WO2025150162A1 - Terminal, wireless communication method, and base station - Google Patents

Abstract

A terminal according to one aspect of the present disclosure includes: a reception unit that receives a setting of a demodulation reference signal (DMRS) for a physical uplink shared channel; and a control unit that, on the basis of the setting, determines a plurality of frequency resources having a wider interval than a plurality of specific frequency resources of a specific DMRS based on a specific setting, and uses the plurality of frequency resources to control transmission of the DMRS.

Description

Terminal, wireless communication method and base station

This disclosure relates to terminals, wireless communication methods, and base stations in next-generation mobile communication systems.

Long Term Evolution (LTE) was specified for Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) networks with the aim of achieving higher data rates and lower latency (Non-Patent Document 1). In addition, LTE-Advanced (3GPP Rel. 10-14) was specified for the purpose of achieving higher capacity and greater sophistication over LTE (Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP (registered trademark)) Release (Rel.) 8, 9).

Successor systems to LTE (e.g., 5th generation mobile communication system (5G), 5G+ (plus), 6th generation mobile communication system (6G), New Radio (NR), 3GPP Rel. 15 and later, etc.) are also under consideration.

3GPP TS 36.300 V8.12.0 “Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA) and Evolved Univers al　Terrestrial　Radio　Access　Network　(E-UTRAN);　Overall　description;　Stage 2　(Release　8)”, April 2010

In future wireless communication systems (e.g., NR), it is being considered that terminals (user terminals, User Equipment (UE)) will use demodulation reference signals (DMRS) for transmission/reception. DMRS is used for channel estimation on the receiver side.

However, increasing DMRS resources may result in fewer resources for data, which may result in reduced communication throughput.

Therefore, one of the objectives of this disclosure is to provide a terminal, a wireless communication method, and a base station that can reduce DMRS resources.

A terminal according to one embodiment of the present disclosure includes a receiver that receives a configuration of a demodulation reference signal (DMRS) for a physical uplink shared channel, and a controller that determines, based on the configuration, a plurality of frequency resources having a wider spacing than a plurality of specific frequency resources of a specific DMRS based on a specific configuration, and controls transmission of the DMRS using the plurality of frequency resources.

According to one aspect of the present disclosure, DMRS resources can be reduced.

FIG. 1 shows an example framework for managing AI models. FIG. 2 shows an example of a preceding DMRS and an additional DMRS. 3A and 3B show an example of a DMRS to DMRS mapping type. 4A and 4B show an example of a single symbol DMRS. 5A and 5B show an example of double symbol DMRS. Figure 6 shows an example of parameters for PDSCH DMRS setting type 1. Figure 7 shows an example of parameters for PDSCH DMRS setting type 2. Figure 8 shows an example of parameters for PUSCH DMRS setting type 1. Figure 9 shows an example of parameters for PUSCH DMRS setting type 2. 10A and 10B show examples of DMRS settings 1 and 2. 11A and 11B show examples of DMRS settings 3 and 4. 12A and 12B show examples of DMRS settings 5 and 6. 13A and 13B show examples of DMRS settings 6 and 7. 14A and 14B show an example of k for the basic DMRS. FIG. 15 shows an example of k for extended DMRS configuration type 1. FIG. 16 shows an example of k for extended DMRS configuration type 2. Figure 17 shows a table for PDSCH DMRS position in single symbol DMRS. Figure 18 shows a table for PUSCH DMRS position in single symbol DMRS. Figure 19 shows a table for PDSCH DMRS position in double symbol DMRS. Figure 20 shows a table for PUSCH DMRS position in double symbol DMRS. 21A and 21B show FD-OCC for CDM group 0 (ports #1000, #1001) of single-symbol DMRS of extension type 1 of DMRS for PDSCH. 22A and 22B show FD-OCC for CDM group 0 (ports #1008, #1009) of single-symbol DMRS of extension type 1 of DMRS for PDSCH. 23A and 23B show FD-OCC for CDM group 1 (ports #1002 and #1003) of single-symbol DMRS of extension type 1 of DMRS for PDSCH. 24A and 24B show FD-OCC for CDM group 1 (ports #1010, #1011) of single-symbol DMRS of extended type 1 of DMRS for PDSCH. 25A and 25B show FD-OCC and TD-OCC for CDM group 0 (ports #1000, #1001) of double-symbol DMRS of basic type 2 of DMRS for PDSCH. 26A and 26B show FD-OCC and TD-OCC for CDM group 0 (ports #1006, #1007) of double symbol DMRS of basic type 2 of DMRS for PDSCH. 27A and 27B show FD-OCC and TD-OCC for CDM group 1 (ports #1002, #1003) of double-symbol DMRS of basic type 2 of DMRS for PDSCH. 28A and 28B show FD-OCC and TD-OCC for CDM group 1 (ports #1008, #1009) of double symbol DMRS of basic type 2 of DMRS for PDSCH. 29A and 29B show FD-OCC and TD-OCC for CDM group 2 (ports #1004, #1005) of double-symbol DMRS of basic type 2 of DMRS for PDSCH. 30A and 30B show FD-OCC and TD-OCC for CDM group 2 (ports #1010, #1011) of double-symbol DMRS of basic type 2 of DMRS for PDSCH. Figure 31 shows the ratio of PUSCH EPRE to DMRS EPRE. FIG. 32 shows the ratio of PDSCH EPRE to DMRS EPRE. FIG. 33 shows a table corresponding to UE processing capability 1. FIG. 34 shows a table corresponding to UE processing capability 2. 35A and 35B show an example of mapping based on calculation formula 0 in case 1 of option 1 in embodiment 1-1. 36A and 36B show an example of mapping based on calculation formula 1 in case 1 of option 1 of embodiment 1-1. 37A and 37B show an example of mapping based on calculation formula 2 in case 1 of option 1 in embodiment 1-1. 38A and 38B show an example of mapping based on calculation formula 3 in case 1 of option 1 in embodiment 1-1. 39A and 39B show an example of mapping based on calculation formula 0 in case 2 of option 1 in embodiment 1-1. 40A and 40B show an example of mapping based on calculation formula 1 for case 2 of option 1 in embodiment 1-1. 41A and 41B show an example of mapping based on calculation formula 2 in case 2 of option 1 in embodiment 1-1. 42A and 42B show an example of mapping based on calculation formula 3 in case 2 of option 1 in embodiment 1-1. 43A and 43B show an example of mapping based on calculation formula 0 in case 3 of option 1 in embodiment 1-1. 44A and 44B show an example of mapping based on calculation formula 1 for case 3 of option 1 in embodiment 1-1. 45A and 45B show an example of mapping based on calculation formula 2 in case 3 of option 1 in embodiment 1-1. 46A and 46B show an example of mapping based on calculation formula 0 in case 4 of option 1 in embodiment 1-1. 47A and 47B show an example of mapping based on calculation formula 1 for case 4 of option 1 in embodiment 1-1. 48A and 48B show an example of mapping based on calculation formula 2 in case 4 of option 1 in embodiment 1-1. 49A and 49B show an example of mapping based on calculation formula 0 in case 1 of option 2 in embodiment 1-1. 50A and 50B show an example of mapping based on calculation formula 1 for case 1 of option 2 in embodiment 1-1. 51A and 51B show an example of mapping based on calculation formula 0 of case 2 of option 2 in embodiment 1-1. 52A and 52B show an example of mapping based on calculation formula 1 for case 2 of option 2 in embodiment 1-1. 53A and 53B show an example of mapping based on calculation formula 0 in case 3 of option 2 in embodiment 1-1. 54A and 54B show an example of mapping based on calculation formula 1 for case 3 of option 2 in embodiment 1-1. 55A and 55B show an example of mapping based on calculation formula 0 in case 4 of option 2 in embodiment 1-1. 56A and 56B show an example of mapping based on calculation formula 1 for case 4 of option 2 in embodiment 1-1. 57A and 57B show an example of mapping based on calculation formula 0 in case 1 of option 3 in embodiment 1-1. 58A and 58B show an example of mapping based on calculation formula 1 for case 1 of option 3 of embodiment 1-1. 59A and 59B show an example of mapping based on calculation formula 0 of case 2 of option 3 of embodiment 1-1. 60A and 60B show an example of mapping based on calculation formula 1 for case 2 of option 3 of embodiment 1-1. 61A and 61B show an example of mapping based on calculation formula 0 in case 1 of option 4 in embodiment 1-1. 62A and 62B show an example of mapping based on calculation formula 1 for case 1 of option 4 of embodiment 1-1. 63A and 63B show an example of mapping based on calculation formula 0 of case 2 of option 4 of embodiment 1-1. Figures 64A and 64B show an example of mapping based on calculation formula 1 for case 2 of option 4 in embodiment 1-1. 65A and 65B show an example of mapping based on calculation formula 0 in case 3 of option 4 in embodiment 1-1. 66A and 66B show an example of mapping based on calculation formula 1 for case 3 of option 4 in embodiment 1-1. Figures 67A and 67B show an example of mapping based on calculation formula 0 in case 4 of option 4 in embodiment 1-1. Figures 68A and 68B show an example of mapping based on calculation formula 1 for case 4 of option 4 in embodiment 1-1. Figures 69A and 69B show an example of mapping based on calculation formula 0 in case 1 of option 1 of embodiment 1-2. 70A and 70B show an example of mapping based on calculation formula 0 in case 2 of option 1 in embodiment 1-2. 71A and 71B show an example of mapping based on calculation formula 0 in case 3 of option 1 in embodiment 1-2. 72A and 72B show an example of mapping based on calculation formula 0 in case 4 of option 1 in embodiment 1-2. 73A and 73B show an example of mapping based on calculation formula 0 in case 1 of option 2 in embodiment 1-2. 74A and 74B show an example of mapping based on calculation formula 0 of case 2 of option 2 in embodiment 1-2. FIG. 75 shows an example of mapping based on calculation formula 0 in case 3 of option 2 in embodiment 1-2. FIG. 76 shows an example of mapping based on calculation formula 0 in case 4 of option 2 in embodiment 1-2. FIG. 77 shows an example of mapping based on calculation formula 0 in case 1 of option 3 in embodiment 1-2. FIG. 78 shows an example of mapping based on calculation formula 0 in case 2 of option 3 in embodiment 1-2. FIG. 79 shows an example of mapping based on calculation formula 0 in case 3 of option 3 in embodiment 1-2. FIG. 80 shows an example of mapping based on calculation formula 0 in case 4 of option 3 in embodiment 1-2. FIG. 81 shows an example of mapping based on calculation formula 0 in case 1 of option 4 in embodiment 1-2. FIG. 82 shows an example of mapping based on calculation formula 0 in case 2 of option 4 in embodiment 1-2. FIG. 83 shows an example of mapping based on calculation formula 0 in case 1 of option 5 in embodiment 1-2. FIG. 84 shows an example of mapping based on calculation formula 0 in case 2 of option 5 in embodiment 1-2. FIG. 85 shows an example of mapping based on calculation formula 0 in case 3 of option 5 in embodiment 1-2. FIG. 86 shows an example of mapping based on calculation formula 0 in case 4 of option 5 in embodiment 1-2. FIG. 87 shows an example of case 1/2 of option 1 of embodiment 1-3. FIG. 88 shows an example of case 3/4 of option 1 of embodiment 1-3. Figure 89 shows an example of DMRS setting type 1 of option 2 of embodiment 1-3. Figure 90 shows an example of DMRS setting type 2 of option 2 of embodiment 1-3. 91A and 91B show an example of embodiment 1-5. 92A and 92B show an example of embodiment 2-0. 93A and 93B show an example of embodiment 2-1. FIG. 94 shows an example of a table including a DMRS position for a single symbol DMRS for PDSCH in embodiment 2-1. FIG. 95 shows an example of a table including a DMRS position for a double symbol DMRS for PDSCH in embodiment 2-1. 96A and 96B show an example of embodiment 2-2. FIG. 97 shows an example of a table including a DMRS position for a single symbol DMRS for PDSCH in embodiment 2-2. FIG. 98 shows an example of the procedure of Example 1 of embodiment 3-1. FIG. 99 shows an example of a modified OCC of Example 1 of Embodiment 3-1. FIG. 100 shows an example of the procedure of Example 2 of embodiment 3-1. FIG. 101 shows an example of a modified OCC of Example 2 of Embodiment 3-1. FIG. 102 shows an example of Example 3 of embodiment 3-1. FIG. 103 shows an example of Example 4 of embodiment 3-1. FIG. 104 shows an example of a table of CDM settings for DMRS setting type 1 for PDSCH in example 1 of embodiment 3-2. FIG. 105 shows an example of a table of CDM settings for DMRS setting type 2 for PDSCH in example 1 of embodiment 3-2. FIG. 106 shows an example of the procedure of Example 2 of embodiment 3-2. FIG. 107 shows an example of a modified OCC of Example 2 of Embodiment 3-2. FIG. 108 shows an example of Example 1 of embodiment 3-3. FIG. 109 shows an example of Example 2 of embodiment 3-3. FIG. 110 shows an example of Example 3 of embodiment 3-3. FIG. 111 is a diagram showing an example of a schematic configuration of a wireless communication system according to one embodiment. FIG. 112 is a diagram showing an example of the configuration of a base station according to one embodiment. FIG. 113 is a diagram illustrating an example of the configuration of a user terminal according to one embodiment. FIG. 114 is a diagram showing an example of the hardware configuration of a base station and a user terminal according to one embodiment. FIG. 115 is a diagram showing an example of a vehicle according to an embodiment.

(Application of Artificial Intelligence (AI)) Technology to Wireless Communications)
Regarding future wireless communication technologies, the use of AI technologies such as machine learning (ML) for network/device control and management is being considered.

For example, it is being considered that terminals (user equipment (UE))/base stations (BS)) will utilize AI technology to improve channel state information (CSI) feedback (e.g., reducing overhead, improving accuracy, prediction), improve beam management (e.g., improving accuracy, prediction in the time/space domain), and improve position measurement (e.g., improving position estimation/prediction).

The AI model may output at least one piece of information such as an estimate, a prediction, a selected action, a classification, etc. based on the input information. The UE/BS may input channel state information, reference signal measurements, etc. to the AI model, and output highly accurate channel state information/measurements/beam selection/position, future channel state information/radio link quality, etc.

In this disclosure, AI may be interpreted as an object (also called a target, object, data, function, program, etc.) having (implementing) at least one of the following characteristics:
- Estimation based on observed or collected information;
- making choices based on observed or collected information;
- Predictions based on observed or collected information.

In this disclosure, estimation, prediction, and inference may be interpreted as interchangeable. Also, in this disclosure, estimate, predict, and infer may be interpreted as interchangeable.

In the present disclosure, an object may be, for example, an apparatus such as a UE or a BS, or a device. Also, in the present disclosure, an object may correspond to a program/model/entity that operates in the apparatus.

In addition, in the present disclosure, an AI model may be interpreted as an object having (implementing) at least one of the following characteristics:
- Producing estimates by feeding information,
- Predicting estimates by providing information
- Discover features by providing information,
- Select an action by providing information.

In addition, in this disclosure, an AI model may refer to a data-driven algorithm that applies AI techniques to generate a set of outputs based on a set of inputs.

Furthermore, in this disclosure, AI model, model, ML model, predictive analytics, predictive analysis model, tool, autoencoder, encoder, decoder, neural network model, AI algorithm, scheme, etc. may be interchangeable. Furthermore, the AI model may be derived using at least one of regression analysis (e.g., linear regression analysis, multiple regression analysis, logistic regression analysis), support vector machine, random forest, neural network, deep learning, etc.

In this disclosure, methods for training an AI model may include supervised learning, unsupervised learning, reinforcement learning, federated learning, and the like. Supervised learning may refer to the process of training a model from inputs and corresponding labels. Unsupervised learning may refer to the process of training a model without labeled data. Reinforcement learning may refer to the process of training a model from inputs (i.e., states) and feedback signals (i.e., rewards) resulting from the model's outputs (i.e., actions) in the environment with which the model interacts.

In this disclosure, terms such as generate, calculate, derive, etc. may be interchangeable. In this disclosure, terms such as implement, operate, operate, execute, etc. may be interchangeable. In this disclosure, terms such as train, learn, update, retrain, etc. may be interchangeable. In this disclosure, terms such as infer, after-training, production use, actual use, etc. may be interchangeable. In this disclosure, terms such as signal and signal/channel may be interchangeable.

Figure 1 shows an example of a framework for managing AI models. In this example, each stage related to an AI model is shown as a block. This example is also referred to as Life Cycle Management (LCM) of an AI model.

The data collection stage corresponds to the stage of collecting data for generating/updating an AI model. The data collection stage may include data organization (e.g., determining which data to transfer for model training/model inference), data transfer (e.g., transferring data to an entity (e.g., UE, gNB) that performs model training/model inference), etc.

In addition, data collection may refer to a process in which data is collected by a network node, management entity, or UE for the purpose of AI model training/data analysis/inference. In this disclosure, process and procedure may be interpreted as interchangeable. In this disclosure, collection may also refer to obtaining a data set (e.g., usable as input/output) for training/inference of an AI model based on measurements (channel measurements, beam measurements, radio link quality measurements, position estimation, etc.).

In the present disclosure, offline field data may be data collected from the field (real world) and used for offline training of an AI model. Also, in the present disclosure, online field data may be data collected from the field (real world) and used for online training of an AI model.

In the model training stage, model training is performed based on the data (training data) transferred from the collection stage. This stage may include data preparation (e.g., performing data preprocessing, cleaning, formatting, conversion, etc.), model training/validation, model testing (e.g., checking whether the trained model meets performance thresholds), model exchange (e.g., transferring the model for distributed learning), model deployment/update (deploying/updating the model to the entities that will perform model inference), etc.

In addition, AI model training may refer to a process for training an AI model in a data-driven manner and obtaining a trained AI model for inference.

Also, AI model validation may refer to a sub-process of training to evaluate the quality of an AI model using a dataset different from the dataset used to train the model. This sub-process helps select model parameters that generalize beyond the dataset used to train the model.

Also, AI model testing may refer to a sub-process of training to evaluate the performance of the final AI model using a dataset different from the dataset used for model training/validation. Note that testing, unlike validation, does not necessarily require subsequent model tuning.

In the model inference stage, model inference is performed based on the data (inference data) transferred from the collection stage. This stage may include data preparation (e.g., performing data preprocessing, cleaning, formatting, transformation, etc.), model inference, model monitoring (e.g., monitoring the performance of model inference), model performance feedback (feeding back model performance to the entity performing the model training), output (providing model output to the actor), etc.

In addition, AI model inference may refer to the process of using a trained AI model to produce a set of outputs from a set of inputs.

Also, a UE side model may refer to an AI model whose inference is performed entirely in the UE. A network side model may refer to an AI model whose inference is performed entirely in the network (e.g., gNB).

Also, a one-sided model may refer to a UE-side model or a network-side model. A two-sided model may refer to a pair of AI models where joint inference is performed. Here, joint inference may include AI inference where the inference is performed jointly across the UE and the network, e.g., a first part of the inference may be performed first by the UE and the remaining part by the gNB (or vice versa).

Also, AI model monitoring may refer to the process of monitoring the inference performance of an AI model, and may be interchangeably read as model performance monitoring, performance monitoring, etc.

Note that model registration may refer to making a model executable (registering) by assigning a version identifier to the model and compiling it into the specific hardware used in the inference phase. Model deployment may refer to distributing (or activating at) a fully developed and tested run-time image (or image of the execution environment) of the model to the target (e.g., UE/gNB) where inference will be performed.

Actor stages may include action triggers (e.g., deciding whether to trigger an action on another entity), feedback (e.g., feeding back information needed for training data/inference data/performance feedback), etc.

Note that, for example, training of a model for mobility optimization may be performed in, for example, Operation, Administration and Maintenance (Management) (OAM) in a network (NW)/gNodeB (gNB). In the former case, interoperability, large capacity storage, operator manageability, and model flexibility (feature engineering, etc.) are advantageous. In the latter case, the latency of model updates and the absence of data exchange for model deployment are advantageous. Inference of the above model may be performed in, for example, a gNB.

Note that model activation may mean activating an AI model for a particular function. Model deactivation may mean disabling an AI model for a particular function. Model switching may mean deactivating a currently active AI model for a particular function and activating a different AI model.

Model transfer may also refer to distributing an AI model over the air interface. This may include distributing either or both of the parameters of the model structure already known at the receiving end, or a new model with the parameters. This may also include a complete model or a partial model. Model download may refer to model transfer from the network to the UE. Model upload may refer to model transfer from the UE to the network.

(DMRS)
The front-loaded Demodulation Reference Signal (DMRS) is the first (first symbol or symbol close to the first) DMRS for faster demodulation (FIG. 2). For high-speed mobile terminals (user terminals, User Equipment (UE)) or high modulation and coding schemes (MCS)/ranks, {0, 1, 2, 3} additional DMRSs can be configured by the RRC. The frequency location of the additional DMRS is the same as the front-loaded DMRS.

For the time domain, DMRS mapping type A or B is configured.
◆ In DMRS mapping type A, DMRS position l_0 is counted by symbol index within a slot (Fig. 3A). l_0 is configured by a parameter (dmrs-TypeA-Position) in the MIB or common serving cell configuration (ServingCellConfigCommon). DMRS position 0 (reference point l) refers to the first symbol of a slot or each frequency hop.
◆ In DMRS mapping type B, DMRS position l_0 is counted by the symbol index in the PDSCH/PUSCH (Fig. 3B). l_0 is always 0. DMRS position 0 (reference point l) means the first symbol of the PDSCH/PUSCH or each frequency hop.

The DMRS position is defined by a table in the specification and depends on the duration l_d of the PDSCH/PUSCH. The position of the additional DMRS is fixed.
◆ In DMRS mapping type A, the duration l_d of the PDSCH/PUSCH is from the first symbol of the slot to the last symbol of the scheduled PDSCH/PUSCH.
◆ In DMRS mapping type B, the duration l_d of the PDSCH/PUSCH is from the first scheduled symbol of the PDSCH/PUSCH to the last scheduled symbol of the PDSCH/PUSCH.

For the frequency domain, (PDSCH/PUSCH) DMRS configuration type 1 or 2 is configured.
◆DMRS configuration type 1 has a comb structure and is applicable to both CP-OFDM (transport precoding=disabled) and DFT-S-OFDM (transport precoding=enabled). The minimum RE (subcarrier) group in the frequency domain is one RE. Figure 4A shows an example of DMRS configuration type 1 for single-symbol DMRS.
◆DMRS configuration type 2 is only applicable to CP-OFDM. The minimum RE group in the frequency domain is two consecutive REs. Figure 4B shows an example of DMRS configuration type 2 for single-symbol DMRS.

Single symbol DMRS or double symbol DMRS is configured.
◆ Single-symbol DMRS is normally used (mandatory in Rel. 15). In single-symbol DMRS, the number of additional DMRS (symbols) is {0, 1, 2, 3}. Single-symbol DMRS supports both frequency hopping enabled and disabled. If the maximum number (maxLength) in the uplink DMRS configuration (DMRS-UplinkConfig) is not configured, single-symbol DMRS is used. In DMRS configuration type 1, DMRS is placed in one RE out of every two consecutive REs in the frequency domain (see FIG. 4A above). In DMRS configuration type 2, DMRS is placed in two consecutive REs out of every six consecutive REs in the frequency domain (see FIG. 4B above).
◆Double symbol DMRS is used for more DMRS ports (especially Multi-User Multi-Input Multi-Output (MU-MIMO)). In double symbol DMRS, the number of additional DMRS (symbols) is {0,1}. Double symbol DMRS supports the case where frequency hopping is disabled. If the maximum number (maxLength) in the uplink DMRS configuration (DMRS-UplinkConfig) is 2 (len2), whether it is single symbol DMRS or double symbol DMRS is determined by DCI or configured grant. DMRS is placed in one RE for every two consecutive REs in the frequency domain. Figure 5A shows an example of DMRS configuration type 1 of double symbol DMRS. In DMRS configuration type 2, DMRS is placed in two consecutive REs for every six consecutive REs in the frequency domain. Figure 5B shows an example of DMRS configuration type 2 of double symbol DMRS.

For an additional DMRS (in the time domain), the additional DMRS position is set by the higher layer parameter dmrs-AdditionalPosition.
◆For example, in the case of single-symbol DMRS, DMRS mapping type A, and dmrs-AdditionalPosition = pos0, the DMRS position is l_0. For example, in the case of single-symbol DMRS, DMRS mapping type A, dmrs-AdditionalPosition = pos1, and l_d = 10, the DMRS position is l_0, 9. For example, in the case of single-symbol DMRS, DMRS mapping type A, dmrs-AdditionalPosition = pos3, and l_d = 12, the DMRS position is l_0, 5, 8, and 11. For example, in the case of single-symbol DMRS, DMRS mapping type B, and dmrs-AdditionalPosition = pos0, the DMRS position is l_0. For example, in the case of single symbol DMRS, DMRS mapping type B, dmrs-AdditionalPosition = pos3, and l_d = 7, the DMRS position is l_0, 4.
◆For example, in the case of double symbol DMRS, DMRS mapping type A, dmrs-AdditionalPosition = pos0, the DMRS position is l_0. For example, in the case of double symbol DMRS, DMRS mapping type A, dmrs-AdditionalPosition = pos1, l_d = 10, the DMRS position is l_0, 8. For example, in the case of double symbol DMRS, DMRS mapping type B, dmrs-AdditionalPosition = pos0, the DMRS position is l_0. For example, in the case of double symbol DMRS, DMRS mapping type B, dmrs-AdditionalPosition = pos1, l_d = 10, the DMRS position is l_0, 7.

Multiple DMRS ports that are mapped to the same resource element (RE, time and frequency resource) are called a DMRS Code Division Multiplexing (CDM) group.

In contrast to the basic DMRS in Rel. 15, the extended DMRS is introduced in Rel. 18. The extended DMRS is configured by the higher layer parameter dmrs-TypeEnh.

There are several parameters for the DMRS port:
OCC type: Walsh matrix is used for OCC for PDSCH. Cyclic shift is used for OCC for PUSCH.
◆FD-OCC: W_f(0) to W_f(1) are used as two FD-OCCs for the basic DMRS. W_f(0) to W_f(3) are used as four FD-OCCs for the extended DMRS.
◆TD-OCC: W_t(0) to W_t(1) are used as two TD-OCCs for double-symbol DMRS.

Each table of parameters for DMRS includes a PDSCH DMRS port p or a PUSCH DMRS port Ũ ^p , a CDM group λ, Δ for frequency offset, a FD-OCC W _f (k′), and a TD-OCC W _t (l′).
◆ Table D1-1 shown in Figure 6 shows an example of parameters for PDSCH DMRS configuration type 1. Basic type 1 single symbol DMRS uses ports 1000 to 1003. Basic type 1 double symbol DMRS uses ports 1000 to 1007. Extended type 1 single symbol DMRS uses ports 1000 to 1003 and 1008 to 1011. Extended type 1 double symbol DMRS uses ports 1000 to 1015.
◆ Table D1-2 shown in FIG. 7 illustrates an example of parameters for PDSCH DMRS configuration type 2.
◆ Table U1-1 shown in FIG. 8 illustrates an example of parameters for PUSCH DMRS configuration type 1.
◆ Table U1-2 shown in FIG. 9 illustrates an example of parameters for PUSCH DMRS configuration type 2.

