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WO2025034794A1 - Procédés de fonctionnement basé sur un réseau assisté par relais par une wtru d'ancrage en couverture - Google Patents

Procédés de fonctionnement basé sur un réseau assisté par relais par une wtru d'ancrage en couverture Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2025034794A1
WO2025034794A1 PCT/US2024/041195 US2024041195W WO2025034794A1 WO 2025034794 A1 WO2025034794 A1 WO 2025034794A1 US 2024041195 W US2024041195 W US 2024041195W WO 2025034794 A1 WO2025034794 A1 WO 2025034794A1
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WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
wtru
network
positioning
ooc
anchor
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Pending
Application number
PCT/US2024/041195
Other languages
English (en)
Inventor
Jongwoo HONG
Fumihiro Hasegawa
Tao Deng
Tuong Hoang
Jung Je Son
Martino Freda
Paul Marinier
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
InterDigital Patent Holdings Inc
Original Assignee
InterDigital Patent Holdings Inc
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by InterDigital Patent Holdings Inc filed Critical InterDigital Patent Holdings Inc
Publication of WO2025034794A1 publication Critical patent/WO2025034794A1/fr
Pending legal-status Critical Current
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical

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Classifications

    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04W—WIRELESS COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
    • H04W76/00—Connection management
    • H04W76/10—Connection setup
    • H04W76/14—Direct-mode setup
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04W—WIRELESS COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
    • H04W88/00—Devices specially adapted for wireless communication networks, e.g. terminals, base stations or access point devices
    • H04W88/02—Terminal devices
    • H04W88/06—Terminal devices adapted for operation in multiple networks or having at least two operational modes, e.g. multi-mode terminals

Definitions

  • a target WTRU may determine to select WTRU-only or Network-based sidelink (SL) positioning.
  • the target WTRU may determine to select WTRU-only operation if, for example, neither the target WTRU nor an SL anchor WTRU is served by the network (e.g., out-of-coverage) or the serving network (e.g., LMF capability) does not support SL positioning.
  • the target WTRU may determine to select Network-based operation, for example, if neither the target WTRU nor SL anchor WTRU is served by a network (e.g., in-coverage) or the serving network (e.g., LMF capability) supports SL positioning.
  • Out-of-Coverage (OoC) target WTRUs initiate a positioning request (e.g., SL-MO-LR, 5GC- MO-LR)
  • the OoC target WTRUs may discover one or more anchor WTRUs to obtain location related measurements.
  • an OoC target WTRU may determine to perform a SL positioning request for a network-based operation.
  • the OoC target WTRU cannot perform the network-based SL positioning via the IC anchor WTRU if, for example, the IC anchor WTRU does not support a proximity services layer 2 (ProSe L2) WTRU-to-Network Relay function or the serving network (e.g., LMF) does not support SL-positioning (e.g., old version LMF).
  • ProSe L2 proximity services layer 2
  • LMF serving network
  • a wireless transmit/receive unit may comprise a processor.
  • the processor may be configured to receive, via a PC5 connection, a Sidelink (SL) positioning message from an out of coverage (OoC) WTRU.
  • the WTRU for example, may be within a coverage area of a network and supports a relay function.
  • the processor may be configured to determine that the network supports SL positioning.
  • the processor may be configured to send, based on the determination that the network supports SL positioning, via the PC5 connection, a SL positioning message to the OoC WTRU.
  • the SL positioning message may include, for example, an indication that the WTRU supports the relay function.
  • the processor may be configured to establish an indirect non-access stratum (NAS) connection between the network and the OoC WTRU.
  • NAS indirect non-access stratum
  • the processor may be configured to send an inquiry message to the network via a NAS connection between the network and the WTRU to determine whether the network supports SL positioning.
  • the inquiry message may include, for example, an inquiry of version of a Location Management Function (LMF) of the network, an inquiry of SL positioning features supported by the network, or an inquiry of SL releases supported by the network.
  • LMF Location Management Function
  • the processor may be configured to receive a response message from the network in response to the inquiry message.
  • the response message may include, for example, information indicating SL positioning capabilities of the network.
  • the indication that the WTRU supports the relay function may include, for example, an indication that the WTRU supports a Proximity Based Service Layer 2 User Equipment to Network (ProSe L2 U2N) relay operation.
  • ProSe L2 U2N Proximity Based Service Layer 2 User Equipment to Network
  • the SL positioning message may include, for example, a relay service code or an indication that the WTRU can operate as an anchor WTRU.
  • the processor may be configured to send, via the PC5 connection, a SL Position Reference Signal (PRS) to the OoC WTRU.
  • the processor may be configured to receive SL-PRS measurement results from the OoC WTRU.
  • the processor may be configured to send the SL-PRS measurement results to the network.
  • PRS SL Position Reference Signal
  • the processor may be configured to receive the SL-PRS measurement results from the from the OoC WTRU via the indirect NAS connection.
  • the processor may be configured to send the SL-PRS measurement results to the network via the indirect NAS connection.
  • the indirect NAS connection may include, for example, a NAS connection between the network, the WTRU, and the OoC WTRU that enables the WTRU to deliver messages between the OoC WTRU and the network.
  • the messages may include, for example, Sidelink Positioning Protocol (SLPP) messages, SLPP control signaling, or SL measurement results.
  • SLPP Sidelink Positioning Protocol
  • a WTRU may be configured to perform a method that includes one or more of the following steps.
  • the method may include receiving, via a PC5 connection, a Sidelink (SL) positioning message from an out of coverage (OoC) WTRU.
  • the WTRU for example, may be within a coverage area of a network and supports a relay function.
  • the method may include determining that the network supports SL positioning.
  • the method may include sending, based on the determination that the network supports SL positioning, via the PC5 connection, a SL positioning message to the OoC WTRU.
  • the SL positioning message may include, for example, an indication that the WTRU supports the relay function.
  • the method may include establishing an indirect non-access stratum (NAS) connection between the network and the OoC WTRU.
  • the method may include sending an inquiry message to the network via a NAS connection between the network and the WTRU to determine whether the network supports SL positioning.
  • NAS non-access stratum
  • the inquiry message may include, for example, an inquiry of version of a Location Management Function (LMF) of the network, an inquiry of SL positioning features supported by the network, or an inquiry of SL releases supported by the network.
  • LMF Location Management Function
  • the method may include receiving a response message from the network in response to the inquiry message.
  • the response message may include, for example, information indicating SL positioning capabilities of the network.
  • the indication that the WTRU supports the relay function may include, for example, an indication that the WTRU supports a Proximity Based Service Layer 2 User Equipment to Network (ProSe L2 U2N) relay operation.
  • ProSe L2 U2N Proximity Based Service Layer 2 User Equipment to Network
  • the SL positioning message may include, for example, a relay service code or an indication that the WTRU can operate as an anchor WTRU.
  • the method may include sending, via the PC5 connection, a SL Position Reference Signal (PRS) to the OoC WTRU.
  • the method may include receiving SL-PRS measurement results from the OoC WTRU.
  • the method may include sending the SL-PRS measurement results to the network.
  • PRS SL Position Reference Signal
  • the method may include receiving the SL-PRS measurement results from the from the OoC WTRU via the indirect NAS connection.
  • the method may include sending the SL-PRS measurement results to the network via the indirect NAS connection.
  • the indirect NAS connection may include, for example, a NAS connection between the network, the WTRU, and the OoC WTRU that enables the WTRU to deliver messages between the OoC WTRU and the network.
  • the messages may include, for example, Sidelink Positioning Protocol (SLPP) messages, SLPP control signaling, or SL measurement results.
  • SLPP Sidelink Positioning Protocol
  • FIG. 1 A is a system diagram illustrating an example communications system in which one or more disclosed embodiments may be implemented.
  • FIG. 1 B is a system diagram illustrating an example wireless transmit/receive unit (WTRU) that may be used within the communications system illustrated in FIG. 1A according to an embodiment.
  • WTRU wireless transmit/receive unit
  • FIG. 1C is a system diagram illustrating an example radio access network (RAN) and an example core network (CN) that may be used within the communications system illustrated in FIG. 1 A according to an embodiment.
  • RAN radio access network
  • CN core network
  • FIG. 1 D is a system diagram illustrating a further example RAN and a further example CN that may be used within the communications system illustrated in FIG. 1 A according to an embodiment.
  • FIG. 2 is a system diagram illustrating an example of SL positioning for an OoC target WTRU.
  • FIG. 3 is a system diagram illustrating an example relay assisted network-based operation by OoC target WTRU.
  • FIG. 4 is a flow diagram illustrating an example relay assisted network-based process performed by an OoC target WTRU.
  • FIG. 5 is a system diagram illustrating an example relay assisted network-based operation by an anchor WTRU.
  • FIG. 6 is a flow diagram illustrating an example relay assisted network-based process performed by an anchor WTRU.
  • FIG. 1A is a diagram illustrating an example communications system 100 in which one or more disclosed embodiments may be implemented.
