network may provide higher reliability and performance compared to the non-terrestrial network.
  • the NTN UEs 100, 100A, 100B, 100C, 100D, 100E, 100F, 100G may be assumed to be far away from the TN cell edge 120, 121 by an isolation distance, which make them too far to be served by the access nodes 104, 104A, 104B, 104C, 104D, 104E of the terrestrial network.
  • FIG. IB and FIG. 1C the number of access nodes and UEs shown in FIG. IB and FIG. 1C is just an example. In an actual system, the number of access nodes and UEs may also be different than shown in FIG. IB and FIG. 1C.
  • FIG. 2A and FIG. 2B illustrate some examples of frequency bands for 5G NR non-terrestrial networks and terrestrial networks.
  • the 5G NR NTN bands n255 and n256 shown within the boxes 210, 220 are overlapping or adjacent to some 5G NR TN bands shown within the boxes 211, 221. This overlapping of NTN satellite bands with NR TN bands may cause co-channel interference in case of coexistence of these networks.
  • the abbreviation SUL means supplemental uplink.
  • NTN network-to-network
  • Static spectrum sharing solutions require resetting the cell for reconfiguration of the channels, which may lead to an unfair and unoptimized utilization of the spectrum.
  • nonterrestrial networks have unique characteristics, such as larger delay and higher mobility compared to terrestrial networks, which necessitates revisiting the legacy techniques utilized for spectrum sharing among heterogeneous TN systems. The reason is that the data obtained from databases or sensing devices, which may be used for spectrum sharing among different TN UEs, may be outdated due to the higher propagation delay and mobility of non-terrestrial networks.
  • DSS dynamic spectrum sharing
  • Some example embodiments provide a method for dynamic spectrum sharing between TN and NTN by switching between at least two spectrum sharing modes: a direct pairing mode, and a reverse pairing mode.
  • FIG. 3 illustrates the direct pairing mode 310 and the reverse pairing mode 320.
  • the direct pairing mode 310 is configured to enable sharing of a frequency range between a terrestrial network and a non-terrestrial network, such that the shared frequency range is concurrently utilized for communication in a same link direction for the terrestrial network and the non-terrestrial network.
  • the TN downlink may share the same frequency range 301 with the NTN downlink
  • the TN uplink may share the same frequency range 302 with the NTN uplink.
  • This may be enabled by using at least one NTN band and at least one TN band (see FIG. 2A and FIG. 2B), which at least partially overlap (i.e., fully or partially) with each other in frequency.
  • the overlapping part may be understood as the frequency range that may be concurrently used for communication or may be used in concurrent communication in the same link direction.
  • the reverse pairing mode 320 is configured to enable sharing of a frequency range between a terrestrial network and a non-terrestrial network, such that the shared frequency range is concurrently utilized for communication in opposite link directions for the terrestrial network and the non-terrestrial network.
  • the TN downlink may share the same frequency range 303 with the NTN uplink
  • the TN uplink may share the same frequency range 304 with the NTN downlink.
  • This may be enabled by using at least one NTN band and at least one TN band (see FIG. 2A and FIG. 2B), which at least partially overlap (i.e., fully or partially) with each other in frequency.
  • the overlapping part may be understood as the frequency range that may be concurrently used for communication or may be used in concurrent communication in the opposite link directions.
  • the direct pairing mode 310 and the reverse pairing mode 320 may utilize frequency-division duplexing (FDD), so that separate frequency ranges are used for uplink transmissions and downlink transmissions.
  • FDD frequency-division duplexing
  • the UEs may switch these frequency ranges, so that the frequency range that was used for downlink before the switch is used for uplink after the switch, and the frequency range that was used for uplink before the switch is used for downlink after the switch.
  • the uplink or the downlink of the TN (or more particularly the frequency range of uplink or downlink of the TN) is shared by both the uplink and downlink of the NTN.
  • FDD frequency division duplexing
  • the TN downlink or uplink frequency range may be used by the NTN for downlink and uplink at different time intervals.
  • the level of co-channel interference for a given pairing mode may depend on one or more parameters, such as traffic load, the number of NTN UEs, the isolation distance between TN UEs and NTN UEs, inter-site distances (1SD), and transmit power.
  • the isolation distance defines how far away UEs should be from the terrestrial network, so that the UEs cannot be served by the terrestrial network and are served by the non-terrestrial network instead.
  • the 1SD refers to the average distance between access nodes of the terrestrial network.
  • a given spectrum sharing mode may only sometimes benefit the system with a gain depending on the above-mentioned parameters, while in some other situations that spectrum sharing mode may lead to a loss in throughput for at least some of the UEs.
  • one spectrum sharing mode may outperform the other depending on the above-mentioned parameters.
  • a spectrum sharing mode may be determined or selected to minimize the co-channel interference and maximize the network throughput.
  • the spectrum sharing mode may be dynamically switched to maximize the performance of the TN downlink, when it shares the spectrum with an NTN.
  • the decision on which spectrum sharing mode (e.g., the direct or reverse pairing mode) to use may be made by comparing the signal-to-interference-plus- noise ratio (SINR) value for the direct and reverse pairing modes.
  • SINR signal-to-interference-plus- noise ratio
  • the SINR at a TN UE may be defined as:
  • P TN is the transmit power of the TN access node
  • G TN is the overall antenna gains of the TN access node and TN UE
  • H TN is the channel gain of the link between the TN access node and TN UE
  • R o is the distance between the TN access node and TN UE
  • the constant ⁇ J 2 is the power of additive thermal noise
  • the parameter a is a path loss exponent
  • I TN is the cumulative interference power from all other neighboring access nodes 104A, 104B other than the serving access node 104
  • I NTN is the interference received from the NTN, whose value depends on the pairing mode used.
  • the I NTN for the direct pairing mode, lNTN_direct> ma y be defined as:
  • the I NTN for the reverse pairing mode, lNTN_reverse> may be defined as:
  • the parameters P sat , P UE ., G sat , G UE ., H sat , H UE ., d sat , d UE ., and N denote the transmit power from the satellite, the transmit power from an NTN UE, the antenna gain of the satellite, the antenna gain of an NTN UE, the channel gain of the satellite-to-UE link, the channel gain of an NTN UE to the TN UE, the distance from the satellite to TN UE, the distance from an NTN UE to the TN UE, and the number of NTN UEs located in close proximity of the terrestrial network, respectively.
  • the parameters affecting the SINR may comprise at least one of: inter-site distance (ISD) (i.e., the average distance between access nodes of the TN), satellite altitude, the number of NTN UEs surrounding the TN, the isolation distance between the TN UEs and NTN UEs, and/or the transmit power in the NTN (i.e., the transmit power of the satellite and/or NTN UEs).
  • ISD inter-site distance
  • the transmit power in the NTN i.e., the transmit power of the satellite and/or NTN UEs.
  • the ISD and satellite altitude may affect the performance in the direct pairing mode, while the number of NTN UEs and the isolation distance may affect the interference in the reverse pairing mode.
  • the transmit power may affect the interference level for both the direct pairing mode and the reverse pairing mode.
  • FIG. 4A and FIG. 4B illustrate simulation results of the effect of the direct pairing mode and the reverse pairing mode on the probability of coverage for urban and rural regions, respectively.
  • the ISD for urban regions may range from a few hundred meters up to a few kilometers, while for rural areas the ISD value may vary from a few kilometers up to approximately 10 kilometers.
  • the vertical axis represents the probability, denoted by P, of having SINR at a TN UE above a threshold value (coverage probability), denoted by T.
