WO2025029961A1

WO2025029961A1 - Pharmaceutical compositions, and preparation and methods of use thereof

Info

Publication number: WO2025029961A1
Application number: PCT/US2024/040447
Authority: WO
Inventors: Alexandros Makriyannis; Kiran Vemuri
Original assignee: MAKScientific LLC
Current assignee: MAKScientific LLC
Priority date: 2023-07-31
Filing date: 2024-07-31
Publication date: 2025-02-06
Anticipated expiration: 2026-01-31

Abstract

The invention relates to pharmaceutical compositions or formulations and comprises (I) a compound of Formula (I) or Formula (II); (ii) one or more pharmaceutically acceptable polymers; and (iii) optionally one or more pharmaceutically acceptable surfactants and/or one or more pharmaceutically acceptable surfactant-like materials; and (iv) optionally one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers and/or one or more pharmaceutically acceptable excipients; and (v) optionally one or more solvents, in varying ratios. The invention also discloses their preparation and methods of use thereof wherein the pharmaceutical compositions or formulations are administered in therapeutically effective amounts to provide a physiological effect in an individual or animal.

Description

PHARMACEUTICAL COMPOSITIONS, AND PREPARATION AND METHODS OF USE THEREOF

STATEMENT REGARDING FEDERALLY SPONSORED RESEARCH

This invention was made with government support under U01AA028963 awarded by the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, R21 DA045882 and R41 DA044048 awarded by the National Institute on Drug Abuse (National Institute of Health). The government has certain rights in the invention.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION

This application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 63/516,537 filed July 31 , 2023, the entire content of which is hereby incorporated by reference herein.

BACKGROUND

A majority of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) in today’s drug pipeline have low to no aqueous solubility which complicates their delivery and results in their poor bioavailability. Organic solvents, such as dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), are toxic and incompatible with clinical use; however, researchers often use them in early drug discovery and preclinical studies to assess their lead candidates. The challenge of poor solubility is often not properly addressed until late in the development process, which can create potential delays for clinical studies. To improve a drug’s kinetic solubility, formulators commonly use amorphous solid dispersions (ASD, wherein amorphous API is combined with a polymer and optionally other excipients including surfactants). Techniques to convert a crystalline API to amorphous form include mixing with polymers, surfactants and other pharmaceutically acceptable carriers, excipients and/or solvents (collectively referred to as “matrix”) and apply these formulations towards spray dried dispersion (SDD) and hot melt extrusion (HME) technologies and further towards pharmaceutically acceptable human dosage forms. ASDs typically comprise of an amorphous API dispersed in a polymer matrix. Polymers in ASDs disarrange the crystalline lattice of the API and produce a higher energy amorphous state which exhibits higher dissolution rate, solubility, and bioavailability. The polymers also prevent the recrystallization of the drug, maintain drug supersaturation and provide improved physical stability of API in accelerated temperature and humidity conditions which increases the overall shelf-life of the drug product. The technique of (ASD) is being widely used to overcome these issues due to its easily scalable manufacturing process and flexibility and control this technique offers to develop an optimized drug product. One of the main challenges of the ASD formulation development is the choice of polymer matrix.

Polymer matrix choice is driven by maximum miscibility of the API and polymer.

SDD has been commonly used to produce amorphous solid dosage forms for improving the bioavailability of poorly soluble crystalline API. The process provides exceptional flexibility for manufacturing because many different solvents, polymer mixtures, solute concentrations, process temperatures, and atomization pressures can be used, depending on the API while providing reproducible and uniform control over the process and the yielded SDD. The primary purpose of spray drying poorly soluble crystalline APIs is to achieve an amorphous molecularly dispersed state of the API in the matrix of choice.