  • the communications system 100 may be a multiple access system that provides content, such as voice, data, video, messaging, broadcast, etc., to multiple wireless users.
  • the communications system 100 may enable multiple wireless users to access such content through the sharing of system resources, including wireless bandwidth.
  • the communications systems 100 may employ one or more channel access methods, such as code division multiple access (CDMA), time division multiple access (TDMA), frequency division multiple access (FDMA), orthogonal FDMA (OFDMA), single-carrier FDMA (SC-FDMA), zero-tail unique-word DFT-Spread OFDM (ZT UW DTS-s OFDM), unique word OFDM (UW-OFDM), resource block-filtered OFDM, filter bank multicarrier (FBMC), and the like.
  • CDMA code division multiple access
  • TDMA time division multiple access
  • FDMA frequency division multiple access
  • OFDMA orthogonal FDMA
  • SC-FDMA single-carrier FDMA
  • ZT UW DTS-s OFDM zero-tail unique-word DFT-Spread OFDM
  • UW-OFDM unique word OFDM
  • FBMC filter bank multicarrier
  • the communications system 100 may include wireless transmit/receive units (WTRUs) 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d, a RAN 104/113, a CN 106/115, a public switched telephone network (PSTN) 108, the Internet 110, and other networks 112, though it will be appreciated that the disclosed embodiments contemplate any number of WTRUs, base stations, networks, and/or network elements.
  • WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d may be any type of device configured to operate and/or communicate in a wireless environment.
  • the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d may be configured to transmit and/or receive wireless signals and may include a user equipment (UE), a mobile station, a fixed or mobile subscriber unit, a subscription-based unit, a pager, a cellular telephone, a personal digital assistant (PDA), a smartphone, a laptop, a netbook, a personal computer, a wireless sensor, a hotspot or Mi-Fi device, an Internet of Things (loT) device, a watch or other wearable, a head-mounted display (HMD), a vehicle, a drone, a medical device and applications (e.g, remote surgery), an industrial device and applications (e.g, a robot and/or other wireless devices operating in an industrial and/or an automated processing chain contexts), a consumer electronics device, a device operating on commercial and/or industrial wireless networks, and the like.
  • UE user equipment
  • PDA personal digital assistant
  • HMD head-mounted display
  • a vehicle a drone,
  • any of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d may be interchangeably referred to as a WTRU. Further, any description herein that is described with reference to a UE may be equally applicable to a WTRU (or vice versa). For example, a WTRU may be configured to perform any of the processes or procedures described herein as being performed by a UE (or vice versa).
  • the communications systems 100 may also include a base station 114a and/or a base station 114b.
  • Each of the base stations 114a, 114b may be any type of device configured to wirelessly interface with at least one of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d to facilitate access to one or more communication networks, such as the CN 106/115, the I nternet 110, and/or the other networks 112.
  • the base stations 114a, 114b may be a base transceiver station (BTS), a Node-B, an eNode B, a Home Node B, a Home eNode B, a gNB, a NR NodeB, a site controller, an access point (AP), a wireless router, and the like. While the base stations 114a, 114b are each depicted as a single element, it will be appreciated that the base stations 114a, 114b may include any number of interconnected base stations and/or network elements.
  • the base station 114a may be part of the RAN 104/113, which may also include other base stations and/or network elements (not shown), such as a base station controller (BSC), a radio network controller (RNC), relay nodes, etc.
  • BSC base station controller
  • RNC radio network controller
  • the base station 114a and/or the base station 114b may be configured to transmit and/or receive wireless signals on one or more carrier frequencies, which may be referred to as a cell (not shown). These frequencies may be in licensed spectrum, unlicensed spectrum, or a combination of licensed and unlicensed spectrum.
  • a cell may provide coverage for a wireless service to a specific geographical area that may be relatively fixed, or that may change over time. The cell may further be divided into cell sectors.
  • the cell associated with the base station 114a may be divided into three sectors.
  • the base station 114a may include three transceivers, i.e., one for each sector of the cell.
  • the base station 114a may employ multiple-input multiple output (MIMO) technology and may utilize multiple transceivers for each sector of the cell.
  • MIMO multiple-input multiple output
  • beamforming may be used to transmit and/or receive signals in desired spatial directions.
  • the base stations 114a, 114b may communicate with one or more of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d over an air interface 116, which may be any suitable wireless communication link (e.g., radio frequency (RF), microwave, centimeter wave, micrometer wave, infrared (IR), ultraviolet (UV), visible light, etc.).
  • the air interface 116 may be established using any suitable radio access technology (RAT).
  • RAT radio access technology
  • the communications system 100 may be a multiple access system and may employ one or more channel access schemes, such as CDMA, TDMA, FDMA, OFDMA, SC-FDMA, and the like.
  • the base station 114a in the RAN 104/113 and the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may implement a radio technology such as Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) Terrestrial Radio Access (UTRA), which may establish the air interface 115/116/117 using wideband CDMA (WCDMA).
  • WCDMA may include communication protocols such as High-Speed Packet Access (HSPA) and/or Evolved HSPA (HSPA+).
  • HSPA may include High-Speed Downlink (DL) Packet Access (HSDPA) and/or High-Speed UL Packet Access (HSUPA).
  • the base station 114a and the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may implement a radio technology such as Evolved UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA), which may establish the air interface 116 using Long Term Evolution (LTE) and/or LTE-Advanced (LTE-A) and/or LTE-Advanced Pro (LTE-A Pro).
  • E-UTRA Evolved UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access
  • LTE Long Term Evolution
  • LTE-A LTE-Advanced
  • LTE-A Pro LTE-Advanced Pro
  • the base station 114a and the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may implement a radio technology such as NR Radio Access, which may establish the air interface 116 using New Radio (NR).
  • a radio technology such as NR Radio Access, which may establish the air interface 116 using New Radio (NR).
  • the base station 114a and the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may implement multiple radio access technologies.
  • the base station 114a and the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may implement LTE radio access and NR radio access together, for instance, using dual connectivity (DC) principles.
  • DC dual connectivity
  • the air interface utilized by WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may be characterized by multiple types of radio access technologies and/or transmissions sent to/from multiple types of base stations (e.g, a eNB and a gNB).
  • the base station 114a and the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may implement radio technologies such as IEEE 802.11 (i.e, Wireless Fidelity (WiFi), IEEE 802.16 (i.e., Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX)), CDMA2000, CDMA2000 1X, CDMA2000 EV-DO, Interim Standard 2000 (IS-2000), Interim Standard 95 (IS-95), Interim Standard 856 (IS-856), Global System for Mobile communications (GSM), Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution (EDGE), GSM EDGE (GERAN), and the like.
  • IEEE 802.11 i.e, Wireless Fidelity (WiFi)
  • IEEE 802.16 i.e., Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX)
  • CDMA2000, CDMA2000 1X, CDMA2000 EV-DO Code Division Multiple Access 2000
  • IS-95 Interim Standard 95
  • IS-856 Interim Standard 856
  • GSM Global System for Mobile communications
  • the base station 114b in FIG. 1 A may be a wireless router, Home Node B, Home eNode B, or access point, for example, and may utilize any suitable RAT for facilitating wireless connectivity in a localized area, such as a place of business, a home, a vehicle, a campus, an industrial facility, an air corridor (e.g., for use by drones), a roadway, and the like.
  • the base station 114b and the WTRUs 102c, 102d may implement a radio technology such as IEEE 802.11 to establish a wireless local area network (WLAN).
  • WLAN wireless local area network
  • the base station 114b and the WTRUs 102c, 102d may implement a radio technology such as IEEE 802.15 to establish a wireless personal area network (WPAN).
  • the base station 114b and the WTRUs 102c, 102d may utilize a cellular-based RAT (e.g., WCDMA, CDMA2000, GSM, LTE, LTE-A, LTE-A Pro, NR, etc.) to establish a picocell or femtocell.
  • the base station 114b may have a direct connection to the Internet 110.
  • the base station 114b may not be required to access the Internet 110 via the CN 106/115.
  • the RAN 104/113 may be in communication with the CN 106/115, which may be any type of network configured to provide voice, data, applications, and/or voice over internet protocol (VoIP) services to one or more of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d.
  • the data may have varying quality of service (QoS) requirements, such as differing throughput requirements, latency requirements, error tolerance requirements, reliability requirements, data throughput requirements, mobility requirements, and the like.
  • QoS quality of service
  • the CN 106/115 may provide call control, billing services, mobile location-based services, pre-paid calling, Internet connectivity, video distribution, etc., and/or perform high-level security functions, such as user authentication.
  • the RAN 104/113 and/or the CN 106/115 may be in direct or indirect communication with other RANs that employ the same RAT as the RAN 104/113 or a different RAT.
  • the CN 106/115 may also be in communication with another RAN (not shown) employing a GSM, UMTS, CDMA 2000, WiMAX, E-UTRA, or WiFi radio technology.