For DMRS, several configurations are possible:
◆ Setting 1: Basic DMRS, setting type 1, single symbol DMRS
With two CDM groups of FDM and two FD-OCC (length 2), up to four DMRS ports are available (FIG. 10A).
◆ Setting 2: Basic DMRS, Setting Type 1, Double Symbol DMRS
With two CDM groups of FDM, two FD-OCCs (length 2), and two TD-OCCs (length 2), up to eight DMRS ports are available (FIG. 10B).
◆ Setting 3: Basic DMRS, setting type 2, single symbol DMRS
With three CDM groups of FDM and two FD-OCC (length 2), up to six DMRS ports are available (FIG. 11A).
◆ Setting 4: Basic DMRS, setting type 2, double symbol DMRS
With three CDM groups of FDM, two FD-OCCs (length 2), and two TD-OCCs (length 2), up to 12 DMRS ports are available (FIG. 11B).
◆ Setting 5: Extended DMRS, setting type 1, single symbol DMRS
With two CDM groups of FDM and four FD-OCCs (length 4), up to eight DMRS ports are available (FIG. 12A).
◆ Setting 6: Extended DMRS, setting type 1, double symbol DMRS
With two CDM groups of FDM, four FD-OCCs (length 4), and two TD-OCCs (length 2), up to 16 DMRS ports are available (FIG. 12B).
◆ Setting 7: Extended DMRS, setting type 2, single symbol DMRS
With three CDM groups of FDM and four FD-OCCs (length 4), up to 12 DMRS ports are available (FIG. 13A).
◆ Setting 8: Extended DMRS, setting type 2, double symbol DMRS
With three CDM groups of FDM, four FD-OCCs (length 4), and two TD-OCCs (length 2), up to 24 DMRS ports are available (FIG. 13B).

In the present disclosure, existing DMRS, existing DMRS function, existing DMRS type, existing DMRS setting type, dmrs-Type, DMRS setting type 1/2, DMRS with FD-OCC of length 2, and Rel. 15 DMRS type may be read as interchangeable. In the present disclosure, existing DMRS setting type is set, existing DMRS setting type 1 or 2 is set, and extended DMRS type is not set may be read as interchangeable. In the present disclosure, DMRS setting type 1, DMRS type 1, DMRS type = 1, DMRS Type 1, and dmrs-Type set to type 2 are not set may be read as interchangeable. In the present disclosure, DMRS setting type 2, DMRS type 2, DMRS type = 2, DMRS Type 2, and dmrs-Type set to type 2 are set may be read as interchangeable.

In the present disclosure, extended DMRS, extended DMRS function, extended DMRS type, extended DMRS configuration type, configuration/upper layer parameters for extended DMRS type, extended DMRS type, enhanced-dmrs-Type_r18, dmrs-TypeEnh, extended DMRS configuration type 1/2, DMRS with FD-OCC of length 4, Rel. 18 DMRS type may be read as interchangeable. In the present disclosure, the extended DMRS configuration type is set, enhanced-dmrs-Type_r18 is set, extended DMRS configuration type 1 or 2 is set, and extended DMRS type is set may be read as interchangeable. In the present disclosure, extended DMRS configuration type 1, DMRS extension type 1, DMRS extension type = 1, DMRS eType 1, extended DMRS type is set and dmrs-Type set to type 2 is not set may be read as interchangeable. In the present disclosure, extended DMRS setting type 2, DMRS extended type 2, DMRS extended type=2, DMRS eType 2, an extended DMRS type is set and a dmrs-Type set to type2 is set, may be read as interchangeable.

In this disclosure, the maximum DMRS length, maxLength, and the maximum number of OFDM symbols in a front loaded DMRS may be interpreted as interchangeable.

In this disclosure, FD-OCC, w _f (k'), may be read as interchangeable, and TD-OCC, w _t (l'), a TD-OCC of length 2, may be read as interchangeable.

In the present disclosure, the existing OCC, the existing FD-OCC, the FD-OCC of length 2, and the Rel. 15 FD-OCC may be read as interchangeable. In the present disclosure, the new OCC, the new FD-OCC, the FD-OCC of length greater than 2, the Rel. 18 FD-OCC, w _f (k'), and the FD-OCC of length 4 may be read as interchangeable.

In the present disclosure, the terms existing DMRS port, Rel. 15 DMRS port, DMRS port to which the existing FD-OCC is applied, DMRS port within the port number range of the existing DMRS, existing DMRS port, and existing DMRS may be read as interchangeable. In the present disclosure, the terms new DMRS port, Rel. 18 DMRS port, DMRS port to which the new FD-OCC is applied, DMRS port outside the port number range of the existing DMRS, extended DMRS port, and extended DMRS may be read as interchangeable.

(DMRS Frequency Domain Resources)
The DMRS configuration in the frequency domain is represented by the parameter k (subcarrier index).

The k in basic DMRS is calculated by the following formula: where Δ is related to the CDM group ID: CDM group 0 corresponds to Δ=0, CDM group 1 corresponds to Δ=1, and CDM group 2 corresponds to Δ=4.
k = 4n + 2k' + Δ (setting type 1)
k = 6n + k' + Δ (setting type 2)
k' = 0, 1
n = 0, 1, …

As shown in Figure 14A, k for basic DMRS configuration type 1 is determined. CDM group 0 is placed in REs with k = 0, 2, 4, 6, ..., and CDM group 1 is placed in REs with k = 1, 3, 5, 7, ....

As shown in Figure 14B, k for basic DMRS configuration type 2 is determined. CDM group 0 is placed in REs with k = 0, 1, 6, 7, ..., CDM group 1 is placed in REs with k = 2, 3, 8, 9, ..., and CDM group 2 is placed in REs with k = 4, 5, 10, 11, ....

The k in the extended DMRS is calculated by the following formula: where Δ is related to the CDM group ID.
k = 8n + 2k' + Δ (setting type 1)
k = 12n + k' + Δ (setting type 2, k' = 0, 1)
k = 12n + k' + Δ + 4 (setting type 2, k' = 2, 3)
k'＝0, 1, 2, 3
n = 0, 1, …

As shown in Figure 15, k for extended DMRS configuration type 1 is determined. CDM group 0 is placed in REs with k = 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, ..., and CDM group 1 is placed in REs with k = 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, ....

As shown in Figure 16, k for extended DMRS configuration type 2 is determined. CDM group 0 is placed in REs with k = 0, 1, 6, 7, 12, 13, ..., CDM group 1 is placed in REs with k = 2, 3, 8, 9, 14, 15, ..., and CDM group 2 is placed in REs with k = 4, 5, 10, 11, 16, 17, ....

(DMRS Time Domain Resources)
In the existing specification, the DMRS configuration in the time domain is represented by the parameter l (symbol index). The mapping of the DMRS in the frequency domain and the time domain is calculated by the following equation:
◆ If the upper layer parameter dmrs-TypeEnh is set (extended DMRS),
α ^~ _k,l ^(p_j,μ) =w _f (k')w _t (l')r(4n+k')
k = 8n + 2k' + Δ (setting type 1)
k = 12n + k' + Δ (setting type 2, k' = 0, 1)
k = 12n + k' + Δ + 4 (setting type 2, k' = 2, 3)
k'＝0, 1, 2, 3
l'＝l ^- +l'
n = 0, 1, …
j = 0, 1, …, v-1
◆ Otherwise (basic DMRS),
α ^~ _k,l ^(p_j,μ) =w _f (k')w _t (l')r(2n+k')
k = 4n + 2k' + Δ (setting type 1)
k = 6n + k' + Δ (setting type 2)
k'＝0, 1, 2, 3
l'＝l ^- +l'
n = 0, 1, …
j = 0, 1, …, v-1
l ^- represents the position of the DMRS in the time domain.
For single-symbol DMRS, l' = 0. For double-symbol DMRS, l' = 0, 1.

The reference point for l and the position of the first DMRS symbol, l ₀ , depend on the mapping type.
In PDSCH mapping type A, l and l ₀ comply with the following:
-◆l is defined relative to the start of the slot.
-◆If the upper layer parameter dmrs=TypeA-Position is equal to 'pos3', then l ₀ = 3. Otherwise, l ₀ = 2.
In PDSCH mapping type B, l and l ₀ comply with the following:
-◆l is defined relative to the start of the scheduled PDSCH resource.
―◆l ₀ =0.

The position of the DMRS symbol is given by l ⁻ and duration l _d , where l _d satisfies:
◆ For PDSCH mapping type A, l _d is the duration between the first OFDM symbol of the slot and the last OFDM symbol of the scheduled PDSCH resource within that slot.
◆ In PDSCH mapping type B, l _d is the duration of the scheduled PDSCH resource.

FIG. 17 shows Table D2-1 for PDSCH DMRS position in single symbol DMRS. FIG. 18 shows Table U2-1 for PUSCH DMRS position in single symbol DMRS. ^l is determined based on mapping type, dmrs-AddtionalPosition, and l_d. The maximum number of available positions is 4. FIG. 19 shows Table D2-2 for PDSCH DMRS position in double symbol DMRS. FIG. 20 shows Table U2-2 for PUSCH DMRS position in double symbol DMRS.

(DMRS Code Domain Resources)
In existing specifications, the DMRS configuration in the code domain is represented by parameters w _f (k') and w _t (l').

The DMRS value (sequence) is represented by α ^≠ _k,l ^(p_j,μ) and is given by the following equation:
◆ If the upper layer parameter dmrs-TypeEnh is set (extended DMRS),
α ^~ _k,l ^(p_j,μ) =w _f (k')w _t (l')r(4n+k')
◆ Otherwise (basic DMRS),
α ^~ _k,l ^(p_j,μ) =w _f (k')w _t (l')r(2n+k')

w _f (k') (FD-OCC) and w _t (l') (TD-OCC) are given by Tables D1-1/D1-2 above.

r(n) is represented using a pseudorandom sequence c(n).

Figures 21A and 21B show FD-OCC for CDM group 0 (ports #1000, #1001) of single-symbol DMRS of extension type 1 of DMRS for PDSCH. Figures 22A and 22B show FD-OCC for CDM group 0 (ports #1008, #1009) of single-symbol DMRS of extension type 1 of DMRS for PDSCH. Figures 23A and 23B show FD-OCC for CDM group 1 (ports #1002, #1003) of single-symbol DMRS of extension type 1 of DMRS for PDSCH. Figures 24A and 24B show FD-OCC for CDM group 1 (ports #1010, #1011) of single-symbol DMRS of extension type 1 of DMRS for PDSCH.

Figures 25A and 25B show the FD-OCC and TD-OCC for CDM group 0 (ports #1000, #1001) of double symbol DMRS of basic type 2 DMRS for PDSCH. Figures 26A and 26B show the FD-OCC and TD-OCC for CDM group 0 (ports #1006, #1007) of double symbol DMRS of basic type 2 DMRS for PDSCH. Figures 27A and 27B show the FD-OCC and TD-OCC for CDM group 1 (ports #1002, #1003) of double symbol DMRS of basic type 2 DMRS for PDSCH. 28A and 28B show the FD-OCC and TD-OCC for CDM group 1 (ports #1008, #1009) of double symbol DMRS of basic type 2 of DMRS for PDSCH. 29A and 29B show the FD-OCC and TD-OCC for CDM group 2 (ports #1004, #1005) of double symbol DMRS of basic type 2 of DMRS for PDSCH. 30A and 30B show the FD-OCC and TD-OCC for CDM group 2 (ports #1010, #1011) of double symbol DMRS of basic type 2 of DMRS for PDSCH.

(DMRS power boosting)
For UL DMRS, the intermediate quantity α ^∼ _k,l ^(p_j,μ) is precoded, multiplied by an amplitude scaling factor β _PUSCH ^DMRS to adapt the transmit power, and mapped to the physical resource. α ^k _,l ^(p_j,μ) based on α _{∼ k,l} ^(p_j,μ) is given by

In UL DMRS with PUSCH, the UE assumes that the ratio of PUSCH EPRE to DMRS energy per resource element (EPRE) (β _DMRS [dB]) according to the number of DMRS CDM groups without data is given by Table U3 in Figure 31. The DMRS scaling factor β _PUSCH ^DMRS is given by β _PUSCH ^DMRS = 10 ^{- β_DMRS/20} .

For DL DMRS, the UE assumes that the sequence r(m) is scaled by a factor β _PDSCH ^DMRS to match the transmit power.

In DL DMRS with PDSCH, the UE assumes that the ratio of PDSCH EPRE to DMRS EPRE (β _DMRS [dB]) according to the number of DMRS CDM groups without data is given by Table D3 in Figure 32. The DMRS scaling factor β _PDSCH ^DMRS is given by β _PDSCH ^DMRS = 10 ^{- β_DMRS/20} .

At each layer, the power of DMRS of a particular CDM group that is allocated to other CDM groups is set to 0, so that the reserved power of DMRS originally allocated to other CDM groups can be used to increase the transmission power of DMRS in the particular CDM group.

(PDSCH Processing Time in UE)
The UE shall provide a valid HARQ-ACK message if the first UL symbol of PUCCH carrying HARQ-ACK information and the PUCCH resource to be used, including the effect of timing advance, starts after symbol _L1 as defined by the assigned HARQ-ACK _{timing K1} and K offset, where _L1 is defined as the next UL symbol with CP start later than Tproc _,1 = ( _N1 + _d1,1 + _d2 ) (2048 + 144) · κ2 ^{- μ} · _Tc + _Text from the end of the last symbol of PDSCH carrying the recognized TB.

N ₁ is based on μ in Table D4-1 (FIG. 33) corresponding to UE processing capability 1 and Table D4-2 (FIG. 34) corresponding to UE processing capability 2, where μ corresponds to the one of (μ _PDCCH , μ _PDSCH , μ _UL ) that results in the largest T _proc,1 . μ _PDCCH corresponds to the subcarrier spacing of the PDCCH that schedules that PDSCH. μ _PDSCH corresponds to the subcarrier spacing of the scheduled PDSCH. μ _UL corresponds to the subcarrier spacing of the UL channel on which the HARQ-ACK is assumed to be transmitted regardless of whether the PDSCH reception provides a transport block for a HARQ process with HARQ-ACK information disabled as indicated by HARQ-feedbackEnabling-disablingperHARQprocess.

(DMRS Improvements)
In Rel. 18, it was considered to support a larger number of orthogonal DMRS ports in DL and UL multi-user (MU)-multi-input multi-output (MIMO) (without increasing DMRS overhead), up to 24 orthogonal DMRS ports.

In some typical scenarios in next-generation wireless communication systems, an increase in DMRS in at least one of the frequency domain, time domain, and code domain is required to ensure the decoding performance at the receiver. The typical scenarios are, for example, high frequency scenarios, high speed scenarios, and a large number of DMRS ports in FR3 scenarios.

Increasing the resources occupied by DMRS reduces the resources available for transmitting data on the PUSCH/PDSCH, reducing data throughput in the wireless communication system.

To efficiently detect the signal at the receiver, some known signal is transmitted in a fixed time and frequency RE, which is known as DMRS in the 5G standard.

Conventional channel estimation using DMRS may be performed by the following two steps.
◆ Estimating the channel in DMRS.
◆ Extending the channel estimation to all other REs.

In new applications, for example, next generation communication systems for immersive communication, there is a requirement for higher throughput, and two possible solutions are:
◆ More REs are allocated to the data to be transmitted.
◆ On the same time-frequency resource, more antenna ports transmit more data streams.

Either solution requires that the density of DMRS in each data stream be reduced due to several reasons:
◆ Saving some REs originally occupied by DMRS for transmitted data.
◆ Supporting DMRS for additional antenna ports.

The performance of conventional channel estimation algorithms for DMRS is limited, and due to the nonlinear relationship between DMRS REs and other REs, the conventional channel estimation algorithms become relatively worse when the density of DMRS decreases.

The inventors therefore investigated the design/configuration of DMRS based on channel estimation capabilities and came up with the embodiment.

By utilizing AI/ML's powerful ability to predict nonlinear relationships, the performance of AI/ML-based channel estimation is higher than that of conventional channel estimation algorithms. It is believed that AI/ML-based channel estimation can significantly reduce the resource utilization of DMRS. The method of each embodiment can precisely design DMRS patterns and CDM groups corresponding to different AI/ML functions/models (IDs).

AI/ML-based channel estimation can improve performance compared to traditional channel estimation methods. The theoretical minimum mean square error (MMSE) value is the theoretical best channel estimation performance. AI/ML-based channel estimation can bring the performance closer to the theoretical MMSE value.

Other AI/ML-based modules, e.g., AI/ML-based detection, can further improve transmission/reception performance.

By extending the AI/ML receiver (not limited to the channel estimation module), the DMRS for each data stream can be reduced.

The DMRS of each embodiment can be applied to at least one of the PDSCH and the PUSCH.

Embodiments of the present disclosure will now be described in detail with reference to the drawings. The wireless communication methods according to the embodiments may be applied independently or in combination.

(Various replacements)
In this disclosure, a word enclosed in "( )" in a sentence may indicate an explanation of the word immediately preceding it (e.g., an explanation of the spelling), a paraphrase, a specific example, a supplementary explanation, etc. Also, in this disclosure, a word enclosed in "[ ]" in a sentence may be included in the meaning of the entire sentence, or may be ignored in the meaning of the entire sentence. Note that "( )" and "[ ]" may be used for purposes/meanings other than those mentioned above.

In this disclosure, "A/B" and "at least one of A and B" may be interpreted as interchangeable. Also, in this disclosure, "A/B/C" may mean "at least one of A, B, and C."

In this disclosure, terms such as notify, activate, deactivate, indicate, select, configure, update, and determine may be read as interchangeable terms. In this disclosure, terms such as support, control, capable of control, operate, and capable of operating may be read as interchangeable terms.

In this disclosure, Radio Resource Control (RRC), RRC parameters, RRC messages, higher layer parameters, fields, information elements (IEs), settings, etc. may be interchangeable. In this disclosure, Medium Access Control (MAC Control Element (CE)), update commands, activation/deactivation commands, etc. may be interchangeable.

In the present disclosure, the higher layer signaling may be, for example, any one of Radio Resource Control (RRC) signaling, Medium Access Control (MAC) signaling, broadcast information, other messages (e.g., messages from the core network such as positioning protocols (e.g., NR Positioning Protocol A (NRPPa)/LTE Positioning Protocol (LPP)) messages), or a combination of these.

In the present disclosure, the MAC signaling may use, for example, a MAC Control Element (MAC CE), a MAC Protocol Data Unit (PDU), etc. The broadcast information may be, for example, a Master Information Block (MIB), a System Information Block (SIB), Remaining Minimum System Information (RMSI), Other System Information (OSI), etc.

In the present disclosure, the physical layer signaling may be, for example, Downlink Control Information (DCI), Uplink Control Information (UCI), etc.

In the present disclosure, ceil(x), ceiling function, and ceiling function may be read as mutually interchangeable. In the present disclosure, floor(x), floor function, and floor function may be read as mutually interchangeable. In the present disclosure, sqrt(x), square root, and square root may be read as mutually interchangeable. In the present disclosure, x mod y, mod(x, y), mod function, and modulo operation may be read as mutually interchangeable. In the present disclosure, Σ _i=M ^M+N-1 f(i), Σ _i=M ^M+N-1 f _i , the summation of f(i) or f _i over i=M, M+1, ..., M+N-1, f(M)+f(M+1)+...+f(M+N-1), and f _M +f _M+1 +...+f _M+N-1 may be read as mutually interchangeable. C(n, k) is the number of combinations of k values selected from n values (combinatorial coefficient), binomial coefficients, _n C _k and C _n ^k may be read as interchangeable. In the present disclosure, x/y and floor(x/y) may be read as interchangeable.

In the present disclosure, a _b , a_b, and the notation with b added to the lower right of a may be read as interchangeable. In the present disclosure, a ^c , a^c, and the notation with c added to the upper right of a may be read as interchangeable. In the present disclosure, a _b ^c , a_b^c, and the notation with b added to the lower right of a and c added to the upper right of a may be read as interchangeable. In the present disclosure, x ^~ may be represented by adding ~ above x, or may be called x tilde. In the present disclosure, x ^- may be represented by adding - above x, or may be called x bar.

In the present disclosure, FR may be, for example, at least one of FR1, FR2, FR2-1, FR2-2, FR3, sub-terahertz, and terahertz. In the present disclosure, the frequency range corresponding to FR1 may be 410-7125 MHz. In the present disclosure, FR2 may include FR2-1 and FR2-2, the frequency range corresponding to FR2-1 may be 24250-52600 MHz, and the frequency range corresponding to FR2-1 may be 52600-71000 MHz.

In this disclosure, the base station (BS), gNB, and network (NW) may be interpreted as interchangeable.

In this disclosure, function, functionality, and model may be interpreted interchangeably.

In this disclosure, the terms frequency domain position, RE, subcarrier, RE index, and subcarrier index may be interchangeable. In this disclosure, the terms time domain position, symbol, and symbol index may be interchangeable.

In the present disclosure, DMRS setting in the frequency domain, a table for DMRS setting in the frequency domain, DMRS frequency domain setting, DMRS subcarrier position setting, and DMRS setting may be interchangeable. In the present disclosure, DMRS setting in the time domain, a table for DMRS setting in the time domain, DMRS time domain setting, DMRS symbol position setting, and DMRS setting may be interchangeable. In the present disclosure, DMRS setting in the code domain, a table for DMRS setting in the code domain, DMRS code domain setting, CDM setting, OCC setting, and DMRS setting may be interchangeable.

In this disclosure, specific settings, existing specifications, and Rel. 15/Rel. 18 DMRS settings may be interchangeable. In this disclosure, specific DMRS, DMRS conforming to existing specifications, and Rel. 15/Rel. 18 DMRS may be interchangeable.

In the present disclosure, reserved DMRS resources, DMRS resources (time/frequency) determined based on specifications (tables), and DMRS resources (time/frequency) indicated in specifications (tables) may be interpreted as interchangeable.

In this disclosure, the PDSCH DMRS port number 1000+p and the PUSCH DMRS port number p may be interpreted as interchangeable.

(Wireless communication method)
In each embodiment, data (PDSCH/PUSCH) may be configured in resources in which DMRS is not configured.

In each embodiment, the procedures that apply to the PDSCH may be applied to the PUSCH. In each embodiment, the procedures that apply to the PUSCH may be applied to the PDSCH.

<Embodiment 1>
This embodiment relates to a new configuration of DMRS in the frequency domain, which may correspond to a certain AI/ML function/model (ID).

This embodiment may systematically improve the spacing between multiple frequency resources of a DMRS by passing a sparsity factor to the DMRS in an existing specification.

According to this embodiment, the DMRS resources configured for a DMRS port/CDM group can be reduced in the frequency domain.

In this disclosure, the multiplex group interval is the difference (minimum interval) between the first subcarrier indexes of two FD-OCCs that are FDM-multiplexed in the same CDM group. In this disclosure, the multiplex group interval, FD-OCC interval, and FD-OCC offset may be interpreted as interchangeable.

In this disclosure, the inter-group spacing is the difference (minimum spacing) between the first subcarrier indexes of two CDM groups. In this disclosure, the inter-group spacing and group offset may be interpreted as interchangeable.

In this disclosure, intra-group spacing is the difference (minimum spacing) between two subcarrier indexes within one FD-OCC. In this disclosure, intra-group spacing, intra-FD-OCC spacing, inter-subcarrier spacing, and subcarrier offset may be interpreted as interchangeable.

The reduction in the time domain of the DMRS configured for a DMRS port/CDM group may be in accordance with at least one of the following embodiments 1-x:

<<Embodiment 1-1>>
This embodiment reduces the DMRS resources configured for each DMRS port with the same DMRS density (for multiple CDM groups). This embodiment may follow at least one of the following options:

◆Option 1
The multiple group spacing is increased, the intra-group spacing is maintained, and the inter-group spacing is maintained. This option may be applied in at least one of the following cases:

- Case 1: Basic DMRS Type 1
k may be calculated according to at least one of the following formulas:

--◆Calculation formula 0: k may be calculated by the following formula.
k = (4 + s)n + 2k' + Δ (setting type 1)
k' = 0, 1
n = 0, 1, …
s∈{0, 1, …}
s may be set by the network or may be defined by a specification.
4+s may represent a multiple group interval.
In the example of Figure 35A, s = 2, and k is determined from n = 0, 1, ..., k' = 0, 1, and Δ = 0, 1. In this case, as shown in Figure 35B, CDM group 0 may be placed in REs with k = 0, 2, 6, 8, ..., and CDM group 1 may be placed in REs with k = 1, 3, 7, 9, .... The multiple group spacing increases from the existing 4 to 6.

--◆Calculation formula 1: When s is a multiple of 4, calculation formula 0 may be modified based on the existing basic DMRS formula, and n may be set to a multiple of (s/4+1). k may be calculated by the following formula:
k = 4n + 2k' + Δ (setting type 1)
k' = 0, 1
n=0, (s/4+1), 2(s/4+1),..., if s mod 4=0
s may be set by the network or may be defined by a specification.
In the example of Figure 36A, s = 4, and k is determined from n = 0, 2, ..., k' = 0, 1, and Δ = 0, 1. In this case, as shown in Figure 36B, CDM group 0 may be placed in REs with k = 0, 2, 8, 10, ..., and CDM group 1 may be placed in REs with k = 1, 3, 9, 11, .... The multiple group spacing increases from the existing 4 to 8.

Formula 2: Formula 0 when s is 4 may be modified based on the formula of the extended DMRS, and k'=2, 3 may be deleted. k may be calculated by the following formula:
k = 8n + 2k' + Δ (setting type 1)
k' = 0, 1
n = 0, 1, …
In the example of Figure 37A, k is determined from n = 0, 1, ..., k' = 0, 1, and Δ = 0, 1. In this case, as shown in Figure 37B, CDM group 0 may be placed in REs with k = 0, 2, 8, 10, ..., and CDM group 1 may be placed in REs with k = 1, 3, 9, 11, .... The multiple group spacing increases from the existing 4 to 6.

--◆Calculation formula 3: The starting point of CDM group 0 may be set or may be defined by the specification. k may be calculated by the following formula:
k = (4 + s)n + 2k' + Δ + o (setting type 1)
k' = 0, 1
n = 0, 1, …
s∈{0, 1, …}
o∈{0, 1, …, s}
s may be set by the network or may be defined by a specification.
o may be set by the NW or may be defined by the specifications.
o may represent the offset of CDM group 0.
In the example of Figure 38A, s = 2, o = 1, and k is determined from n = 0, 1, ..., k' = 0, 1, and Δ = 0, 1. In this case, as shown in Figure 38B, CDM group 0 may be placed in REs with k = 1, 3, 7, 9, ..., and CDM group 1 may be placed in REs with k = 2, 4, 8, 10, .... The multiple group spacing increases from the existing 4 to 6.

- Case 2: Basic DMRS Type 2
k may be calculated according to at least one of the following formulas:

--◆Calculation formula 0: k may be calculated by the following formula.
k = (6 + s) n + k' + Δ (setting type 2)
k' = 0, 1
n = 0, 1, …
s∈{0, 1, …}
s may be set by the network or may be defined by a specification.
In the example of Figure 39A, s = 4, and k is determined from n = 0, 1, ..., k' = 0, 1, and Δ = 0, 2, 4. In this case, as shown in Figure 39B, CDM group 0 may be placed in REs with k = 0, 1, 10, 11, ..., CDM group 1 may be placed in REs with k = 2, 3, 12, 13, ..., and CDM group 2 may be placed in REs with k = 4, 5, 14, 15, .... The multiple group spacing increases from the existing 6 to 10.

--◆Calculation Formula 1: Calculation Formula 0 when s is a multiple of 6 may be modified based on the existing basic DMRS formula, and n may be set to a multiple of (s/6 + 1).
k = 6n + k' + Δ (setting type 2)
k' = 0, 1
n=0, (s/6+1), 2(s/6+1),..., if s mod 6=0
s may be set by the network or may be defined by a specification.
In the example of Figure 40A, s = 6, and k is determined from n = 0, 2, ..., k' = 0, 1, and Δ = 0, 2, 4. In this case, as shown in Figure 40B, CDM group 0 may be placed in REs with k = 0, 1, 12, 13, ..., CDM group 1 may be placed in REs with k = 2, 3, 14, 15, ..., and CDM group 2 may be placed in REs with k = 4, 5, 16, 17, .... The multiple group spacing increases from the existing 6 to 12.

Formula 2: Formula 0 when s is 6 may be modified based on the DMRS formula, and k'=2, 3 may be deleted. k may be calculated by the following formula:
k = 12n + k' + Δ (setting type 2)
k' = 0, 1
n = 0, 1, …
In the example of Figure 41A, k is determined from n = 0, 1, ..., k' = 0, 1, and Δ = 0, 2, 4. In this case, as shown in Figure 41B, CDM group 0 may be placed in REs with k = 0, 1, 12, 13, ..., CDM group 1 may be placed in REs with k = 2, 3, 14, 15, ..., and CDM group 2 may be placed in REs with k = 4, 5, 16, 17, .... The multiple group spacing increases from the existing 6 to 12.