  • the lines 401 with square markers represents the case of having no spectrum sharing, i.e., the interference at the TN UE is only from TN access nodes (base stations).
  • the lines 402 with triangle markers represents the case of using the direct pairing mode.
  • the lines 403 with circle markers represents the case of using the reverse pairing mode.
  • FIG. 4A illustrates the effect of the reverse pairing mode on the performance for urban regions.
  • FIG. 4B illustrates the difference between the direct and reverse pairing mode as the ISD increases (by comparing urban to rural areas), the difference between the direct and reverse pairing mode becomes more significant, which suggests switching to the reverse pairing mode for larger ISD values (e.g., for rural areas).
  • FIG. 5A and FIG. 5B illustrate the effect of the satellite altitude and ISD on the interference power level in the direct pairing mode. As can be seen in FIG. 5A and FIG. 5B, there is a direct mapping between the interference level and the satellite altitude and the ISD. The transmit power is directly proportional to the interference power.
  • FIG. 6A and FIG. 6B illustrate the effect of the isolation distance (between TN UEs and NTN UEs) and the number of NTN UEs on the interference power in the reverse pairing mode.
  • the network e.g., TN access node 104 can decide to choose the best spectrum sharing mode (pairing mode), which results in the least co-channel interference power for the terrestrial network.
  • the example embodiments described below may minimize the impact of the non-terrestrial network on the terrestrial network (or vice versa) by decreasing the co-channel interference imposed by sharing the spectrum between the TN and NTN.
  • the example embodiments do not need to rely on spectrum sensing or databases for spectrum sharing.
  • the spectrum sharing provided by the example embodiments may be fairer for the secondary users (e.g., NTN UEs), as they are always granted a portion of the spectrum, but in different communication directions (DL or UL).
  • the performance degradation experienced by the primary network (e.g., TN) due to sharing the frequency may be reduced.
  • FIG. 7 illustrates a signal flow diagram according to an example embodiment.
  • a primary terrestrial network shares the same spectrum resources (i.e., at least some resources are shared) with a secondary non-terrestrial network, such as a LEO network.
  • the terrestrial network may dynamically decide to switch between the direct pairing mode and the reverse pairing mode to share the TN spectrum with the NTN. This enables dynamic toggling between co-channel interference (in the same link direction) and crosslink interference (CLI) scenarios.
  • co-channel interference in the same link direction
  • CLI crosslink interference
  • the direct pairing mode is selected, and the NTN access node (satellite) 106 starts transmitting in DL after signaling the associated information element (i.e., the direct pairing mode) to one or more NTN UEs 100.
  • the reverse pairing mode is selected, and the transmission continues in the UL direction after broadcasting the associated information element to the NTN UEs.
  • one or more user equipments 102 connected to a terrestrial network transmit one or more measurement reports to an access node 104 of the terrestrial network.
  • the access node 104 receives the one or more measurement reports.
  • the access node 104 may configure the measurement reporting with a certain period or it may be event-based. For example, the access node 104 may use the ephemeris of the access node (satellite) 106 to set the reporting periodicity or to define one or more events for triggering the reporting.
  • the access node 104 may use the ephemeris of the access node (satellite) 106 to set the reporting periodicity or to define one or more events for triggering the reporting.
  • the one or more measurement reports may comprise at least one of: one or more reference signal received power (RSRP) values, one or more angle of arrival (AoA) values, one or more timing advance values, one or more reference signal received quality (RSRQ) values, one or more received signal strength indicator (RSSI) values, measurement information indicating a number of user equipments connected to the non-terrestrial network that are in proximity of a cell border 120 of a cell of the terrestrial network, or information indicating a transmit power distribution of user equipments in the cell of the terrestrial network.
  • the cell of the terrestrial network may be controlled by the access node 104.
  • the access node 104 of the terrestrial network determines a spectrum sharing mode to be used for sharing a frequency range between the terrestrial network and a non-terrestrial network, wherein the determination is based on the one or more measurement reports reported from the one or more user equipments 102 connected to the terrestrial network. For example, the access node 104 may determine to use the direct pairing mode as the spectrum sharing mode in a cell of the non-terrestrial network. The access node 106 may control the cell of the non-terrestrial network.
  • the determination may be based on at least one of the following measurements or parameters: 1) measurements (e.g., RSRP, AoA, and/or timing advance) indicating a minimum number of UEs are on the cell border of the terrestrial cell, 2) measurements (e.g., RSS1, RSRQ) indicating a large interference level for a minimum number of UEs, 3) measurements indicating NTN UEs close to the TN cell border 120 (either directly measured by the access node 104 or through information of UEs 100 from the NTN network), and/or 4) the transmit power distribution of the UEs in the TN cell. These measurements can be made dependent on the inter-site distance. RSRP and RSRQ are defined as measurements in DL, but can be measured in UL as well.
  • the performance is a function of the satellite altitude and the 1SD, while for the reverse pairing mode the performance is affected by the number of NTN UEs and the distances between TN UEs and NTN UEs. Therefore, the decision between the direct pairing mode and the reverse pairing mode may be based on one or more parameters, such as the intersite distance in the terrestrial network, the altitude of the access node (satellite) 106 of the non-terrestrial network, the number of NTN UEs surrounding the terrestrial network, the isolation distance (minimum distance) between TN UEs and NTN UEs, and the transmit power of the access node (satellite) 106 of the nonterrestrial network.
  • the access node (satellite) 106 of the non-terrestrial network may transmit information, such as its altitude and/or ephemeris, to the access node 104 of the terrestrial network.
  • the transmit power and traffic load may also affect the interference level in both the direct pairing mode and the reverse pairing mode. Therefore, depending on the values of the aforementioned parameters, one mode may outperform the other, leading to an optimized throughput in case of spectrum sharing between the terrestrial network and the non-terrestrial network.
  • the access node 104 may determine, based on the one or more measurement reports, a number of user equipments connected to the terrestrial network that have reported a measurement metric below a threshold value; and determine, based on the determined number of user equipments being above another threshold value, to switch from the reverse pairing mode to the direct pairing mode.
  • the access node 104 of the terrestrial network transmits, to the access node 106 of the non-terrestrial network, an indication indicating the spectrum sharing mode to be used for sharing the frequency range between the terrestrial network and the non-terrestrial network.
  • the access node 104 may indicate the access node 106 to use the direct pairing mode.
  • the indication may be transmitted over the Xn interface or any other suitable interface.
  • the access node 106 receives the indication.
  • the indication may be a one-bit indicator that can be used to indicate either one of the direct pairing mode or reverse pairing mode.
  • the access node 106 of the non-terrestrial network transmits, to the access node 104 of the terrestrial network, an acknowledgement (ACK) for the spectrum sharing mode to be used (e.g., the direct pairing mode).
  • ACK acknowledgement
  • the acknowledgement may be transmitted over the Xn interface or any other suitable interface.
  • the access node 104 receives the acknowledgement.
  • the access node 106 of the non-terrestrial network generates and transmits, to one or more user equipments 100 connected to the nonterrestrial network, a message indicating the spectrum sharing mode to be used for sharing the frequency range between the terrestrial network and the nonterrestrial network.
  • the message may comprise an indication to indicate the spectrum sharing mode to be used.
  • the indication may be a one-bit indicator that can be used to indicate either one of the direct pairing mode or reverse pairing mode.
  • the message may indicate to switch from the reverse pairing mode to the direct pairing mode.
  • the one or more user equipments 100 receive the message.
  • the message may be, for example, a cell configuration message.
  • the cell configuration message comprises an indication indicating either direct pairing mode or reverse pairing mode.