  • the CN 106/115 may also serve as a gateway for the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d to access the PSTN 108, the Internet 110, and/or the other networks 112.
  • the PSTN 108 may include circuit- switched telephone networks that provide plain old telephone service (POTS).
  • POTS plain old telephone service
  • the Internet 110 may include a global system of interconnected computer networks and devices that use common communication protocols, such as the transmission control protocol (TCP), user datagram protocol (UDP) and/or the internet protocol (IP) in the TCP/IP internet protocol suite.
  • the networks 112 may include wired and/or wireless communications networks owned and/or operated by other service providers.
  • the networks 112 may include another CN connected to one or more RANs, which may employ the same RAT as the RAN 104/113 or a different RAT.
  • Some or all of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d in the communications system 100 may include multi-mode capabilities (e.g., the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d may include multiple transceivers for communicating with different wireless networks over different wireless links).
  • the WTRU 102c shown in FIG. 1A may be configured to communicate with the base station 114a, which may employ a cellular-based radio technology, and with the base station 114b, which may employ an IEEE 802 radio technology.
  • FIG. 1 B is a system diagram illustrating an example WTRU 102.
  • the WTRU 102 may include a processor 118, a transceiver 120, a transmit/recei ve element 122, a speaker/microphone 124, a keypad 126, a display/touchpad 128, non-removable memory 130, removable memory 132, a power source 134, a global positioning system (GPS) chipset 136, and/or other peripherals 138, among others.
  • GPS global positioning system
  • the processor 118 may be a general purpose processor, a special purpose processor, a conventional processor, a digital signal processor (DSP), a plurality of microprocessors, one or more microprocessors in association with a DSP core, a controller, a microcontroller, Application Specific Integrated Circuits (ASICs), Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs) circuits, any other type of integrated circuit (IC), a state machine, and the like.
  • the processor 118 may perform signal coding, data processing, power control, input/output processing, and/or any other functionality that enables the WTRU 102 to operate in a wireless environment.
  • the processor 118 may be coupled to the transceiver 120, which may be coupled to the transmit/receive element 122.
  • the transmit/receive element 122 may be configured to transmit signals to, or receive signals from, a base station (e.g., the base station 114a) over the air interface 116.
  • a base station e.g., the base station 114a
  • the transmit/receive element 122 may be an antenna configured to transmit and/or receive RF signals.
  • the transmit/receive element 122 may be an emitter/detector configured to transmit and/or receive IR, UV, or visible light signals, for example.
  • the transmit/receive element 122 may be configured to transmit and/or receive both RF and light signals. It will be appreciated that the transmit/receive element 122 may be configured to transmit and/or receive any combination of wireless signals.
  • the WTRU 102 may include any number of transmit/receive elements 122. More specifically, the WTRU 102 may employ MIMO technology. Thus, in one embodiment, the WTRU 102 may include two or more transmit/receive elements 122 (e.g., multiple antennas) for transmitting and receiving wireless signals over the air interface 116.
  • the WTRU 102 may include two or more transmit/receive elements 122 (e.g., multiple antennas) for transmitting and receiving wireless signals over the air interface 116.
  • the transceiver 120 may be configured to modulate the signals that are to be transmitted by the transmit/receive element 122 and to demodulate the signals that are received by the transmit/receive element 122.
  • the WTRU 102 may have multi-mode capabilities.
  • the transceiver 120 may include multiple transceivers for enabling the WTRU 102 to communicate via multiple RATs, such as NR and IEEE 802.11, for example.
  • the processor 118 of the WTRU 102 may be coupled to and may receive user input data from the speaker/microphone 124, the keypad 126, and/or the display/touchpad 128 (e.g., a liquid crystal display (LCD) display unit or organic light-emitting diode (OLED) display unit).
  • the processor 118 may also output user data to the speaker/microphone 124, the keypad 126, and/or the display/touchpad 128.
  • the processor 118 may access information from and store data in any type of suitable memory, such as the non-removable memory 130 and/or the removable memory 132.
  • the non-removable memory 130 may include random-access memory (RAM), read-only memory (ROM), a hard disk, or any other type of memory storage device.
  • the removable memory 132 may include a subscriber identity module (SIM) card, a memory stick, a secure digital (SD) memory card, and the like.
  • SIM subscriber identity module
  • SD secure digital
  • the processor 118 may access information from and store data in memory that is not physically located on the WTRU 102, such as on a server or a home computer (not shown).
  • the processor 118 may receive power from the power source 134 and may be configured to distribute and/or control the power to the other components in the WTRU 102.
  • the power source 134 may be any suitable device for powering the WTRL1 102.
  • the power source 134 may include one or more dry cell batteries (e.g, nickel-cadmium (NiCd), nickel-zinc (NiZn), nickel metal hydride (NiMH), lithium-ion (Li-ion), etc.), solar cells, fuel cells, and the like.
  • the processor 118 may also be coupled to the GPS chipset 136, which may be configured to provide location information (e.g., longitude and latitude) regarding the current location of the WTRU 102.
  • location information e.g., longitude and latitude
  • the WTRU 102 may receive location information over the air interface 116 from a base station (e.g., base stations 114a, 114b) and/or determine its location based on the timing of the signals being received from two or more nearby base stations. It will be appreciated that the WTRU 102 may acquire location information by way of any suitable locationdetermination method while remaining consistent with an embodiment.
  • the processor 118 may further be coupled to other peripherals 138, which may include one or more software and/or hardware modules that provide additional features, functionality and/or wired or wireless connectivity.
  • the peripherals 138 may include an accelerometer, an e-compass, a satellite transceiver, a digital camera (for photographs and/or video), a universal serial bus (USB) port, a vibration device, a television transceiver, a hands free headset, a Bluetooth® module, a frequency modulated (FM) radio unit, a digital music player, a media player, a video game player module, an Internet browser, a Virtual Reality and/or Augmented Reality (VR/AR) device, an activity tracker, and the like.
  • FM frequency modulated
  • the peripherals 138 may include one or more sensors, the sensors may be one or more of a gyroscope, an accelerometer, a hall effect sensor, a magnetometer, an orientation sensor, a proximity sensor, a temperature sensor, a time sensor; a geolocation sensor; an altimeter, a light sensor, a touch sensor, a magnetometer, a barometer, a gesture sensor, a biometric sensor, and/or a humidity sensor.
  • a gyroscope an accelerometer, a hall effect sensor, a magnetometer, an orientation sensor, a proximity sensor, a temperature sensor, a time sensor; a geolocation sensor; an altimeter, a light sensor, a touch sensor, a magnetometer, a barometer, a gesture sensor, a biometric sensor, and/or a humidity sensor.
  • the WTRU 102 may include a full duplex radio for which transmission and reception of some or all of the signals (e.g, associated with particular subframes for both the UL (e.g, for transmission) and downlink (e.g, for reception) may be concurrent and/or simultaneous.
  • the full duplex radio may include an interference management unit 139 to reduce and or substantially eliminate self-interference via either hardware (e.g, a choke) or signal processing via a processor (e.g, a separate processor (not shown) or via processor 118).
  • the WRTU 102 may include a half-duplex radio for which transmission and reception of some or all of the signals (e.g, associated with particular subframes for either the UL (e.g, for transmission) or the downlink (e.g, for reception)).
  • FIG. 1C is a system diagram illustrating the RAN 104 and the CN 106 according to an embodiment.
  • the RAN 104 may employ an E-UTRA radio technology to communicate with the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c over the air interface 116.
  • the RAN 104 may also be in communication with the CN 106.
  • the RAN 104 may include eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c, though it will be appreciated that the RAN 104 may include any number of eNode-Bs while remaining consistent with an embodiment.
  • the eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c may each include one or more transceivers for communicating with the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c over the air interface 116.
  • the eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c may implement MIMO technology.
  • the eNode-B 160a for example, may use multiple antennas to transmit wireless signals to and/or receive wireless signals from the WTRU 102a.
  • Each of the eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c may be associated with a particular cell (not shown) and may be configured to handle radio resource management decisions, handover decisions, scheduling of users in the UL and/or DL, and the like. As shown in FIG. 1 C, the eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c may communicate with one another over an X2 interface.
  • the CN 106 shown in FIG. 1 C may include a mobility management entity (MME) 162, a serving gateway (SGW) 164, and a packet data network (PDN) gateway (or PGW) 166. While each of the foregoing elements is depicted as part of the CN 106, it will be appreciated that any of these elements may be owned and/or operated by an entity other than the CN operator.
  • MME mobility management entity
  • SGW serving gateway
  • PGW packet data network gateway
  • the MME 162 may be connected to each of the eNode-Bs 162a, 162b, 162c in the RAN 104 via an S1 interface and may serve as a control node.
  • the MME 162 may be responsible for authenticating users of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, bearer activation/deactivation, selecting a particular serving gateway during an initial attachment of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, and the like.
  • the MME 162 may provide a control plane function for switching between the RAN 104 and other RANs (not shown) that employ other radio technologies, such as GSM and/or WCDMA.