--◆Calculation formula 3: The starting point of CDM group 0 may be set or may be defined by the specification. k may be calculated by the following formula:
k = (6 + s)n + 2k' + Δ + o (setting type 2)
k' = 0, 1
n = 0, 1, …
s∈{0, 1, …}
o∈{0, 1, …, s}
s may be set by the network or may be defined by a specification.
o may be set by the NW or may be defined by the specifications.
In the example of Figure 42A, s = 4, o = 2, and k is determined from n = 0, 1, ..., k' = 0, 1, and Δ = 0, 2, 4. In this case, as shown in Figure 42B, CDM group 0 may be placed in REs with k = 2, 3, 12, 13, ..., CDM group 1 may be placed in REs with k = 4, 5, 14, 15, ..., and CDM group 2 may be placed in REs with k = 6, 7, 16, 17, .... The multiple group spacing increases from the existing 6 to 10.

- Case 3: Extended DMRS Type 1
k may be calculated according to at least one of the following formulas:

--◆Calculation formula 0: k may be calculated by the following formula.
k = (8 + s)n + 2k' + Δ (setting type 1)
k' = 0, 1
n = 0, 1, …
s∈{0, 1, …}
s may be set by the network or may be defined by a specification.
In the example of Figure 43A, s = 2, and k is determined from n = 0, 1, ..., k' = 0, 1, 2, 3, and Δ = 0, 1. In this case, as shown in Figure 43B, CDM group 0 may be placed in REs with k = 0, 2, 4, 6, 10, 12, 14, 16, ..., and CDM group 1 may be placed in REs with k = 1, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 15, 17, .... The multiple group spacing increases from the existing 8 to 14.

--◆Calculation Formula 1: When s is a multiple of 8, calculation formula 0 may be modified based on the existing extended DMRS formula, and n may be set to a multiple of (s/8+1). k may be calculated by the following formula:
k = 8n + 2k' + Δ (setting type 1)
k' = 0, 1
n=0, (s/8+1), 2(s/8+1),..., if s mod 4=0
s may be set by the network or may be defined by a specification.
In the example of Figure 44A, s = 4, and k is determined from n = 0, 8, ..., k' = 0, 1, 2, 3, and Δ = 0, 1. In this case, as shown in Figure 44B, CDM group 0 may be placed in REs with k = 0, 2, 4, 6, 16, 18, 20, 22, ..., and CDM group 1 may be placed in REs with k = 1, 3, 5, 7, 17, 19, 21, 23, .... The multiple group spacing increases from the existing 8 to 16.

--◆Calculation formula 2: The starting point of CDM group 0 may be set or may be defined by the specification. k may be calculated by the following formula:
k = (8 + s)n + 2k' + Δ + o (setting type 1)
k'＝0, 1, 2, 3
n = 0, 1, …
s∈{0, 1, …}
o∈{0, 1, …, s}
s may be set by the network or may be defined by a specification.
o may be set by the NW or may be defined by the specifications.
In the example of Figure 45A, s = 2, o = 2, and k is determined from n = 0, 1, ..., k' = 0, 1, 2, 3, and Δ = 0, 1. In this case, as shown in Figure 45B, CDM group 0 may be placed in REs with k = 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, 14, 16, 18, ..., and CDM group 1 may be placed in REs with k = 3, 5, 7, 9, 13, 15, 17, 19, .... The multiple group spacing increases from the existing 8 to 10.

- Case 4: Extended DMRS Type 2
k may be calculated according to at least one of the following formulas:

--◆Calculation formula 0: k may be calculated by the following formula.
k = (12 + s) n + k' + Δ (setting type 2, k' = 0, 1)
k = (12 + s) n + k' + Δ + 4 (setting type 2, k' = 2, 3)
k'＝0, 1, 2, 3
n = 0, 1, …
s∈{0, 1, …}
s may be set by the network or may be defined by a specification.
In the example of Figure 46A, s = 4, and k is determined from n = 0, 1, ..., k' = 0, 1, 2, 3, and Δ = 0, 2, 4. In this case, as shown in Figure 46B, CDM group 0 may be placed in REs with k = 0, 1, 6, 7, 16, 17, 22, 23, ..., CDM group 1 may be placed in REs with k = 2, 3, 8, 9, 18, 19, 24, 25, ..., and CDM group 2 may be placed in REs with k = 4, 5, 10, 11, 20, 21, 26, 27, .... The multiple group spacing increases from the existing 12 to 16.

--◆Calculation Formula 1: Calculation Formula 0 when s is a multiple of 12 may be modified based on the existing extended DMRS formula, and n may be set to a multiple of (s/12 + 1).
k = 12n + k' + Δ (setting type 2, k' = 0, 1)
k = 12n + k' + Δ + 4 (setting type 2, k' = 2, 3)
k'＝0, 1, 2, 3
n=0, (s/12+1), 2(s/12+1),..., if s mod 12=0
s may be set by the network or may be defined by a specification.
In the example of Figure 47A, s = 6, and k is determined from n = 0, 2, ..., k' = 0, 1, 2, 3, and Δ = 0, 2, 4. In this case, as shown in Figure 47B, CDM group 0 may be placed in REs with k = 0, 1, 6, 7, 24, 25, 30, 31, ..., CDM group 1 may be placed in REs with k = 2, 3, 8, 9, 26, 27, 32, 33, ..., and CDM group 2 may be placed in REs with k = 4, 5, 10, 11, 28, 29, 34, 35, .... The multiple group spacing is increased from the existing 12 to 24.

--◆Calculation formula 2: The starting point of CDM group 0 may be set or may be defined by the specification. k may be calculated by the following formula:
k = (12 + s) n + k' + Δ + o (setting type 2, k' = 0, 1)
k = (12 + s) n + k' + Δ + o + 4 (setting type 2, k' = 2, 3)
k' = 0, 1
n = 0, 1, …
s∈{0, 1, …}
o∈{0, 1, …, s}
s may be set by the network or may be defined by a specification.
o may be set by the NW or may be defined by the specifications.
In the example of Figure 48A, s = 4, o = 3, and k is determined from n = 0, 1, ..., k' = 0, 1, 2, 3, and Δ = 0, 2, 4. In this case, as shown in Figure 48B, CDM group 0 may be placed in REs with k = 3, 4, 9, 10, 19, 20, 25, 26, ..., CDM group 1 may be placed in REs with k = 5, 6, 11, 12, 21, 22, 27, 28, ..., and CDM group 2 may be placed in REs with k = 7, 8, 13, 14, 23, 24, 29, 30, .... The multiple group spacing increases from the existing 12 to 16.

◆ Option 2
The multiple group spacing is increased, the intra-group spacing is increased, and the inter-group spacing is maintained. This option may be applied in at least one of the following cases:

- Case 1: Basic DMRS Type 1
k may be calculated according to at least one of the following formulas:

--◆Calculation formula 0: k may be calculated by the following formula.
k = (4 + s) n + (2 + i) k' + Δ (setting type 1)
k' = 0, 1
n = 0, 1, …
s∈{0, 1, …}
i ∈ {0, 1, …, s}
s may be set by the network or may be defined by a specification.
i may be set by the network or may be defined by the specifications.
s may represent a multiple group interval.
2+i may represent the intra-group interval.
In the example of Figure 49A, s = 2, i = 1, and k is determined from n = 0, 1, ..., k' = 0, 1, and Δ = 0, 1. In this case, as shown in Figure 49B, CDM group 0 may be placed in REs with k = 0, 3, 6, 9, ..., and CDM group 1 may be placed in REs with k = 1, 4, 7, 10, .... The multi-group spacing is increased from the existing 4 to 6. The intra-group spacing is increased from the existing 2 to 3.

--◆Calculation formula 1: The starting point of CDM group 0 may be set or may be defined by the specification. k may be calculated by the following formula:
k = (4 + s) n + (2 + i) k' + Δ + o (setting type 1)
k' = 0, 1
n = 0, 1, …
s∈{0, 1, …}
i ∈ {0, 1, …, s}
o∈{0, 1, …, s−i}
s may be set by the network or may be defined by a specification.
i may be set by the network or may be defined by the specifications.
o may be set by the NW or may be defined by the specifications.
In the example of Figure 50A, s = 4, i = 1, o = 3, and k is determined from n = 0, 1, ..., k' = 0, 1, and Δ = 0, 1. In this case, as shown in Figure 50B, CDM group 0 may be placed in REs with k = 3, 6, 11, 14, ..., and CDM group 1 may be placed in REs with k = 4, 7, 12, 15, .... The multi-group spacing is increased from the existing 4 to 8. The intra-group spacing is increased from the existing 2 to 3.

- Case 2: Basic DMRS Type 2
k may be calculated according to at least one of the following formulas:

--◆Calculation formula 0: k may be calculated by the following formula.
k = (6 + s) n + (1 + i) k' + (1 + i/2) Δ (setting type 2)
k' = 0, 1
n = 0, 1, …
s∈{0, 1, …}
i∈{0, 1, …, s//3}
s may be set by the network or may be defined by a specification.
i may be set by the network or may be defined by the specifications.
In the example of Figure 51A, s = 4, i = 1, and k is determined from n = 0, 1, ..., k' = 0, 1, and Δ = 0, 2, 4. In this case, as shown in Figure 51B, CDM group 0 may be placed in REs with k = 0, 2, 10, 12, ..., CDM group 1 may be placed in REs with k = 3, 5, 13, 15, ..., and CDM group 2 may be placed in REs with k = 6, 8, 16, 18, .... The multi-group spacing is increased from the existing 6 to 10. The intra-group spacing is increased from the existing 1 to 2.

--◆Calculation formula 1: The starting point of CDM group 0 may be set or may be defined by the specification. k may be calculated by the following formula:
k = (6 + s) n + (1 + i) k' + (1 + i/2) Δ + o (setting type 2)
k' = 0, 1
n = 0, 1, …
s∈{0, 1, …}
i∈{0, 1, …, s//3}
o∈{0, 1, …, s−3i}
s may be set by the network or may be defined by a specification.
i may be set by the network or may be defined by the specifications.
o may be set by the NW or may be defined by the specifications.
In the example of Figure 52A, s = 4, i = 1, o = 1, and k is determined from n = 0, 1, ..., k' = 0, 1, and Δ = 0, 2, 4. In this case, as shown in Figure 52B, CDM group 0 may be placed in REs with k = 1, 3, 11, 13, ..., CDM group 1 may be placed in REs with k = 4, 6, 14, 16, ..., and CDM group 2 may be placed in REs with k = 7, 9, 17, 19, .... The multi-group spacing is increased from the existing 6 to 10. The intra-group spacing is increased from the existing 1 to 2.

- Case 3: Extended DMRS Type 1
k may be calculated according to at least one of the following formulas:

--◆Calculation formula 0: k may be calculated by the following formula.
k = (8 + s) n + (2 + i) k' + Δ (setting type 1)
k'＝0, 1, 2, 3
n = 0, 1, …
s∈{0, 1, …}
i∈{0, 1, …, s//3}
s may be set by the network or may be defined by a specification.
i may be set by the network or may be defined by the specifications.
In the example of Figure 53A, s = 6, i = 1, and k is determined from n = 0, 1, ..., k' = 0, 1, 2, 3, and Δ = 0, 1. In this case, as shown in Figure 53B, CDM group 0 may be placed in REs with k = 0, 3, 6, 9, 14, 17, 20, 23, ..., and CDM group 1 may be placed in REs with k = 1, 4, 7, 10, 15, 18, 21, 24, .... The multi-group spacing is increased from the existing 8 to 14. The intra-group spacing is increased from the existing 2 to 3.

--◆Calculation formula 1: The starting point of CDM group 0 may be set or may be defined by the specification. k may be calculated by the following formula:
k = (8 + s) n + (2 + i) k' + Δ + o (setting type 1)
k'＝0, 1, 2, 3
n = 0, 1, …
s∈{0, 1, …}
i∈{0, 1, …, s//3}
o∈{0, 1, …, s−3i}
s may be set by the network or may be defined by a specification.
i may be set by the network or may be defined by the specifications.
o may be set by the NW or may be defined by the specifications.
In the example of Figure 54A, s = 6, i = 1, o = 2, and k is determined from n = 0, 1, ..., k' = 0, 1, 2, 3, and Δ = 0, 1. In this case, as shown in Figure 54B, CDM group 0 may be placed in REs with k = 2, 5, 8, 11, 16, 19, 22, 25, ..., and CDM group 1 may be placed in REs with k = 3, 6, 9, 12, 17, 20, 23, 26, .... The multi-group spacing is increased from the existing 8 to 14. The intra-group spacing is increased from the existing 2 to 3.

- Case 4: Extended DMRS Type 2
k may be calculated according to at least one of the following formulas:

--◆Calculation formula 0: k may be calculated by the following formula.
k = (12 + s) n + (1 + i) k' + (1 + i/2) Δ (setting type 2, k' = 0, 1)
k = (12 + s) n + (1 + i) k' + (1 + i/2) Δ + 4 + i (setting type 2, k' = 2, 3)
k'＝0, 1, 2, 3
n = 0, 1, …
s∈{0, 1, …}
i∈{0, 1, …, s//6}
s may be set by the network or may be defined by a specification.
i may be set by the network or may be defined by the specifications.
In the example of Figure 55A, s = 10, i = 1, and k is determined from n = 0, 1, ..., k' = 0, 1, 2, 3, and Δ = 0, 2, 4. In this case, as shown in Figure 55B, CDM group 0 may be placed in REs with k = 0, 2, 9, 11, 22, 24, 31, 33, ..., CDM group 1 may be placed in REs with k = 3, 5, 12, 14, 25, 27, 34, 36, ..., and CDM group 2 may be placed in REs with k = 6, 8, 15, 17, 28, 30, 37, 39, .... The multi-group spacing is increased from the existing 12 to 22. The intra-group spacing is increased from the existing 1 to 2.

--◆Calculation formula 1: The starting point of CDM group 0 may be set or may be defined by the specification. k may be calculated by the following formula:
k = (12 + s) n + (1 + i) k' + (1 + i/2) Δ + o (setting type 2, k' = 0, 1)
k = (12 + s) n + (1 + i) k' + (1 + i/2) Δ + 4 + i + o (setting type 2, k' = 2, 3)
k'＝0, 1, 2, 3
n = 0, 1, …
s∈{0, 1, …}
i∈{0, 1, …, s//6}
o∈{0, 1, …, s−6i}
s may be set by the network or may be defined by a specification.
i may be set by the network or may be defined by the specifications.
o may be set by the NW or may be defined by the specifications.
In the example of Figure 56A, s = 10, i = 1, o = 3, and k is determined from n = 0, 1, ..., k' = 0, 1, 2, 3, and Δ = 0, 2, 4. In this case, as shown in Figure 56B, CDM group 0 may be placed in REs with k = 3, 5, 12, 14, 22, 24, 31, 33, ..., CDM group 1 may be placed in REs with k = 6, 8, 15, 17, 25, 27, 34, 36, ..., and CDM group 2 may be placed in REs with k = 9, 11, 18, 20, 28, 30, 37, 39, .... The multi-group spacing increases from the existing 12 to 19. The intra-group spacing increases from the existing 1 to 2.

◆ Option 3
Multi-group spacing is increased, inter-group spacing is increased, and intra-group spacing is maintained. This option may only be applied to Basic/Extended Type 2. This option may be applied in at least one of the following cases:

- Case 1: Basic DMRS Type 2
k may be calculated according to at least one of the following formulas:

--◆Calculation formula 0: k may be calculated by the following formula.
k = (6 + s) n + k' + (1 + j/2) Δ (setting type 2)
k' = 0, 1
n = 0, 1, …
s∈{0, 1, …}
j∈{0, 1, …, s//2}
s may be set by the network or may be defined by a specification.
j may be set by the network or may be defined by the specifications.
s may represent a multiple group interval.
(1+j/2)2 may represent the inter-group spacing.
In the example of Figure 57A, s = 4, j = 1, and k is determined from n = 0, 1, ..., k' = 0, 1, and Δ = 0, 2, 4. In this case, as shown in Figure 57B, CDM group 0 may be placed in REs with k = 0, 1, 10, 11, ..., CDM group 1 may be placed in REs with k = 3, 4, 13, 14, ..., and CDM group 2 may be placed in REs with k = 6, 7, 16, 17, .... The multiple group spacing is increased from the existing 6 to 10. The inter-group spacing is increased from the existing 2 to 3.

--◆Calculation formula 1: The starting point of CDM group 0 may be set or may be defined by the specification. k may be calculated by the following formula:
k = (6 + s) n + k' + (1 + j/2) Δ + o (setting type 2)
k' = 0, 1
n = 0, 1, …
s∈{0, 1, …}
j∈{0, 1, …, s//2}
o∈{0, 1, …, s−2j}
s may be set by the network or may be defined by a specification.
j may be set by the network or may be defined by the specifications.
o may be set by the NW or may be defined by the specifications.
In the example of Figure 58A, s = 4, j = 1, o = 2, and k is determined from n = 0, 1, ..., k' = 0, 1, and Δ = 0, 2, 4. In this case, as shown in Figure 58B, CDM group 0 may be placed in REs with k = 2, 3, 12, 13, ..., CDM group 1 may be placed in REs with k = 5, 6, 15, 16, ..., and CDM group 2 may be placed in REs with k = 8, 9, 18, 19, .... The multiple group spacing is increased from the existing 6 to 10. The inter-group spacing is increased from the existing 2 to 3.

- Case 2: Extended DMRS Type 2
k may be calculated according to at least one of the following formulas:

--◆Calculation formula 0: k may be calculated by the following formula.
k = (12 + s) n + k' + (1 + j/2) Δ (setting type 2, k' = 0, 1)
k = (12 + s) n + k' + (1 + j/2) Δ + 4 + 3j (setting type 2, k' = 2, 3)
k'＝0, 1, 2, 3
n = 0, 1, …
s∈{0, 1, …}
j∈{0, 1, …, s／／5}
s may be set by the network or may be defined by a specification.
j may be set by the network or may be defined by the specifications.
In the example of Figure 59A, s = 10, j = 1, and k is determined from n = 0, 1, ..., k' = 0, 1, 2, 3, and Δ = 0, 2, 4. In this case, as shown in Figure 59B, CDM group 0 may be placed in REs with k = 0, 1, 9, 10, 22, 23, 31, 32, ..., CDM group 1 may be placed in REs with k = 3, 4, 12, 13, 25, 26, 34, 35, ..., and CDM group 2 may be placed in REs with k = 6, 7, 15, 16, 28, 29, 37, 38, .... The multiple group spacing increases from the existing 12 to 22. The inter-group spacing increases from the existing 2 to 3.

--◆Calculation formula 1: The starting point of CDM group 0 may be set or may be defined by the specification. k may be calculated by the following formula:
k = (12 + s) n + k' + (1 + j/2) Δ + o (setting type 2, k' = 0, 1)
k=(12+s)n+k'+(1+j/2)Δ+4+3j+o (setting type 2, k'=2,3)
k'＝0, 1, 2, 3
n = 0, 1, …
s∈{0, 1, …}
j∈{0, 1, …, s／／5}
o∈{0, 1, …, s−5i}
s may be set by the network or may be defined by a specification.
j may be set by the network or may be defined by the specifications.
o may be set by the NW or may be defined by the specifications.
In the example of Figure 60A, s = 10, j = 1, o = 3, and k is determined from n = 0, 1, ..., k' = 0, 1, 2, 3, and Δ = 0, 2, 4. In this case, as shown in Figure 60B, CDM group 0 may be placed in REs with k = 3, 4, 12, 13, 25, 26, 34, 35, ..., CDM group 1 may be placed in REs with k = 6, 7, 15, 16, 28, 29, 37, 38, ..., and CDM group 2 may be placed in REs with k = 9, 10, 18, 19, 31, 32, 40, 41, .... The multiple group spacing increases from the existing 12 to 19. The inter-group spacing increases from the existing 2 to 3.

Option 4
The multiple group spacing is increased, the inter-group spacing is increased, and the intra-group spacing is increased. This option may be applied in at least one of the following cases:

- Case 1: Basic DMRS Type 1
k may be calculated according to at least one of the following formulas:

--◆Calculation formula 0: k may be calculated by the following formula.
k = (4 + s) n + (2 + i) k' + (1 + j) Δ (setting type 1)
k' = 0, 1
n = 0, 1, …
s∈{0, 1, …}
i ∈ {0, 1, …, s}
j ∈ {0, 1, …, s − i}
s may be set by the network or may be defined by a specification.
i may be set by the network or may be defined by the specifications.
j may be set by the network or may be defined by the specifications.
s may represent a multiple group interval.
2+i may represent the intra-group interval.
1+j may represent the inter-group spacing.
In the example of Figure 61A, s = 4, i = 2, j = 1, and k is determined from n = 0, 1, ..., k' = 0, 1, and Δ = 0, 1. In this case, as shown in Figure 61B, CDM group 0 may be placed in REs with k = 0, 4, 8, 12, ..., and CDM group 1 may be placed in REs with k = 2, 6, 10, 14, .... The multi-group spacing is increased from the existing 4 to 8. The intra-group spacing is increased from the existing 2 to 4. The inter-group spacing is increased from the existing 1 to 2.

--◆Calculation formula 1: The starting point of CDM group 0 may be set or may be defined by the specification. k may be calculated by the following formula:
k = (4 + s) n + (2 + i) k' + (1 + j) Δ + o (setting type 1)
k' = 0, 1
n = 0, 1, …
s∈{0, 1, …}
i ∈ {0, 1, …, s}
j ∈ {0, 1, …, s − i}
o∈{0, 1, …, s−i}
s may be set by the network or may be defined by a specification.
i may be set by the network or may be defined by the specifications.
j may be set by the network or may be defined by the specifications.
o may be set by the NW or may be defined by the specifications.
In the example of Figure 62A, s = 4, i = 2, j = 1, o = 1, and k is determined from n = 0, 1, ..., k' = 0, 1, and Δ = 0, 1. In this case, as shown in Figure 62B, CDM group 0 may be placed in REs with k = 1, 5, 9, 13, ..., and CDM group 1 may be placed in REs with k = 3, 7, 11, 15, .... The multi-group spacing is increased from the existing 4 to 8. The intra-group spacing is increased from the existing 2 to 4. The inter-group spacing is increased from the existing 1 to 2.

- Case 2: Basic DMRS Type 2
k may be calculated according to at least one of the following formulas:

--◆Calculation formula 0: k may be calculated by the following formula.
k = (6 + s) n + (1 + i) k' + (1 + i/2 + j/2) Δ (setting type 2)
k' = 0, 1
n = 0, 1, …
s∈{0, 1, …}
i∈{0, 1, …, s//3}
j∈{0, 1, …, (s−3i)//2}
s may be set by the network or may be defined by a specification.
i may be set by the network or may be defined by the specifications.
j may be set by the network or may be defined by the specifications.
In the example of Figure 63A, s = 10, i = 1, j = 2, and k is determined from n = 0, 1, ..., k' = 0, 1, and Δ = 0, 2, 4. In this case, as shown in Figure 63B, CDM group 0 may be placed in REs with k = 0, 2, 16, 18, ..., CDM group 1 may be placed in REs with k = 5, 7, 21, 23, ..., and CDM group 2 may be placed in REs with k = 10, 12, 26, 28, .... The multiple group spacing is increased from the existing 6 to 16. The intra-group spacing is increased from the existing 1 to 2. The inter-group spacing is increased from the existing 2 to 5.

--◆Calculation formula 1: The starting point of CDM group 0 may be set or may be defined by the specification. k may be calculated by the following formula:
k = (6 + s) n + (1 + i) k' + (1 + i/2 + j/2) Δ + o (setting type 2)
k' = 0, 1
n = 0, 1, …
s∈{0, 1, …}
i∈{0, 1, …, s//3}
j∈{0, 1, …, (s−3i)//2}
o∈{0, 1, …, s−3i−2j}
s may be set by the network or may be defined by a specification.
i may be set by the network or may be defined by the specifications.
j may be set by the network or may be defined by the specifications.
o may be set by the NW or may be defined by the specifications.
In the example of Figure 64A, s = 10, i = 1, j = 2, o = 2, and k is determined from n = 0, 1, ..., k' = 0, 1, and Δ = 0, 2, 4. In this case, as shown in Figure 64B, CDM group 0 may be placed in REs with k = 2, 4, 18, 20, ..., CDM group 1 may be placed in REs with k = 7, 9, 23, 25, ..., and CDM group 2 may be placed in REs with k = 12, 14, 28, 30, .... The multiple group spacing is increased from the existing 6 to 16. The intra-group spacing is increased from the existing 1 to 2. The inter-group spacing is increased from the existing 2 to 5.

- Case 3: Extended DMRS Type 1
k may be calculated according to at least one of the following formulas:

--◆Calculation formula 0: k may be calculated by the following formula.
k = (8 + s) n + (2 + i) k' + (1 + j) Δ (setting type 1)
k'＝0, 1, 2, 3
n = 0, 1, …
s∈{0, 1, …}
i∈{0, 1, …, s//3}
j∈{0, 1, …, s−3i}
s may be set by the network or may be defined by a specification.
i may be set by the network or may be defined by the specifications.
j may be set by the network or may be defined by the specifications.
In the example of Figure 65A, s = 12, i = 3, j = 2, and k is determined from n = 0, 1, ..., k' = 0, 1, 2, 3, and Δ = 0, 1. In this case, as shown in Figure 65B, CDM group 0 may be placed in REs with k = 0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, ..., and CDM group 1 may be placed in REs with k = 3, 8, 13, 18, 23, 28, 33, 38, .... The multi-group spacing is increased from the existing 8 to 20. The intra-group spacing is increased from the existing 2 to 5. The inter-group spacing is increased from the existing 1 to 3.

--◆Calculation formula 1: The starting point of CDM group 0 may be set or may be defined by the specification. k may be calculated by the following formula:
k = (8 + s) n + (2 + i) k' + (1 + j) Δ + o (setting type 1)
k'＝0, 1, 2, 3
n = 0, 1, …
s∈{0, 1, …}
i∈{0, 1, …, s//3}
j∈{0, 1, …, s−3i}
o∈{0, 1, …, s−3i−j}
s may be set by the network or may be defined by a specification.
i may be set by the network or may be defined by the specifications.
j may be set by the network or may be defined by the specifications.
o may be set by the NW or may be defined by the specifications.
In the example of Figure 66A, s = 12, i = 3, j = 2, o = 1, and k is determined from n = 0, 1, ..., k' = 0, 1, 2, 3, and Δ = 0, 1. In this case, as shown in Figure 66B, CDM group 0 may be placed in REs with k = 1, 6, 11, 16, 21, 26, 31, 36, ..., and CDM group 1 may be placed in REs with k = 4, 9, 14, 19, 24, 29, 34, 39, .... The multi-group spacing is increased from the existing 8 to 20. The intra-group spacing is increased from the existing 2 to 5. The inter-group spacing is increased from the existing 1 to 3.

- Case 4: Extended DMRS Type 2
k may be calculated according to at least one of the following formulas:

--◆Calculation formula 0: k may be calculated by the following formula.
k = (12 + s) n + (1 + i) k' + (1 + i/2 + j/2) Δ (setting type 2, k' = 0, 1)
k = (12 + s) n + (1 + i) k' + (1 + i/2 + j/2) Δ + 4 + i + 3j (setting type 2, k' = 2, 3)
k'＝0, 1, 2, 3
n = 0, 1, …
s∈{0, 1, …}
i∈{0, 1, …, s//6}
j∈{0, 1, …, (s−6i)//5}
s may be set by the network or may be defined by a specification.
i may be set by the network or may be defined by the specifications.
j may be set by the network or may be defined by the specifications.
In the example of Figure 67A, s = 14, i = 1, j = 1, and k is determined from n = 0, 1, ..., k' = 0, 1, 2, 3, and Δ = 0, 2, 4. In this case, as shown in Figure 67B, CDM group 0 may be placed in REs with k = 0, 2, 12, 14, 26, 28, 38, 40, ..., CDM group 1 may be placed in REs with k = 4, 6, 16, 18, 30, 32, 42, 44, ..., and CDM group 2 may be placed in REs with k = 8, 10, 20, 22, 34, 36, 46, 48, ... The multiple group spacing increases from the existing 12 to 26. The intra-group spacing increases from the existing 1 to 2. The inter-group spacing increases from the existing 2 to 4.