Among the numerous suggested approaches, HME has been established as an efficient technology for the enhancement of solubility and bioavailability of poorly soluble drugs. The SWOT analysis of HME suggests significant advantages of this platform as compared to other techniques. Regardless of gaining popularity, HME processing may induce thermal degradation of API and carrier at certain processing temperatures, as well as recrystallization of API during storage of the HME product. However, these issues are addressed by reducing the processing temperatures by use additives such as polymers as plasticizers, reduction of residence time of materials during extrusion and proper selection of polymer carriers. The use of various process analytical technology tools coupled with HME represents promising manufacturing methods and for the successful development of pharmaceutical products. During the melt extrusion process, the dissolution of APIs into the polymer matrix is accelerated under the influence of shear and heat. The amorphous solid dispersions produced via HME are expected to possess lower molecular mobilities and API molecules “freeze” inside a matrix of choice to inhibit the nucleation and crystallization processes.

To accomplish the above said processes, determining the right polymer and/or combinations of polymer and surfactant along with other additives is of high significance and is novel. Moreover, the combinations are important for the API to exhibit a stable shelf-life while being non-crystalline in form. The ability to address solubility issues early can save costs and time. Additionally, such novel pharmaceutical combinations will ensure their ability to be pharmaceutically acceptable, not be toxic, and be therapeutically effective without negatively influencing the overall the potency and efficacy of the active drug form.

More particularly, the technology would be advantageous for formulating and developing cannabinoid-based medications for treating cannabinoid use disorders and cannabinoid overdose including toxicity caused by delta-8 tetrahydrocannabinol, delta-9 tetrahydrocannabinol and synthetic psychoactive cannabinoids selected from the group consisting of aminoalkylindoles, cyclohexylphenols, naphtholylindoles, tetramethylcyclopropyls, indole carboxamides, and indozole carboxamides.

In another embodiment, the technology would be advantageous for formulating and developing cannabinoid-based medications for treating alcohol use disorders

In another embodiment, the technology would be advantageous for formulating and developing cannabinoid-based medications for treating opioid use disorders.

In another embodiment, the technology would be advantageous for formulating and developing cannabinoid-based medications for treating nicotine use disorders.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention describes novel pharmaceutical compositions or formulations comprising combinations of a compound as the active pharmaceutical ingredients (API), polymers and optionally surfactants, in varying ratios that can be scaled up towards manufacturing and towards making Spray Dried Dispersions (SDD) and/or extrudates (Hot melt Extrusion) and ultimately towards human dosage forms. These pharmaceutical compositions or formulations may be combined with other solubilizing techniques involving pharmaceutically acceptable carriers, excipients including oily vehicles, co-surfactants and/or solvents for transforming active pharmaceutical ingredients into clinically usable human dosage forms. Especially, the pharmaceutical compositions comprise cannabinoid modulators, to be studied in animals and for their use in humans. In some embodiments, the cannabinoid modulators are peripherally acting CB1 or CB2 antagonists that can be formulated along with a pharmaceutically acceptable polymer and optionally a pharmaceutically acceptable surfactant to enhance the spring-parachute effect and improve the overall solubility and bioavailability of the compound. In certain embodiments, the novel pharmaceutical compositions can be used to treat alcohol use disorders, opioid use disorders, nicotine use disorders, cannabinoid use disorders and cannabinoid overdose and toxicity.

Briefly stated, an embodiment of the invention is concerned with a pharmaceutical composition or formulation, comprising:

(i) a compound of Formula I or Formula II:

II

(ii) one or more pharmaceutically acceptable polymers;

(iii) optionally one or more pharmaceutically acceptable surfactants and/or one or more pharmaceutically acceptable surfactant- 1 ike materials; (iv) optionally one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers and/or one or more pharmaceutically acceptable excipients; and

(v) optionally one or more solvents, in varying ratios, wherein

A is a direct bond,

B is N(H),

R1 is -T-(CH₂)m- Q -(CH₂)n-Z, each of m and n is independently an integer from 0 to about 7;