  • the SGW 164 may be connected to each of the eNode Bs 160a, 160b, 160c in the RAN 104 via the S1 interface.
  • the SGW 164 may generally route and forward user data packets to/from the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c.
  • the SGW 164 may perform other functions, such as anchoring user planes during inter- eNode B handovers, triggering paging when DL data is available for the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, managing and storing contexts of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, and the like.
  • the SGW 164 may be connected to the PGW 166, which may provide the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c with access to packet-switched networks, such as the Internet 110, to facilitate communications between the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, and IP-enabled devices.
  • the CN 106 may facilitate communications with other networks. For example, the CN 106 may provide the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c with access to circuit-switched networks, such as the PSTN 108, to facilitate communications between the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, and traditional land-line communications devices.
  • the CN 106 may include, or may communicate with, an IP gateway (e.g., an IP multimedia subsystem (IMS) server) that serves as an interface between the CN 106 and the PSTN 108.
  • IP gateway e.g., an IP multimedia subsystem (IMS) server
  • IMS IP multimedia subsystem
  • the CN 106 may provide the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c with access to the other networks 112, which may include other wired and/or wireless networks that are owned and/or operated by other service providers.
  • the WTRU is described in FIGS. 1 A-1 D as a wireless terminal, it is contemplated that in certain representative embodiments that such a terminal may use (e.g., temporarily or permanently) wired communication interfaces with the communication network.
  • the other network 112 may be a WLAN.
  • a WLAN in Infrastructure Basic Service Set (BSS) mode may have an Access Point (AP) for the BSS and one or more stations (STAs) associated with the AP.
  • the AP may have an access or an interface to a Distribution System (DS) or another type of wired/wireless network that carries traffic into and/or out of the BSS.
  • Traffic to STAs that originates from outside the BSS may arrive through the AP and may be delivered to the STAs.
  • Traffic originating from STAs to destinations outside the BSS may be sent to the AP to be delivered to respective destinations.
  • Traffic between STAs within the BSS may be sent through the AP, for example, where the source STA may send traffic to the AP, and the AP may deliver the traffic to the destination STA.
  • the traffic between STAs within a BSS may be considered and/or referred to as peer-to- peer traffic.
  • the peer-to-peer traffic may be sent between (e.g., directly between) the source and destination STAs with a direct link setup (DLS).
  • the DLS may use an 802.11 e DLS or an 802.11 z tunneled DLS (TDLS).
  • a WLAN using an Independent BSS (I BSS) mode may not have an AP, and the STAs (e.g., all of the STAs) within or using the I BSS may communicate directly with each other.
  • the IBSS mode of communication may sometimes be referred to herein as an “ad- hoc” mode of communication.
  • the AP may transmit a beacon on a fixed channel, such as a primary channel.
  • the primary channel may be a fixed width (e.g., 20 MHz wide bandwidth) or a dynamically set width via signaling.
  • the primary channel may be the operating channel of the BSS and may be used by the STAs to establish a connection with the AP.
  • Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Avoidance (CSMA/CA) may be implemented, for example, in 802.11 systems.
  • the ST As e.g., every ST A), including the AP, may sense the primary channel. If the primary channel is sensed/detected and/or determined to be busy by a particular STA, the particular STA may back off.
  • One STA (e.g., only one station) may transmit at any given time in a given BSS.
  • High Throughput (HT) STAs may use a 40 MHz wide channel for communication, for example, via a combination of the primary 20 MHz channel with an adjacent or nonadjacent 20 MHz channel to form a 40 MHz wide channel.
  • VHT STAs may support 20MHz, 40 MHz, 80 MHz, and/or 160 MHz wide channels.
  • the 40 MHz, and/or 80 MHz, channels may be formed by combining contiguous 20 MHz channels.
  • a 160 MHz channel may be formed by combining 8 contiguous 20 MHz channels or by combining two non-contiguous 80 MHz channels, which may be referred to as an 80+80 configuration.
  • the data, after channel encoding may be passed through a segment parser that may divide the data into two streams.
  • Inverse Fast Fourier Transform (IFFT) processing, and time domain processing may be done on each stream separately.
  • IFFT Inverse Fast Fourier Transform
  • the streams may be mapped on to the two 80 MHz channels, and the data may be transmitted by a transmitting STA.
  • the above described operation for the 80+80 configuration may be reversed, and the combined data may be sent to the Medium Access Control (MAC).
  • MAC Medium Access Control
  • Sub 1 GHz modes of operation are supported by 802.11 af and 802.11 ah.
  • the channel operating bandwidths, and carriers, are reduced in 802.11 af and 802.11 ah relative to those used in 802.11 n, and 802.11ac.
  • 802.11 af supports 5 MHz, 10 MHz, and 20 MHz bandwidths in the TV White Space (TVWS) spectrum
  • 802.11 ah supports 1 MHz, 2 MHz, 4 MHz, 8 MHz, and 16 MHz bandwidths using non-TVWS spectrum.
  • 802.11 ah may support Meter Type Control/Machine- Type Communications, such as MTC devices in a macro coverage area.
  • MTC devices may have certain capabilities, for example, limited capabilities, including support for (e.g., only support for) certain and/or limited bandwidths.
  • the MTC devices may include a battery with a battery life above a threshold (e.g., to maintain a very long battery life).
  • WLAN systems which may support multiple channels and channel bandwidths, such as 802.11 n, 802.11 ac, 802.11 af, and 802.11 ah, include a channel which may be designated as the primary channel.
  • the primary channel may have a bandwidth equal to the largest common operating bandwidth supported by all STAs in the BSS.
  • the bandwidth of the primary channel may be set and/or limited by an STA from among all STAs in operating in a BSS, which supports the smallest bandwidth operating mode.
  • the primary channel may be 1 MHz wide for ST As (e.g., MTC type devices) that support (e.g., only support) a 1 MHz mode, even if the AP, and other ST As in the BSS support 2 MHz, 4 MHz, 8 MHz, 16 MHz, and/or other channel bandwidth operating modes.
  • Carrier sensing and/or Network Allocation Vector (NAV) settings may depend on the status of the primary channel. If the primary channel is busy, for example, due to an STA (which supports only a 1 MHz operating mode) transmitting to the AP, the entire available frequency bands may be considered busy even though a majority of the frequency bands remain idle and may be available.
  • ST As e.g., MTC type devices
  • NAV Network Allocation Vector
  • the available frequency bands which may be used by 802.11 ah, are from 902 MHz to 928 MHz. In Korea, the available frequency bands are from 917.5 MHz to 923.5 MHz. In Japan, the available frequency bands are from 916.5 MHz to 927.5 MHz. The total bandwidth available for 802.11 ah is 6 MHz to 26 MHz depending on the country code.
  • FIG. 1 D is a system diagram illustrating the RAN 113 and the CN 115 according to an embodiment.
  • the RAN 113 may employ an NR radio technology to communicate with the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c over the air interface 116.
  • the RAN 113 may also be in communication with the CN 115.
  • the RAN 113 may include gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c, though it will be appreciated that the RAN 113 may include any number of gNBs while remaining consistent with an embodiment.
  • the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c may each include one or more transceivers for communicating with the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c over the air interface 116.
  • the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c may implement MIMO technology.
  • gNBs 180a, 108b may utilize beamforming to transmit signals to and/or receive signals from the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c.
  • the gNB 180a may use multiple antennas to transmit wireless signals to and/or receive wireless signals from the WTRU 102a.
  • the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c may implement carrier aggregation technology.
  • the gNB 180a may transmit multiple component carriers to the WTRU 102a (not shown). A subset of these component carriers may be on unlicensed spectrum, while the remaining component carriers may be on licensed spectrum.
  • the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c may implement Coordinated Multi-Point (CoMP) technology.
  • WTRU 102a may receive coordinated transmissions from gNB 180a and gNB 180b (and/or gNB 180c).
  • CoMP Coordinated Multi-Point
  • the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may communicate with gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c using transmissions associated with a scalable numerology. For example, the OFDM symbol spacing and/or OFDM subcarrier spacing may vary for different transmissions, different cells, and/or different portions of the wireless transmission spectrum.
  • the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may communicate with gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c using subframe or transmission time intervals (TTIs) of various or scalable lengths (e.g., containing varying number of OFDM symbols and/or lasting varying lengths of absolute time).
  • TTIs subframe or transmission time intervals
  • the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c may be configured to communicate with the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c in a standalone configuration and/or a non-standalone configuration.
  • WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may communicate with gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c without also accessing other RANs (e.g., such as eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c).
  • WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may utilize one or more of gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c as a mobility anchor point.
  • WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may communicate with gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c using signals in an unlicensed band.
  • WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may communicate with/connect to gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c while also communicating with/connecting to another RAN such as eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c.
  • WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may implement DC principles to communicate with one or more gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c, and one or more eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c substantially simultaneously.
  • eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c may serve as a mobility anchor for WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, and gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c may provide additional coverage and/or throughput for servicing WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c.