--◆Calculation formula 1: The starting point of CDM group 0 may be set or may be defined by the specification. k may be calculated by the following formula:
k = (12 + s) n + (1 + i) k' + (1 + i/2 + j/2) Δ + o (setting type 2, k' = 0, 1)
k = (12 + s) n + (1 + i) k' + (1 + i/2 + j/2) Δ + 4 + i + 3j + o (setting type 2, k' = 2, 3)
k'＝0, 1, 2, 3
n = 0, 1, …
s∈{0, 1, …}
i∈{0, 1, …, s//6}
j∈{0, 1, …, (s−6i)//5}
o∈{0, 1, …, s−6i}
s may be set by the network or may be defined by a specification.
i may be set by the network or may be defined by the specifications.
j may be set by the network or may be defined by the specifications.
o may be set by the NW or may be defined by the specifications.
In the example of Figure 68A, s = 14, i = 1, j = 1, o = 2, and k is determined from n = 0, 1, ..., k' = 0, 1, 2, 3, and Δ = 0, 2, 4. In this case, as shown in Figure 68B, CDM group 0 may be placed in REs with k = 2, 4, 14, 16, 24, 26, 34, 36, ..., CDM group 1 may be placed in REs with k = 6, 8, 18, 20, 28, 30, 38, 40, ..., and CDM group 2 may be placed in REs with k = 10, 12, 22, 24, 32, 34, 42, 44, ... The multiple group spacing is increased from the existing 12 to 22. The intra-group spacing is increased from the existing 1 to 2. The inter-group spacing is increased from the existing 2 to 4.

<<Embodiment 1-2>>
This embodiment uses different DMRS densities (for different CDM groups) to reduce the DMRS resources configured for each DMRS port. This embodiment may follow at least one of the following options:

◆Option 1
The multi-group spacing in at least one CDM group is increased, the intra-group spacing is maintained, and the inter-group spacing is maintained. Different multi-group spacing may be used between multiple CDM groups. This option may be applied in at least one of the following cases:

- Case 1: Basic DMRS Type 1
k may be calculated according to at least one of the following formulas:

--◆Calculation formula 0: k may be calculated by the following formula.
k = (4 + s_0)n + 2k' + Δ (setting type 1, CDM group 0)
k = (4 + s_1)n + 2k' + Δ (setting type 1, CDM group 1)
k' = 0, 1
n = 0, 1, …
s_0∈{0, 2, 4, …}
s_1∈{0, 2, 4, …}
s_0 may be set by the NW or may be defined by the specifications.
s_1 may be set by the NW or may be defined by the specifications.
4+s_0 may represent the multi-group spacing in CDM group 0.
4+s_1 may represent the multiple group spacing in CDM group 1.
In the example of Figure 69A, s_0 = 2, s_1 = 4, and k is determined from n = 0, 1, ..., k' = 0, 1, and Δ = 0, 1. In this case, as shown in Figure 69B, CDM group 0 may be placed in REs with k = 0, 2, 6, 8, ..., and CDM group 1 may be placed in REs with k = 1, 3, 9, 11, .... The multiple group spacing in CDM group 0 increases from the existing 4 to 6. The multiple group spacing in CDM group 1 increases from the existing 4 to 8.

--◆Calculation formula 1: As in embodiment 1-1, the start point (offset) o of CDM group 0 may be applied to calculation formula 0.

- Case 2: Basic DMRS Type 2
k may be calculated according to at least one of the following formulas:

--◆Calculation formula 0: k may be calculated by the following formula.
k = (6 + s_0)n + k' + Δ (setting type 2, CDM group 0)
k = (6 + s_1) n + k' + Δ (setting type 2, CDM group 1)
k = (6 + s_2) n + k' + Δ (setting type 2, CDM group 2)
k' = 0, 1
n = 0, 1, …
s_0∈{0, 6, 12, …}
s_1∈{0, 6, 12, …}
s_2∈{0, 6, 12, …}
s_0 may be set by the NW or may be defined by the specifications.
s_1 may be set by the NW or may be defined by the specifications.
s_2 may be set by the NW or may be defined by the specifications.
6+s_0 may represent the multiple group spacing in CDM group 0.
6+s_1 may represent the multiple group spacing in CDM group 1.
6+s_2 may represent the multiple group spacing in CDM group 2.
In the example of Figure 70A, s_0 = 0, s_1 = 6, s_2 = 12, and k is determined from n = 0, 1, ..., k' = 0, 1, and Δ = 0, 2, 4. In this case, as shown in Figure 70B, CDM group 0 may be placed in REs with k = 0, 1, 6, 7, ..., CDM group 1 may be placed in REs with k = 2, 3, 14, 15, ..., and CDM group 2 may be placed in REs with k = 4, 5, 22, 23, .... The multiple group spacing in CDM group 0 is maintained at the existing 6. The multiple group spacing in CDM group 1 is increased from the existing 6 to 12. The multiple group spacing in CDM group 2 is increased from the existing 6 to 18.

--◆Calculation formula 1: As in embodiment 1-1, the start point (offset) o of CDM group 0 may be applied to calculation formula 0.

- Case 3: Extended DMRS Type 1
k may be calculated according to at least one of the following formulas:

--◆Calculation formula 0: k may be calculated by the following formula.
k = (8 + s_0)n + 2k' + Δ (setting type 1, CDM group 0)
k = (8 + s_1)n + 2k' + Δ (setting type 1, CDM group 1)
k' = 0, 1
n = 0, 1, …
s_0∈{0, 2, 4, …}
s_1∈{0, 2, 4, …}
s_0 may be set by the NW or may be defined by the specifications.
s_1 may be set by the NW or may be defined by the specifications.
8+s_0 may represent the multi-group spacing in CDM group 0.
8+s_1 may represent the multiple group spacing in CDM group 1.
In the example of Figure 71A, s_0 = 2, s_1 = 6, and k is determined from n = 0, 1, ..., k' = 0, 1, 2, 3, and Δ = 0, 1. In this case, as shown in Figure 71B, CDM group 0 may be placed in REs with k = 0, 2, 4, 6, 10, 12, 14, 16, ..., and CDM group 1 may be placed in REs with k = 1, 3, 5, 7, 15, 17, 19, 21, .... The multiple group spacing in CDM group 0 increases from the existing 8 to 10. The multiple group spacing in CDM group 1 increases from the existing 8 to 14.

--◆Calculation formula 1: As in embodiment 1-1, the start point (offset) o of CDM group 0 may be applied to calculation formula 0.

- Case 4: Extended DMRS Type 2
k may be calculated according to at least one of the following formulas:

--◆Calculation formula 0: k may be calculated by the following formula.
k = (12 + s_0) n + k' + Δ (setting type 2, CDM group 0, k' = 0, 1)
k = (12 + s_1) n + k' + Δ (setting type 2, CDM group 1, k' = 0, 1)
k = (12 + s_2) n + k' + Δ (setting type 2, CDM group 2, k' = 0, 1)
k = (12 + s_0) n + k' + Δ + 4 (setting type 2, CDM group 0, k' = 2, 3)
k = (12 + s_1) n + k' + Δ + 4 (setting type 2, CDM group 1, k' = 2, 3)
k = (12 + s_2) n + k' + Δ + 4 (setting type 2, CDM group 2, k' = 2, 3)
k'＝0, 1, 2, 3
n = 0, 1, …
s_0∈{0, 6, 12, …}
s_1∈{0, 6, 12, …}
s_2∈{0, 6, 12, …}
s_0 may be set by the NW or may be defined by the specifications.
s_1 may be set by the NW or may be defined by the specifications.
s_2 may be set by the NW or may be defined by the specifications.
12+s_0 may represent the multi-group spacing in CDM group 0.
12+s_1 may represent the multiple group spacing in CDM group 1.
12+s_2 may represent the multiple group spacing in CDM group 2.
In the example of Figure 72A, s_0 = 12, s_1 = 6, s_2 = 0, and k is determined from n = 0, 1, ..., k' = 0, 1, 2, 3, and Δ = 0, 2, 4. In this case, as shown in Figure 72B, CDM group 0 may be placed in REs with k = 0, 1, 6, 7, 24, 25, 30, 31, ..., CDM group 1 may be placed in REs with k = 2, 3, 8, 9, 20, 21, 26, 27, ..., and CDM group 2 may be placed in REs with k = 4, 5, 10, 11, 16, 17, 22, 23, .... The multiple group spacing in CDM group 0 increases from the existing 12 to 24. The multiple group spacing in CDM group 1 increases from the existing 12 to 18. The multiple group spacing in CDM group 2 is maintained at the existing 12.

--◆Calculation formula 1: As in embodiment 1-1, the start point (offset) o of CDM group 0 may be applied to calculation formula 0.

◆ Option 2
The multi-group spacing in at least one CDM group is increased, the intra-group spacing is increased, and the inter-group spacing is maintained. Different sparsity factors may be used between the CDM groups. This option may be applied in at least one of the following cases:

- Case 1: Basic DMRS Type 1
k may be calculated according to at least one of the following formulas:

--◆Calculation formula 0: k may be calculated by the following formula.
k = (1 + s_0) (4 + s) n + 2k' + Δ (setting type 1, CDM group 0)
k = (1 + s_1) (4 + s) n + 2k' + Δ (setting type 1, CDM group 1)
k' = 0, 1
n = 0, 1, …
s∈{0, 1, …}
s_0∈{0, 1, …}
s_1∈{0, 1, …}
s may be set by the network or may be defined by a specification.
s_0 may be set by the NW or may be defined by the specifications.
s_1 may be set by the NW or may be defined by the specifications.
(1+s_0)(4+s) may represent the multiple group spacing in CDM group 0.
(1+s_1)(4+s) may represent the multiple group spacing in CDM group 1.
In the example of Figure 73A, s = 2, s_0 = 0, s_1 = 1, and k is determined from n = 0, 1, ..., k' = 0, 1, and Δ = 0, 1. In this case, as shown in Figure 73B, CDM group 0 may be placed in REs with k = 0, 2, 6, 8, 12, 14, ..., and CDM group 1 may be placed in REs with k = 1, 3, 13, 15, 25, 27, .... The multiple group spacing in CDM group 0 increases from the existing 4 to 6. The multiple group spacing in CDM group 1 increases from the existing 4 to 12.

--◆Calculation formula 1: As in embodiment 1-1, the start point (offset) o of CDM group 0 may be applied to calculation formula 0.

- Case 2: Basic DMRS Type 2
k may be calculated according to at least one of the following formulas:

--◆Calculation formula 0: k may be calculated by the following formula.
k = (1 + s_0) (6 + s) n + k' + Δ (setting type 2, CDM group 0)
k = (1 + s_1) (6 + s) n + k' + Δ (setting type 2, CDM group 1)
k = (1 + s_2) (6 + s) n + k' + Δ (setting type 2, CDM group 2)
k' = 0, 1
n = 0, 1, …
s∈{0, 1, …}
s_0∈{0, 1, …}
s_1∈{0, 1, …}
s_2∈{0, 1, …}
s may be set by the network or may be defined by a specification.
s_0 may be set by the NW or may be defined by the specifications.
s_1 may be set by the NW or may be defined by the specifications.
s_2 may be set by the NW or may be defined by the specifications.
(1+s_0)(6+s) may represent the multiple group spacing in CDM group 0.
(1+s_1)(6+s) may represent the multiple group spacing in CDM group 1.
(1+s_2)(6+s) may represent the multiple group spacing in CDM group 2.
In the example of Figure 74A, s = 4, s_0 = 0, s_1 = 1, s_2 = 0, and k is determined from n = 0, 1, ..., k' = 0, 1, and Δ = 0, 2, 4. In this case, as shown in Figure 74B, CDM group 0 may be placed in REs with k = 0, 1, 10, 11, ..., CDM group 1 may be placed in REs with k = 2, 3, 22, 23, ..., and CDM group 2 may be placed in REs with k = 4, 5, 14, 15, .... The multiple group spacing in CDM group 0 is increased from the existing 6 to 10. The multiple group spacing in CDM group 1 is increased from the existing 6 to 20. The multiple group spacing in CDM group 2 is increased from the existing 6 to 10.

--◆Calculation formula 1: As in embodiment 1-1, the start point (offset) o of CDM group 0 may be applied to calculation formula 0.

- Case 3: Extended DMRS Type 1
k may be calculated according to at least one of the following formulas:

--◆Calculation formula 0: k may be calculated by the following formula.
k = (1 + s_0) (8 + s) n + 2k' + Δ (setting type 1, CDM group 0)
k = (1 + s_1) (8 + s) n + 2k' + Δ (setting type 1, CDM group 1)
k' = 0, 1
n = 0, 1, …
s∈{0, 1, …}
s_0∈{0, 1, …}
s_1∈{0, 1, …}
s may be set by the network or may be defined by a specification.
s_0 may be set by the NW or may be defined by the specifications.
s_1 may be set by the NW or may be defined by the specifications.
(1+s_0)(8+s) may represent the multiple group spacing in CDM group 0.
(1+s_0)(8+s) may represent the multiple group spacing in CDM group 1.
In the example of Figure 75, s = 2, s_0 = 0, s_1 = 1, and k is determined from n = 0, 1, ..., k' = 0, 1, 2, 3, and Δ = 0, 1. In this case, CDM group 0 may be placed in REs with k = 0, 2, 4, 6, 10, 12, 14, 16, ..., and CDM group 1 may be placed in REs with k = 1, 3, 5, 7, 21, 23, 25, 27, .... The multiple group spacing in CDM group 0 increases from the existing 8 to 10. The multiple group spacing in CDM group 1 increases from the existing 8 to 20.

--◆Calculation formula 1: As in embodiment 1-1, the start point (offset) o of CDM group 0 may be applied to calculation formula 0.

- Case 4: Extended DMRS Type 2
k may be calculated according to at least one of the following formulas:

--◆Calculation formula 0: k may be calculated by the following formula.
k = (1 + s_0) (12 + s) n + k' + Δ (setting type 2, CDM group 0, k' = 0, 1)
k = (1 + s_1) (12 + s) n + k' + Δ (setting type 2, CDM group 1, k' = 0, 1)
k = (1 + s_2) (12 + s) n + k' + Δ (setting type 2, CDM group 2, k' = 0, 1)
k = (1 + s_0) (12 + s) n + k' + Δ + 4 (setting type 2, CDM group 0, k' = 2, 3)
k = (1 + s_1) (12 + s) n + k' + Δ + 4 (setting type 2, CDM group 1, k' = 2, 3)
k = (1 + s_2) (12 + s) n + k' + Δ + 4 (setting type 2, CDM group 2, k' = 2, 3)
k'＝0, 1, 2, 3
n = 0, 1, …
s∈{0, 1, …}
s_0∈{0, 1, …}
s_1∈{0, 1, …}
s_2∈{0, 1, …}
s may be set by the network or may be defined by a specification.
s_0 may be set by the NW or may be defined by the specifications.
s_1 may be set by the NW or may be defined by the specifications.
s_2 may be set by the NW or may be defined by the specifications.
(1+s_0)(12+s) may represent the multiple group spacing in CDM group 0.
(1+s_1)(12+s) may represent the multiple group spacing in CDM group 1.
(1+s_2)(12+s) may represent the multiple group spacing in CDM group 2.
In the example of Fig. 76, s = 4, s_0 = 0, s_1 = 1, s_2 = 2, and k is determined from n = 0, 1, ..., k' = 0, 1, 2, 3, and Δ = 0, 2, 4. In this case, CDM group 0 may be placed in REs with k = 0, 1, 6, 7, 16, 17, 22, 23, ..., CDM group 1 may be placed in REs with k = 2, 3, 8, 9, 34, 35, 40, 41, ..., and CDM group 2 may be placed in REs with k = 4, 5, 10, 11, 52, 53, 58, 59, .... The multiple group interval in CDM group 0 increases from the existing 12 to 16. The multiple group interval in CDM group 1 increases from the existing 12 to 32. The multiple group interval in CDM group 2 increases from the existing 12 to 48.

--◆Calculation formula 1: As in embodiment 1-1, the start point (offset) o of CDM group 0 may be applied to calculation formula 0.

◆ Option 3
The multi-group spacing in at least one CDM group is increased, the intra-group spacing is increased, and the inter-group spacing is maintained. Different sparsity factors may be used between the CDM groups. This option may be applied in at least one of the following cases:

- Case 1: Basic DMRS Type 1
k may be calculated according to at least one of the following formulas:

--◆Calculation formula 0: k may be calculated by the following formula.
k = (1 + s_0) (4 + s) n + (2 + i) k' + Δ (setting type 1, CDM group 0)
k = (1 + s_1) (4 + s) n + (2 + i) k' + Δ (setting type 1, CDM group 1)
k' = 0, 1
n = 0, 1, …
s∈{0, 1, …}
s_0∈{0, 1, …}
s_1∈{0, 1, …}
i ∈ {0, 1, …, s}
s may be set by the network or may be defined by a specification.
s_0 may be set by the NW or may be defined by the specifications.
s_1 may be set by the NW or may be defined by the specifications.
i may be set by the network or may be defined by the specifications.
(1+s_0)(4+s) may represent the multiple group spacing in CDM group 0.
(1+s_1)(4+s) may represent the multiple group spacing in CDM group 1.
2+i may represent the intra-group interval.
In the example of Figure 77, s = 2, i = 1, s_0 = 0, s_1 = 1, and k is determined from n = 0, 1, ..., k' = 0, 1, and Δ = 0, 1. In this case, CDM group 0 may be placed in REs with k = 0, 3, 6, 9, ..., and CDM group 1 may be placed in REs with k = 13, 16, 19, 22, .... The multi-group spacing in CDM group 0 increases from the existing 4 to 6. The multi-group spacing in CDM group 1 increases from the existing 4 to 6. The intra-group spacing increases from 2 to 3.

--◆Calculation formula 1: As in embodiment 1-1, the start point (offset) o of CDM group 0 may be applied to calculation formula 0.

- Case 2: Basic DMRS Type 2
k may be calculated according to at least one of the following formulas:

--◆Calculation formula 0: k may be calculated by the following formula.
k = (1 + s_0) (6 + s) n + (1 + i) k' + (1 + i / 2) Δ (setting type 2, CDM group 0)
k = (1 + s_1) (6 + s) n + (1 + i) k' + (1 + i / 2) Δ (setting type 2, CDM group 1)
k = (1 + s_2) (6 + s) n + (1 + i) k' + (1 + i / 2) Δ (setting type 2, CDM group 2)
k' = 0, 1
n = 0, 1, …
s∈{0, 1, …}
s_0∈{0, 1, …}
s_1∈{0, 1, …}
s_2∈{0, 1, …}
i∈{0, 1, …, s//3}
s may be set by the network or may be defined by a specification.
s_0 may be set by the NW or may be defined by the specifications.
s_1 may be set by the NW or may be defined by the specifications.
s_2 may be set by the NW or may be defined by the specifications.
i may be set by the network or may be defined by the specifications.
(1+s_0)(6+s) may represent the multiple group spacing in CDM group 0.
(1+s_1)(6+s) may represent the multiple group spacing in CDM group 1.
(1+s_2)(6+s) may represent the multiple group spacing in CDM group 2.
1+i may represent the intra-group interval.
In the example of FIG. 78, s = 4, i = 1, s_0 = 2, s_1 = 1, s_2 = 0, and k is determined from n = 0, 1, ..., k' = 0, 1, and Δ = 0, 2, 4. In this case, CDM group 0 may be placed in REs with k = 0, 2, 30, 32, ..., CDM group 1 may be placed in REs with k = 3, 5, 23, 25, ..., and CDM group 2 may be placed in REs with k = 6, 8, 16, 18, .... The multiple group interval in CDM group 0 increases from the existing 6 to 30. The multiple group interval in CDM group 1 increases from the existing 6 to 20. The multiple group interval in CDM group 2 increases from the existing 6 to 10. The intra-group interval increases from 1 to 2.

--◆Calculation formula 1: As in embodiment 1-1, the start point (offset) o of CDM group 0 may be applied to calculation formula 0.

- Case 3: Extended DMRS Type 1
k may be calculated according to at least one of the following formulas:

--◆Calculation formula 0: k may be calculated by the following formula.
k = (1 + s_0) (8 + s) n + (2 + i) k' + Δ (setting type 1, CDM group 0)
k = (1 + s_1) (8 + s) n + (2 + i) k' + Δ (setting type 1, CDM group 1)
k' = 0, 1
n = 0, 1, …
s∈{0, 1, …}
s_0∈{0, 1, …}
s_1∈{0, 1, …}
i∈{0, 1, …, s//3}
s may be set by the network or may be defined by a specification.
s_0 may be set by the NW or may be defined by the specifications.
s_1 may be set by the NW or may be defined by the specifications.
i may be set by the network or may be defined by the specifications.
(1+s_0)(8+s) may represent the multiple group spacing in CDM group 0.
(1+s_0)(8+s) may represent the multiple group spacing in CDM group 1.
2+i may represent the intra-group interval.
In the example of Figure 79, s = 6, i = 1, s_0 = 1, s_1 = 0, and k is determined from n = 0, 1, ..., k' = 0, 1, 2, 3, and Δ = 0, 1. In this case, CDM group 0 may be placed in REs with k = 0, 3, 6, 9, 28, 31, 34, 37, ..., and CDM group 1 may be placed in REs with k = 1, 4, 7, 10, 15, 18, 21, 24, .... The multi-group spacing in CDM group 0 increases from the existing 8 to 28. The multi-group spacing in CDM group 1 increases from the existing 8 to 14. The intra-group spacing increases from 2 to 3.

--◆Calculation formula 1: As in embodiment 1-1, the start point (offset) o of CDM group 0 may be applied to calculation formula 0.

- Case 4: Extended DMRS Type 2
k may be calculated according to at least one of the following formulas:

--◆Calculation formula 0: k may be calculated by the following formula.
k = (1 + s_0) (12 + s) n + (1 + i) k' + (1 + i / 2) Δ (setting type 2, CDM group 0, k' = 0, 1)
k = (1 + s_1) (12 + s) n + (1 + i) k' + (1 + i / 2) Δ (setting type 2, CDM group 1, k' = 0, 1)
k = (1 + s_2) (12 + s) n + (1 + i) k' + (1 + i / 2) Δ (setting type 2, CDM group 2, k' = 0, 1)
k = (1 + s_0) (12 + s) n + (1 + i) k' + (1 + i / 2) Δ + 4 + i (setting type 2, CDM group 0, k' = 2, 3)
k = (1 + s_1) (12 + s) n + (1 + i) k' + (1 + i / 2) Δ + 4 + i (setting type 2, CDM group 1, k' = 2, 3)
k = (1 + s_2) (12 + s) n + (1 + i) k' + (1 + i / 2) Δ + 4 + i (setting type 2, CDM group 2, k' = 2, 3)
k'＝0, 1, 2, 3
n = 0, 1, …
s∈{0, 1, …}
s_0∈{0, 1, …}
s_1∈{0, 1, …}
s_2∈{0, 1, …}
i∈{0, 1, …, s//6}
s may be set by the network or may be defined by a specification.
s_0 may be set by the NW or may be defined by the specifications.
s_1 may be set by the NW or may be defined by the specifications.
s_2 may be set by the NW or may be defined by the specifications.
i may be set by the network or may be defined by the specifications.
(1+s_0)(12+s) may represent the multiple group spacing in CDM group 0.
(1+s_1)(12+s) may represent the multiple group spacing in CDM group 1.
(1+s_2)(12+s) may represent the multiple group spacing in CDM group 2.
1+i may represent the intra-group interval.
In the example of Fig. 80, s = 10, i = 1, s_0 = 0, s_1 = 1, s_2 = 2, and k is determined from n = 0, 1, ..., k' = 0, 1, 2, 3, and Δ = 0, 2, 4. In this case, CDM group 0 may be placed in REs with k = 0, 2, 9, 11, 22, 24, 31, 33, ..., CDM group 1 may be placed in REs with k = 3, 5, 12, 14, 35, 37, 44, 46, ..., and CDM group 2 may be placed in REs with k = 6, 8, 15, 17, 48, 50, 57, 59, .... The multiple group interval in CDM group 0 increases from the existing 12 to 22. The multiple group interval in CDM group 1 increases from the existing 12 to 32. The multiple group interval in CDM group 2 increases from the existing 12 to 42. The intragroup spacing increases from 1 to 2.

--◆Calculation formula 1: As in embodiment 1-1, the start point (offset) o of CDM group 0 may be applied to calculation formula 0.

Option 4
The multi-group spacing in at least one CDM group is increased, the inter-group spacing is increased, and the intra-group spacing is maintained. Different sparsity factors may be used between multiple CDM groups. This option may only be applied to Base/Extended Type 2. This option may be applied in at least one of the following cases:

- Case 1: Basic DMRS Type 2
k may be calculated according to at least one of the following formulas:

--◆Calculation formula 0: k may be calculated by the following formula.
k = (1 + s_0) (6 + s) n + k' + (1 + j / 2) Δ (setting type 2, CDM group 0)
k = (1 + s_1) (6 + s) n + k' + (1 + j / 2) Δ (setting type 2, CDM group 1)
k = (1 + s_2) (6 + s) n + k' + (1 + j / 2) Δ (setting type 2, CDM group 2)
k' = 0, 1
n = 0, 1, …
s∈{0, 1, …}
s_0∈{0, 1, …}
s_1∈{0, 1, …}
s_2∈{0, 1, …}
j∈{0, 1, …, s//2}
s may be set by the network or may be defined by a specification.
s_0 may be set by the NW or may be defined by the specifications.
s_1 may be set by the NW or may be defined by the specifications.
s_2 may be set by the NW or may be defined by the specifications.
j may be set by the network or may be defined by the specifications.
(1+s_0)(6+s) may represent the multiple group spacing in CDM group 0.
(1+s_1)(6+s) may represent the multiple group spacing in CDM group 1.
(1+s_2)(6+s) may represent the multiple group spacing in CDM group 2.
1+j/2 may represent the inter-group spacing.
In the example of Figure 81, s = 4, j = 1, s_0 = 0, s_1 = 1, s_2 = 0, and k is determined from n = 0, 1, ..., k' = 0, 1, and Δ = 0, 2, 4. In this case, CDM group 0 may be placed in REs with k = 0, 1, 10, 11, ..., CDM group 1 may be placed in REs with k = 3, 4, 23, 24, ..., and CDM group 2 may be placed in REs with k = 6, 7, 16, 17, .... The multiple group spacing in CDM group 0 increases from the existing 6 to 10. The multiple group spacing in CDM group 1 increases from the existing 6 to 20. The multiple group spacing in CDM group 2 increases from the existing 6 to 10. The inter-group spacing increases from 2 to 3.

--◆Calculation formula 1: As in embodiment 1-1, the start point (offset) o of CDM group 0 may be applied to calculation formula 0.