  • the message may be broadcasted to the one or more user equipments 100 periodically.
  • the message may be transmitted with dedicated signaling.
  • An information element (IE) which determines the spectrum sharing mode to be used, may be included in the message.
  • the message may comprise timing information indicating when to switch to the indicated spectrum sharing mode. Based on the timing information, UE may determine when to start applying the indicated mode (i.e., direct pairing mode or reverse pairing mode). This may also mean that the UE changes the spectrum sharing mode from the other mode to the indicated mode. In other words, the timing information may define the time when the UE can start transmitting the next frame using the indicated spectrum sharing mode. The switching may need to be performed at a certain point in time, which needs to be understood by both sides (NTN access node and NTN UE). Timing information may e.g. be a value of a timer. For example, the timer may be started with the value in response to receiving the message. For example, the indicated spectrum sharing mode may be applied by the UE based on (e.g., in response to) the timer expiring.
  • the indicated spectrum sharing mode may be applied by the UE based on (e.g., in response to) the timer expiring.
  • the message may comprise an indication of whether the indicated spectrum sharing mode is to be applied to control signaling in addition to data traffic. If the indicated spectrum sharing mode is applied only to the data traffic, then the control signaling stays at the same frequency (e.g., at the same subcarriers) as before.
  • the UE may determine, based on the indication, whether to apply the indicated spectrum sharing mode to both control signaling and data signaling, or to data signaling but not to control signaling.
  • the one or more user equipments 100 apply or switch to the indicated spectrum sharing mode (e.g., the direct pairing mode).
  • the switching may affect at least data traffic.
  • the control signals such as synchronization channels, may or may not be part of the switching, depending on the indication that may be comprised in the message.
  • Step 706 may be performed by the UE based on the message of step 705 and the contents of the message may have an effect (based on UE determination) how and when step 706 is performed. For example, timing information of the message may be used to determine when to apply or switch to the indicated spectrum sharing mode.
  • the previous uplink grant(s) may be deleted, and new uplink grant(s) may be provided to the UE 100 from the access node 106 (or another access node) of the non-terrestrial network.
  • the previous uplink grant may be translated into an uplink grant in the new frequency range corresponding to the indicated spectrum sharing mode. For example, if the previous allocation was for resource blocks 1-10 in the DL, then it may be translated into an allocation for resource blocks 1-10 in the new DL frequency range (which was the UL frequency range prior to the switch).
  • the one or more user equipments 100 communicate with the access node 106 (or with another access node) of the non-terrestrial network according to the indicated spectrum sharing mode.
  • the communication may comprise utilizing a downlink frequency range of the non-terrestrial network for receiving one or more downlink transmissions, based on the message indicating to use the direct pairing mode.
  • the downlink frequency range used in the direct pairing mode may comprise, for example, at least a part of the n256 DL band of FIG. 2A, or at least a part of the n255 DL band of FIG. 2B.
  • the communication may comprise utilizing an uplink frequency range of the non-terrestrial network for transmitting one or more uplink transmissions, based on the message indicating to use the direct pairing mode.
  • the uplink frequency range used in the direct pairing mode may comprise, for example, at least a part of the n256 UL band of FIG. 2A, or at least a part of the n255 UL band of FIG. 2B.
  • the n256 UL band has some overlap with both TN UL and DL bands (e.g., n65 UL, n2 DL, n25 DL, and n70 DL), and therefore the NTN UL band may coexist with only the TN UL band such as n65 UL (and not with TN DL bands, e.g., over n2 DL, n25 DL, and n70 DL) in the direct pairing mode.
  • TN UL and DL bands e.g., n65 UL, n2 DL, n25 DL, and n70 DL
  • the UE 100 may communicate with another NTN access node (instead of the access node 106) according to the indicated spectrum sharing mode.
  • the one or more user equipments 102 connected to the terrestrial network transmit one or more additional measurement reports to the access node 104 of the terrestrial network.
  • the access node 104 receives the one or more additional measurement reports.
  • the one or more additional measurement reports may comprise measurement information from a different time window than the one or more measurement reports of 701.
  • the one or more additional measurement reports may comprise at least one of: one or more RSRP values, one or more AoA values, one or more timing advance values, one or more RSRQ values, one or more RSS1 values, measurement information indicating a number of user equipments connected to the nonterrestrial network that are in proximity of the cell border 120 of the cell of the terrestrial network, or information indicating a transmit power distribution of user equipments in the cell of the terrestrial network.
  • the cell may be controlled by the access node 104.
  • the access node 104 of the terrestrial network determines a spectrum sharing mode to be used for sharing a frequency range between the terrestrial network and the non-terrestrial network, wherein the determination is based on the one or more additional measurement reports reported from the one or more user equipments 102 connected to the terrestrial network.
  • the access node 104 may determine to use the reverse pairing mode as the spectrum sharing mode.
  • the access node 104 may determine, based on the one or more additional measurement reports, a number of user equipments connected to the terrestrial network that have reported a measurement metric below the threshold value; and determine, based on the determined number of user equipments being above the another threshold value, to switch from the direct pairing mode to the reverse pairing mode.
  • the access node 104 of the terrestrial network transmits, to the access node 106 of the non-terrestrial network, an additional indication indicating the spectrum sharing mode to be used for sharing the frequency range between the terrestrial network and the nonterrestrial network.
  • the access node 104 may indicate the access node 106 to use the reverse pairing mode.
  • the additional indication may be transmitted over the Xn interface or any other suitable interface.
  • the access node 106 receives the additional indication.
  • the access node 106 of the non-terrestrial network transmits, to the access node 104 of the terrestrial network, an acknowledgement (ACK) for the spectrum sharing mode to be used (e.g., the reverse pairing mode).
  • ACK acknowledgement
  • the acknowledgement may be transmitted over the Xn interface or any other suitable interface.
  • the access node 104 receives the acknowledgement.
  • the access node 106 of the non-terrestrial network generates and transmits, to one or more user equipments 100 connected to the nonterrestrial network, an additional message indicating the spectrum sharing mode to be used for sharing the frequency range between the terrestrial network and the non-terrestrial network.
  • the additional message may indicate to switch from the direct pairing mode to the reverse pairing mode.
  • the one or more user equipments 100 receive the additional message.
  • the additional message may be, for example, a cell configuration message.
  • the additional message may be broadcasted to the one or more user equipments 100 periodically.
  • the additional message may be transmitted with dedicated signaling.
  • An information element (IE) which determines the spectrum sharing mode to be used, may be included in the message.
  • the additional message may comprise timing information indicating when to switch to the indicated spectrum sharing mode. In other words, the timing information may define the time when the UE can start transmitting the next frame using the indicated spectrum sharing mode.
  • the additional message may comprise an indication of whether the indicated spectrum sharing mode is to be applied to control signaling in addition to data traffic.
  • the one or more user equipments 100 apply or switch to the indicated spectrum sharing mode (e.g., the reverse pairing mode).
  • the switching may affect at least data traffic.
  • the control signals, such as synchronization channels, may or may not be part of the switching.
  • the one or more user equipments 100 communicate with the access node 106 (or with another access node) of the non-terrestrial network according to the indicated spectrum sharing mode.
  • the communication may comprise utilizing an uplink frequency range of the non-terrestrial network for receiving one or more downlink transmissions, based on the message indicating to use the reverse pairing mode.
  • the uplink frequency range used in the reverse pairing mode may comprise, for example, at least a part of the n256 UL band of FIG. 2A, since this band can coexist with one or more TN DL bands (e.g., n2 DL, n25 DL, and/or n70 DL), when the reverse pairing mode is active.