  • Each of the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c may be associated with a particular cell (not shown) and may be configured to handle radio resource management decisions, handover decisions, scheduling of users in the UL and/or DL, support of network slicing, dual connectivity, interworking between NR and E-UTRA, routing of user plane data towards User Plane Function (UPF) 184a, 184b, routing of control plane information towards Access and Mobility Management Function (AMF) 182a, 182b and the like. As shown in FIG. 1D, the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c may communicate with one another over an Xn interface.
  • UPF User Plane Function
  • AMF Access and Mobility Management Function
  • the CN 115 shown in FIG. 1 D may include at least one AMF 182a, 182b, at least one UPF 184a, 184b, at least one Session Management Function (SMF) 183a, 183b, and possibly a Data Network (DN) 185a, 185b. While each of the foregoing elements is depicted as part of the CN 115, it will be appreciated that any of these elements may be owned and/or operated by an entity other than the CN operator.
  • SMF Session Management Function
  • the AMF 182a, 182b may be connected to one or more of the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c in the RAN 113 via an N2 interface and may serve as a control node.
  • the AMF 182a, 182b may be responsible for authenticating users of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, support for network slicing (e.g., handling of different PDU sessions with different requirements), selecting a particular SMF 183a, 183b, management of the registration area, termination of NAS signaling, mobility management, and the like.
  • Network slicing may be used by the AMF 182a, 182b in order to customize CN support for WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c based on the types of services being utilized WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c.
  • different network slices may be established for different use cases, such as services relying on ultra-reliable low latency (URLLC) access, services relying on enhanced massive mobile broadband (eMBB) access, services for machine type communication (MTC) access, and/or the like.
  • URLLC ultra-reliable low latency
  • eMBB enhanced massive mobile broadband
  • MTC machine type communication
  • the AMF 162 may provide a control plane function for switching between the RAN 113 and other RANs (not shown) that employ other radio technologies, such as LTE, LTE-A, LTE-A Pro, and/or non-3GPP access technologies such as WiFi.
  • the SMF 183a, 183b may be connected to an AMF 182a, 182b in the CN 115 via an N11 interface.
  • the SMF 183a, 183b may also be connected to a UPF 184a, 184b in the CN 115 via an N4 interface.
  • the SMF 183a, 183b may select and control the UPF 184a, 184b and configure the routing of traffic through the UPF 184a, 184b.
  • the SMF 183a, 183b may perform other functions, such as managing and allocating WTRU IP addresses, managing PDU sessions, controlling policy enforcement and QoS, providing downlink data notifications, and the like.
  • a PDU session type may be IP-based, non-IP based, Ethernet-based, and the like.
  • the UPF 184a, 184b may be connected to one or more of the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c in the RAN 113 via an N3 interface, which may provide the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c with access to packet-switched networks, such as the Internet 110, to facilitate communications between the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c and IP-enabled devices.
  • the UPF 184, 184b may perform other functions, such as routing and forwarding packets, enforcing user plane policies, supporting multi-homed PDU sessions, handling user plane QoS, buffering downlink packets, providing mobility anchoring, and the like.
  • the CN 115 may facilitate communications with other networks.
  • the CN 115 may include, or may communicate with, an IP gateway (e.g, an IP multimedia subsystem (IMS) server) that serves as an interface between the CN 115 and the PSTN 108.
  • the CN 115 may provide the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c with access to the other networks 112, which may include other wired and/or wireless networks that are owned and/or operated by other service providers.
  • IMS IP multimedia subsystem
  • the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may be connected to a local Data Network (DN) 185a, 185b through the UPF 184a, 184b via the N3 interface to the UPF 184a, 184b and an N6 interface between the UPF 184a, 184b and the DN 185a, 185b.
  • DN local Data Network
  • one or more, or all, of the functions described herein with regard to one or more of: WTRU 102a-d, Base Station 114a-b, eNode-B 160a-c, MME 162, SGW 164, PGW 166, gNB 180a-c, AMF 182a-ab, UPF 184a-b, SMF 183a-b, DN 185a-b, and/or any other device(s) described herein, may be performed by one or more emulation devices (not shown).
  • the emulation devices may be one or more devices configured to emulate one or more, or all, of the functions described herein.
  • the emulation devices may be used to test other devices and/or to simulate network and/or WTRU functions.
  • the emulation devices may be designed to implement one or more tests of other devices in a lab environment and/or in an operator network environment.
  • the one or more emulation devices may perform the one or more, functions while being fully or partially implemented and/or deployed as part of a wired and/or wireless communication network in order to test other devices within the communication network.
  • the one or more emulation devices may perform the one or more functions while being temporarily implemented/deployed as part of a wired and/or wireless communication network.
  • the emulation device may be directly coupled to another device for purposes of testing and/or may perform testing using over-the-air wireless communications.
  • the one or more emulation devices may perform the one or more functions while not being implemented/deployed as part of a wired and/or wireless communication network.
  • the emulation devices may be utilized in a testing scenario in a testing laboratory and/or a non-deployed (e.g., testing) wired and/or wireless communication network in order to implement testing of one or more components.
  • the one or more emulation devices may be test equipment. Direct RF coupling and/or wireless communications via RF circuitry (e.g., which may include one or more antennas) may be used by the emulation devices to transmit and/or receive data.
  • RF circuitry e.g., which may include one or more antennas
  • NR Positioning functionality provides a means to determine the geographic position and/or velocity of the WTRU based on measuring radio signals.
  • the position information (e.g., location) of the WTRU may be calculated by the WTRU or related positioning measurements may be reported to a network (e.g., LMF).
  • LMF LTE positioning protocol
  • LPP LTE positioning protocol
  • the LPP uses a point-to-point protocol between a network (e.g., LMF) and a target WTRU.
  • the target WTRU may obtain positioning related measurements using one or more positioning reference sources (e.g., TRP) via a Uu interface (e.g., uplink or downlink).
  • TRP positioning reference sources
  • a sidelink (SL) positioning protocol may be implemented.
  • NR PC5 based positioning, supported by Sidelink Positioning Protocol (SLPP) has been studied in 3GPP.
  • the SLPP based services provide distance measurements and procedures for one WTRU or between one or more WTRUs.
  • the SLPP uses point-to-point protocol between WTRUs (e.g., target WTRU, anchor WTRU, server WTRU).
  • WTRUs e.g., target WTRU, anchor WTRU, server WTRU.
  • the target WTRU performs position related measurements using one or more SL positioning reference sources (e.g., anchor WTRUs).
  • the operation of the SL positioning may be performed with network-based operation or WTRU-only operation.
  • Location Management Function (LMF) is involved in SL positioning and performs support functions.
  • the LMF supports many functions for the SL positioning (e.g., determining the SL position method, distributing assistance data, and calculating the location of the target WTRU).
  • an SL positioning server WTRU may be involved in SL positioning to support functions related to SL positioning instead of the LMF.
  • the SL positioning server WTRU may provide support functions to determine the SL position method, distribute assistance data, and calculate the location of the target WTRU.
  • NR SL relay methods may be implemented.
  • An SL relay may be introduced to support the ProSe L2 U2N relay function.
  • the relay function provides a WTRU (e.g., Remote WTRU) connectivity to the network by a WTRU (e.g., relay UE).
  • WTRU e.g., Remote WTRU
  • To support ProSe L2 U2N based relaying relaying is performed above the RLC sublayer at both the WTRUs and the network.
  • the WTRUs may exchange data in any direction.
  • a single PC5 unicast link between one relay WTRU and remote WTRU may be established.
  • the ProSe L2 U2N relay may be applied in the partial coverage scenario where at least one WTRU is IC for relaying to the network.
  • the SL positioning operation also supports the partial coverage scenario. In this scenario, one WTRU (e.g., anchor WTRU) may be IC, while another WTRU (e.g., target W
  • An indirect NAS connection may be implemented.
  • the WTRU When the target WTRU is out of coverage (OoC), the WTRU may not establish a NAS connection with the serving network (e.g., LMF) directly since the OoC target WTRU may not reach/connect to the serving network.
  • the OoC target WTRU when the OoC target WTRU is connected with an IC anchor WTRU (e.g., with supporting a relay function), then the OoC target WTRU may establish an indirect NAS connection to the serving network.
  • the OoC target WTRU may send an initial NAS message (e.g., REGISTRATION REQUEST) to the IC anchor WTRU.
  • REGISTRATION REQUEST initial NAS message
  • the IC anchor WTRU may deliver the received NAS message to the serving network. Also, the IC anchor WTRU may receive a response message (e.g., REGISTRATION ACCEPT) from the serving network and deliver that received response message to the OoC target WTRU to set up an indirect NAS connection.
  • a response message e.g., REGISTRATION ACCEPT
  • an indirect NAS connection may define a NAS connection established via a relay WTRU.
  • the relay WTRU may deliver all messages (e.g., SLPP messages, SLPP control signaling, SL measurement results) between the OoC target WTRU and the serving network.