T is selected from the group consisting of a carbocyclic ring having 3 to about 8 ring members, an unsaturated ring having 3 to about 8 carbon atoms as ring members, an aromatic ring having 5 to about 8 carbon atoms as ring members, a heterocyclic ring having 3 to about 8 ring members, a heteroaromatic ring having 5 to about 8 ring members, a bicyclic ring, a heterobicyclic ring, a tricyclic ring, a heterotricyclic ring, a polycyclic ring or a heteropolycyclic ring;

Q is CH=CH or C^C;

Z is selected from the group consisting of H, halogen, CF3, CF2H, N3, NCS, CN, NO₂, NXIX₂, OX3, SX₃, OAc, OSO2X3, O-acyl, S-acyl, SO₂-alkyl, SO-alkyl, SC(CH₃)₂COOX₈, OC(CH₃)₂COOX₈ , C(CH₃)₂COOX₈, Si(alkyl)₃, alkyl-CN, O-aroyl, O(CH₂)jOX₃, O(CH₂)jNXiX₂, NH-acyl, NH-aroyl, CHO, C(halogen)₃, COOX3, SO3H, SO2NX1X2, CONXiX₂, NHC(O)O-alkyl, NHSO2-alkyl, alkoxy, alkyl, alcohol, alkylmercapto, alkylamino, di-alkylamino, alkylsulfinyl, alkylsulfonyl, CX4X5X6, - CH=CHX₈, and -C^CXs ; each of Xi and X₂ is independently H or alkyl, or

Xi and X₂ together form part of a heterocyclic ring having about 4 to about 7 ring members and optionally one additional heteroatom selected from 0, N and S, or

Xi and X₂ together form part of an imide ring having about 5 to about 6 members, Xs is selected from the group consisting of H, alkyl, NO2, (CH2)mCN, hydroxyloweralkyl, and alkyl-NXiX2, each of X4, X5, and Xe is independently selected from the group consisting of H, alkyl, carbocyclic ring, hydroxyloweralkyl, alkyl-OH, halogen, CN, SNO, S(SO₂)alkyl, NX1X2, COOX3, CONX3, OX7, and O-alkyl-X₇, wherein

X7 is selected from the group consisting of H, alkyl, NO2, NO, P(O)(OX₈)₂, PH(O)(OX₈), S(O)kN(alkyl)₂, S(O)kX₈, S(O)kOX₈, COOX₈, CONXs, SO3H and COX₈, wherein

X₈ is selected from the group consisting of H, alkyl, carbocyclic ring, heterocyclic ring, aromatic ring, heteroaromatic ring and -CXg=CHXio, each of X9 and X10 is independently H or alkyl, m is an integer from 0 to 7, j is an integer from 0 to about 6, and k is an integer from 0 to about 2;

R1 is -T-(CH₂)m- Q -(CH₂)n-Z; each of m and n is independently an integer from 0 to about 7;

T is selected from the group consisting of a carbocyclic ring having 3 to about 8 ring members, an unsaturated ring having 3 to about 8 carbon atoms as ring members, an aromatic ring having 5 to about 8 carbon atoms as ring members, a heterocyclic ring having 3 to about 8 ring members, a heteroaromatic ring having 5 to about 8 ring members, a bicyclic ring, a heterobicyclic ring, a tricyclic ring, a heterotricyclic ring, a polycyclic ring and a heteropolycyclic ring;

Q is CH=CH or C=C; and

Z is selected from the group consisting of a carbocyclic ring having about 4 to about 7 ring members, a heterocyclic ring having about 4 to about 7 ring members, an aromatic ring having about 5 to about 7 ring members, a heteroaromatic ring having about 5 to about 7 ring members, a bicyclic ring, a heterobicyclic ring, a tricyclic ring, a heterotricyclic ring, a polycyclic ring, a heteropolycyclic ring; or any above group substituted on at least one available ring atom by an alkyl group; or any above group substituted on at least one available ring nitrogen atom by a benzyl group, a substituted benzyl group, an alkoxybenzyl group, a substituted alkoxybenzyl group, a benzhydryl group or a substituted benzhydryl group; and wherein the connecting point between the -(CH₂)_n- group and the Z group can be any available ring carbon atom or any available ring nitrogen atom; or