  • FIG. 7 shows that two indications are provided (i.e., 703 and 710), both of these indications may be used individually by the network to indicate the determined pairing mode to the UE(s). That is, it is not necessary to first indicate direct pairing mode and then reverse pairing mode as the indicated pairing mode depends on the determination by the network. Hence, the network may indicate either the direct pairing mode or the reverse pairing mode according to the determined pairing mode, and the UE(s) may apply the indicated pairing mode as described, for example, with respect to FIG. 7. Further, acknowledgement of the indicated mode may be beneficial but not necessary in all embodiments.
  • FIG. 8 illustrates a signal flow diagram according to an example embodiment.
  • the access node 106 of the nonterrestrial network is the decision-making entity that determines the spectrum sharing mode to be used.
  • one or more user equipments 100 connected to a non-terrestrial network transmit one or more measurement reports to an access node 106 of the non-terrestrial network.
  • the access node 106 receives the one or more measurement reports.
  • the access node 104 may configure the measurement reporting with a certain period or it may be event-based. For example, the access node 104 may use the ephemeris of the access node (satellite) 106 to set the reporting periodicity or to define one or more events for triggering the reporting.
  • the access node 104 may use the ephemeris of the access node (satellite) 106 to set the reporting periodicity or to define one or more events for triggering the reporting.
  • the one or more measurement reports may comprise at least one of: one or more reference signal received power (RSRP) values, one or more angle of arrival (AoA) values, one or more timing advance values, one or more reference signal received quality (RSRQ) values, one or more received signal strength indicator (RSS1) values, measurement information indicating a number of user equipments connected to the non-terrestrial network that are in proximity of a cell border 120 of a cell of a terrestrial network, or information indicating a transmit power distribution of user equipments in the cell of the terrestrial network.
  • the cell of the terrestrial network may be controlled by an access node 104.
  • the access node 106 of the non-terrestrial network determines a spectrum sharing mode to be used for sharing a frequency range between the terrestrial network and the non-terrestrial network, wherein the determination is based on the one or more measurement reports reported from the one or more user equipments 100 connected to the non-terrestrial network. For example, the access node 106 may determine to use the direct pairing mode as the spectrum sharing mode in the cell of the terrestrial network.
  • the access node 106 may determine, based on the one or more measurement reports, a number of user equipments connected to the non-terrestrial network that have reported a measurement metric below a threshold value; and determine, based on the determined number of user equipments being above another threshold value, to switch from the reverse pairing mode to the direct pairing mode.
  • the access node 106 of the non-terrestrial network transmits, to the access node 104 of the terrestrial network, an indication indicating the spectrum sharing mode to be used for sharing the frequency range between the terrestrial network and the non-terrestrial network.
  • the access node 106 may indicate the access node 104 to use the direct pairing mode.
  • the indication may be transmitted over the Xn interface or any other suitable interface.
  • the access node 104 receives the indication.
  • the access node 104 of the terrestrial network transmits, to the access node 106 of the non-terrestrial network, an acknowledgement (ACK) for the spectrum sharing mode to be used (e.g., the direct pairing mode).
  • ACK acknowledgement
  • the acknowledgement may be transmitted over the Xn interface or any other suitable interface.
  • the access node 106 receives the acknowledgement.
  • the access node 104 of the terrestrial network generates and transmits, to one or more user equipments 102 connected to the terrestrial network, a message indicating the spectrum sharing mode to be used for sharing the frequency range between the terrestrial network and the non-terrestrial network.
  • the message may indicate to switch from the reverse pairing mode to the direct pairing mode.
  • the one or more user equipments 102 receive the message.
  • the message may be, for example, a cell configuration message.
  • the message may be broadcasted to the one or more user equipments 102 periodically.
  • the message may be transmitted with dedicated signaling.
  • An information element (IE) which determines the spectrum sharing mode to be used, may be included in the message.
  • the message may comprise timing information indicating when to switch to the indicated spectrum sharing mode.
  • the timing information may define the time when the UE can start transmitting the next frame using the indicated spectrum sharing mode.
  • the message may comprise an indication of whether the indicated spectrum sharing mode is to be applied to control signaling in addition to data traffic. If the indicated spectrum sharing mode is applied only to the data traffic, then the control signaling stays at the same frequency (e.g., at the same subcarriers) as before.
  • the one or more user equipments 102 apply or switch to the indicated spectrum sharing mode (e.g., the direct pairing mode).
  • the switching may affect at least data traffic.
  • the control signals, such as synchronization channels, may or may not be part of the switching, depending on the indication that may be comprised in the message.
  • the one or more user equipments 102 communicate with the access node 104 (or with another access node) of the terrestrial network according to the indicated spectrum sharing mode.
  • the communication may comprise utilizing a downlink frequency range of the terrestrial network for receiving one or more downlink transmissions, based on the message indicating to use the direct pairing mode.
  • the communication may comprise utilizing an uplink frequency range of the terrestrial network for transmitting one or more uplink transmissions, based on the message indicating to use the direct pairing mode.
  • the UE 102 may communicate with another TN access node according to the indicated spectrum sharing mode (instead of the access node 104).
  • the one or more user equipments 100 connected to the nonterrestrial network transmit one or more additional measurement reports to the access node 106 of the non-terrestrial network.
  • the access node 106 receives the one or more additional measurement reports.
  • the one or more additional measurement reports may comprise measurement information from a different time window than the one or more measurement reports of 801.
  • the one or more additional measurement reports may comprise at least one of: one or more RSRP values, one or more AoA values, one or more timing advance values, one or more RSRQ values, one or more RSS1 values, measurement information indicating a number of user equipments connected to the nonterrestrial network that are in proximity of the cell border 120 of the cell of the terrestrial network, or information indicating a transmit power distribution of user equipments in the cell of the terrestrial network.
  • the cell may be controlled by the access node 104.
  • the access node 106 of the non-terrestrial network determines a spectrum sharing mode to be used for sharing a frequency range between the terrestrial network and the non-terrestrial network, wherein the determination is based on the one or more additional measurement reports reported from the one or more user equipments 100 connected to the non-terrestrial network. For example, the access node 106 may determine to use the reverse pairing mode as the spectrum sharing mode.
  • the access node 106 may determine, based on the one or more additional measurement reports, a number of user equipments connected to the terrestrial network that have reported a measurement metric below the threshold value; and determine, based on the determined number of user equipments being above the another threshold value, to switch from the direct pairing mode to the reverse pairing mode.
  • the access node 106 of the non-terrestrial network transmits, to the access node 104 of the terrestrial network, an additional indication indicating the spectrum sharing mode to be used for sharing the frequency range between the terrestrial network and the nonterrestrial network.
  • the access node 106 may indicate the access node 104 to use the reverse pairing mode.
  • the additional indication may be transmitted over the Xn interface or any other suitable interface.
  • the access node 104 receives the additional indication.
  • the access node 104 of the terrestrial network transmits, to the access node 106 of the non-terrestrial network, an acknowledgement (ACK) for the spectrum sharing mode to be used (e.g., the reverse pairing mode).
  • the acknowledgement may be transmitted over the Xn interface or any other suitable interface.
  • the access node 106 receives the acknowledgement.
  • the access node 104 of the terrestrial network generates and transmits, to one or more user equipments 102 connected to the terrestrial network, an additional message indicating the spectrum sharing mode to be used for sharing the frequency range between the terrestrial network and the nonterrestrial network.