  • NR discovery methods may be implemented.
  • SL discovery may detect another one or more WTRUs in proximity via a PC5 interface.
  • a target WTRU or by a network
  • the target WTRU may detect one or more WTRUs in proximity and perform position related measurements of the detected one or more WTRUs.
  • Two types of discovery procedures use discovery signals (or messages): Model A and Model B.
  • an announcing WTRU sends an SL positioning announcement message.
  • an anchor WTRU may transmit or broadcast an announcement message to WTRUs in proximity (e.g., “I am an anchor WTRU”).
  • a discoverer WTRU e.g., want to find
  • the solicitation message may include a request to find an anchor WTRU.
  • the anchor WTRU may respond to the discoverer WTRU with the SL positioning response message.
  • the response message may include identifying information (e.g., “Here, I am an anchor UE”).
  • positioning discovery messages may indicate the role of the WTRU (e.g., target WTRU, anchor WTRU).
  • FIG. 2 is a system diagram illustrating an example of SL positioning for an OoC target WTRU.
  • the OoC target WTRU When the OoC target WTRU is connected to the LMF via the IC anchor WTRU, the OoC target WTRU may perform network-based SL positioning operations. When the OoC target WTRU may not connect (or LMF does not support the SL positioning), the OoC target WTRU may perform WTRU-based SL positioning operation.
  • An LMF may be involved when a target WTRU and an anchor WTRU are in the network coverage, and the serving network can support SL positioning.
  • an LMF may provide at least one of the following functions.
  • the LMF may provide network-based positioning (e.g, trigger SL positioning).
  • the LMF may provide SL positioning capability (e.g, SL-OTDOA, SL-RTT) and assistance for data distribution and SL- PRS configurations to another WTRU.
  • the LMF may configure SL-PRS configurations and/or measurement configurations (e.g, network based LMF, WTRU based LMF) and provide a subset or all the preconfigured SL-PRS configurations and/or measurement configurations to another WTRU.
  • the LMF may determine the location of the target UE based on the SL-PRS results reported by the target WTRU.
  • the OoC target WTRUs may discover one or more anchor WTRUs to obtain a location with SL-PRS measurements. If none of the anchor WTRUs are served by the network (e.g, all anchor WTRUs are out- of-coverage) or the serving network does not support SL positioning, then the OoC target WTRU may determine to perform WTRU-only operation for the positioning request. Then the target WTRU may perform an SL positioning server WTRU discovery. If a server WTRU is discovered, the target WTRU may establish a PC5 connection with the detected server WTRU. The server WTRU may provide an SL positioning service.
  • SL-MO-LR e.g, SL-MO-LR, 5GC-MO-LR
  • the OoC target WTRU may determine to perform WTRU-only operation and perform a server WTRU discovery procedure.
  • the server WTRU discovery procedure may be performed based on the determination that a relay function is not enabled on any of one or more in-coverage anchor WTRUs, or based on the determination that the network does not support SL positioning.
  • An example of a server WTRU may be (e.g, at least) one of the following.
  • a WTRU with LMF capability e.g., provide SL-PRS configurations to another WTRU, provide measurement configurations to another WTRU, assistance with data distribution).
  • a WTRU acting as an anchor WTRU e.g., timing reference, a reference for RSTD computation
  • Two positioning modes may support SL positioning (e.g., WTRU-assisted and WTRU-based).
  • WTRU-assisted mode the target WTRU may perform SL-PRS measurement with assistance from the serving network and may send the SL-PRS measurements to the serving network (e.g., LMF) where the location of the target WTRU is calculated (or estimated) with the SL-PRS measurements.
  • WTRU-based mode the target WTRU performs SL-PRS measurement and calculates (e.g., or estimates) its location with the SL-PRS measurements.
  • An SLPP session may be used between a target WTRU and an LMF in the serving network (e.g, or a server WTRU) to obtain location related measurements or a location estimate or to transfer assistance data.
  • Each SLPP session comprises one or more SLPP transactions, with each LPP transaction performing a single operation (e.g, capability exchange of SL positioning, SL assistance data transfer, or SL location information transfer).
  • a SL-PRS configuration may contain at least one of the following parameters: number of symbols, transmission power, number of SL-PRS resources included in SL-PRS resource set, muting pattern for SL-PRS (for example, the muting pattern may be expressed via a bitmap), periodicity, type of SL-PRS (e.g, periodic, semi-persistent, or aperiodic), slot offset for periodic transmission for SL- PRS, vertical shift of SL-PRS patern in the frequency domain, time gap during repetition, repetition factor, RE (resource element) offset, comb pattern, comb size, spatial relation, QCL information (e.g., QCL target, QCL source) for SL-PRS, a number of PRUs, a number of TRPs, an Absolute Radio-Frequency Channel Number (ARFCN), a subcarrier spacing, an expected RSTD, an uncertainty in expected RSTD, start Physical Resource Block (PRB), a bandwidth, a B
  • a channel measurement may be (pre)configured and include one or more of the following channel condition parameters: SL-PRS RSRP; SL-PRS SINR; SL-PRS CQI; number of detected multi-paths; SL- PRS RSRPP (RSRP per Path); LOS/NLOS indicator; doppler shift; doppler spread; average delay; and/or delay spread.
  • channel condition parameters SL-PRS RSRP; SL-PRS SINR; SL-PRS CQI; number of detected multi-paths; SL- PRS RSRPP (RSRP per Path); LOS/NLOS indicator; doppler shift; doppler spread; average delay; and/or delay spread.
  • NR positioning methods may include DL-based positioning methods, UL-based positioning methods, and UL and DL-based methods.
  • DL-PRS are sent from multiple TRPs to the WTRU.
  • the WTRU may observe and measure downlink signals from the TRPs.
  • the WTRU may calculate its position, and for the WTRU-assisted method, the WTRU may return the downlink measurement to the network.
  • the WTRU may report the AoA and RSRP of the downlink signals from the TRPs.
  • the WTRU may report RSTD.
  • the above methods require transmission timing synchronization among the TRPs.
  • the positioning calculation errors mostly come from synchronization error and multi-path.
  • the WTRUUE sends UL-PRS for positioning (e.g., SRS for positioning, SRS), configured by RRC, to the TRP.
  • UL-PRS for positioning e.g., SRS for positioning, SRS
  • the network may then calculate the position of the WTRU based on the coordination of all the TRPs receiving UL-PRS from the WTRU.
  • the WTRU measures the Rx-Tx time difference between received DL-PRS and transmitted UL-PRS.
  • the Rx-Tx time difference and RSRP are reported to the network.
  • the network may then coordinate the TRPs to calculate the position of the WTRU.
  • a relay-assisted network-based operation by an OoC target WTRU may be implemented.
  • FIG. 3 is a system diagram illustrating an example relay-assisted network-based operation by an OoC target WTRU.
  • FIG 3 shows the steps of a relay-assisted network-based operation performed by the OoC target WTRU.
  • the OoC target WTRU determines to perform a relay-assisted network-based operation.
  • the WTRU may discover in proximity one or more WTRUs (e.g., anchor WTRU1 , anchor WTRU2).
  • the OoC target WTRU may determine to check a relay function of the detected IC anchor WTRU. If it is determined that the IC anchor WTRU supports the relay function, the OoC target WTRU may establish an indirect NAS connection via the IC anchor WTRU. In another example, the OoC target WTRU may determine to perform WTRU-only operation.
  • the OoC target WTRU may determine whether or not the serving network supports SL positioning. If it is determined that the serving network supports SL positioning, the OoC target WTRU may determine to perform a relay-assisted network-based operation with the candidate IC anchor WTRU. In another example, the OoC target WTRU may determine to perform WTRU-only operation.
  • the OoC target WTRU may perform an SL-PRS measurement of one or more anchor WTRUs (e.g. , IC anchor WTRU, OoC anchor WTRU).
  • the OoC target WTRU may report the SL-PRS based measurement results to the serving network via the IC anchor WTRU to estimate the location of the target WTRU.
  • An example SL discovery procedure for SL positioning may be implemented.
  • An OoC target WTRU may receive an SL positioning service request (e.g., SL-MO-LR, 5GC-MO-LR) triggered by an SLPP layer of the target WTRU.
  • the SL positioning service request is a request for measuring a relative (or absolute) location of the OoC target WTRU.
  • OoC target WTRU may perform location measurements by receiving one or more SL-PRS signals.
  • the OoC target WTRU may perform an SL discovery procedure, and the OoC target WTRU may find and select one or more anchor WTRUs that enable the transmission of SL-PRS signals to the OoC target WTRU.
  • the OoC target WTRU may report the measurement results to the network (e.g., in case of network-based operation) or server WTRU (e.g., in case of WTRU-only operation) to estimate and calculate a location of the OoC target WTRU.