- Case 2: Extended DMRS Type 2
k may be calculated according to at least one of the following formulas:

--◆Calculation formula 0: k may be calculated by the following formula.
k = (1 + s_0) (12 + s) n + k' + (j + i / 2) Δ (setting type 2, CDM group 0, k' = 0, 1)
k = (1 + s_1) (12 + s) n + k' + (1 + j / 2) Δ (setting type 2, CDM group 1, k' = 0, 1)
k = (1 + s_2) (12 + s) n + k' + (1 + j / 2) Δ (setting type 2, CDM group 2, k' = 0, 1)
k = (1 + s_0) (12 + s) n + k' + (1 + j / 2) Δ + 4 + 3j (setting type 2, CDM group 0, k' = 2, 3)
k = (1 + s_1) (12 + s) n + k' + (1 + j / 2) Δ + 4 + 3j (setting type 2, CDM group 1, k' = 2, 3)
k = (1 + s_2) (12 + s) n + k' + (1 + j / 2) Δ + 4 + 3j (setting type 2, CDM group 2, k' = 2, 3)
k'＝0, 1, 2, 3
n = 0, 1, …
s∈{0, 1, …}
s_0∈{0, 1, …}
s_1∈{0, 1, …}
s_2∈{0, 1, …}
j∈{0, 1, …, s／／5}
s may be set by the network or may be defined by a specification.
s_0 may be set by the NW or may be defined by the specifications.
s_1 may be set by the NW or may be defined by the specifications.
s_2 may be set by the NW or may be defined by the specifications.
j may be set by the network or may be defined by the specifications.
(1+s_0)(12+s) may represent the multiple group spacing in CDM group 0.
(1+s_1)(12+s) may represent the multiple group spacing in CDM group 1.
(1+s_2)(12+s) may represent the multiple group spacing in CDM group 2.
1+j/2 may represent the inter-group spacing.
In the example of Fig. 82, s = 10, j = 1, s_0 = 0, s_1 = 1, s_2 = 2, and k is determined from n = 0, 1, ..., k' = 0, 1, 2, 3, and Δ = 0, 2, 4. In this case, CDM group 0 may be placed in REs with k = 0, 1, 9, 10, 22, 23, 31, 32, ..., CDM group 1 may be placed in REs with k = 3, 4, 12, 13, 47, 48, 56, 57, ..., and CDM group 2 may be placed in REs with k = 6, 7, 15, 16, 72, 73, 81, 82, .... The multiple group interval in CDM group 0 increases from the existing 12 to 22. The multiple group interval in CDM group 1 increases from the existing 12 to 34. The multiple group interval in CDM group 2 increases from the existing 12 to 66. The intergroup spacing is increased from 2 to 3.

--◆Calculation formula 1: As in embodiment 1-1, the start point (offset) o of CDM group 0 may be applied to calculation formula 0.

◆ Option 5
The multi-group spacing in at least one CDM group is increased, the intra-group spacing is increased, and the inter-group spacing is increased. Different sparsity factors may be used between the CDM groups. This option may be applied in at least one of the following cases:

- Case 1: Basic DMRS Type 1
k may be calculated according to at least one of the following formulas:

--◆Calculation formula 0: k may be calculated by the following formula.
k = (1 + s_0) (4 + s) n + (2 + i) k' + (1 + j) Δ (setting type 1, CDM group 0)
k = (1 + s_1) (4 + s) n + (2 + i) k' + (1 + j) Δ (setting type 1, CDM group 1)
k' = 0, 1
n = 0, 1, …
s∈{0, 1, …}
s_0∈{0, 1, …}
s_1∈{0, 1, …}
i ∈ {0, 1, …, s}
j ∈ {0, 1, …, s − i}
s may be set by the network or may be defined by a specification.
s_0 may be set by the NW or may be defined by the specifications.
s_1 may be set by the NW or may be defined by the specifications.
i may be set by the network or may be defined by the specifications.
j may be set by the network or may be defined by the specifications.
(1+s_0)(4+s) may represent the multiple group spacing in CDM group 0.
(1+s_1)(4+s) may represent the multiple group spacing in CDM group 1.
2+i may represent the intra-group interval.
1+j may represent the inter-group spacing.
In the example of Figure 83, s = 4, i = 2, j = 1, s_0 = 0, s_1 = 1, and k is determined from n = 0, 1, ..., k' = 0, 1, and Δ = 0, 1. In this case, CDM group 0 may be placed in REs with k = 0, 4, 8, 12, ..., and CDM group 1 may be placed in REs with k = 2, 6, 18, 22, .... The multi-group spacing in CDM group 0 increases from the existing 4 to 8. The multi-group spacing in CDM group 1 increases from the existing 4 to 16. The intra-group spacing is maintained at the existing 2. The inter-group spacing increases from the existing 1 to 2.

--◆Calculation formula 1: As in embodiment 1-1, the start point (offset) o of CDM group 0 may be applied to calculation formula 0.

- Case 2: Basic DMRS Type 2
k may be calculated according to at least one of the following formulas:

--◆Calculation formula 0: k may be calculated by the following formula.
k = (1 + s_0) (6 + s) n + (1 + i) k' + (1 + i / 2 + j / 2) Δ (setting type 2, CDM group 0)
k = (1 + s_1) (6 + s) n + (1 + i) k' + (1 + i / 2 + j / 2) Δ (setting type 2, CDM group 1)
k = (1 + s_2) (6 + s) n + (1 + i) k' + (1 + i / 2 + j / 2) Δ (setting type 2, CDM group 2)
k' = 0, 1
n = 0, 1, …
s∈{0, 1, …}
s_0∈{0, 1, …}
s_1∈{0, 1, …}
s_2∈{0, 1, …}
i∈{0, 1, …, s//3}
j∈{0, 1, …, (s−3i)//2}
s may be set by the network or may be defined by a specification.
s_0 may be set by the NW or may be defined by the specifications.
s_1 may be set by the NW or may be defined by the specifications.
s_2 may be set by the NW or may be defined by the specifications.
i may be set by the network or may be defined by the specifications.
j may be set by the network or may be defined by the specifications.
(1+s_0)(6+s) may represent the multiple group spacing in CDM group 0.
(1+s_1)(6+s) may represent the multiple group spacing in CDM group 1.
(1+s_2)(6+s) may represent the multiple group spacing in CDM group 2.
1+i may represent the intra-group interval.
(1+i/2+j/2)×2 may represent the inter-group interval.
In the example of FIG. 84, s = 10, i = 1, j = 2, s_0 = 2, s_1 = 1, s_2 = 0, and k is determined from n = 0, 1, ..., k' = 0, 1, and Δ = 0, 2, 4. In this case, CDM group 0 may be placed in REs with k = 0, 2, 48, 50, ..., CDM group 1 may be placed in REs with k = 5, 7, 37, 39, ..., and CDM group 2 may be placed in REs with k = 10, 12, 26, 28, .... The multiple group spacing in CDM group 0 increases from the existing 6 to 48. The multiple group spacing in CDM group 1 increases from the existing 6 to 32. The multiple group spacing in CDM group 2 increases from the existing 6 to 16. The intra-group spacing increases from the existing 1 to 2. The inter-group spacing increases from the existing 2 to 5.

--◆Calculation formula 1: As in embodiment 1-1, the start point (offset) o of CDM group 0 may be applied to calculation formula 0.

- Case 3: Extended DMRS Type 1
k may be calculated according to at least one of the following formulas:

--◆Calculation formula 0: k may be calculated by the following formula.
k = (1 + s_0) (8 + s) n + (2 + i) k' + (1 + j) Δ (setting type 1, CDM group 0)
k = (1 + s_1) (8 + s) n + (2 + i) k' + (1 + j) Δ (setting type 1, CDM group 1)
k' = 0, 1
n = 0, 1, …
s∈{0, 1, …}
s_0∈{0, 1, …}
s_1∈{0, 1, …}
i∈{0, 1, …, s//3}
j∈{0, 1, …, s−3i}
s may be set by the network or may be defined by a specification.
s_0 may be set by the NW or may be defined by the specifications.
s_1 may be set by the NW or may be defined by the specifications.
i may be set by the network or may be defined by the specifications.
j may be set by the network or may be defined by the specifications.
(1+s_0)(8+s) may represent the multiple group spacing in CDM group 0.
(1+s_0)(8+s) may represent the multiple group spacing in CDM group 1.
2+i may represent the intra-group interval.
1+j may represent the inter-group spacing.
In the example of Figure 85, s = 12, i = 3, j = 2, s_0 = 1, s_1 = 0, and k is determined from n = 0, 1, ..., k' = 0, 1, 2, 3, and Δ = 0, 1. In this case, CDM group 0 may be placed in REs with k = 0, 5, 10, 15, 40, 45, 50, 55, ..., and CDM group 1 may be placed in REs with k = 3, 8, 13, 18, 23, 28, 33, 38, .... The multiple group interval in CDM group 0 increases from the existing 8 to 40. The multiple group interval in CDM group 1 increases from the existing 8 to 20. The intra-group interval increases from the existing 2 to 5. The inter-group interval increases from the existing 1 to 3.

--◆Calculation formula 1: As in embodiment 1-1, the start point (offset) o of CDM group 0 may be applied to calculation formula 0.

- Case 4: Extended DMRS Type 2
k may be calculated according to at least one of the following formulas:

--◆Calculation formula 0: k may be calculated by the following formula.
k = (1 + s_0) (12 + s) n + (1 + i) k' + (1 + i / 2 + j / 2) Δ (setting type 2, CDM group 0, k' = 0, 1)
k = (1 + s_1) (12 + s) n + (1 + i) k' + (1 + i / 2 + j / 2) Δ (setting type 2, CDM group 1, k' = 0, 1)
k = (1 + s_2) (12 + s) n + (1 + i) k' + (1 + i / 2 + j / 2) Δ (setting type 2, CDM group 2, k' = 0, 1)
k = (1 + s_0) (12 + s) n + (1 + i) k' + (1 + i / 2 + j / 2) Δ + 4 + i + 3j (setting type 2, CDM group 0, k' = 2, 3)
k = (1 + s_1) (12 + s) n + (1 + i) k' + (1 + i / 2 + j / 2) Δ + 4 + i + 3j (setting type 2, CDM group 1, k' = 2, 3)
k = (1 + s_2) (12 + s) n + (1 + i) k' + (1 + i / 2 + j / 2) Δ + 4 + i + 3j (setting type 2, CDM group 2, k' = 2, 3)
k'＝0, 1, 2, 3
n = 0, 1, …
s∈{0, 1, …}
s_0∈{0, 1, …}
s_1∈{0, 1, …}
s_2∈{0, 1, …}
i∈{0, 1, …, s//6}
j∈{0, 1, …, (s−6i)//5}
s may be set by the network or may be defined by a specification.
s_0 may be set by the NW or may be defined by the specifications.
s_1 may be set by the NW or may be defined by the specifications.
s_2 may be set by the NW or may be defined by the specifications.
i may be set by the network or may be defined by the specifications.
j may be set by the network or may be defined by the specifications.
(1+s_0)(12+s) may represent the multiple group spacing in CDM group 0.
(1+s_1)(12+s) may represent the multiple group spacing in CDM group 1.
(1+s_2)(12+s) may represent the multiple group spacing in CDM group 2.
1+i may represent the intra-group interval.
(1+i/2+j/2)×2 may represent the inter-group interval.
In the example of Figure 86, s = 14, i = 1, j = 1, s_0 = 0, s_1 = 1, s_2 = 2, and k is determined from n = 0, 1, ..., k' = 0, 1, 2, 3, and Δ = 0, 2, 4. In this case, CDM group 0 may be placed in REs with k = 0, 2, 12, 14, 26, 28, 38, 40, ..., CDM group 1 may be placed in REs with k = 4, 6, 16, 18, 56, 58, 68, 70, ..., and CDM group 2 may be placed in REs with k = 8, 10, 20, 22, 86, 88, 98, 100, .... The multiple group interval in CDM group 0 increases from the existing 12 to 26. The multiple group interval in CDM group 1 increases from the existing 12 to 52. The multiple group interval in CDM group 2 increases from the existing 12 to 78. The intra-group spacing will increase from the current 1 to 2. The inter-group spacing will increase from the current 2 to 4.

--◆Calculation formula 1: As in embodiment 1-1, the start point (offset) o of CDM group 0 may be applied to calculation formula 0.

<<Embodiment 1-3>>
This embodiment customizes the subcarrier index for each DMRS CDM group. This embodiment may follow at least one of several options:

◆Option 1
The subcarrier index for each DMRS CDM group based on the Rel. 18 DMRS pattern may be customized. This option may be applied in at least one of the following cases:

- Case 1/2: In Basic/Extended DMRS configuration type 1, subcarrier index for each DMRS CDM group is customized. Resources for each DMRS port/each CDM group may be indicated/configured by at least one of customized parameters n, Δ, k′, and k.
--◆This case may follow at least one of the following parameters:
---◆A subset of n may be indicated/configured to determine which subcarriers correspond to DMRS.
---◆A subset of Δ may be indicated/configured to determine which subcarriers correspond to DMRS.
---◆A subset of k' may be indicated/configured to determine which subcarriers correspond to DMRS.
---◆A subset of k may be indicated/configured to determine which subcarriers correspond to DMRS.
---◆At least two combinations of subsets k of subsets of n, subsets of Δ, and subsets of k' may be indicated/configured to determine which subcarriers correspond to DMRS.
--◆As in the example of Figure 87, in basic/extended DMRS setting type 1, subcarrier indexes {0, 2, 4, ..., 34} for CDM group 0 and subcarrier indexes {1, 3, 5, ..., 35} for CDM group 1 may be customized, and subcarrier indexes {0, 4, 6, 8, 16, 20, 22, 24, 26, 28, 32, 34} for CDM group 0 and subcarrier indexes {1, 3, 9, 11, 15, 17, 19, 23, 29, 31, 33, 35} for CDM group 1 may be set by the NW.

- Case 3/4: In Basic/Extended DMRS configuration type 2, subcarrier index for each DMRS CDM group is customized. Resources for each DMRS port/each CDM group may be indicated/configured by at least one of customized parameters n, Δ, k′, and k.
--◆This case may follow at least one of the following parameters:
---◆A subset of n may be indicated/configured to determine which subcarriers correspond to DMRS.
---◆A subset of Δ may be indicated/configured to determine which subcarriers correspond to DMRS.
---◆A subset of k' may be indicated/configured to determine which subcarriers correspond to DMRS.
---◆A subset of k may be indicated/configured to determine which subcarriers correspond to DMRS.
---◆At least two combinations of subsets k of subsets of n, subsets of Δ, and subsets of k' may be indicated/configured to determine which subcarriers correspond to DMRS.
--As shown in the example of Figure 88, in the basic/extended DMRS setting type 2, the subcarrier indexes for CDM group 0 are {0, 1, 6, 7, 12, 13, 18, 19, 24, 25, 30, 31}, the subcarrier indexes for CDM group 1 are {2, 3, 8, 9, 14, 15, 20, 21, 26, 27, 32, 33}, and the subcarrier indexes for CDM group 2 are {4, 5, 10, 11, 16, 17, Subcarrier indexes {0,1,6,7,30,31} for CDM group 0, subcarrier indexes {14,15,20,21,26,27,32,33} for CDM group 1, and subcarrier indexes {4,5,10,11,16,17,28,29,34,35} for CDM group 2 may be set by the NW.

◆ Option 2
The subcarrier index for each DMRS CDM group may be customized without considering the Rel. 18 DMRS pattern.

　Subcarrier indexes for two DMRS CDM groups (basic/extended DMRS configuration type 1) may be customized without considering Rel. 18 DMRS patterns. As shown in the example of Figure 89, the available subcarrier indexes {0, 1, ..., 35} may be customized, and subcarrier indexes {0, 1, 4, 6, 8, 20, 22, 24, 25, 34} for CDM group 0 and subcarrier indexes {3, 9, 10, 11, 19, 23, 26, 35} for CDM group 1 may be configured by the NW.

　Subcarrier indexes for three DMRS CDM groups (basic/extended DMRS configuration type 2) may be customized without considering Rel. 18 DMRS patterns. As shown in the example of Figure 90, the available subcarrier indexes {0, 1, ..., 35} may be customized, and subcarrier indexes {0, 6, 20, 24, 25, 34} for CDM group 0, subcarrier indexes {3, 9, 19, 35} for CDM group 1, and subcarrier indexes {4, 8, 10, 11, 13, 17, 21, 22, 23, 28, 30, 31} for CDM group 2 may be configured by the NW.

<<Embodiment 1-4>>
This embodiment relates to a reduced DMRS configuration, which may follow at least one of several options:

◆Option 1
In non-AI/ML channel estimation, the UE obtains DMRS frequency configuration parameters from the NW through Note 1 below. The parameters may include at least one of the following parameters:
-◆DMRS setting type.
-◆Increased multiple group spacing or related parameters.
-◆Increased intragroup spacing, or a related parameter i.
-◆Increased intergroup spacing or a related parameter j.
- Multiple CDM groups with different multiple group intervals/different sparsity factors or associated parameters s_0, s_1, s_2.
-◆Subcarrier index for each CDM group.
-◆Other auxiliary parameters.
-◆A combination of multiple parameters from the above.

◆ Option 2
In the AI/ML channel estimation, according to the ID of the configured/activated/selected AI/ML function/model, the parameters for DMRS frequency resource configuration (DMRS configuration/DMRS configuration parameters/DMRS frequency configuration parameters) are obtained, which may follow at least one of the following procedures:
-◆AI/ML function/model corresponds to one or more sets of DMRS frequency setting parameters.
- The UE determines the DMRS frequency configuration parameters based on the AI/ML capabilities/models, where the UE may follow at least one of the following procedures:
--◆The UE may directly determine the DMRS frequency configuration parameters (set) based on the AI/ML capability/model.
--◆The UE may determine the DMRS frequency configuration parameters (set) based on the AI/ML function/model combined with the UE capabilities.
-◆UE determines DMRS frequency configuration parameters based on the result/output of the associated AI/ML capability/model ID.
-◆The UE/NW may select one of multiple DMRS frequency configuration parameter sets, and the ID of the selected set may be received/reported by the UE via at least one of Notes 1 to 3 below.
-◆Variation: A DMRS frequency configuration parameter may be configured, and the UE may determine which AI/ML function/model to use based on the DMRS frequency configuration parameter.

◆ Option 3
A combination of options 1 and 2. For example, some candidate DMRS frequency configuration parameters are determined by option 1, and a DMRS frequency configuration parameter is determined by option 2 from among the some candidate DMRS frequency configuration parameters.

<<Embodiment 1-5>>
This embodiment relates to scheduling constraints/adjustments.

In addition to at least one of embodiments 1-1 to 1-3, the DMRS configuration may be adjusted according to the scheduling granularity with respect to the number X of RBs in each scheduling unit/RB group.

Based on at least one of embodiments 1-1 to 1-3 using a certain setting (s/i/j) of multiple group intervals/intra-group intervals/inter-group intervals, there may be different numbers of DMRS REs in each scheduling unit, which leads to high complexity of channel estimation at the UE side. For example, assuming that the numbers of DMRS RSs in the frequency domain are 4 and 2 for the first and second ports in a two-port DMRS setting in one RB, respectively, there should be two channel estimation algorithms for the first and second ports separately due to the different numbers of DMRS REs in the frequency domain. However, if the numbers of DMRSs in the frequency domain are the same for the two ports, the same channel estimation algorithm is expected.

This embodiment may follow at least one of the following strategies:

◆ Strategy 1 (UE perspective, strategy for high-performance UE): The UE may assume different patterns of DMRS RE locations for different scheduling units/RB groups, and may perform corresponding channel estimation or DMRS transmission accordingly. For example, in case 2 of option 1 of embodiment 1-1, the DMRS configuration in two RBs may not be uniform as follows (FIG. 91A).
-◆The subcarrier indices in CDM group 0 are {0, 1, 10, 11, 20, 21}.
-◆The subcarrier indexes in CDM group 1 are {2, 3, 12, 13}.
-◆The subcarrier indexes in CDM group 2 are {4, 5, 14, 15}.
-◆For CDM group 0, channel estimation algorithm 1 may be adopted to estimate the channel from 6 DMRS REs. For CDM groups 1 and 2, channel estimation algorithm 2 may be adopted to estimate the channel from 4 DMRS REs. Or, the UE may be able to jointly estimate the channel from CDM groups 0 to 2 in 2 RBs.

◆ Strategy 2 (network perspective, strategy for lower (low performance) UE): There may be a constraint on the DMRS configuration in at least one of embodiments 1-1 to 1-3 to guarantee the same DMRS RE location in different scheduling units/RB groups. For example, in case 2 of option 1 of embodiment 1-1, s may be equal to 12 to obtain uniform DMRS configuration in two RBs as follows (FIG. 91B).
-◆The subcarrier indices in CDM group 0 are {0, 1, 12, 13}.
-◆The subcarrier indexes in CDM group 1 are {2, 3, 14, 15}.
-◆The subcarrier indexes in CDM group 2 are {4, 5, 16, 17}.
-◆For CDM groups 0 to 2, channel estimation algorithm 1 may be adopted to estimate the channel from 4 DMRS REs.

<<Embodiment 1-6>>
This embodiment relates to UE capabilities.

The UE may report at least one of the following capabilities:
◆ Capabilities of each embodiment.
◆ The capabilities of each option in each embodiment, or the capabilities of a combination of multiple options in each embodiment.
◆The capabilities of each option in each embodiment, or the capabilities of a combination of multiple options in each embodiment.
◆Capabilities of each policy in embodiments 1-5.

The UE may report at least one of the above capabilities for each feature or model ID.

The UE may report at least one of the above capabilities for each frequency. The UE may report at least one of the above capabilities for each UE (with or without distinction between TDD and FDD, with or without distinction between terrestrial network (TN) and non-terrestrial network (NTN)), for each frequency range (FR), for each SCS, for each band, for each band combination, for each FS, or for each FSPC.

According to this embodiment, it is possible to achieve at least one of the following: reducing DMRS resources/overhead and increasing DMRS ports.

<Embodiment 2>
This embodiment relates to a new configuration of DMRS in the time domain, which may correspond to a certain AI/ML function/model (ID).

This embodiment may improve the spacing between multiple DMRS time resources regularly/irregularly by redesigning/adding time domain positions at the positions of PDSCH/PUSCH in existing specifications.

The reduction in the time domain of the DMRS configured for a DMRS port/CDM group may be in accordance with at least one of the following embodiments 2-x.

<<Embodiment 2-0>>
This embodiment reduces the time domain DMRS resource in each slot by further indicating the location from the location selected based on the configuration table in Rel. 18. The indication may be specified in the specification, may be set by the NW through Note 1 described later, or may be associated with the function/model (ID) of the AI/ML.

The configuration of DMRS resources in the frequency domain may be determined based on at least one of an existing DMRS configuration and embodiment 1.

The new configuration may include the following information:
◆ Indication of DMRS resources in the selected symbol in each slot. For example, as in the example of FIG. 92A, when 'pos3' configures four symbols of DMRS (one leading DMRS and three additional DMRS), the indication may be a bitmap mask [1 0 1 1] for 'pos3' to select from the reserved DMRS positions. The four symbols may correspond to four bits of the bitmap mask. A value of 1 for each bit may indicate that the corresponding symbol is used for DMRS. As in the example of FIG. 92B, the bitmap mask [1 0 1 1] may indicate that the first, third, and fourth symbols of the four-symbol DMRS are used for DMRS.

<<Embodiment 2-1>>
This embodiment reduces the maximum number of available positions in each slot using time domain soft positions, which may be defined in the specification, set by the NW via Note 1 below, or may be associated with (ID of) an AI/ML function/model (e.g., may be the result/output of a function/model ID being set/instructed).

The configuration of DMRS resources in the frequency domain may be determined based on at least one of an existing DMRS configuration and embodiment 1.

The new configuration may include at least one of the following pieces of information:
◆New table of DMRS positions.
◆ New parameters in that table, for example l _{A2_10} , x _{A2_10} , y _{A2_10} .
◆ Indication of DMRS resources in the selected symbol in each slot. For example, as in the example of FIG. 93A, when 3-symbol DMRS (1-symbol leading DMRS and 2-symbol additional DMRS) is set by 'pos2', the indication may be a bitmap mask [0 1 1] to select the second and third symbols. The three symbols may correspond to the three bits of the bitmap mask. A value of 1 for each bit may indicate that the corresponding symbol is used for DMRS. As in the example of FIG. 93B, the bitmap mask [0 1 1] may indicate that the second and third symbols of the 3-symbol DMRS are used for DMRS.
◆A combination of two or more of the above pieces of information.

<<<<Example of embodiment 2-1>>>
FIG. 94 shows an example of a table D11-1 including a DMRS position for a single-symbol DMRS for PDSCH. This table shows the value ^of l- for a combination of _ld and dmrs-AdditionalPosition. According to this table, the maximum number of available positions of a DMRS resource configured in the time domain in one slot is reduced. If the DMRS position ^l- is ( _{lA2_14} , _{xA2_14} , _{yA2_14} ) and the 3-bit bit mask is (1,0,1), the actual DMRS position ^l- is ( _{lA2_14} , _{yA2_14} ).

Figure 95 shows an example of Table D11-2 including DMRS positions for double-symbol DMRS for PDSCH. This table shows the value ^of l for a combination of l _d and dmrs-AdditionalPosition. According to this table, the maximum number of available positions of DMRS resources configured in the time domain in one slot is reduced.

<<Embodiment 2-2>>
This embodiment relates to a frequency domain resource for each time domain resource of the DMRS.

In each slot, different DMRS resources in the frequency domain may be used for different symbols. The configuration may be specified in the specification, may be set by the NW via Note 1 below, or may be associated with the AI/ML function/model (ID).

The configuration of DMRS resources in the frequency domain may be determined based on at least one of an existing DMRS configuration and embodiment 1.

The setting of the symbols of the DMRS resource in each slot may be determined based on at least one of the existing DMRS setting and embodiment 2-1.

The new configuration may include at least one of the following pieces of information:
◆Instruction of the setting of a frequency domain DMRS resource in a specific symbol in each slot. For example, as in the example of Figure 96A, when three symbols of DMRS are set, the instruction may instruct the use of the existing DMRS setting formula for the first DMRS symbol and the use of embodiment 1-1 for the second and third DMRS symbols, as in the example of Figure 96B. The instruction may be, for example, a bitmap mask [0 1 1].

<<<<Example of embodiment 2-2>>>
The new configuration may indicate different DMRS resources in the frequency domain for different symbols in each slot.

For the time domain settings of embodiment 2-1, setting 1 may be the existing setting, and setting 2 may be the setting of case 1 of embodiment 1-1.

For example, setting 1 may be given by the following formula:
k = 4n + 2k' + Δ (setting type 1)
k' = 0, 1
n = 0, 1, …

For example, setting 2 may be given by the following formula:
k = (4 + s)n + 2k' + Δ (setting type 1)
k' = 0, 1
n = 0, 1, …
s=4

FIG. 97 shows an example of a table D12-1 including a DMRS position for a single-symbol DMRS for PDSCH. This table shows the value ^of l for a combination of l _d and dmrs-AdditionalPosition. A new configuration in the time domain may be given by this table. The value of ^l may be given by configuration 1 (Config1) or configuration 2 (Config2) for each symbol.

<<Embodiment 2-3>>
This embodiment relates to a frequency domain resource for each time domain resource of the DMRS.

In different slots, at least one different DMRS resource in the frequency domain and the time domain may be used. The configuration may be specified in the specification, may be configured by the NW through Note 1 described below, or may be associated with the AI/ML function/model (ID).

The configuration of DMRS resources in the frequency domain may be determined based on at least one of an existing DMRS configuration and embodiment 1.

The symbol setting of the DMRS resource in each slot may be determined based on at least one of the existing DMRS setting, embodiment 2-1, and embodiment 2-2.

The new configuration may include at least one of the following pieces of information:
◆ Instruction for setting DMRS resources in a specific slot. For example, the instruction indicates that the existing DMRS setting is to be used for the slot with SFN mod 2=0, and that the embodiment 2-1 is to be used for the slot with SFN mod 2=1.
♦ Indication of the setting of the number of DMRS symbols in a particular slot. For example, the indication indicates that for the slot with SFN mod 2=0, 'pos0' is set, and for the slot with SFN mod 2=1, 'pos_null' is set.
◆A combination of two or more of the above pieces of information.

Variation: The UE may not expect/assume any PDSCH/PUSCH/PDCCH/PUCCH that does not contain DMRS symbols within the DMRS bundling time domain window.

<<<<Example of embodiment 2-3>>>
The new configuration may indicate different DMRS resources in the frequency domain in different slots in the time domain.

For example, in a slot with SFN mod 2=0, the slot setting may be the existing DMRS setting, the number of symbols may be 'pos0', and the position may be l _0. In a slot with SFN mod 2=1, the slot setting may be embodiment 2-1, the number of symbols may be 'pos1' (bitmap [0 1]), and l ₀ according to the table may be (l _{A1_14} , x _{A1_14} ), and when the bitmap is [0 1], the actual position l ₀ may be (x _{A1_14} ).

<<Embodiment 2-4>>
This embodiment relates to UE capabilities.