Q is CH=CH or C=C; and

Z is selected from the group consisting of 1-, 2- or 3-pyrrolidinyl, 1-, 2-, 3- or 4- piperidinyl, 2-, 3- or 4-morpholinyl, 2-, 3- or 4-thiomorpholinyl, 1-, 2- or 3-azetidinyl, 1- or 2-piperazinyl, 2- or 3-tetrahydrofuranyl; or any above group substituted on at least one available ring atom by an alkyl group; or any above group substituted on at least one available ring nitrogen atom by a benzyl group, a substituted benzyl group, an alkoxybenzyl group, a substituted alkoxybenzyl group, a benzhydryl group or a substituted benzhydryl group; and wherein the connecting point between the -(CH₂)_n- group and the Z group can be any available ring carbon atom or any available ring nitrogen atom; or R1 is -T-(CH₂)m- Q -(CH₂)n-Z; each of m and n is independently an integer from 0 to about 7;

Q is CH=CH or C=C; and

Z is selected from the group consisting of

wherein each of X and Y is independently selected from the group consisting of H, halogen, CF₃, CF2H, N₃, NCS, CN, NO2, NX1X2, OX3, SX3, OAc, OSO2X3, O-acyl, S- acyl, SO₂-alkyl, SO-alkyl, SC(CH₃)₂COOX8, OC(CH₃)₂COOX8 , C(CH₃)₂COOX8, Si(alkyl)₃, alkyl-CN, O-aroyl, O(CH₂)jOX₃, O(CH₂)jNXiX₂, NH-acyl, NH-aroyl, CHO, C(halogen)₃, COOX3, SO3H, SO2NX1X2, CONX1X2, NHC(O)O-alkyl, NHSO2-alkyl, alkoxy, alkyl, alcohol, alkylmercapto, alkylamino, di-alkylamino, alkylsulfinyl or alkylsulfonyl, CX4X5X6, -CH=CHX₈ , and -C=CX₈ ; each of Xi and X2 is independently H or alkyl, or Xi and X2 together form part of a heterocyclic ring having about 4 to about 7 ring members and optionally one additional heteroatom selected from 0, N and S, or

Xi and X2 together form part of an imide ring having about 5 to about 6 members,

X3 is selected from the group consisting of H, alkyl, NO2, (CH2)mCN, hydroxyloweralkyl, and alkyl-NXiX2, each of X4, Xs, and Xe is independently selected from H, alkyl, carbocyclic ring, hydroxyloweralkyl, alkyl-OH, halogen, CN, SNO, S(SO₂)alkyl, NX1X2, COOX3, CONX3, OX7, and O-alkyl-X?, wherein

X7 is selected from the group consisting of H, alkyl, NO2, NO, P(O)(OX₈)2, PH(O)(OX₈), S(O)kN(alkyl)₂, S(O)kX₈, S(O)kOX₈, COOXs, CONXs, SO3H, and C0X₈, wherein

X₈ is selected from the group consisting of H, alkyl, carbocyclic ring, heterocyclic ring, aromatic ring, heteroaromatic ring, and -CXg=CHXio, wherein each of X9 and X10 is independently H or alkyl, wherein m is an integer from 0 to 7; j is an integer from 0 to about 6, k is an integer from 0 to about 2,

W is H or alkyl; or

Q is CH=CH or C=C; and

Z is selected from the group consisting of an unsaturated ring having 5 ring atoms and 0 to 2 independently selected heteroatoms as ring members fused to an unsaturated ring having 5 ring atoms and 0 to 4 independently selected heteroatoms as ring members, an unsaturated ring having 5 ring atoms and 0 to 2 independently selected heteroatoms as ring members fused to an unsaturated ring having 6 or 7 ring atoms and 0 to 4 independently selected heteroatoms as ring members or an unsaturated ring having 6 ring atoms and 0 to 3 independently selected heteroatoms as ring members fused to an unsaturated ring having 6 or 7 ring atoms and 0 to 4 independently selected heteroatoms as ring members; or