  • the OoC target WTRU may send a solicitation message (e.g., periodically/event-based) based on the Model B discovery. While transmitting the solicitation message, the OoC target WTRU may include an indication (e.g., conditions) or roles (e.g., anchor UE) within the transmitting solicitation message. For example, the indication comprises a request to respond only when one or more anchor WTRUs have IC coverage and a request to respond with information on the current coverage status (e.g., OoC or IC) of each anchor WTRU.
  • the indication comprises a request to respond only when one or more anchor WTRUs have IC coverage and a request to respond with information on the current coverage status (e.g., OoC or IC) of each anchor WTRU.
  • the IC anchor WTRU may send a response message to the OoC target WTRU. Otherwise, the OoC anchor WTRU may not send a response message to the OoC target WTRU.
  • the anchor WTRU may send a response message about the current coverage status (whether IC or OoC) to the OoC target WTRU. For example, the anchor WTRU may determine to include cell information if the anchor WTRU is in coverage.
  • the OoC target WTRU may consider the one or more anchor WTRUs as the one or more candidate WTRUs.
  • the criteria of the candidate WTRU may be, for example, transmitting the response message in the discovery procedure and establishing a PC5 unicast connection (if possible).
  • An example determination of support of L2 relay function may be implemented.
  • the candidate IC anchor WTRUs one candidate IC anchor WTRU needs to be selected.
  • the OoC target WTRU establishes a PC5 unicast connection with the selected IC anchor WTRU. For this selection, the OoC target WTRU checks whether each of the candidate IC anchor WTRUs supports a relay function (e.g., ProSe L2 U2N).
  • a relay function e.g., ProSe L2 U2N
  • the OoC target WTRU may try to (re-)select another candidate IC anchor WTRU sequentially among the one or more candidate anchor WTRUs. Given that every candidate IC anchor WTRU does not support the relay function, the OoC target WTRU determines to perform WTRU-only operation (e.g., fallback mechanism to WTRU-only operation). In order to perform the WTRU-only operation, the OoC target WTRU initiates to perform a discovery procedure for a proximity server WTRU.
  • WTRU-only operation e.g., fallback mechanism to WTRU-only operation
  • the target WTRU may send a message indicating a location of the target WTRU and the range in which the proximity server WTRU should be located (e.g., the target WTRU attempts to discover a server WTRU within 10 meters from the target WTRU’s location).
  • the OoC target WTRU is (pre-) configured (e.g., or configured by network) with a threshold value of the SL measurement results (e.g., SD-RSRP, SD-RSSI).
  • the OoC target WTRU may measure the SL measurement results from the discovery signals (or messages) transmitted by anchor WTRUs during the SL discovery procedure.
  • the OoC target WTRU may select one IC anchor WTRU whose value of the SL measurement results is above the configured threshold value (e.g., RSRP of SL discovery signal from anchor UE). Still, even if more than one candidate IC anchor WTRU with SL measurement results is above the configured threshold value, the OoC target WTRU may select the one IC anchor WTRU with the highest value of the SL measurement results (e.g., the highest reported RSRP corresponding to received SL discovery signal). Once the one IC anchor WTRU is selected, the OoC target WTRU may establish an indirect NAS connection with the serving network via the IC anchor WTRU (e.g., working as a relay WTRU).
  • the configured threshold value e.g., RSRP of SL discovery signal from anchor UE.
  • the OoC target WTRU may determine that a candidate IC anchor WTRU supports the relay function using one or the procedures, including a ProSe relay discovery procedure, a relay function via the PC5 ProSe layer, and a WTRU capability via the Proximity based Service Communication 5 - Radio Resource Control (PC5-RRC) layer.
  • PC5-RRC Proximity based Service Communication 5 - Radio Resource Control
  • a ProSe L2 relay discovery procedure may be triggered by the ProSe layer of the OoC target WTRU.
  • the OoC target WTRU may send a ProSe L2 relay solicitation message (e.g., Relay Service Code, indicator offering ProSe L2 relay, WTRU role) to the IC anchor WTRU.
  • the IC anchor WTRU may respond to the OoC target WTRU when the IC anchor WTRU supports the relay function and may work as a relay WTRU.
  • This approach is beneficial because the OoC target WTRU may determine whether or not the IC anchor WTRU supports the relay function without (or before) establishing a PC5 unicast connection between the OoC target WTRU and the IC anchor WTRU.
  • the OoC target WTRU may send a Direct Communication Request that includes relay related parameters (e.g., Relay Service Code, indicator offering ProSe L2 relay) to the IC anchor WTRU.
  • the IC anchor WTRU may respond with a Direct Communication Accept message to the OoC target WTRU if the IC anchor WTRU supports the relay function and may work as a ProSe L2 relay WTRU.
  • the OoC WTRU may send the Direct communication Request with some relay parameters during capability exchange signaling via PC5 unicast connection procedure. Or the OoC WTRU may send the Direct communication Request with some relay parameters after/before capability exchange signaling.
  • the OoC target WTRU may (re-) select another candidate IC anchor WTRU.
  • the OoC target WTRU may determine to perform WTRU-only operation.
  • the OoC target WTRU may initiate to perform a discovery procedure for a server WTRU.
  • the OoC target WTRU may establish an additional PC5-RRC connection to exchange one or more RRC messages (e.g., RRC reconfiguration, SL measurement reporting). Based on the established PC5-RRC connection, the OoC target WTRU may send a WTRU capability inquiry message to receive WTRU capability from the IC anchor WTRU. The OoC target WTRU may receive a WTRU capability information sidelink message from the IC anchor WTRU.
  • RRC messages e.g., RRC reconfiguration, SL measurement reporting
  • the OoC target WTRU may determine whether or not the IC anchor WTRU supports the relay function. Also, the OoC target WTRU may also configure a relay indication (e.g., 1 bit) to the IC anchor WTRU while performing an SL RRC reconfiguration procedure. When the OoC target WTRU receives the relay indication from the IC anchor WTRU, the target WTRU may determine whether or not the IC anchor WTRU supports the relay function.
  • relay parameters e.g., relayUE-Operation-L2
  • the OoC target WTRU may determine whether or not the IC anchor WTRU supports the relay function.
  • the OoC target WTRU may establish an indirect NAS connection via the Relay WTRU.
  • the target WTRY may send a REGISTRATION REQUEST message to setup a NAS connection.
  • the OoC target WTRU may send an inquiry message to the serving network to check whether or not the LMF in the serving network supports an SL positioning.
  • the OoC target WTRU may send an inquiry message regarding support of SL positioning (e.g., LMF version/release, supporting SL positioning features/capability, supporting SL release) to the serving network.
  • the LMF may send a response message with information regarding the SL positioning.
  • the OoC target WTRU may determine whether or not the serving network support SL positioning.
  • the OoC target WTRU may determine to perform WTRU-only operation for the triggered SL positioning service (e.g., a fallback mechanism to WTRU-only operation), for example, since the serving network may not support the SL positioning.
  • the OoC target WTRU may initiate the server WTRU discovery procedure, and the OoC target WTRU may release the NAS connection. [0125] If the serving network supports SL positioning, the OoC target WTRU may determine to perform relay-assisted network-based operation. The OoC target WTRU may measure one or more SL-PRS transmissions from the IC anchor WTRUs. After performing the SL-PRS measurements, the OoC target WTRU, if configured with WTRU-assisted positioning, may report the SL-PRS measurement results to the serving network via the IC anchor WTRU.
  • the serving network e.g., LMF
  • the serving network may estimate the location of the target WTRU.
  • the OoC target WTRU may report the estimated location of the WTRU to the serving network via the IC anchor WTRU.
  • FIG. 4 is a flow diagram illustrating an example relay assisted network-based process 400 performed by an OoC target WTRU.
  • a target WTRU receives a SL positioning request from SLPP layer.
  • step 404 the target WTRU performs SL positioning discovery.
  • step 406 it is determined whether the target WTRU detects at least one IC anchor WTRU. If the at least one IC anchor WTRU is not detected then, in step 418, the target WTRU determines to operate in WTRU-only and performs discovery for a server WTRU and the process 400 ends.
  • step 406 it is determined whether a relay function is detected on the at the detected at least one IC anchor WTRU. If the relay function is not detected on the at least one IC anchor WTRU then, in step 418, the target WTRU determines to operate in WTRU-only and performs discovery for a server WTRU and the process 400 ends.
  • step 410 it is determined whether the serving network supports SL positioning. If it is detected that the serving network does not support SL positioning then, in step 418, the target WTRU determines to operate in WTRU-only and performs discovery for a server WTRU and the process 400 ends.
  • step 410 If it is determined in step 410 that the serving network does support SL positioning then, in step 412, the target WTRU determines to perform relay assisted network-based operation in a PC scenario. [0133] In step 414, the target WTRU performs SL-PRS measurements.
  • step 416 the target WTRU reports the SL measurement results to the serving network via the IC anchor WTRU.
  • a relay-assisted network-based operation by an anchor WTRU may be implemented.
  • FIG. 5 is a system diagram illustrating an example relay assisted network-based operation by an anchor WTRU.