The UE may report at least one of the following capabilities:
◆ Capabilities of each embodiment.
◆ The capabilities of each option in each embodiment, or the capabilities of a combination of multiple options in each embodiment.
◆The capabilities of each option in each embodiment, or the capabilities of a combination of multiple options in each embodiment.
* Capability of supporting extended DMRS.

The UE may report at least one of the above capabilities for each feature or model ID.

The UE may report at least one of the above capabilities for each frequency. The UE may report at least one of the above capabilities for each UE (with or without distinction between TDD and FDD, with or without distinction between terrestrial network (TN) and non-terrestrial network (NTN)), for each frequency range (FR), for each SCS, for each band, for each band combination, for each FS, or for each FSPC.

According to this embodiment, it is possible to achieve at least one of the following: reducing DMRS resources/overhead and increasing DMRS ports.

<Embodiment 3>
This embodiment relates to a new configuration of DMRS in the code domain, which may correspond to a certain AI/ML function/model (ID).

This embodiment may design a non-orthogonal (cover) code to replace the OCC in the context of reduced time/frequency resources to maintain supported DMRS ports in a CDM group in existing specifications.

The reduction in the code domain of the DMRS configured for the DMRS port/CDM group may be in accordance with at least one of the following embodiments 3-x.

<<Embodiment 3-1>>
This embodiment reduces the DMRS resource in the code domain in each CDM group by indicating a location from the location (resource in the time/frequency domain) selected based on the configuration table in Rel. 18. The indication may be specified in the specification, may be set by the NW through Note 1 described later, or may be associated with the function/model (ID) of the AI/ML.

The configuration of DMRS resources in the frequency/time domain may be determined based on at least one of an existing DMRS configuration, embodiment 1, and embodiment 2.

The new CDM configuration may include at least one of the following pieces of information:
◆ Indication of selected DMRS resources for one or more selected CDM groups. The indication may be according to at least one of the following:
◆ The indication may be per CDM group or common to all CDM groups. For example, a bitmap mask for one or more CDM groups may be used to further select resources from the reserved DMRS resources. For example, a RE index for one or more CDM groups may be used to indicate the reserved/canceled DMRS resources.
-◆The mapping relationship between the bitmap and the DMRS REs in the CDM group may be defined by the specification or may be set by the NW (e.g., included in a new CDM configuration). The mapping relationship may indicate which DMRS REs in the bitmap correspond to which DMRS REs in a CDM group. For example, the DMRS REs in a CDM group are ordered, and the bits in the bitmap are one-to-one mapped to the ordered DMRS REs. The ordering of the DMRS REs in a CDM group may be in ascending or descending order in frequency domain first (in ascending or descending order in frequency domain if there are multiple resources of the same time), and then in ascending or descending order in time domain, or in ascending or descending order in time domain first (in ascending or descending order in time domain if there are multiple resources of the same frequency), and then in ascending or descending order in frequency domain.

A new configuration of power boosting for a new CDM configuration may be introduced. For example, the new configuration may extend an existing amplitude scaling factor (or a ratio of PDSCH/PUSCH EPRE to DMRS EPRE β _DMRS [dB]) for one or more CDM groups. For example, the new configuration may introduce a new amplitude scaling factor (or a ratio of PDSCH/PUSCH EPRE to DMRS EPRE β _DMRS [dB]) and a new table for one or more CDM groups.

The UE may not expect/assume to receive an existing DMRS port and a new DMRS port (based on one or more embodiments) within the same CDM group of a DL transmission.

The UE may not expect/assume to transmit an existing DMRS port and a new DMRS port (based on one or more embodiments) within the same CDM group of an UL transmission.

Even if some of the OCCs are set to 0, the receiver (UE or NW) may separate multiple OCCs using AI/ML. By not allocating DMRS and OCC to some of the REs of the OCCs, it is possible to reduce DMRS resources while maintaining the number of DMRS ports.

<<<<Example 1 of Embodiment 3-1>>>
The bitmap mask for each CDM group may be the same. In the example of extended configuration type 1 single symbol DMRS, eight DMRS ports are used, with w_f(0) to w_f(3) and w_t(0) valid. In this example, ports 1000, 1001, 1008, and 1009 in CDM group 0 and ports 1002, 1003, 1010, and 1011 in CDM group 1 are used. Four FD-OCCs are used for four DMRS REs per CDM group, thereby supporting four DMRS ports. In this example, for the application of the bitmap mask, the DMRS REs are ordered in ascending order of RE index. As shown in the examples of Figures 98 and 99, a 4-bit bitmap mask [1 1 1 0] is applied to the four DMRS REs (FD-OCC of length 4) of each CDM group, so that w_f(0) to w_f(2) are applied and w_f(3) is 0. Four FD-OCCs are used for three DMRS REs per CDM group to support four DMRS ports.

<<<<Example 2 of Embodiment 3-1>>>
The bitmap mask for each CDM group may be different. In the basic configuration type 2 double symbol DMRS example, 12 DMRS ports are used, and w_f(0), w_f(1) and w_t(0), w_t(1) are valid. In this example, ports 1000, 1001, 1006, and 1007 are used in CDM group 0, ports 1002, 1003, 1008, and 1009 in CDM group 1, and ports 1004, 1005, 1010, and 1011 in CDM group 2. Four DMRS ports are supported per CDM group by using two FD-OCCs and two TD-OCCs for four DMRS REs. In this example, for the application of the bitmap mask, the DMRS REs are first ordered in ascending order of RE index in the frequency domain, and then ordered in ascending order of symbol index in the time domain. As in the examples of Figures 100 and 101, a 4-bit bitmap mask [1 0 1 1] is applied to the four DMRS REs of CDM group 0, so that w_f(1)w_t(0) is 0. A 4-bit bitmap mask [1 1 0 1] is applied to the four DMRS REs of CDM group 1, so that w_f(0)w_t(1) is 0. A 4-bit bitmap mask [1 1 1 0] is applied to the four DMRS REs of CDM group 2, so that w_f(1)w_t(1) is 0. For each CDM group, four DMRS ports are supported by using two FD-OCCs and two TD-OCCs for three DMRS REs.

<<<<Example 3 of Embodiment 3-1>>>
In power boosting, the DMRS (amplitude) scaling factor β _PUSCH ^DMRS is given by β _PUSCH ^DMRS = 10 ^{- β_DMRS / 20.} The DMRS scaling factor may be according to at least one of the following options:
◆ Option 1: The DMRS scaling factor is determined for each symbol in one CDM group.
◆ Option 2: A common DMRS scaling factor is determined across multiple symbols in one CDM group. For example, the common DMRS scaling factor in one CDM group may be the minimum value of the DMRS scaling factors per symbol in one CDM group.

The ratio of PDSCH/PUSCH EPRE to DMRS EPRE β _DMRS [dB] may be defined by extending an existing table, such as the example table in Figure 102. This table shows β DMRS versus DMRS configuration type, the number of DMRS CDM groups without data, and the reserved ratio of _DMRS in each CDM group [within one symbol].

<<<<Example 4 of Embodiment 3-1>>>
In power boosting, the intermediate quantity _α ^{ tilde over ^(p_j,μ) is precoded, multiplied by an amplitude scaling factor β _PUSCH ^DMRS and an amplitude scaling factor λ{tilde over _{(p_j} ,μ)} ^DMRS for port p ^{ tilde _over (p_j,μ)) to adapt the transmission power, and mapped to physical resources. ^α k _{, l} ^(p_j,μ) based on α{tilde over ^(p_j,μ)) may be given by the following equation E2:

The amplitude scaling factor λ _p−j ^DMRS for ports p ⁻ _j is given by λ _p−j ^DMRS =10 ^{−λ DMRS/20} . A new table for λ _DMRS [dB] may be defined in the specification. The example new table in Figure 103 shows the reserved ratio of DMRS in each CDM group [within one symbol] versus λ _DMRS .

<<Embodiment 3-2>>
This embodiment reduces the DMRS resource of the code domain in each CDM group by indicating a further location from the location selected based on the new configuration table, which may be specified in the specification, may be set by the NW through Note 1 described later, or may be associated with the function/model (ID) of the AI/ML.

The configuration of DMRS resources in the frequency/time domain may be determined based on at least one of an existing DMRS configuration, embodiment 1, and embodiment 2.

The new CDM configuration may include at least one of the following pieces of information:
The structure of the table of the new CDM configuration: The table structure may comply with at least one of the following characteristics:
- The table structure may be determined based on the existing CDM settings.
◆ The table structure may be a new table structure, for example, the table has an OCC with 8 parameters for one CDM group supporting up to 8 DMRS ports, instead of 6 parameters in the existing CDM configuration.
The parameters of the table: The parameters may comply with at least one of the following characteristics:
- The parameters may be defined in a table in the specification.
-◆The new parameters may be transmitted between the NW and the UE via Note 2/Note 3 described below.
-◆The new parameters may be generated by AI/ML functions/models.
-◆The new parameters may be generated by AI/ML functions/models from existing orthogonal DMRS ports.
Indication of the DMRS resources selected for each CDM group. The indication may comply with at least one of the following characteristics:
-◆ For example, a bitmap mask may be used to select further resources from the reserved DMRS resources for the CDM group.
-◆The mapping relationship between the bitmap and the DMRS REs in the CDM group may be defined by the specification or may be set by the NW (e.g., included in a new CDM configuration). The mapping relationship may indicate which DMRS REs in the bitmap correspond to which DMRS REs in a CDM group. For example, the DMRS REs in a CDM group are ordered, and the bits in the bitmap are one-to-one mapped to the ordered DMRS REs. The ordering of the DMRS REs in a CDM group may be in ascending or descending order in frequency domain first (in ascending or descending order in frequency domain if there are multiple resources of the same time), and then in ascending or descending order in time domain, or in ascending or descending order in time domain first (in ascending or descending order in time domain if there are multiple resources of the same frequency), and then in ascending or descending order in frequency domain.

A new setting of power boosting for the new CDM setting may be introduced. For example, the new setting may calculate an amplitude scaling factor (or a ratio of PDSCH/PUSCH EPRE to DMRS EPRE, β _DMRS [dB]) according to an effective parameter for each of one or more CDM groups. When the parameters in the new CDM setting are normalized, the power boosting method of embodiment 3-1 can be used.

<<<<Example 1 of Embodiment 3-2>>>
Figure 104 shows an example of Table D21-1 of CDM configuration for DMRS configuration type 1 for PDSCH. Figure 105 shows an example of Table D21-2 of CDM configuration for DMRS configuration type 2 for PDSCH. This example may follow at least one of the following characteristics.
◆ The table structure is the existing CDM setting. As a variation, the table of the CDM setting may contain eight parameters (w_f0_t0, w_f1_t0, w_f2_t0, w_f3_t0, w_f0_t1, w_f1_t1, w_f2_t1, w_f3_t1) instead of six parameters (w_f(0), w_f(1), w_f(2), w_f(3), w_t(0), w_t(1)) for one CDM group.
◆ Table parameters may be defined within a table in the specification.
◆Similar to Table D21-1/D21-2, a table of CDM settings for PUSH may be defined in the specifications.

<<<<Example 2 of Embodiment 3-2>>>
The above-mentioned CDM configuration tables (e.g., D21-1/D21-2) may be used for double symbol DMRS. Different bitmap masks may be used for each CDM group. Eight DMRS ports are supported by using four FD-OCCs and two TD-OCCs for eight DMRS REs for each CDM group. As shown in the examples of Figures 106 and 107, for the configuration of table D21-1, a bitmap mask [1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0] is applied for CDM group 0, and a bitmap mask [1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0] is applied for CDM group 1. The actual parameters are determined by applying the bit masks to the new parameters (FD-OCC/TC-OCC) defined in the table. Even if six DMRS REs out of eight DMRS REs are used for CDM group 0, eight DMRS ports are maintained. For CDM group 1, even if 5 of the 8 DMRS REs are used, 8 DMRS ports are maintained.

<<<<Example 3 of Embodiment 3-2>>>
In power boosting, an amplitude scaling factor may be calculated according to the effectiveness parameters.

The intermediate quantity α ^{tilde _over ^(p_j,μ) is precoded and multiplied by an amplitude scaling factor β _PUSCH ^DMRS and an amplitude scaling factor λ{tilde over (p_j ^, μ)} ^DMRS for port p _{ tilde over (pj, _μ) ) to adapt the transmit power and mapped to physical resources. ^α k _{, l} ^(p_j,μ ) based on α{tilde over ^(p_j,μ) may be given by Equation E2 above.

For Example 2 of Embodiment 3-2, the amplitude scaling factor λ ₁₀₀₀ ^DMRS for port p=1000 may be given by the following equation E3.

Here, the numerator 8 represents the available DMRS energy. The denominator represents the effective DMRS energy from the parameters.

With this power boosting, when DMRS is not placed in some DMRS resources, as in Example 2 of embodiment 3-2, the power of other DMRS resources can be increased.

<<Embodiment 3-3>>
For the extended DMRS in at least one of the embodiments 3-1 and 3-2, an additional PDSCH processing time in the PDSCH processing capability may be reported by the UE. This embodiment may follow at least one of the following options.
◆ Option 1: The existing table of PDSCH processing time for PDSCH processing capacity is extended.
◆ Option 2: An additional PDSCH processing time setting is introduced.
◆ Option 3: A new table of PDSCH processing times for new UE capabilities is introduced.

<<<<Example 1 of Embodiment 3-3>>>
In option 1, an existing table indicating the PDSCH processing time for PDSCH processing capability 1 may be extended, as in the example of table D31-1 in FIG. 108. This table includes the PDSCH processing time for the existing DMRS (regular DMRS) and the PDSCH processing time for the advanced DMRS (advanced DMRS) in at least one of embodiment 3-1 and embodiment 3-2. The name of the regular DMRS/advanced DMRS and the value of the PDSCH processing time are not limited to this example.

<<<<Example 2 of Embodiment 3-3>>>
In option 2, an additional parameter may be introduced to the existing processing time formula. For example, T _proc,1 may be given by:
T _proc,1 = (N ₁ +N _a +d _1,1 +d ₂ ) (2048+144)・κ2 ^−μ・T _C +T _ext

The additional parameter _Na may be an additional PDSCH processing time. FIG. 109 shows an example of a table D31-2 including the additional PDSCH processing time _Na for μ. The name of the additional PDSCH processing time/ _Na and the value of the additional PDSCH processing time are not limited to this example.

<<<<Example 3 of Embodiment 3-3>>>
In option 3, UE processing capability 3 may be introduced. N ₁ may be based on at least one of an existing table and a new table. FIG. 110 shows an example of a new table D31-3. The new table may indicate a PDSCH processing time for μ for UE processing capability 3. The name of UE processing capability 3 and the value of the PDSCH processing time are not limited to this example.

<<Embodiment 3-4>>
This embodiment relates to UE capabilities.

The UE may report at least one of the following capabilities:
◆ Capabilities of each embodiment.
◆ The capabilities of each option in each embodiment, or the capabilities of a combination of multiple options in each embodiment.
◆The capabilities of each option in each embodiment, or the capabilities of a combination of multiple options in each embodiment.
Ability to support at least one of transmitting PUCCH/PUSCH using extended DMRS and receiving PDCCH/PDSCH using extended DMRS.

The UE may report at least one of the above capabilities for each feature or model ID.

The UE may report at least one of the above capabilities for each frequency. The UE may report at least one of the above capabilities for each UE (with or without distinction between TDD and FDD, with or without distinction between terrestrial network (TN) and non-terrestrial network (NTN)), for each frequency range (FR), for each SCS, for each band, for each band combination, for each FS, or for each FSPC.

According to this embodiment, it is possible to achieve at least one of the following: reducing DMRS resources/overhead and increasing DMRS ports.

<Note 1>
In the present disclosure, at least one procedure of whether an embodiment applies, which embodiment applies, whether an option/alternative applies, and which option/alternative applies may follow at least one of the following several:
◆ The procedure is configured by one or more higher layer parameters.
◆ The procedure is determined by one or more associated higher layer parameters.
◆ The procedure is indicated by the MAC CE or DCI.
◆ The procedure is determined based on one or more UE capabilities.
◆The procedure is described in the specification.
◆The procedure is based on the conditions described in the specification.
◆ The procedure is determined by a combination of two or more of the above procedures, for example, the procedure is determined by the configuration/indication of higher layer parameters/MAC CE/DCI and the reported UE capabilities.

In this disclosure, multiple options/choices may be combined into one option/choice.

In this disclosure, the UE may expect/assume an embodiment, or one or more options/options of an embodiment, only if the UE reports support for a feature or model.

<Note 2>
In the present disclosure, the UE may receive at least one type of information from the NW. In the present disclosure, the NW, the base station, and the gNB may be interchangeable.
◆ Information via higher layer signaling (e.g., RRC messages, LTE positioning protocol (LPP) messages).
◆ MAC CE. It may be a MAC CE with a new LCID in the subheader or it may be an extension of an existing MAC CE. For example, the extension may be the introduction of a new octet.
◆ DCI. It may be an existing DCI field or a newly introduced DCI field. The DCI may be a DCI with a CRC scrambled by an existing RNTI or a newly introduced RNTI. The DCI may be an existing DCI format or a newly introduced DCI format.
◆A combination of two or more of the above types.

In the present disclosure, the UE may receive information from the NW according to several of the following periodicity types (time domain behavior):
◆Periodic.
◆ Semi-persistent: Reception of the information may be triggered by UE or NW instruction.
Aperiodic: Reception of the information may be triggered by an instruction from the UE or the NW.

<Note 3>
In the present disclosure, the UE may report/transmit at least one type of information among the following types to the NW. In the present disclosure, the NW, the base station, and the gNB may be read as interchangeable.
◆ Information via higher layer signaling (e.g., RRC messages, LTE positioning protocol (LPP) messages).
◆ MAC CE. It may be a MAC CE with a new LCID in the subheader or it may be an extension of an existing MAC CE. For example, the extension may be the introduction of a new octet.
◆ UCI, which may be UCI on PUCCH or PUSCH.
◆A combination of two or more of the above types.

In the present disclosure, the UE may report/transmit information to the NW according to several periodicity types (time domain behavior):
◆Periodic.
◆ Semi-persistent. Reporting/transmission of the information may be triggered by UE or NW instruction.
Aperiodic: Reporting/transmission of the information may be triggered by UE or NW instruction.

<Note 4>
In the present disclosure, functionality may be a set of parameters that can be supported based on conditions indicated by UE capabilities, for example, the set may include a set of parameters for at least one of CSI prediction, beam prediction, CSI compression, mobility, target/candidate beam/cell prediction, RRM prediction, channel estimation, and signal detection.

In the present disclosure, the UE may report to the NW, through one or more signalings in Note 3, any parameter values related to the feature or model as a condition. For example, the condition may be reported through a UE capability report or a UE feature/feature group report.

In this disclosure, the UE may report any parameter values related to the feature or model as additional conditions through one or more of the signaling in Note 3 or through a method other than signaling over the air interface of the network.

In the present disclosure, the UE may be instructed of some parameter value as an additional condition through one or more of the signaling in Note 2 or a method other than signaling over the air interface of the network.

In the present disclosure, the UE may report any information/instruction regarding the above parameters (e.g., parameter names) as information/instruction of additional conditions through one or more of the signaling in Note 3 or a method other than signaling on the air interface of the network.

In the present disclosure, the UE may be instructed, as information/instructions of additional conditions, information/instructions regarding the above parameters through one or more of the signaling in Note 2 or a method other than signaling on the air interface of the network. For example, the UE may report a device ID, a device vendor ID, etc. as an additional condition. The UE may be instructed of a cell ID as an additional condition. For example, the UE may report or be instructed of information/instructions such as the name of the parameter (e.g., "Cell ID" or "UE ID" instead of the ID value) as information/instructions of additional conditions.

In this disclosure, methods other than signaling over the air interface of the network may refer to pre-configuration of the UE (e.g., configured by the UE vendor), operator configuration provided by the network operator, etc.

<Additional Information>
<<Notification of information to UE>>
In the above-described embodiment, any information may be notified to the UE (from a network (NW) (e.g., a base station (BS))) (in other words, the UE receives any information from the BS) using physical layer signaling (e.g., DCI), higher layer signaling (e.g., RRC signaling, MAC CE), a specific signal/channel (e.g., PDCCH, PDSCH, reference signal), or a combination thereof.

When the above notification is performed by a MAC CE, the MAC CE may be identified by including in the MAC subheader a new Logical Channel ID (LCID) that is not specified in existing standards.

When the notification is made by a DCI, the notification may be made by a specific field of the DCI, a Radio Network Temporary Identifier (RNTI) used to scramble Cyclic Redundancy Check (CRC) bits assigned to the DCI, the format of the DCI, etc.

Furthermore, notification of any information to the UE in the above-mentioned embodiments may be performed periodically, semi-persistently, or aperiodically.

<<Notification of information from UE>>
In the above-described embodiments, notification of any information from the UE [to the NW] (in other words, transmission/report of any information from the UE to the BS) may be performed using physical layer signaling (e.g., UCI), higher layer signaling (e.g., RRC signaling, MAC CE), a specific signal/channel (e.g., PUCCH, PUSCH, PRACH, reference signal), or a combination thereof.

If the notification is made by a MAC CE, the MAC CE may be identified by including a new LCID in the MAC subheader that is not specified in existing standards.

If the notification is made by UCI, the notification may be transmitted using PUCCH or PUSCH.

Furthermore, in the above-mentioned embodiments, notification of any information from the UE may be performed periodically, semi-persistently, or aperiodically.

<<Application of each embodiment>>
In the UE/BS, the specific process/operation/control/assumption/information of at least one of the above-mentioned embodiments may be applied (used) if one or more of the following conditions are met:
- Upper layer parameters indicating the specific processing/operation/control/assumption/information are set;
The specific process/action/control/assumption/information is determined based on relevant higher layer parameters;
The specific process/action/control/assumption/information is specified/activated/triggered by MAC CE/DCI/UCI/resource/channel/RS;
Reporting or supporting specific UE capabilities indicating (or related to) the specific processes/actions/controls/assumptions/information;
- The application of said particular process/action/control/assumption/information is determined based on certain conditions.

The specific UE capabilities may indicate at least one of the following:
- Supporting the above specific processes/actions/controls/assumptions/information;
• Capabilities of each embodiment.
- The capabilities of each option in each embodiment, or the capabilities of a combination of multiple options in each embodiment.
- The capabilities of each option in each embodiment, or the capabilities of a combination of multiple options in each embodiment.

Furthermore, the above-mentioned specific UE capabilities may be capabilities that are applied across all frequencies (commonly regardless of frequency), capabilities per frequency (e.g., one or a combination of a cell, band, band combination, BWP, component carrier, etc.), capabilities per frequency range (e.g., Frequency Range 1 (FR1), FR2, FR3, FR4, FR5, FR2-1, FR2-2), capabilities per subcarrier spacing (SubCarrier Spacing (SCS)), or capabilities per Feature Set (FS) or Feature Set Per Component-carrier (FSPC).

The above-mentioned specific UE capabilities may be capabilities that are applied across all duplexing methods (commonly regardless of the duplexing method), or may be capabilities for each duplexing method (e.g., Time Division Duplex (TDD) and Frequency Division Duplex (FDD)).

If the above conditions are not met, the UE/BS may follow the behavior specified in existing 3GPP releases.

(Additional Note)
With respect to one embodiment of the present disclosure, the following invention is noted.
[Appendix 1]
A receiver for receiving a demodulation reference signal (DMRS) configuration for a physical uplink shared channel;
A terminal having a control unit that determines, based on the setting, a plurality of frequency resources having a wider spacing than a plurality of specific frequency resources of a specific DMRS based on a specific setting, and controls transmission of the DMRS using the plurality of frequency resources.
[Appendix 2]
2. The terminal of claim 1, wherein a plurality of frequency resource densities corresponding to a plurality of code division multiplexing (CDM) groups are equal.
[Appendix 3]
3. The terminal of claim 1 or 2, wherein a plurality of frequency resource densities corresponding to a plurality of code division multiplexing (CDM) groups are different.
[Appendix 4]
4. The terminal of claim 1, wherein the configuration indicates a subset of the plurality of frequency resources.

(Additional Note)
With respect to one embodiment of the present disclosure, the following invention is noted.
[Appendix 1]
A receiver for receiving a demodulation reference signal (DMRS) configuration for a physical downlink shared channel;
A terminal having a control unit that determines, based on the setting, a plurality of frequency resources having a wider spacing than a plurality of specific frequency resources of a specific DMRS based on a specific setting, and controls reception of the DMRS using the plurality of frequency resources.
[Appendix 2]
2. The terminal of claim 1, wherein a plurality of frequency resource densities corresponding to a plurality of code division multiplexing (CDM) groups are equal.
[Appendix 3]
3. The terminal of claim 1 or 2, wherein a plurality of frequency resource densities corresponding to a plurality of code division multiplexing (CDM) groups are different.
[Appendix 4]
4. The terminal of claim 1, wherein the configuration indicates a subset of the plurality of frequency resources.

(Additional Note)
With respect to one embodiment of the present disclosure, the following invention is noted.
[Appendix 1]
A receiver for receiving a demodulation reference signal (DMRS) configuration for a physical uplink shared channel;
A terminal having a control unit that determines one or more time resources that are a portion of a plurality of specific time resources of a specific DMRS based on a specific setting based on the setting, and controls transmission of the DMRS using the one or more time resources.
[Appendix 2]
2. The terminal of claim 1, wherein the configuration includes a bitmap indicating the portion.
[Appendix 3]
3. The terminal according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the one or more time resources are a plurality of time resources, and a plurality of frequency resources corresponding to the plurality of time resources are different from each other.
[Appendix 4]
4. The terminal according to any one of Supplementary Note 1 to Supplementary Note 3, wherein the multiple resources of the DMRS corresponding to the multiple slots are different.

(Additional Note)
With respect to one embodiment of the present disclosure, the following invention is noted.
[Appendix 1]
A receiver for receiving a demodulation reference signal (DMRS) configuration for a physical downlink shared channel;
A terminal having a control unit that determines one or more time resources that are a portion of a plurality of specific time resources of a specific DMRS based on a specific setting based on the setting, and controls reception of the DMRS using the one or more time resources.
[Appendix 2]
The terminal of claim 1, wherein the configuration includes a bitmap indicating the portion.
[Appendix 3]
3. The terminal according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the one or more time resources are a plurality of time resources, and a plurality of frequency resources corresponding to the plurality of time resources are different from each other.
[Appendix 4]
4. The terminal according to any one of Supplementary Note 1 to Supplementary Note 3, wherein the multiple resources of the DMRS corresponding to the multiple slots are different.

(Additional Note)
With respect to one embodiment of the present disclosure, the following invention is noted.
[Appendix 1]
A receiver for receiving a demodulation reference signal (DMRS) configuration for a physical uplink shared channel;
A terminal having a control unit that determines a plurality of resources that are a part of a plurality of specific resources of an orthogonal cover code based on the setting, and controls transmission of the DMRS using the one or more time resources.
[Appendix 2]
2. The terminal of claim 1, wherein the configuration includes a bitmap indicating the portion.
[Appendix 3]
3. The terminal of claim 1 or 2, wherein power boosting is applied to the plurality of resources.
[Appendix 4]
The terminal according to any one of Supplementary Note 1 to Supplementary Note 3, wherein the control unit reports capabilities related to the DMRS.

(Additional Note)
With respect to one embodiment of the present disclosure, the following invention is noted.
[Appendix 1]
A receiver for receiving a demodulation reference signal (DMRS) configuration for a physical downlink shared channel;
A terminal having a control unit that determines a plurality of resources that are a part of a plurality of specific resources of an orthogonal cover code based on the setting, and controls reception of the DMRS using the one or more time resources.
[Appendix 2]
The terminal of claim 1, wherein the configuration includes a bitmap indicating the portion.
[Appendix 3]
3. The terminal of claim 1 or 2, wherein power boosting is applied to the plurality of resources.
[Appendix 4]
4. The terminal of any of claims 1 to 3, wherein additional processing time is applied to the physical downlink shared channel.

(Wireless communication system)
A configuration of a wireless communication system according to an embodiment of the present disclosure will be described below. In this wireless communication system, communication is performed using any one of the wireless communication methods according to the above embodiments of the present disclosure or a combination of these methods.