  • the additional message may indicate to switch from the direct pairing mode to the reverse pairing mode.
  • the one or more user equipments 102 receive the additional message.
  • the additional message may be, for example, a cell configuration message.
  • the additional message may be broadcasted to the one or more user equipments 102 periodically.
  • the additional message may be transmitted with dedicated signaling.
  • An information element (IE) which determines the spectrum sharing mode to be used, may be included in the message.
  • the additional message may comprise timing information indicating when to switch to the indicated spectrum sharing mode.
  • the timing information may define the time when the UE can start transmitting the next frame using the indicated spectrum sharing mode.
  • the additional message may comprise an indication of whether the indicated spectrum sharing mode is to be applied to control signaling in addition to data traffic.
  • the one or more user equipments 102 apply or switch to the indicated spectrum sharing mode (e.g., the reverse pairing mode).
  • the switching may affect at least data traffic.
  • the control signals, such as synchronization channels, may or may not be part of the switching.
  • the one or more user equipments 102 communicate with the access node 104 (or with another access node) of the terrestrial network according to the indicated spectrum sharing mode.
  • the communication may comprise utilizing an uplink frequency range of the terrestrial network for receiving one or more downlink transmissions, based on the message indicating to use the reverse pairing mode.
  • the communication may comprise utilizing a downlink frequency range of the terrestrial network for transmitting one or more uplink transmissions, based on the message indicating to use the reverse pairing mode.
  • the entity e.g., access node 104 or 106 that determines the spectrum sharing mode to be used may directly indicate the determined spectrum sharing mode to one or more UEs within its coverage.
  • TN UEs 102 may transmit measurement reports to the access node 104 of the terrestrial network, and the access node 104 may forward the measurements reports from the TN UEs 102 to the access node 106 of the non-terrestrial network, in which case the access node 106 may determine the spectrum sharing mode based on the measurement reports reported from the TN UEs 102, and the access node 106 may then indicate the determined spectrum sharing mode to one or more NTN UEs 100.
  • NTN UEs 100 may transmit measurement reports to the access node 106 of the non-terrestrial network, and the access node 106 may forward the measurements reports from the NTN UEs 100 to the access node 104 of the terrestrial network, in which case the access node 104 may determine the spectrum sharing mode based on the measurement reports reported from the NTN UEs 100, and the access node 104 may then indicate the determined spectrum sharing mode to one or more TN UEs 102.
  • FIG. 9 illustrates a flow chart according to an example embodiment of a method performed by an apparatus 1400 depicted in FIG. 14.
  • the apparatus 1400 may be, or comprise, or be comprised in, an access node 104 of a terrestrial network, or an access node (e.g., satellite) 106 of a non-terrestrial network, or a separate decision-making node.
  • an access node 104 of a terrestrial network or an access node (e.g., satellite) 106 of a non-terrestrial network, or a separate decision-making node.
  • the apparatus 1400 determines a spectrum sharing mode to be used for sharing a frequency range between the terrestrial network and the non-terrestrial network, wherein the determination is based on one or more measurement reports reported from one or more user equipments connected to the terrestrial network or to the non-terrestrial network.
  • the spectrum sharing mode comprises one of: a direct pairing mode configured to enable sharing of the frequency range between the terrestrial network and the non-terrestrial network, such that the shared frequency range is concurrently utilized for communication in a same link direction for the terrestrial network and the non-terrestrial network, or a reverse pairing mode configured to enable sharing of the frequency range between the terrestrial network and the non-terrestrial network, such that the shared frequency range is concurrently utilized for communication in opposite link directions for the terrestrial network and the non-terrestrial network.
  • a direct pairing mode configured to enable sharing of the frequency range between the terrestrial network and the non-terrestrial network, such that the shared frequency range is concurrently utilized for communication in a same link direction for the terrestrial network and the non-terrestrial network
  • a reverse pairing mode configured to enable sharing of the frequency range between the terrestrial network and the non-terrestrial network, such that the shared frequency range is concurrently utilized for communication in opposite link directions for the terrestrial network and the non-terrestrial network.
  • the apparatus 1400 transmits an indication indicating the spectrum sharing mode to be used for sharing the frequency range between the terrestrial network and the non-terrestrial network, wherein the indication is transmitted to at least one of: an access node 104, 106 of the non-terrestrial network or the terrestrial network, or one or more user equipments 100, 102 connected to the non-terrestrial network or to the terrestrial network.
  • the apparatus 1400 is an access node 104 of the terrestrial network
  • the one or more measurement reports may be received from one or more user equipments 102 of the terrestrial network, and the indication may be transmitted to an access node 106 of the non-terrestrial network.
  • the apparatus 1400 is an access node 106 of the non-terrestrial network
  • the one or more measurement reports may be received from one or more user equipments 100 of the non-terrestrial network, and the indication may be transmitted to an access node 104 of the terrestrial network.
  • the one or more measurement reports may comprise at least one of: one or more reference-signal-received-power values, one or more angle-of-arrival values, one or more timing-advance values, one or more reference-signal-received- quality values, one or more received-signal-strength-indicator values, measurement information indicating a number of user equipments connected to the non-terrestrial network that are in proximity of a cell border of a cell of the terrestrial network, or information indicating a transmit power distribution of user equipments in the cell of the terrestrial network.
  • FIG. 10 illustrates a flow chart according to an example embodiment of a method performed by an apparatus 1400 depicted in FIG. 14.
  • the method shown in FIG. 10 may be performed, for example, at 702 and/or 709 of FIG. 7, at 802 and/or 809 of FIG. 8, or in block 901 of FIG. 9.
  • the apparatus 1400 may be, or comprise, or be comprised in, an access node 104 of a terrestrial network, or an access node (e.g., satellite) 106 of a non-terrestrial network, or a separate decision-making node.
  • the apparatus 1400 receives one or more measurement reports from one or more user equipments connected to the terrestrial network or to the non-terrestrial network.
  • the determination of the spectrum sharing mode may start whenever at least one new measurement report is received.
  • the one or more measurement reports may comprise at least one of: one or more RSRQ values, one or more RSRP values, one or more RSS1 values, one or more AoA values, and/or one or more timing advance values.
  • the apparatus 1400 determines, based on the one or more measurement reports, a number of user equipments connected to the terrestrial network or the non-terrestrial network that have reported a measurement metric below a threshold value.
  • the measurement metric may comprise, for example, at least one of: RSRQ, RSRP, RSS1, AoA, and/or timing advance.
  • the apparatus 1400 may count the number of TN UEs reporting an RSRQ value below the threshold value (e.g., RSRQ threshold).
  • the threshold value may be determined by the apparatus 1400 based on the service type and its quality requirements.
  • the apparatus 1400 determines whether the number of user equipments (that reported the measurement metric below the threshold value) is above another threshold value denoted as N th .
  • the apparatus 1400 determines to switch the spectrum pairing mode, i.e., to switch from the direct pairing mode to the reverse pairing mode, or from the reverse pairing mode to the direct pairing mode. For example, if the number of TN UEs reporting an RSRQ value below the RSRQ threshold is above the another threshold value N th , the apparatus 1400 may determine to switch the spectrum sharing mode.
  • the apparatus 1400 determines to keep the current spectrum pairing mode (i.e., to not switch the spectrum sharing mode. For example, if the number of TN UEs reporting an RSRQ value below the RSRQ threshold is below the another threshold value N th , the apparatus 1400 may determine to keep the current pairing mode until it receives new updates on RSRQ from the TN UEs.
  • the decision on the spectrum sharing mode is made each time based on some new measurements.