  • an anchor WTRU is IC and the serving network supports an SL positioning
  • the IC anchor WTRU may determine to perform a relay-assisted network-based operation.
  • the IC anchor WTRU may transmit a discovery signal with relay information.
  • a WTRU may receive an SL positioning solicitation message from a WTRU (e.g., OoC target WTRU).
  • a WTRU e.g., OoC target WTRU.
  • the IC anchor WTRU may check whether or not the serving network (e.g., LMF) supports SL positioning. If the serving network supports SL positioning, the candidate IC anchor WTRU may determine to perform a relay-assisted network-based operation.
  • the IC anchor WTRU may respond (or announce) an SL positioning discovery message, including an L2 relay indication.
  • the L2 relay indication may comprise such information as one or more of, for example, a relay service code and a capability for supporting relay WTRU.
  • the IC anchor WTRU may establish an indirect NAS connection via the OoC target WTRU.
  • the IC anchor WTRU may transmit SL-PRS to the OoC target WTRU.
  • the IC anchor WTRU may relay SL-PRS measurement results from the OoC target WTRU to the serving network.
  • An anchor WTRU may receive a solicitation message (e.g., periodically/event-based) from a target WTRU in Model B discovery. Once receiving the solicitation message, the anchor WTRU may determine to send a response message to the target UE.
  • a solicitation message e.g., periodically/event-based
  • the IC anchor WTRU may check and determine whether or not the serving network (e.g., LMF) supports an SL positioning.
  • the IC anchor WTRU may trigger a procedure to check on support for SL positioning.
  • the IC anchor WTRU may send an inquiry message regarding support of SL positioning (e.g., LMF version/release, supporting SL positioning features/capability, supporting SL release) to the serving network via NAS message.
  • the LMF may send a response message with information regarding the SL positioning via the NAS message.
  • the IC anchor WTRU may send a request indication and/or message to the serving network to provide support for SL positioning.
  • the serving network may transmit a SIB message including one or more indications and/or information as a response message (e.g., LMF version/release, supporting SL positioning features/capability, supporting SL release).
  • the network may provide this information in response to an inquiry about SIL positioning support.
  • the serving network may include one or more indications and/or information (e.g., LMF version/release, supporting SL positioning features/capability, supporting SL release) within the broadcast cell-specific SIB messages (e.g., SIB).
  • the OoC target WTRU may determine whether or not the serving network support SL positioning. If the serving network does not support the required SL positioning, the IC anchor WTRU may determine not to send a response message (e.g, Model B discovery) to the target WTRU or to send a response message to the target WTRU with various causes (e.g., an indication that the serving network does not support SL positioning). In another example, an IC anchor WTRU may send a response message to the target WTRU indicating that the serving network supports SL positioning but does not support ProSe L2 U2N relay operation.
  • a response message e.g, Model B discovery
  • an IC anchor WTRU may send a response message to the target WTRU indicating that the serving network supports SL positioning but does not support ProSe L2 U2N relay operation.
  • the OoC target WTRU may be aware of SL positioning support with the serving network and the anchor WTRU’s support (or capability) of ProSe L2 U2N relay operation based on the various causes. These causes may be beneficial so that the OoC target WTRU may determine the next steps. For example, receiving a response with a cause that indicates the serving network’s support for SL positioning and ProSe L2 U2N relay operation is not supported by anchor WTRU, the OoC target WTRU may initiate finding another IC anchor WTRU by sending a soliciting message to another IC anchor WTRU inquiring as to its support of ProSe L2 U2N relay operation.
  • the IC anchor WTRU may determine to send a response discovery message (e.g., Model B discovery) to the target WTRU.
  • a response discovery message e.g., Model B discovery
  • An example transmitting of a discovery signal with relay support may be implemented.
  • the IC anchor WTRU determines to perform a relay-assisted network-based operation if the IC anchor WTRU also supports or can support a ProSe L2 U2N relay operation.
  • the IC anchor WTRU transmits a discovery signal (e.g., announcement/response), including a relay associated indication and/or parameters.
  • the relay indication (e.g., 1 bit) indicates that IC anchor WTRU supports the ProSe L2 U2N relay operation.
  • the relay associated parameters comprising, for example, a Relay Service Code, an indicator offering ProSe L2 U2N relay, and the WTRU role (e.g, anchor UE).
  • An IC anchor WTRU may perform Mode A and/or Mode B discovery procedures.
  • Mode A when the IC anchor WTRU receives information that the serving network (e.g, LMF) supports SL positioning, the IC anchor WTRU may broadcast an announcement message including an indication and/or parameters that support ProSe L2 U2N relay operation.
  • the serving network e.g, LMF
  • Mode B when the serving network (e.g, LMF) supports SL positioning, the IC anchor WTRU may determine to send a response message to the target WTRU including an indication and/or parameters that support ProSe L2 U2N relay operation.
  • the OoC target WTRU may determine to perform a relay-assisted networkbased SL positioning operation.
  • the OoC target WTRU establishes a PC5 unicast connection with the IC anchor WTRU based on the PC5 unicast link establishment procedure.
  • the IC anchor WTRU may transmit an SL-PRS signal to the OoC target WTRU.
  • the OoC target WTRU may perform SL measurements based on the SL-PRS signals of the IC anchor WTRU.
  • the OoC target WTRU may deliver the SL measurements to the IC anchor WTRU and the IC anchor WTRU may relay the SL measurements to the network to estimate the target WTRU’s location.
  • FIG. 6 is a flow diagram illustrating an example relay assisted network-based process 600 performed by an anchor WTRU.
  • step 602 the anchor WTRU determines to transmit a discovery message.
  • step 604 it is determined whether the anchor WTRU is IC. If the anchor WTRU is not IC then, in step 618, the target WTRU determines to transmit an SL positioning discovery message with a cause, and the process 600 ends.
  • step 606 it is determined whether the serving network supports SL positioning. If the serving network does not support SL positioning then, in step 618, the target WTRU determines to transmit an SL positioning discovery message with a cause and the process 600 ends.
  • step 606 If it is detected in step 606 that the serving network supports SL positioning then, in step 608, it is determined whether anchor WTRU supports a relay function. If the anchor WTRU does not support a relay function, then in step 618, the target WTRU determines to transmit an SL positioning discovery message with a cause and the process 600 ends.
  • step 608 If it is determined in step 608 that the anchor WTRU supports a relay function then, in step 610, the anchor WTRU determines to perform relay assisted network-based operation with a PC scenario.
  • step 612 the anchor WTRU transmits an SL positioning discovery message with a relay indication.
  • step 614 the anchor WTRU transmits SL-PRS.
  • step 616 the anchor WTRU relays measurement results from the target WTRU to the serving network.

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  • Computer Networks & Wireless Communication (AREA)
  • Signal Processing (AREA)
  • Mobile Radio Communication Systems (AREA)

Abstract

Une unité d'émission/réception sans fil (WTRU) comprend un processeur configuré pour recevoir, par l'intermédiaire d'une connexion PC5, un message de positionnement de liaison latérale (SL) provenant d'une WTRU hors couverture (OoC). La WTRU, par exemple, peut se trouver à l'intérieur d'une zone de couverture d'un réseau et prend en charge une fonction de relais. Le processeur peut déterminer que le réseau prend en charge le positionnement SL et envoyer, sur la base de la détermination que le réseau prend en charge le positionnement SL, par l'intermédiaire de la connexion PC5, un message de positionnement SL à la WTRU OoC. Le message de positionnement SL peut comprendre une indication selon laquelle la WTRU prend en charge la fonction de relais. Le processeur peut établir une connexion de strate de non-accès indirect (NAS) entre le réseau et la WTRU OoC.
PCT/US2024/041195 2023-08-07 2024-08-07 Procédés de fonctionnement basé sur un réseau assisté par relais par une wtru d'ancrage en couverture Pending WO2025034794A1 (fr)

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Non-Patent Citations (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Title
WEN WANG ET AL: "TR 23.700-86: Sol#6_Updates to remove ENs", vol. SA WG2, no. Online; 20220516 - 20220520, 24 May 2022 (2022-05-24), XP052168407, Retrieved from the Internet <URL:https://www.3gpp.org/ftp/tsg_sa/WG2_Arch/TSGS2_151E_Electronic_2022-05/Docs/S2-2205060.zip S2-2205060_was4234r01_KI#5, Sol#6_Updates to remove ENs.doc> [retrieved on 20220524] *
XIAOMI: "Report of [AT122][401][POS] Sidelink positioning summary proposals", vol. 3GPP RAN 2, no. Incheon, Korea; 20230522 - 20230526, 23 May 2023 (2023-05-23), XP052487552, Retrieved from the Internet <URL:https://ftp.3gpp.org/Meetings_3GPP_SYNC/RAN2/Inbox/R2-2306671.zip R2-2306671 Report of [AT122][401][POS] Sidelink positioning summary proposals (Xiaomi)-v1.doc> [retrieved on 20230523] *

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