FIG. 111 is a diagram showing an example of a schematic configuration of a wireless communication system according to an embodiment. The wireless communication system 1 (which may simply be referred to as system 1) may be a system that realizes communication using Long Term Evolution (LTE) specified by the Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP), 5th generation mobile communication system New Radio (5G NR), or the like.

The wireless communication system 1 may also support dual connectivity between multiple Radio Access Technologies (RATs) (Multi-RAT Dual Connectivity (MR-DC)). MR-DC may include dual connectivity between LTE (Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA)) and NR (E-UTRA-NR Dual Connectivity (EN-DC)), dual connectivity between NR and LTE (NR-E-UTRA Dual Connectivity (NE-DC)), etc.

In EN-DC, the LTE (E-UTRA) base station (eNB) is the master node (MN), and the NR base station (gNB) is the secondary node (SN). In NE-DC, the NR base station (gNB) is the MN, and the LTE (E-UTRA) base station (eNB) is the SN.

The wireless communication system 1 may support dual connectivity between multiple base stations within the same RAT (e.g., dual connectivity in which both the MN and SN are NR base stations (gNBs) (NR-NR Dual Connectivity (NN-DC))).

The wireless communication system 1 may include a base station 11 that forms a macrocell C1 with a relatively wide coverage, and base stations 12 (12a-12c) that are arranged within the macrocell C1 and form a small cell C2 that is narrower than the macrocell C1. A user terminal 20 may be located within at least one of the cells. The arrangement, number, shape, size, etc. of each cell and user terminal 20 are not limited to the aspect shown in the figure. Hereinafter, when there is no need to distinguish between the base stations 11 and 12, they will be collectively referred to as base station 10.

The wireless communication system 1 may use Multi Input Multi Output (MIMO). For example, one cell may be formed by one antenna/base station 10, or may be formed by multiple antennas/base stations 10. One [virtual] cell (which may be called, for example, a super cell) may be composed of multiple [virtual] cells (which may be called, for example, sub cells). A super cell may correspond to a cell whose physical range is fixed, and a sub cell may correspond to a cell whose physical range changes semi-statically/dynamically. In this case, the wireless communication system 1 may be called a cell-free system.

The user terminal 20 may be connected to at least one of the multiple base stations 10. The user terminal 20 may utilize at least one of carrier aggregation (CA) using multiple component carriers (CC) and dual connectivity (DC).

Each CC may be included in at least one of a first frequency band (Frequency Range 1 (FR1)) and a second frequency band (Frequency Range 2 (FR2)). Macro cell C1 may be included in FR1, and small cell C2 may be included in FR2. For example, FR1 may be a frequency band below 6 GHz (sub-6 GHz), and FR2 may be a frequency band above 24 GHz (above-24 GHz). Note that the frequency bands and definitions of FR1 and FR2 are not limited to these, and for example, FR1 may correspond to a higher frequency band than FR2.

In addition, the user terminal 20 may communicate using at least one of Time Division Duplex (TDD) and Frequency Division Duplex (FDD) in each CC.

The multiple base stations 10 may be connected by wire (e.g., optical fiber conforming to the Common Public Radio Interface (CPRI), X2/Xn interface, etc.) or wirelessly (e.g., NR communication). For example, when NR communication is used as a backhaul between base stations 11 and 12, base station 11, which corresponds to the upper station, may be called an Integrated Access Backhaul (IAB) donor, and base station 12, which corresponds to a relay station, may be called an IAB node.

The base station 10 may be connected to the core network 30 via another base station 10 or directly. The core network 30 may include, for example, at least one of an Evolved Packet Core (EPC), a 5G Core Network (5GCN), a Next Generation Core (NGC), etc.

The core network 30 may include network functions (Network Functions (NF)) such as, for example, a User Plane Function (UPF), an Access and Mobility management Function (AMF), a Session Management Function (SMF), a Unified Data Management (UDM), an Application Function (AF), a Data Network (DN), a Location Management Function (LMF), and Operation, Administration and Maintenance (Management) (OAM). Note that multiple functions may be provided by one network node. In addition, communication with an external network (e.g., the Internet) may be performed via the DN.

The user terminal 20 may be a terminal that supports at least one of the communication methods such as LTE, LTE-A, and 5G.

In the wireless communication system 1, a wireless access method based on Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) may be used. For example, in at least one of the downlink (DL) and uplink (UL), Cyclic Prefix OFDM (CP-OFDM), Discrete Fourier Transform Spread OFDM (DFT-s-OFDM), Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (OFDMA), Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple Access (SC-FDMA), etc. may be used.

The radio access method may also be called a waveform. Note that in the wireless communication system 1, other radio access methods (e.g., other single-carrier transmission methods, other multi-carrier transmission methods) may be used for the UL and DL radio access methods.

In the wireless communication system 1, a downlink shared channel (Physical Downlink Shared Channel (PDSCH)) shared by each user terminal 20, a broadcast channel (Physical Broadcast Channel (PBCH)), a downlink control channel (Physical Downlink Control Channel (PDCCH)), etc. may be used as the downlink channel.

In addition, in the wireless communication system 1, an uplink shared channel (Physical Uplink Shared Channel (PUSCH)) shared by each user terminal 20, an uplink control channel (Physical Uplink Control Channel (PUCCH)), a random access channel (Physical Random Access Channel (PRACH)), etc. may be used as an uplink channel.

User data, upper layer control information, System Information Block (SIB), etc. are transmitted via PDSCH. User data, upper layer control information, etc. may also be transmitted via PUSCH. Furthermore, Master Information Block (MIB) may also be transmitted via PBCH.

Lower layer control information may be transmitted by the PDCCH. The lower layer control information may include, for example, downlink control information (Downlink Control Information (DCI)) including scheduling information for at least one of the PDSCH and the PUSCH.

Note that the DCI for scheduling the PDSCH may be called a DL assignment or DL DCI, and the DCI for scheduling the PUSCH may be called a UL grant or UL DCI. Note that the PDSCH may be interpreted as DL data, and the PUSCH may be interpreted as UL data.

A control resource set (COntrol REsource SET (CORESET)) and a search space may be used to detect the PDCCH. The CORESET corresponds to the resources to search for DCI. The search space corresponds to the search region and search method of PDCCH candidates. One CORESET may be associated with one or multiple search spaces. The UE may monitor the CORESET associated with a search space based on the search space configuration.

A search space may correspond to PDCCH candidates corresponding to one or more aggregation levels. One or more search spaces may be referred to as a search space set. Note that the terms "search space," "search space set," "search space setting," "search space set setting," "CORESET," "CORESET setting," etc. in this disclosure may be read as interchangeable.

The PUCCH may transmit uplink control information (UCI) including at least one of channel state information (CSI), delivery confirmation information (which may be called, for example, Hybrid Automatic Repeat reQuest ACKnowledgement (HARQ-ACK), ACK/NACK, etc.), and a scheduling request (SR). The PRACH may transmit a random access preamble for establishing a connection with a cell.

Note that in this disclosure, downlink, uplink, etc. may be expressed without adding "link." Also, various channels may be expressed without adding "Physical" to the beginning.

In the wireless communication system 1, a synchronization signal (SS), a downlink reference signal (DL-RS), etc. may be transmitted. In the wireless communication system 1, as the DL-RS, a cell-specific reference signal (CRS), a channel state information reference signal (CSI-RS), a demodulation reference signal (DMRS), a positioning reference signal (PRS), a phase tracking reference signal (PTRS), etc. may be transmitted.

The synchronization signal may be, for example, at least one of a Primary Synchronization Signal (PSS) and a Secondary Synchronization Signal (SSS). A signal block including an SS (PSS, SSS) and a PBCH (and a DMRS for PBCH) may be called an SS/PBCH block, an SS Block (SSB), etc. In addition, the SS, SSB, etc. may also be called a reference signal.

In addition, in the wireless communication system 1, a measurement reference signal (Sounding Reference Signal (SRS)), a demodulation reference signal (DMRS), etc. may be transmitted as an uplink reference signal (UL-RS). Note that the DMRS may also be called a user equipment-specific reference signal (UE-specific Reference Signal).

(base station)
112 is a diagram showing an example of the configuration of a base station according to an embodiment. The base station 10 includes a control unit 110, a transceiver unit 120, a transceiver antenna 130, and a transmission line interface 140. Note that one or more of each of the control unit 110, the transceiver unit 120, the transceiver antenna 130, and the transmission line interface 140 may be provided.

Note that this example mainly shows the functional blocks of the characteristic parts of this embodiment, and the base station 10 may also be assumed to have other functional blocks necessary for wireless communication. Some of the processing of each part described below may be omitted.

The control unit 110 controls the entire base station 10. The control unit 110 can be configured from a controller, a control circuit, etc., which are described based on a common understanding in the technical field to which this disclosure pertains.

The control unit 110 may control signal generation, scheduling (e.g., resource allocation, mapping), etc. The control unit 110 may control transmission and reception using the transceiver unit 120, the transceiver antenna 130, and the transmission path interface 140, measurement, etc. The control unit 110 may generate data, control information, sequences, etc. to be transmitted as signals, and transfer them to the transceiver unit 120. The control unit 110 may perform call processing of communication channels (setting, release, etc.), status management of the base station 10, management of radio resources, etc.

The transceiver unit 120 may include a baseband unit 121, a radio frequency (RF) unit 122, and a measurement unit 123. The baseband unit 121 may include a transmission processing unit 1211 and a reception processing unit 1212. The transceiver unit 120 may be composed of a transmitter/receiver, an RF circuit, a baseband circuit, a filter, a phase shifter, a measurement circuit, a transceiver circuit, etc., which are described based on a common understanding in the technical field to which the present disclosure relates.

The transceiver 120 may be configured as an integrated transceiver, or may be composed of a transmitter and a receiver. The transmitter may be composed of a transmission processing unit 1211 and an RF unit 122. The receiver may be composed of a reception processing unit 1212, an RF unit 122, and a measurement unit 123.

The transmitting/receiving antenna 130 can be configured as an antenna described based on common understanding in the technical field to which this disclosure pertains, such as an array antenna.

The transceiver 120 may transmit the above-mentioned downlink channel, synchronization signal, downlink reference signal, etc. The transceiver 120 may receive the above-mentioned uplink channel, uplink reference signal, etc.

The transceiver 120 may form at least one of the transmit beam and receive beam using digital beamforming (e.g., precoding), analog beamforming (e.g., phase rotation), etc.

The transceiver 120 (transmission processing unit 1211) may perform Packet Data Convergence Protocol (PDCP) layer processing, Radio Link Control (RLC) layer processing (e.g., RLC retransmission control), Medium Access Control (MAC) layer processing (e.g., HARQ retransmission control), etc. on data and control information obtained from the control unit 110 to generate a bit string to be transmitted.

The transceiver 120 (transmission processing unit 1211) may perform transmission processing such as channel coding (which may include error correction coding), modulation, mapping, filtering, Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT) processing (if necessary), Inverse Fast Fourier Transform (IFFT) processing, precoding, and digital-to-analog conversion on the bit string to be transmitted, and output a baseband signal.

The transceiver unit 120 (RF unit 122) may perform modulation, filtering, amplification, etc., on the baseband signal to a radio frequency band, and transmit the radio frequency band signal via the transceiver antenna 130.

On the other hand, the transceiver unit 120 (RF unit 122) may perform amplification, filtering, demodulation to a baseband signal, etc. on the radio frequency band signal received by the transceiver antenna 130.

The transceiver 120 (reception processing unit 1212) may apply reception processing such as analog-to-digital conversion, Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) processing, Inverse Discrete Fourier Transform (IDFT) processing (if necessary), filtering, demapping, demodulation, decoding (which may include error correction decoding), MAC layer processing, RLC layer processing, and PDCP layer processing to the acquired baseband signal, and acquire user data, etc.

The transceiver 120 (measurement unit 123) may perform measurements on the received signal. For example, the measurement unit 123 may perform Radio Resource Management (RRM) measurements, Channel State Information (CSI) measurements, etc. based on the received signal. The measurement unit 123 may measure received power (e.g., Reference Signal Received Power (RSRP)), received quality (e.g., Reference Signal Received Quality (RSRQ), Signal to Interference plus Noise Ratio (SINR), Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR)), signal strength (e.g., Received Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI)), propagation path information (e.g., CSI), etc. The measurement results may be output to the control unit 110.

The transmission path interface 140 may transmit and receive signals (backhaul signaling) between devices included in the core network 30 (e.g., network nodes providing NF), other base stations 10, etc., and may acquire and transmit user data (user plane data), control plane data, etc. for the user terminal 20.

Note that the transmitting section and receiving section of the base station 10 in this disclosure may be configured with at least one of the transmitting/receiving section 120, the transmitting/receiving antenna 130, and the transmission path interface 140.

The base station 10 may be separated into three elements: a radio unit (RU), a distributed unit (DU), and a central unit (CU). For example, the RU may implement RF processing (digital beamforming, digital-to-analog conversion, analog beamforming, etc.) and lower-level functions of the physical layer (precoding, IFFT, FFT, etc.). The DU may implement higher-level functions of the physical layer (encoding to resource element mapping, etc.), MAC layer functions, and RLC layer functions. The CU may implement the functions of the PDCP layer, Service Data Adaptation Protocol (SDAP) layer, and RRC layer.

In the present disclosure, the base station 10 may include one device that realizes all of the functions of the RU, DU, and CU, or may include multiple devices that each realize some of the functions of the RU, DU, and CU and are connected to each other. In the present disclosure, the base station 10 may be read as RU/DU/CU interchangeably.

The transceiver 120 may transmit a configuration of a demodulation reference signal (DMRS) for a physical uplink shared channel. The controller 110 may determine, based on the configuration, a number of frequency resources having a wider spacing than a number of specific frequency resources of a specific DMRS based on a specific configuration, and control reception of the DMRS using the number of frequency resources.

The transceiver 120 may transmit a configuration of a demodulation reference signal (DMRS) for a physical downlink shared channel. The controller 110 may determine, based on the configuration, a number of frequency resources having a wider spacing than a number of specific frequency resources of a specific DMRS based on a specific configuration, and control transmission of the DMRS using the number of frequency resources.

The transceiver 120 may transmit a configuration of a demodulation reference signal (DMRS) for a physical uplink shared channel. The controller 110 may determine, based on the configuration, one or more time resources that are a part of a plurality of specific time resources of a specific DMRS based on a specific configuration, and control reception of the DMRS using the one or more time resources.

The transceiver 120 may transmit a configuration of a demodulation reference signal (DMRS) for a physical downlink shared channel. The controller 110 may determine, based on the configuration, one or more time resources that are a part of a plurality of specific time resources of a specific DMRS based on a specific configuration, and control transmission of the DMRS using the one or more time resources.

The transceiver 120 may transmit a configuration of a demodulation reference signal (DMRS) for a physical uplink shared channel. The controller 110 may determine a plurality of resources that are a part of a plurality of specific resources of an orthogonal cover code based on the configuration, and control reception of the DMRS using the one or more time resources.

The transceiver 120 may transmit a configuration of a demodulation reference signal (DMRS) for a physical downlink shared channel. The controller 110 may determine a plurality of resources that are a part of a plurality of specific resources of an orthogonal cover code based on the configuration, and control the transmission of the DMRS using the one or more time resources.

(User terminal)
113 is a diagram showing an example of the configuration of a user terminal according to an embodiment. The user terminal 20 includes a control unit 210, a transmitting/receiving unit 220, and a transmitting/receiving antenna 230. Note that one or more of each of the control unit 210, the transmitting/receiving unit 220, and the transmitting/receiving antenna 230 may be provided.

Note that this example mainly shows the functional blocks of the characteristic parts of this embodiment, and the user terminal 20 may also be assumed to have other functional blocks necessary for wireless communication. Some of the processing of each part described below may be omitted.

The control unit 210 controls the entire user terminal 20. The control unit 210 can be configured from a controller, a control circuit, etc., which are described based on a common understanding in the technical field to which this disclosure pertains.

The control unit 210 may control signal generation, mapping, etc. The control unit 210 may control transmission and reception using the transceiver unit 220 and the transceiver antenna 230, measurement, etc. The control unit 210 may generate data, control information, sequences, etc. to be transmitted as signals, and transfer them to the transceiver unit 220.

The transceiver unit 220 may include a baseband unit 221, an RF unit 222, and a measurement unit 223. The baseband unit 221 may include a transmission processing unit 2211 and a reception processing unit 2212. The transceiver unit 220 may be composed of a transmitter/receiver, an RF circuit, a baseband circuit, a filter, a phase shifter, a measurement circuit, a transceiver circuit, etc., which are described based on a common understanding in the technical field to which the present disclosure relates.

The transceiver unit 220 may be configured as an integrated transceiver unit, or may be composed of a transmission unit and a reception unit. The transmission unit may be composed of a transmission processing unit 2211 and an RF unit 222. The reception unit may be composed of a reception processing unit 2212, an RF unit 222, and a measurement unit 223.

The transmitting/receiving antenna 230 can be configured as an antenna described based on common understanding in the technical field to which this disclosure pertains, such as an array antenna.

The transceiver 220 may receive the above-mentioned downlink channel, synchronization signal, downlink reference signal, etc. The transceiver 220 may transmit the above-mentioned uplink channel, uplink reference signal, etc.

The transceiver unit 220 may form at least one of the transmit beam and receive beam using digital beamforming (e.g., precoding), analog beamforming (e.g., phase rotation), etc.

The transceiver 220 (transmission processor 2211) may perform PDCP layer processing, RLC layer processing (e.g., RLC retransmission control), MAC layer processing (e.g., HARQ retransmission control), etc. on the data and control information acquired from the controller 210, and generate a bit string to be transmitted.

The transceiver 220 (transmission processor 2211) may perform transmission processing such as channel coding (which may include error correction coding), modulation, mapping, filtering, DFT processing (if necessary), IFFT processing, precoding, and digital-to-analog conversion on the bit string to be transmitted, and output a baseband signal.

Whether or not to apply DFT processing may be based on the settings of transform precoding. When transform precoding is enabled for a certain channel (e.g., PUSCH), the transceiver unit 220 (transmission processing unit 2211) may perform DFT processing as the above-mentioned transmission processing in order to transmit the channel using a DFT-s-OFDM waveform, and when transform precoding is not enabled, it is not necessary to perform DFT processing as the above-mentioned transmission processing.

The transceiver unit 220 (RF unit 222) may perform modulation, filtering, amplification, etc., on the baseband signal to a radio frequency band, and transmit the radio frequency band signal via the transceiver antenna 230.

On the other hand, the transceiver unit 220 (RF unit 222) may perform amplification, filtering, demodulation to a baseband signal, etc. on the radio frequency band signal received by the transceiver antenna 230.

The transceiver 220 (reception processor 2212) may apply reception processing such as analog-to-digital conversion, FFT processing, IDFT processing (if necessary), filtering, demapping, demodulation, decoding (which may include error correction decoding), MAC layer processing, RLC layer processing, and PDCP layer processing to the acquired baseband signal to acquire user data, etc.

The transceiver 220 (measurement unit 223) may perform measurements on the received signal. For example, the measurement unit 223 may perform RRM measurements, CSI measurements, etc. based on the received signal. The measurement unit 223 may measure received power (e.g., RSRP), received quality (e.g., RSRQ, SINR, SNR), signal strength (e.g., RSSI), propagation path information (e.g., CSI), etc. The measurement results may be output to the control unit 210.

The measurement unit 223 may derive channel measurements for CSI calculation based on channel measurement resources. The channel measurement resources may be, for example, non-zero power (NZP) CSI-RS resources. The measurement unit 223 may derive interference measurements for CSI calculation based on interference measurement resources. The interference measurement resources may be at least one of NZP CSI-RS resources for interference measurement, CSI-Interference Measurement (IM) resources, etc. CSI-IM may be called CSI-Interference Management (IM) or may be interchangeably read as Zero Power (ZP) CSI-RS. In this disclosure, CSI-RS, NZP CSI-RS, ZP CSI-RS, CSI-IM, CSI-SSB, etc. may be read as interchangeable.

In addition, the transmitting unit and receiving unit of the user terminal 20 in this disclosure may be configured by at least one of the transmitting/receiving unit 220 and the transmitting/receiving antenna 230.

The transceiver unit 220 may receive a configuration of a demodulation reference signal (DMRS) for a physical uplink shared channel. The control unit 210 may determine, based on the configuration, a number of frequency resources having a wider spacing than a number of specific frequency resources of a specific DMRS based on a specific configuration, and control transmission of the DMRS using the number of frequency resources.

The multiple frequency resource densities corresponding to the multiple code division multiplexing (CDM) groups may be equal.

The multiple frequency resource densities corresponding to the multiple code division multiplexing (CDM) groups may be different.

The configuration may indicate a subset of the plurality of frequency resources.

The transceiver 220 may receive a configuration of a demodulation reference signal (DMRS) for a physical downlink shared channel. The controller 210 may determine, based on the configuration, a number of frequency resources having a wider spacing than a number of specific frequency resources of a specific DMRS based on a specific configuration, and control reception of the DMRS using the number of frequency resources.

The multiple frequency resource densities corresponding to the multiple code division multiplexing (CDM) groups may be equal.

The multiple frequency resource densities corresponding to the multiple code division multiplexing (CDM) groups may be different.

The configuration may indicate a subset of the plurality of frequency resources.

The transceiver unit 220 may receive a configuration of a demodulation reference signal (DMRS) for a physical uplink shared channel. The control unit 210 may determine, based on the configuration, one or more time resources that are a part of a plurality of specific time resources of a specific DMRS based on a specific configuration, and control transmission of the DMRS using the one or more time resources.

The setting may include a bitmap showing the portion.

The one or more time resources may be multiple time resources, and the multiple frequency resources corresponding to each of the multiple time resources may be different.

The multiple resources of the DMRS corresponding to the multiple slots may be different.

The transceiver 220 may receive a configuration of a demodulation reference signal (DMRS) for a physical downlink shared channel. The controller 210 may determine, based on the configuration, one or more time resources that are a part of a plurality of specific time resources of a specific DMRS based on a specific configuration, and control reception of the DMRS using the one or more time resources.

The setting may include a bitmap showing the portion.

The one or more time resources may be multiple time resources, and the multiple frequency resources corresponding to each of the multiple time resources may be different.

The multiple resources of the DMRS corresponding to the multiple slots may be different.

The transceiver 220 may receive a configuration of a demodulation reference signal (DMRS) for a physical uplink shared channel. The controller 210 may determine a plurality of resources that are a part of a plurality of specific resources of an orthogonal cover code based on the configuration, and control transmission of the DMRS using the one or more time resources.

The setting may include a bitmap showing the portion.

Power boosting may be applied to the multiple resources.

The control unit 210 may report capabilities related to the DMRS.

The transceiver 220 may receive a configuration of a demodulation reference signal (DMRS) for a physical downlink shared channel. The controller 210 may determine a plurality of resources that are a part of a plurality of specific resources of an orthogonal cover code based on the configuration, and control reception of the DMRS using the one or more time resources.

The setting may include a bitmap showing the portion.

Power boosting may be applied to the multiple resources.

Additional processing time may be applied to the physical downlink shared channel.

(Hardware configuration)
The block diagrams used in the description of the above embodiments show functional blocks. These functional blocks (components) are realized by any combination of at least one of hardware and software. The method of realizing each functional block is not particularly limited. That is, each functional block may be realized using one device that is physically or logically coupled, or may be realized using two or more devices that are physically or logically separated and directly or indirectly connected (for example, using wires, wirelessly, etc.). The functional blocks may be realized by combining the one device or the multiple devices with software.

Here, the functions include, but are not limited to, judgement, determination, judgment, calculation, computation, processing, derivation, investigation, search, confirmation, reception, transmission, output, access, resolution, selection, selection, establishment, comparison, assumption, expectation, deeming, broadcasting, notifying, communicating, forwarding, configuring, reconfiguring, allocating, mapping, and assignment. For example, a functional block (component) that performs the transmission function may be called a transmitting unit, a transmitter, and the like. In either case, as mentioned above, there are no particular limitations on the method of realization.

For example, a base station, a user terminal, etc. in one embodiment of the present disclosure may function as a computer that performs processing of the wireless communication method of the present disclosure. FIG. 114 is a diagram showing an example of the hardware configuration of a base station and a user terminal according to one embodiment. The above-mentioned base station 10 and user terminal 20 may be physically configured as a computer device including a processor 1001, a memory 1002, a storage 1003, a communication device 1004, an input device 1005, an output device 1006, a bus 1007, etc.

In addition, in this disclosure, terms such as apparatus, circuit, device, section, and unit may be interpreted as interchangeable. The hardware configurations of the base station 10 and the user terminal 20 may be configured to include one or more of the devices shown in the figures, or may be configured to exclude some of the devices.

For example, although only one processor 1001 is shown, there may be multiple processors. Furthermore, processing may be performed by one processor, or processing may be performed by two or more processors simultaneously, sequentially, or using other techniques. Furthermore, the processor 1001 may be implemented by one or more chips.

The functions of the base station 10 and the user terminal 20 are realized, for example, by loading specific software (programs) onto hardware such as the processor 1001 and memory 1002, causing the processor 1001 to perform calculations, control communications via the communication device 1004, and control at least one of the reading and writing of data in the memory 1002 and storage 1003.

The processor 1001, for example, operates an operating system to control the entire computer. The processor 1001 may be configured as a central processing unit (CPU) including an interface with peripheral devices, a control device, an arithmetic unit, registers, etc. For example, at least a portion of the above-mentioned control unit 110 (210), transmission/reception unit 120 (220), etc. may be realized by the processor 1001.

The processor 1001 also reads out programs (program codes), software modules, data, etc. from at least one of the storage 1003 and the communication device 1004 into the memory 1002, and executes various processes according to these. The programs used are those that cause a computer to execute at least some of the operations described in the above embodiments. For example, the control unit 110 (210) may be realized by a control program stored in the memory 1002 and running on the processor 1001, and similar implementations may be made for other functional blocks.

Memory 1002 is a computer-readable recording medium and may be composed of at least one of, for example, Read Only Memory (ROM), Erasable Programmable ROM (EPROM), Electrically EPROM (EEPROM), Random Access Memory (RAM), and other suitable storage media. Memory 1002 may also be called a register, cache, main memory, etc. Memory 1002 can store executable programs (program codes), software modules, etc. for implementing a wireless communication method according to one embodiment of the present disclosure.

Storage 1003 is a computer-readable recording medium and may be composed of at least one of a flexible disk, a floppy disk, a magneto-optical disk (e.g., a compact disk (Compact Disc ROM (CD-ROM)), a digital versatile disk, a Blu-ray disk), a removable disk, a hard disk drive, a smart card, a flash memory device (e.g., a card, a stick, a key drive), a magnetic stripe, a database, a server, or other suitable storage medium. Storage 1003 may also be referred to as an auxiliary storage device.

The communication device 1004 is hardware (transmitting/receiving device) for communicating between computers via at least one of a wired network and a wireless network, and is also called, for example, a network device, a network controller, a network card, a communication module, etc. The communication device 1004 may be configured to include a high-frequency switch, a duplexer, a filter, a frequency synthesizer, etc. to realize at least one of, for example, Frequency Division Duplex (FDD) and Time Division Duplex (TDD). For example, the above-mentioned transmitting/receiving unit 120 (220), transmitting/receiving antenna 130 (230), etc. may be realized by the communication device 1004. The transmitting/receiving unit 120 (220) may be implemented as a transmitting unit 120a (220a) and a receiving unit 120b (220b) that are physically or logically separated.

The input device 1005 is an input device (e.g., a keyboard, a mouse, a microphone, a switch, a button, a sensor, etc.) that accepts input from the outside. The output device 1006 is an output device (e.g., a display, a speaker, a Light Emitting Diode (LED) lamp, etc.) that performs output to the outside. Note that the input device 1005 and the output device 1006 may be integrated into one structure (e.g., a touch panel).

Furthermore, each device such as the processor 1001 and memory 1002 is connected by a bus 1007 for communicating information. The bus 1007 may be configured using a single bus, or may be configured using different buses between each device.