  • the decision-making system toggles between the two modes successively if a) none of the modes satisfy the condition, or b) the network changes rapidly so that the pairing mode alters from one RRC measurement to another. In that case, the decision-making system may be totally switched off, if the number of toggles between modes during a given period of time exceeds a threshold.
  • FIG. 11 illustrates a flow chart according to an example embodiment of a method performed by an apparatus 1400 depicted in FIG. 14.
  • the apparatus 1400 may be, or comprise, or be comprised in, an access node 104 of a terrestrial network, or an access node (e.g., satellite) 106 of a non-terrestrial network.
  • an access node 104 of a terrestrial network or an access node (e.g., satellite) 106 of a non-terrestrial network.
  • the apparatus 1400 receives an indication indicating a spectrum sharing mode to be used for sharing a frequency range between the terrestrial network and the non-terrestrial network.
  • the spectrum sharing mode comprises one of: a direct pairing mode configured to enable sharing of the frequency range between the terrestrial network and the non-terrestrial network, such that the shared frequency range is concurrently utilized for communication in a same link direction for the terrestrial network and the non-terrestrial network, or a reverse pairing mode configured to enable sharing of the frequency range between the terrestrial network and the non-terrestrial network, such that the shared frequency range is concurrently utilized for communication in opposite link directions for the terrestrial network and the non-terrestrial network.
  • a direct pairing mode configured to enable sharing of the frequency range between the terrestrial network and the non-terrestrial network, such that the shared frequency range is concurrently utilized for communication in a same link direction for the terrestrial network and the non-terrestrial network
  • a reverse pairing mode configured to enable sharing of the frequency range between the terrestrial network and the non-terrestrial network, such that the shared frequency range is concurrently utilized for communication in opposite link directions for the terrestrial network and the non-terrestrial network.
  • the apparatus 1400 generates, based on receiving the indication, a message indicating the spectrum sharing mode to be used for sharing the frequency range between the terrestrial network and the non-terrestrial network.
  • the apparatus 1400 transmits the message to one or more user equipments connected to the non-terrestrial network or to the terrestrial network.
  • the indication may be received from an access node 104 of the terrestrial network, and the message may be transmitted to one or more user equipments 100 of the non-terrestrial network.
  • the indication may be received from an access node 106 of the non-terrestrial network, and the message may be transmitted to one or more user equipments 102 of the terrestrial network.
  • the message may comprise timing information indicating when to switch to the indicated spectrum sharing mode.
  • the message may comprise an indication of whether the indicated spectrum sharing mode is to be applied to control signaling in addition to data traffic.
  • FIG. 12 illustrates a flow chart according to an example embodiment of a method performed by an apparatus 1300 depicted in FIG. 13.
  • the apparatus 1300 may be, or comprise, or be comprised in, a user equipment (UE) 100, 102 connected to a non-terrestrial network or to a terrestrial network.
  • UE user equipment
  • the apparatus 1300 receives, from an access node 104, 106 of a terrestrial network or a non-terrestrial network, a message indicating a spectrum sharing mode to be used for sharing a frequency range between the terrestrial network and the non-terrestrial network.
  • the spectrum sharing mode comprises one of: a direct pairing mode configured to enable sharing of the frequency range between the terrestrial network and the non-terrestrial network, such that the shared frequency range is concurrently utilized for communication in a same link direction for the terrestrial network and the non-terrestrial network, or a reverse pairing mode configured to enable sharing of the frequency range between the terrestrial network and the non-terrestrial network, such that the shared frequency range is concurrently utilized for communication in opposite link directions for the terrestrial network and the non-terrestrial network.
  • a direct pairing mode configured to enable sharing of the frequency range between the terrestrial network and the non-terrestrial network, such that the shared frequency range is concurrently utilized for communication in a same link direction for the terrestrial network and the non-terrestrial network
  • a reverse pairing mode configured to enable sharing of the frequency range between the terrestrial network and the non-terrestrial network, such that the shared frequency range is concurrently utilized for communication in opposite link directions for the terrestrial network and the non-terrestrial network.
  • the apparatus 1300 communicates with the access node 104, 106 or with another access node according to the indicated spectrum sharing mode.
  • the message may comprise timing information indicating when to switch to the indicated spectrum sharing mode.
  • the apparatus 1300 may switch to the indicated spectrum sharing mode at a time indicated by the timing information.
  • the message may comprise an indication of whether the indicated spectrum sharing mode is to be applied to control signaling in addition to data traffic. If the indication indicates that the indicated spectrum sharing mode is to be applied to control signaling, then the apparatus 1300 may apply the indicated spectrum sharing mode to both control signaling and data traffic. If the indication indicates that the indicated spectrum sharing mode is not to be applied to control signaling, then the apparatus 1300 may apply the indicated spectrum sharing mode only to data traffic.
  • the apparatus 1300 may be a user equipment 100 connected to the non-terrestrial network.
  • the user equipment 100 may receive the message (indication) from the access node 106 of the non-terrestrial network, or from the access node 104 of the terrestrial network.
  • the communication with the access node 104, 106 or the another access node may comprise one of: utilizing an uplink frequency range of the non-terrestrial network for transmitting one or more uplink transmissions, based on the message indicating to use the direct pairing mode; or utilizing a downlink frequency range of the non-terrestrial network for transmitting one or more uplink transmissions, based on the message indicating to use the reverse pairing mode.
  • the apparatus 1300 may be a user equipment 102 connected to the terrestrial network.
  • the user equipment 102 may receive the message (indication) from the access node 104 of the terrestrial network, or from the access node 106 of the non-terrestrial network.
  • the communication with the access node 104, 106 or the another access node may comprise one of: utilizing an uplink frequency range of the terrestrial network for transmitting one or more uplink transmissions, based on the message indicating to use the direct pairing mode, or utilizing a downlink frequency range of the terrestrial network for transmitting one or more uplink transmissions, based on the message indicating to use the reverse pairing mode.
  • the apparatus 1300 may receive, from the access node 104, 106, an additional message indicating to switch from the direct pairing mode to the reverse pairing mode, or from the reverse pairing mode to the direct pairing mode.
  • the apparatus 1300 may switch, based on the additional message, from the direct pairing mode to the reverse pairing mode, or from the reverse pairing mode to the direct pairing mode.
  • the blocks, related functions, and information exchanges (messages) described above by means of FIGS. 7-12 are in no absolute chronological order, and some of them may be performed simultaneously or in an order differing from the described one. Other functions can also be executed between them or within them, and other information may be sent, and/or other rules applied. Some of the blocks or part of the blocks or one or more pieces of information can also be left out or replaced by a corresponding block or part of the block or one or more pieces of information.
  • FIG. 13 illustrates an example of an apparatus 1300 comprising means for performing one or more of the example embodiments described above.
  • the apparatus 1300 may be an apparatus such as, or comprising, or comprised in, a user equipment (UE) 100, 102 connected to a non-terrestrial network or to a terrestrial network.
  • UE user equipment
  • the apparatus 1300 may comprise a circuitry or a chipset applicable for realizing one or more of the example embodiments described above.
  • the apparatus 1300 may comprise at least one processor 1310.
  • the at least one processor 1310 interprets instructions (e.g., computer program instructions) and processes data.
  • the at least one processor 1310 may comprise one or more programmable processors.
  • the at least one processor 1310 may comprise programmable hardware with embedded firmware and may, alternatively or additionally, comprise one or more application-specific integrated circuits (ASICs).
  • ASICs application-specific integrated circuits
  • the at least one processor 1310 is coupled to at least one memory 1320.