Furthermore, the base station 10 and the user terminal 20 may be configured to include hardware such as a microprocessor, a digital signal processor (DSP), an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC), a programmable logic device (PLD), or a field programmable gate array (FPGA), and some or all of the functional blocks may be realized using the hardware. For example, the processor 1001 may be implemented using at least one of these pieces of hardware.

In addition, the devices included in the core network 30 (e.g., network nodes that provide NF) may also be realized by the above-mentioned functional blocks/hardware configuration.

(Modification)
In addition, the terms described in this disclosure and the terms necessary for understanding this disclosure may be replaced with terms having the same or similar meanings. For example, a channel, a symbol, and a signal (signal or signaling) may be read as mutually interchangeable. A signal may also be a message. A reference signal may be abbreviated as RS, and may be called a pilot, a pilot signal, or the like depending on the applied standard. A component carrier (CC) may also be called a cell, a frequency carrier, a carrier frequency, or the like.

A radio frame may be composed of one or more periods (frames) in the time domain. Each of the one or more periods (frames) constituting a radio frame may be called a subframe. Furthermore, a subframe may be composed of one or more slots in the time domain. A subframe may have a fixed time length (e.g., 1 ms) that is independent of numerology.

Here, the numerology may be a communication parameter that is applied to at least one of the transmission and reception of a signal or channel. The numerology may indicate, for example, at least one of the following: SubCarrier Spacing (SCS), bandwidth, symbol length, cyclic prefix length, Transmission Time Interval (TTI), number of symbols per TTI, radio frame configuration, a specific filtering process performed by the transceiver in the frequency domain, a specific windowing process performed by the transceiver in the time domain, etc.

A slot may consist of one or more symbols in the time domain (such as Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) symbols, Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple Access (SC-FDMA) symbols, etc.). A slot may also be a time unit based on numerology.

A slot may include multiple minislots. Each minislot may consist of one or multiple symbols in the time domain. A minislot may also be called a subslot. A minislot may consist of fewer symbols than a slot. A PDSCH (or PUSCH) transmitted in a time unit larger than a minislot may be called PDSCH (PUSCH) mapping type A. A PDSCH (or PUSCH) transmitted using a minislot may be called PDSCH (PUSCH) mapping type B.

A radio frame, subframe, slot, minislot, and symbol all represent time units when transmitting a signal. A different name may be used for radio frame, subframe, slot, minislot, and symbol. Note that the time units such as frame, subframe, slot, minislot, and symbol in this disclosure may be read as interchangeable.

For example, one subframe may be called a TTI, multiple consecutive subframes may be called a TTI, or one slot or one minislot may be called a TTI. In other words, at least one of the subframe and the TTI may be a subframe (1 ms) in existing LTE, a period shorter than 1 ms (e.g., 1-13 symbols), or a period longer than 1 ms. Note that the unit representing the TTI may be called a slot, minislot, etc., instead of a subframe.

Here, TTI refers to, for example, the smallest time unit for scheduling in wireless communication. For example, in an LTE system, a base station schedules each user terminal by allocating radio resources (such as frequency bandwidth and transmission power that can be used by each user terminal) in TTI units. Note that the definition of TTI is not limited to this.

The TTI may be a transmission time unit for a channel-coded data packet (transport block), a code block, a code word, etc., or may be a processing unit for scheduling, link adaptation, etc. When a TTI is given, the time interval (e.g., the number of symbols) in which a transport block, a code block, a code word, etc. is actually mapped may be shorter than the TTI.

Note that when one slot or one minislot is called a TTI, one or more TTIs (i.e., one or more slots or one or more minislots) may be the minimum time unit of scheduling. In addition, the number of slots (minislots) that constitute the minimum time unit of scheduling may be controlled.

A TTI having a time length of 1 ms may be called a normal TTI (TTI in 3GPP Rel. 8-12), normal TTI, long TTI, normal subframe, normal subframe, long subframe, slot, etc. A TTI shorter than a normal TTI may be called a shortened TTI, short TTI, partial or fractional TTI, shortened subframe, short subframe, minislot, subslot, slot, etc.

Note that a long TTI (e.g., a normal TTI, a subframe, etc.) may be interpreted as a TTI having a time length of more than 1 ms, and a short TTI (e.g., a shortened TTI, etc.) may be interpreted as a TTI having a TTI length shorter than the TTI length of a long TTI and equal to or greater than 1 ms.

A resource block (RB) is a resource allocation unit in the time domain and frequency domain, and may include one or more consecutive subcarriers in the frequency domain. The number of subcarriers included in an RB may be the same regardless of numerology, and may be, for example, 12. The number of subcarriers included in an RB may be determined based on numerology.

Furthermore, an RB may include one or more symbols in the time domain and may be one slot, one minislot, one subframe, or one TTI in length. One TTI, one subframe, etc. may each be composed of one or more resource blocks.

In addition, one or more RBs may be referred to as a physical resource block (PRB), a sub-carrier group (SCG), a resource element group (REG), a PRB pair, an RB pair, etc.

Furthermore, a resource block may be composed of one or more resource elements (REs). For example, one RE may be a radio resource area of one subcarrier and one symbol.

A Bandwidth Part (BWP), which may also be referred to as a partial bandwidth, may represent a subset of contiguous common resource blocks (RBs) for a given numerology on a given carrier, where the common RBs may be identified by an index of the RB relative to a common reference point of the carrier. PRBs may be defined in a BWP and numbered within the BWP.

The BWP may include a UL BWP (BWP for UL) and a DL BWP (BWP for DL). One or more BWPs may be configured for a UE within one carrier.

At least one of the configured BWPs may be active, and the UE may not expect to transmit or receive a given signal/channel outside the active BWP. Note that "cell," "carrier," etc. in this disclosure may be read as "BWP."

Note that the above-mentioned structures of radio frames, subframes, slots, minislots, and symbols are merely examples. For example, the number of subframes included in a radio frame, the number of slots per subframe or radio frame, the number of minislots included in a slot, the number of symbols and RBs included in a slot or minislot, the number of subcarriers included in an RB, as well as the number of symbols in a TTI, the symbol length, and the cyclic prefix (CP) length can be changed in various ways.

In addition, the information, parameters, etc. described in this disclosure may be represented using absolute values, may be represented using relative values from a predetermined value, or may be represented using other corresponding information. For example, a radio resource may be indicated by a predetermined index.

The names used for parameters and the like in this disclosure are not limiting in any respect. Furthermore, the formulas and the like using these parameters may differ from those explicitly disclosed in this disclosure. The various channels (PUCCH, PDCCH, etc.) and information elements may be identified by any suitable names, and the various names assigned to these various channels and information elements are not limiting in any respect.

The information, signals, etc. described in this disclosure may be represented using any of a variety of different technologies. For example, the data, instructions, commands, information, signals, bits, symbols, chips, etc. that may be referred to throughout the above description may be represented by voltages, currents, electromagnetic waves, magnetic fields or magnetic particles, optical fields or photons, or any combination thereof.

In addition, information, signals, etc. may be output from a higher layer to a lower layer and/or from a lower layer to a higher layer. Information, signals, etc. may be input/output via multiple network nodes.

Input/output information, signals, etc. may be stored in a specific location (e.g., memory) or may be managed using a management table. Input/output information, signals, etc. may be overwritten, updated, or added to. Output information, signals, etc. may be deleted. Input information, signals, etc. may be transmitted to another device.

　With regard to any information (e.g., variables, constants, parameters) described in this disclosure, even if not specifically stated in the above embodiments, any first device (e.g., UE/base station) may notify any second device (e.g., base station/UE) of information indicating/identifying the [value of] any information (or related to the any information).

The notification of information is not limited to the aspects/embodiments described in this disclosure, and may be performed using other methods. For example, the notification of information in this disclosure may be performed by physical layer signaling (e.g., Downlink Control Information (DCI), Uplink Control Information (UCI)), higher layer signaling (e.g., Radio Resource Control (RRC) signaling, broadcast information (Master Information Block (MIB), System Information Block (SIB)), etc.), Medium Access Control (MAC) signaling), other signals, or a combination of these.

The physical layer signaling may be called Layer 1/Layer 2 (L1/L2) control information (L1/L2 control signal), L1 control information (L1 control signal), etc. The RRC signaling may be called an RRC message, for example, an RRC Connection Setup message, an RRC Connection Reconfiguration message, etc. The MAC signaling may be notified, for example, using a MAC Control Element (CE).

Furthermore, notification of specified information (e.g., notification that "X is the case") is not limited to explicit notification, but may be implicit (e.g., by not notifying the specified information or by notifying other information).

The determination may be based on a value represented by a single bit (0 or 1), a Boolean value represented by true or false, or a comparison of numerical values (e.g., with a predetermined value).

Software shall be construed broadly to mean instructions, instruction sets, code, code segments, program code, programs, subprograms, software modules, applications, software applications, software packages, routines, subroutines, objects, executable files, threads of execution, procedures, functions, etc., whether referred to as software, firmware, middleware, microcode, hardware description language, or otherwise.

Software, instructions, information, etc. may also be transmitted and received via a transmission medium. For example, if the software is transmitted from a website, server, or other remote source using at least one of wired technologies (such as coaxial cable, fiber optic cable, twisted pair, Digital Subscriber Line (DSL)), and/or wireless technologies (such as infrared, microwave, etc.), then at least one of these wired and wireless technologies is included within the definition of a transmission medium.

As used in this disclosure, the terms "system" and "network" may be used interchangeably. "Network" may refer to the devices included in the network (e.g., base stations).

In this disclosure, terms such as "precoding", "precoder", "weight (precoding weight)", "Quasi-Co-Location (QCL)", "Transmission Configuration Indication state (TCI state)", "spatial relation", "spatial domain filter", "transmit power", "phase rotation", "antenna port", "layer", "number of layers", "rank", "resource", "resource set", "beam", "beam width", "beam angle", "antenna", "antenna element", "panel", "UE panel", "transmitting entity", "receiving entity", etc. may be used interchangeably.

In the present disclosure, the antenna port may be interchangeably read as an antenna port for any signal/channel (e.g., a demodulation reference signal (DMRS) port). In the present disclosure, the resource may be interchangeably read as a resource for any signal/channel (e.g., a reference signal resource, an SRS resource, etc.). The resource may include time/frequency/code/space/power resources. The spatial domain transmission filter may include at least one of a spatial domain transmission filter and a spatial domain reception filter.

The above groups may include, for example, at least one of a spatial relationship group, a Code Division Multiplexing (CDM) group, a Reference Signal (RS) group, a Control Resource Set (CORESET) group, a PUCCH group, an antenna port group (e.g., a DMRS port group), a layer group, a resource group, a beam group, an antenna group, a panel group, etc.

Furthermore, in this disclosure, beam, SRS Resource Indicator (SRI), CORESET, CORESET pool, PDSCH, PUSCH, codeword (CW), transport block (TB), RS, etc. may be read as interchangeable.

Furthermore, in this disclosure, the terms TCI state, downlink TCI state (DL TCI state), uplink TCI state (UL TCI state), unified TCI state, common TCI state, joint TCI state, etc. may be interpreted as interchangeable.

Furthermore, in this disclosure, "QCL", "QCL assumptions", "QCL relationship", "QCL type information", "QCL property/properties", "specific QCL type (e.g., Type A, Type D) characteristics", "specific QCL type (e.g., Type A, Type D)", etc. may be read as interchangeable.

In this disclosure, the terms index, identifier (ID), indicator, indication, resource ID, etc. may be interchangeable. In this disclosure, the terms sequence, list, set, group, cluster, subset, etc. may be interchangeable.

Furthermore, the spatial relationship information identifier (ID) (TCI state ID) and the spatial relationship information (TCI state) may be interchangeable. "Spatial relationship information (TCI state)" may be interchangeable as "set of spatial relationship information (TCI state)", "one or more pieces of spatial relationship information", etc. TCI state and TCI may be interchangeable. Spatial relationship information and spatial relationship may be interchangeable.

In this disclosure, terms such as "Base Station (BS)", "Radio base station", "Fixed station", "NodeB", "eNB (eNodeB)", "gNB (gNodeB)", "Access point", "Transmission Point (TP)", "Reception Point (RP)", "Transmission/Reception Point (TRP)", "Panel", "Cell", "Sector", "Cell group", "Carrier", "Component carrier", etc. may be used interchangeably. Base stations may also be referred to by terms such as macrocell, small cell, femtocell, picocell, etc.

A base station can accommodate one or more (e.g., three) cells. When a base station accommodates multiple cells, the entire coverage area of the base station can be divided into multiple smaller areas, and each smaller area can also provide communication services by a base station subsystem (e.g., a small base station for indoor use (Remote Radio Head (RRH))). The term "cell" or "sector" refers to a part or the entire coverage area of at least one of the base station and base station subsystems that provide communication services in this coverage.

In this disclosure, a base station transmitting information to a terminal may be interpreted as the base station instructing the terminal to control/operate based on the information.

In this disclosure, the terms "Mobile Station (MS)", "user terminal", "User Equipment (UE)", "terminal", etc. may be used interchangeably.

A mobile station may also be referred to as a subscriber station, mobile unit, subscriber unit, wireless unit, remote unit, mobile device, wireless device, wireless communication device, remote device, mobile subscriber station, access terminal, mobile terminal, wireless terminal, remote terminal, handset, user agent, mobile client, client, or some other suitable terminology.

At least one of the base station and the mobile station may be called a transmitting device, a receiving device, a wireless communication device, etc. In addition, at least one of the base station and the mobile station may be a device mounted on a moving object, the moving object itself, etc.

The moving body in question refers to an object that can move, and the moving speed is arbitrary, and of course includes the case where the moving body is stationary. The moving body in question includes, but is not limited to, vehicles, transport vehicles, automobiles, motorcycles, bicycles, connected cars, excavators, bulldozers, wheel loaders, dump trucks, forklifts, trains, buses, handcarts, rickshaws, ships and other watercraft, airplanes, rockets, artificial satellites, drones, multicopters, quadcopters, balloons, and objects mounted on these. The moving body in question may also be a moving body that moves autonomously based on an operating command.

The moving object may be a vehicle (e.g., a car, an airplane, etc.), an unmanned moving object (e.g., a drone, an autonomous vehicle, etc.), or a robot (manned or unmanned). Note that at least one of the base station and the mobile station may also include devices that do not necessarily move during communication operations. For example, at least one of the base station and the mobile station may be an Internet of Things (IoT) device such as a sensor.

FIG. 115 is a diagram showing an example of a vehicle according to an embodiment. The vehicle 40 includes a drive unit 41, a steering unit 42, an accelerator pedal 43, a brake pedal 44, a shift lever 45, left and right front wheels 46, left and right rear wheels 47, an axle 48, an electronic control unit 49, various sensors (including a current sensor 50, an RPM sensor 51, an air pressure sensor 52, a vehicle speed sensor 53, an acceleration sensor 54, an accelerator pedal sensor 55, a brake pedal sensor 56, a shift lever sensor 57, and an object detection sensor 58), an information service unit 59, and a communication module 60.

The drive unit 41 is composed of at least one of an engine, a motor, and a hybrid of an engine and a motor, for example. The steering unit 42 includes at least a steering wheel (also called a handlebar), and is configured to steer at least one of the front wheels 46 and the rear wheels 47 based on the operation of the steering wheel operated by the user.

The electronic control unit 49 is composed of a microprocessor 61, memory (ROM, RAM) 62, and a communication port (e.g., an Input/Output (IO) port) 63. Signals are input to the electronic control unit 49 from various sensors 50-58 provided in the vehicle. The electronic control unit 49 may also be called an Electronic Control Unit (ECU).

Signals from the various sensors 50-58 include a current signal from a current sensor 50 that senses the motor current, a rotation speed signal of the front wheels 46/rear wheels 47 acquired by a rotation speed sensor 51, an air pressure signal of the front wheels 46/rear wheels 47 acquired by an air pressure sensor 52, a vehicle speed signal acquired by a vehicle speed sensor 53, an acceleration signal acquired by an acceleration sensor 54, a depression amount signal of the accelerator pedal 43 acquired by an accelerator pedal sensor 55, a depression amount signal of the brake pedal 44 acquired by a brake pedal sensor 56, an operation signal of the shift lever 45 acquired by a shift lever sensor 57, and a detection signal for detecting obstacles, vehicles, pedestrians, etc. acquired by an object detection sensor 58.

The information service unit 59 is composed of various devices, such as a car navigation system, audio system, speakers, displays, televisions, and radios, for providing (outputting) various information such as driving information, traffic information, and entertainment information, and one or more ECUs that control these devices. The information service unit 59 uses information acquired from external devices via the communication module 60, etc., to provide various information/services (e.g., multimedia information/multimedia services) to the occupants of the vehicle 40.

The information service unit 59 may include input devices (e.g., a keyboard, a mouse, a microphone, a switch, a button, a sensor, a touch panel, etc.) that accept input from the outside, and may also include output devices (e.g., a display, a speaker, an LED lamp, a touch panel, etc.) that perform output to the outside.

The driving assistance system unit 64 is composed of various devices that provide functions for preventing accidents and reducing the driver's driving load, such as a millimeter wave radar, a Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR), a camera, a positioning locator (e.g., a Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS)), map information (e.g., a High Definition (HD) map, an Autonomous Vehicle (AV) map, etc.), a gyro system (e.g., an Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU), an Inertial Navigation System (INS), etc.), an Artificial Intelligence (AI) chip, and an AI processor, and one or more ECUs that control these devices. The driving assistance system unit 64 also transmits and receives various information via the communication module 60 to realize a driving assistance function or an autonomous driving function.

The communication module 60 can communicate with the microprocessor 61 and components of the vehicle 40 via the communication port 63. For example, the communication module 60 transmits and receives data (information) via the communication port 63 between the drive unit 41, steering unit 42, accelerator pedal 43, brake pedal 44, shift lever 45, left and right front wheels 46, left and right rear wheels 47, axles 48, the microprocessor 61 and memory (ROM, RAM) 62 in the electronic control unit 49, and the various sensors 50-58 that are provided on the vehicle 40.

The communication module 60 is a communication device that can be controlled by the microprocessor 61 of the electronic control unit 49 and can communicate with an external device. For example, it transmits and receives various information to and from the external device via wireless communication. The communication module 60 may be located either inside or outside the electronic control unit 49. The external device may be, for example, the above-mentioned base station 10 or user terminal 20. The communication module 60 may also be, for example, at least one of the above-mentioned base station 10 and user terminal 20 (it may function as at least one of the base station 10 and user terminal 20).

The communication module 60 may transmit at least one of the signals from the various sensors 50-58 described above input to the electronic control unit 49, information obtained based on the signals, and information based on input from the outside (user) obtained via the information service unit 59 to an external device via wireless communication. The electronic control unit 49, the various sensors 50-58, the information service unit 59, etc. may be referred to as input units that accept input. For example, the PUSCH transmitted by the communication module 60 may include information based on the above input.

The communication module 60 receives various information (traffic information, signal information, vehicle distance information, etc.) transmitted from an external device and displays it on an information service unit 59 provided in the vehicle. The information service unit 59 may also be called an output unit that outputs information (for example, outputs information to a device such as a display or speaker based on the PDSCH (or data/information decoded from the PDSCH) received by the communication module 60).

The communication module 60 also stores various information received from external devices in memory 62 that can be used by the microprocessor 61. Based on the information stored in memory 62, the microprocessor 61 may control the drive unit 41, steering unit 42, accelerator pedal 43, brake pedal 44, shift lever 45, left and right front wheels 46, left and right rear wheels 47, axles 48, various sensors 50-58, and the like provided on the vehicle 40.

Furthermore, the base station in the present disclosure may be read as a user terminal. For example, each aspect/embodiment of the present disclosure may be applied to a configuration in which communication between a base station and a user terminal is replaced with communication between multiple user terminals (which may be called, for example, Device-to-Device (D2D), Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X), etc.). In this case, the user terminal 20 may be configured to have the functions of the base station 10 described above. Furthermore, terms such as "uplink" and "downlink" may be read as terms corresponding to terminal-to-terminal communication (for example, "sidelink"). For example, the uplink channel, downlink channel, etc. may be read as the sidelink channel.

Similarly, the user terminal in this disclosure may be interpreted as a base station. In this case, the base station 10 may be configured to have the functions of the user terminal 20 described above.

In this disclosure, operations that are described as being performed by a base station may in some cases be performed by its upper node. In a network that includes one or more network nodes having base stations, it is clear that various operations performed for communication with terminals may be performed by the base station, one or more network nodes other than the base station (such as, but not limited to, a Mobility Management Entity (MME) or a Serving-Gateway (S-GW)), or a combination of these.

Each aspect/embodiment described in this disclosure may be used alone, in combination, or switched between depending on the implementation. In addition, the processing procedures, sequences, flow charts, etc. of each aspect/embodiment described in this disclosure may be rearranged as long as there is no inconsistency. For example, the methods described in this disclosure present elements of various steps in an exemplary order, and are not limited to the particular order presented.

Each aspect/embodiment described in this disclosure includes Long Term Evolution (LTE), LTE-Advanced (LTE-A), LTE-Beyond (LTE-B), SUPER 3G, IMT-Advanced, 4th generation mobile communication system (4G), 5th generation mobile communication system (5G), 6th generation mobile communication system (6G), xth generation mobile communication system (xG (x is, for example, an integer or decimal)), Future Radio Access (FRA), New-Radio The present invention may be applied to systems that use Access Technology (RAT), New Radio (NR), New radio access (NX), Future generation radio access (FX), Global System for Mobile communications (GSM (registered trademark)), CDMA2000, Ultra Mobile Broadband (UMB), IEEE 802.11 (Wi-Fi (registered trademark)), IEEE 802.16 (WiMAX (registered trademark)), IEEE 802.20, Ultra-Wide Band (UWB), Bluetooth (registered trademark), and other appropriate wireless communication methods, as well as next-generation systems that are expanded, modified, created, or defined based on these. In addition, multiple systems may be combined (for example, a combination of LTE or LTE-A and 5G, etc.).

As used in this disclosure, the phrase "based on" does not mean "based only on," unless expressly stated otherwise. In other words, the phrase "based on" means both "based only on" and "based at least on."

Any reference to an element using a designation such as "first," "second," etc., used in this disclosure does not generally limit the quantity or order of those elements. These designations may be used in this disclosure as a convenient method of distinguishing between two or more elements. Thus, a reference to a first and second element does not imply that only two elements may be employed or that the first element must precede the second element in some way.

The term "determining" as used in this disclosure may encompass a wide variety of actions. For example, "determining" may be considered to be judging, calculating, computing, processing, deriving, investigating, looking up, search, inquiry (e.g., looking in a table, database, or other data structure), ascertaining, etc.

"Determining" may also be considered to mean "determining" receiving (e.g., receiving information), transmitting (e.g., sending information), input, output, accessing (e.g., accessing data in a memory), etc.

Furthermore, "judgment (decision)" may be considered to mean "judging (deciding)" resolving, selecting, choosing, establishing, comparing, etc. In other words, "judgment (decision)" may be considered to mean "judging (deciding)" some kind of action. In this disclosure, "judgment (decision)" may be read as interchangeably with the actions described above.

Furthermore, in this disclosure, "determine/determining" may be interpreted interchangeably as "assume/assuming," "expect/expecting," "consider/considering," etc. Furthermore, in this disclosure, "does not expect to do..." may be interpreted interchangeably as "assumes not to do...."

In the present disclosure, "expect" may be read as "be expected". For example, "expect(s)..." (where "..." may be expressed, for example, as a that clause, a to-infinitive, etc.) may be read as "be expected...", "does... (if "..." above is a to-infinitive, a verb with "to" in it)", etc. "does not expect..." may be read as "be not expected...", "does not... (if "..." above is a to-infinitive, a verb with "to" in it)", etc. Also, "An apparatus A is not expected..." may be read as "An apparatus B other than apparatus A does not expect..." (for example, if apparatus A is a UE, apparatus B may be a base station).

The "maximum transmit power" referred to in this disclosure may mean the maximum value of transmit power, may mean the nominal UE maximum transmit power, or may mean the rated UE maximum transmit power.

As used in this disclosure, the terms "connected" and "coupled," or any variation thereof, refer to any direct or indirect connection or coupling between two or more elements, and may include the presence of one or more intermediate elements between two elements that are "connected" or "coupled" to each other. The coupling or connection between the elements may be physical, logical, or a combination thereof. For example, "connected" may be read as "access."

In this disclosure, when two elements are connected, they may be considered to be "connected" or "coupled" to one another using one or more wires, cables, printed electrical connections, and the like, as well as using electromagnetic energy having wavelengths in the radio frequency range, microwave range, light (both visible and invisible) range, and the like, as some non-limiting and non-exhaustive examples.

In this disclosure, the term "A and B are different" may mean "A and B are different from each other." The term may also mean "A and B are each different from C." Terms such as "separate" and "combined" may also be interpreted in the same way as "different."

When the terms "include," "including," and variations thereof are used in this disclosure, these terms are intended to be inclusive, similar to the term "comprising." Additionally, the term "or," as used in this disclosure, is not intended to be an exclusive or.

In this disclosure, where articles have been added through translation, such as a, an, and the in English, this disclosure may include that the nouns following these articles are plural.

In this disclosure, terms such as "less than", "less than", "greater than", "more than", "equal to", etc. may be read as interchangeable. In addition, in this disclosure, terms meaning "good", "bad", "big", "small", "high", "low", "fast", "slow", "wide", "narrow", etc. may be read as interchangeable, not limited to positive, comparative and superlative. In addition, in this disclosure, terms meaning "good", "bad", "big", "small", "high", "low", "fast", "slow", "wide", "narrow", etc. may be read as interchangeable, not limited to positive, comparative and superlative, as expressions with "ith" (i is any integer) (for example, "best" may be read as "ith best").

In this disclosure, the terms "of," "for," "regarding," "related to," "associated with," etc. may be read interchangeably.

In the present disclosure, "when A, B", "if A, (then) B", "B upon A", "B in response to A", "B based on A", "B during/while A", "B before A", "B at (the same time as)/on A", "B after A", "B since A", "B until A" and the like may be read as interchangeable. Note that A, B, etc. here may be replaced with appropriate expressions such as nouns, gerunds, and normal sentences depending on the context. Note that the time difference between A and B may be almost 0 (immediately after or immediately before). Also, a time offset may be applied to the time when A occurs. For example, "A" may be read interchangeably as "before/after the time offset at which A occurs." The time offset (e.g., one or more symbols/slots) may be predefined or may be identified by the UE based on signaled information.

In this disclosure, timing, time, duration, time instance, any time unit (e.g., slot, subslot, symbol, subframe), period, occasion, resource, etc. may be interpreted as interchangeable.

The invention disclosed herein has been described in detail above, but it is clear to those skilled in the art that the invention disclosed herein is not limited to the embodiments described herein. The description of the present disclosure is intended for illustrative purposes only and does not imply any limitations on the invention disclosed herein.

Claims (6)

A receiver for receiving a demodulation reference signal (DMRS) configuration for a physical uplink shared channel;
A terminal having a control unit that determines, based on the setting, a plurality of frequency resources having a wider spacing than a plurality of specific frequency resources of a specific DMRS based on a specific setting, and controls transmission of the DMRS using the plurality of frequency resources. The terminal of claim 1, wherein the multiple frequency resource densities corresponding to the multiple code division multiplexing (CDM) groups are equal. The terminal of claim 1, wherein the multiple frequency resource densities corresponding to the multiple code division multiplexing (CDM) groups are different. The terminal of claim 1, wherein the configuration indicates a subset of the plurality of frequency resources. receiving a demodulation reference signal (DMRS) configuration for a physical uplink shared channel;
A wireless communication method for a terminal, comprising a step of determining, based on the setting, a plurality of frequency resources having a wider spacing than a plurality of specific frequency resources of a specific DMRS based on a specific setting, and controlling transmission of the DMRS using the plurality of frequency resources. A transmitter for transmitting a demodulation reference signal (DMRS) configuration for a physical uplink shared channel;
A base station having a control unit that determines, based on the setting, a plurality of frequency resources having a wider spacing than a plurality of specific frequency resources of a specific DMRS based on a specific setting, and controls reception of the DMRS using the plurality of frequency resources.