  • the at least one processor is configured to read and write data to and from the at least one memory 1320.
  • the at least one memory 1320 may comprise one or more memory units.
  • the memory units may be volatile or non-volatile. It is to be noted that there may be one or more units of non-volatile memory and one or more units of volatile memory or, alternatively, one or more units of non-volatile memory, or, alternatively, one or more units of volatile memory. Volatile memory may be for example random-access memory (RAM), dynamic random-access memory (DRAM) or synchronous dynamic random-access memory (SDRAM). Non-volatile memory may be for example read-only memory (ROM), programmable read-only memory (PROM), electronically erasable programmable read-only memory (EEPROM), flash memory, optical storage or magnetic storage. In general, memories may be referred to as non-transitory computer readable media.
  • RAM random-access memory
  • DRAM dynamic random-access memory
  • SDRAM synchronous dynamic random-access memory
  • Non-volatile memory may be for example read-only memory (ROM), programmable read-only memory (PROM), electronically erasable programmable read-only memory (EEPROM), flash
  • non-transitory is a limitation of the medium itself (i.e., tangible, not a signal) as opposed to a limitation on data storage persistency (e.g., RAM vs. ROM).
  • the at least one memory 1320 stores computer readable instructions that are executed by the at least one processor 1310 to perform one or more of the example embodiments described above.
  • non-volatile memory stores the computer readable instructions
  • the at least one processor 1310 executes the instructions using volatile memory for temporary storage of data and/or instructions.
  • the computer readable instructions may refer to computer program code.
  • the computer readable instructions may have been pre-stored to the at least one memory 1320 or, alternatively or additionally, they may be received, by the apparatus, via an electromagnetic carrier signal and/or may be copied from a physical entity such as a computer program product. Execution of the computer readable instructions by the atleastone processor 1310 causes the apparatus 1300 to perform one or more of the example embodiments described above. That is, the at least one processor and the at least one memory storing the instructions may provide the means for providing or causing the performance of any of the methods and/or blocks described above.
  • a “memory” or “computer-readable media” or “computer-readable medium” may be any non-transitory media or medium or means that can contain, store, communicate, propagate or transport the instructions for use by or in connection with an instruction execution system, apparatus, or device, such as a computer.
  • the term “non-transitory,” as used herein, is a limitation of the medium itself (i.e., tangible, not a signal) as opposed to a limitation on data storage persistency (e.g., RAM vs. ROM).
  • the apparatus 1300 may further comprise, or be connected to, an input unit 1330.
  • the input unit 1330 may comprise one or more interfaces for receiving input.
  • the one or more interfaces may comprise for example one or more temperature, motion and/or orientation sensors, one or more cameras, one or more accelerometers, one or more microphones, one or more buttons and/or one or more touch detection units.
  • the input unit 1330 may comprise an interface to which external devices may connect to.
  • the apparatus 1300 may also comprise an output unit 1340.
  • the output unit may comprise or be connected to one or more displays capable of rendering visual content, such as a light emitting diode (LED) display, a liquid crystal display (LCD) and/or a liquid crystal on silicon (LCoS) display.
  • the output unit 1340 may further comprise one or more audio outputs.
  • the one or more audio outputs may be for example loudspeakers.
  • the apparatus 1300 further comprises a connectivity unit 1350.
  • the connectivity unit 1350 enables wireless connectivity to one or more external devices.
  • the connectivity unit 1350 comprises at least one transmitter and at least one receiver that may be integrated to the apparatus 1300 or that the apparatus 1300 may be connected to.
  • the at least one transmitter comprises at least one transmission antenna, and the at least one receiver comprises at least one receiving antenna.
  • the connectivity unit 1350 may comprise an integrated circuit or a set of integrated circuits that provide the wireless communication capability for the apparatus 1300.
  • the wireless connectivity may be a hardwired application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC).
  • ASIC application-specific integrated circuit
  • the connectivity unit 1350 may also provide means for performing at least some of the blocks or functions of one or more example embodiments described above.
  • the connectivity unit 1350 may comprise one or more components, such as: power amplifier, digital front end (DFE), analog-to-digital converter (ADC), digital-to-analog converter (DAC), frequency converter, (de) modulator, and/or encoder/decoder circuitries, controlled by the corresponding controlling units.
  • DFE digital front end
  • ADC analog-to-digital converter
  • DAC digital-to-analog converter
  • frequency converter frequency converter
  • de modulator demodulator
  • encoder/decoder circuitries controlled by the corresponding controlling units.
  • apparatus 1300 may further comprise various components not illustrated in FIG. 13.
  • the various components may be hardware components and/or software components.
  • FIG. 14 illustrates an example of an apparatus 1400 comprising means for performing one or more of the example embodiments described above.
  • the apparatus 1400 may be, or comprise, or be comprised in, an access node 104 of a terrestrial network, or an access node (e.g., satellite) 106 of a nonterrestrial network, or a separate decision-making node.
  • an access node 104 of a terrestrial network or an access node (e.g., satellite) 106 of a nonterrestrial network, or a separate decision-making node.
  • the apparatus 1400 may comprise, for example, a circuitry or a chipset applicable for realizing one or more of the example embodiments described above.
  • the apparatus 1400 may be an electronic device comprising one or more electronic circuitries.
  • the apparatus 1400 may comprise a communication control circuitry 1410 such as at least one processor, and at least one memory 1420 storing instructions 1422 which, when executed by the at least one processor, cause the apparatus 1400 to carry out one or more of the example embodiments described above.
  • Such instructions 1422 may, for example, include computer program code (software).
  • the at least one processor and the at least one memory storing the instructions may provide the means for providing or causing the performance of any of the methods and/or blocks described above.
  • the processor is coupled to the memory 1420.
  • the processor is configured to read and write data to and from the memory 1420.
  • the memory 1420 may comprise one or more memory units.
  • the memory units may be volatile or non-volatile. It is to be noted that there may be one or more units of non-volatile memory and one or more units of volatile memory or, alternatively, one or more units of non-volatile memory, or, alternatively, one or more units of volatile memory.
  • Volatile memory may be for example random-access memory (RAM), dynamic random-access memory (DRAM) or synchronous dynamic random-access memory (SDRAM).
  • Non-volatile memory may be for example read-only memory (ROM), programmable read-only memory (PROM), electronically erasable programmable read-only memory (EEPROM), flash memory, optical storage or magnetic storage.
  • ROM read-only memory
  • PROM programmable read-only memory
  • EEPROM electronically erasable programmable read-only memory
  • flash memory optical storage or magnetic storage.
  • memories may be referred to as non-transitory computer readable media.
  • the term “non-transitory,” as used herein, is a limitation of the medium itself (i.e., tangible, not a signal) as opposed to a limitation on data storage persistency (e.g., RAM vs. ROM).
  • the memory 1420 stores computer readable instructions that are executed by the processor.
  • non-volatile memory stores the computer readable instructions, and the processor executes the instructions using volatile memory for temporary storage of data and/or instructions.
  • the computer readable instructions may have been pre-stored to the memory 1420 or, alternatively or additionally, they may be received, by the apparatus, via an electromagnetic carrier signal and/or may be copied from a physical entity such as a computer program product. Execution of the computer readable instructions causes the apparatus 1400 to perform one or more of the functionalities described above.
  • the memory 1420 may be implemented using any suitable data storage technology, such as semiconductor-based memory devices, flash memory, magnetic memory devices and systems, optical memory devices and systems, fixed memory and/or removable memory.
  • the memory may comprise a configuration database for storing configuration data, such as a current neighbour cell list, and, in some example embodiments, structures of frames used in the detected neighbour cells.
  • the apparatus 1400 may further comprise or be connected to a communication interface 1430, such as a radio unit, comprising hardware and/or software for realizing communication connectivity with one or more wireless communication devices according to one or more communication protocols.
  • the communication interface 1430 comprises at least one transmitter (Tx) and at least one receiver (Rx) that may be integrated to the apparatus 1400 or that the apparatus 1400 may be connected to.
  • the communication interface 1430 may provide means for performing some of the blocks and/or functions (e.g., transmitting and receiving) for one or more example embodiments described above.
  • the communication interface 1430 may comprise one or more components, such as: power amplifier, digital front end (DFE), analog-to-digital converter (ADC), digital-to-analog converter (DAC), frequency converter, (de) modulator, and/or encoder/decoder circuitries, controlled by the corresponding controlling units.
  • DFE digital front end
  • ADC analog-to-digital converter
  • DAC digital-to-analog converter
  • frequency converter frequency converter
  • de modulator decoder/decoder circuitries
  • the communication interface 1430 provides the apparatus with radio communication capabilities to communicate in the wireless communication network.
  • the communication interface may, for example, provide a radio interface to one or more UEs 100, 102.
  • the apparatus 1400 may further comprise or be connected to another interface towards a core network 110, such as the network coordinator apparatus or AMF, and/or to the access nodes 104 of the wireless communication network.
  • the apparatus 1400 may further comprise a scheduler 1440 that is configured to allocate radio resources.
  • the scheduler 1440 may be configured along with the communication control circuitry 1410 or it may be separately configured.
  • apparatus 1400 may further comprise various components not illustrated in FIG. 14.
  • the various components may be hardware components and/or software components.
  • circuitry may refer to one or more or all of the following: a) hardware-only circuit implementations (such as implementations in only analog and/or digital circuitry); and b) combinations of hardware circuits and software, such as (as applicable): i) a combination of analog and/or digital hardware circuit(s) with software/firmware and ii) any portions of hardware processor(s) with software (including digital signal processor(s), software, and memory(ies) that work together to cause an apparatus, such as a mobile phone, to perform various functions); and c) hardware circuit(s) and/or processor(s), such as a microprocessor(s) or a portion of a microprocessor(s), that requires software (for example firmware) for operation, but the software may not be present when it is not needed for operation.
  • circuitry also covers an implementation of merely a hardware circuit or processor (or multiple processors) or portion of a hardware circuit or processor and its (or their) accompanying software and/or firmware.
  • circuitry also covers, for example and if applicable to the particular claim element, a baseband integrated circuit or processor integrated circuit for a mobile device or a similar integrated circuit in server, a cellular network device, or other computing or network device.
  • the techniques and methods described herein may be implemented by various means. For example, these techniques may be implemented in hardware (one or more devices), firmware (one or more devices), software (one or more modules), or combinations thereof.
  • the apparatus(es) of example embodiments may be implemented within one or more application-specific integrated circuits (ASICs), digital signal processors (DSPs), digital signal processing devices (DSPDs), programmable logic devices (PLDs), field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs), graphics processing units (GPUs), processors, controllers, micro-controllers, microprocessors, other electronic units designed to perform the functions described herein, or a combination thereof.
  • ASICs application-specific integrated circuits
  • DSPs digital signal processors
  • DSPDs digital signal processing devices
  • PLDs programmable logic devices
  • FPGAs field programmable gate arrays
  • GPUs graphics processing units
  • processors controllers, micro-controllers, microprocessors, other electronic units designed to perform the functions described herein, or a combination
  • the implementation can be carried out through modules of at least one chipset (for example procedures, functions, and so on) that perform the functions described herein.
  • the software codes maybe stored in a memory unit and executed by processors.
  • the memory unit may be implemented within the processor or externally to the processor. In the latter case, it can be communicatively coupled to the processor via various means, as is known in the art.
  • the components of the systems described herein may be rearranged and/or complemented by additional components in order to facilitate the achievements of the various aspects, etc., described with regard thereto, and they are not limited to the precise configurations set forth in the given figures, as will be appreciated by one skilled in the art.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Computer Networks & Wireless Communication (AREA)
  • Signal Processing (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Astronomy & Astrophysics (AREA)
  • Aviation & Aerospace Engineering (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Mobile Radio Communication Systems (AREA)

Abstract

L'invention concerne un procédé comprenant la détermination d'un mode de partage de spectre à utiliser pour partager une plage de fréquences entre un réseau terrestre et un réseau non terrestre, la détermination étant basée sur un ou plusieurs rapports de mesure obtenus à partir d'un ou de plusieurs équipements utilisateurs connectés au réseau terrestre ou au réseau non terrestre; et la transmission d'une indication indiquant le mode de partage de spectre à utiliser pour partager la plage de fréquences entre le réseau terrestre et le réseau non terrestre.
PCT/EP2024/051601 2024-01-24 2024-01-24 Partage de spectre entre des réseaux terrestres et non terrestres Pending WO2025157398A1 (fr)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
PCT/EP2024/051601 WO2025157398A1 (fr) 2024-01-24 2024-01-24 Partage de spectre entre des réseaux terrestres et non terrestres

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
PCT/EP2024/051601 WO2025157398A1 (fr) 2024-01-24 2024-01-24 Partage de spectre entre des réseaux terrestres et non terrestres

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WO2025157398A1 true WO2025157398A1 (fr) 2025-07-31

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Citations (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN109743738A (zh) * 2018-12-30 2019-05-10 清华大学 频谱共享系统的频谱共享方法、装置和电子设备
WO2022111384A1 (fr) * 2020-11-27 2022-06-02 Mediatek Singapore Pte. Ltd. Configuration d'un partage de spectre entre des réseaux terrestre et non terrestre

Patent Citations (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN109743738A (zh) * 2018-12-30 2019-05-10 清华大学 频谱共享系统的频谱共享方法、装置和电子设备
WO2022111384A1 (fr) * 2020-11-27 2022-06-02 Mediatek Singapore Pte. Ltd. Configuration d'un partage de spectre entre des réseaux terrestre et non terrestre

Non-Patent Citations (3)

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Title
LEE HAO-WEI ET AL: "Feasibility and Opportunities of Terrestrial Network and Non-Terrestrial Network Spectrum Sharing", IEEE WIRELESS COMMUNICATIONS, COORDINATED SCIENCE LABORATORY; DEPT. ELECTRICAL AND COMPUTER ENGINEERING; UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS AT URBANA-CHAMPAIGN, US, vol. 30, no. 6, December 2023 (2023-12-01), pages 36 - 42, XP011955528, ISSN: 1536-1284, [retrieved on 20231213], DOI: 10.1109/MWC.001.2300209 *
LEE HAO-WEI ET AL: "Reverse Spectrum Allocation for Spectrum Sharing between TN and NTN", 2021 IEEE CONFERENCE ON STANDARDS FOR COMMUNICATIONS AND NETWORKING (CSCN), IEEE, 15 December 2021 (2021-12-15), pages 1 - 6, XP034072967, DOI: 10.1109/CSCN53733.2021.9686170 *
SAHA RONY KUMER: "Spectrum Sharing in Satellite-Mobile Multisystem Using 3D In-Building Small Cells for High Spectral and Energy Efficiencies in 5G and Beyond Era", IEEE ACCESS, vol. 7, 15 April 2019 (2019-04-15), pages 43846 - 43868, XP011718860, DOI: 10.1109/ACCESS.2019.2908203 *

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