R1 is -T-(CH₂)_m- Q -(CH₂)_n-Z;

T is selected from the group consisting of a carbocyclic ring having 3 to about 8 ring members, an unsaturated ring having 3 to about 8 carbon atoms as ring members, an aromatic ring having 5 to about 8 carbon atoms as ring members, a heterocyclic ring having 3 to about 8 ring members, a heteroaromatic ring having 5 to about 8 ring members, a bicyclic ring, a heterobicyclic ring, a tricyclic ring, a heterotricyclic ring, a polycyclic ring and a heteropolycyclic ring; each of m and n is independently an integer from 0 to about 7;

Q is CH=CH or C=C;

E is selected from the group consisting of a C1 to about C4, linear or branched alkyl group, a phenyl group, a substituted phenyl group, a benzyl group and a substituted benzyl group; or

R1 is -T-(CH₂)m- Q -(CH₂)n-Z;

Q is CH=CH or C=C; and

Z is selected from the group consisting of

k is an integer from 1 to about 5, and each of Ai and A₂ is independently selected from the group consisting of a C1 to about C4 alkyl group, a phenyl group or a substituted phenyl group; or R1 is -(CH₂)n-Z; n is an integer from 0 to about 7; wherein

Z is selected from the group consisting of H, halogen, CF3, CF2H, N3, NCS, CN, NO2, NX1X2, OX3, SX₃, OAc, OSO2X3, O-acyl, S-acyl, SO₂-alkyl, SO-alkyl, SC(CH₃)₂COOX8, OC(CH₃)₂COOX8 , C(CH3)₂COOX8, Si(alkyl)₃, alkyl-CN, O-aroyl, O(CH₂)jOX₃, O(CH₂)jNXiX₂, NH-acyl, NH-aroyl, CHO, C(halogen)₃, COOX3, SO3H, SO2NX1X2, CONX1X2, NHC(O)O-alkyl, NHSO2-alkyl, alkoxy, alkyl, alcohol, alkylmercapto, alkylamino, di-alkylamino, alkylsulfinyl or alkylsulfonyl, CX4X5X6, - CH=CHX₈ , and -C=CX₈; each of Xi and X2 is independently H or alkyl, or

Xi and X2 together form part of a heterocyclic ring having about 4 to about 7 ring members and optionally one additional heteroatom selected from 0, N and S, or

X3 is selected from the group consisting of H, alkyl, aryl, NO2, (CH2)mCN, hydroxyloweralkyl, and alkyl-NXiX2, each of X4, X5, and Xe is independently selected from the group consisting of H, alkyl, carbocyclic ring, hydroxyloweralkyl, alkyl-OH, halogen, CN, SNO, S(SO2)alkyl, NX1X2, COOX3, CONX3, OX7, and O-alkyl-X₇, wherein

X₇ is selected from the group consisting of H, alkyl, NO2, NO, P(O)(OXs)2, PH(O)(OX₈), S(O)kN(alkyl)₂, S(O)kX₈, S(O)kOX₈, COOXs, CONXs, SO3H, and C0X₈, wherein

X₈ is selected from the group consisting of H, alkyl, carbocyclic ring, heterocyclic ring, aromatic ring, heteroaromatic ring, and -CXg=CHXw, wherein each of Xg and X10 is independently H or alkyl, wherein m is an integer from 0 to 7, j is an integer from 0 to about 6, or k is an integer from 0 to about 2; or

R1 is -(CH₂)n-Z; n is an integer from 0 to about 7; and

Z is selected from the group consisting of a carbocyclic ring having about 4 to about 7 ring members, a heterocyclic ring having about 4 to about 7 ring members, an aromatic ring having about 5 to about 7 ring members, a heteroaromatic ring having about 5 to about 7 ring members, a bicyclic ring, a heterobicyclic ring, a tricyclic ring, a heterotricyclic ring, a polycyclic ring, a heteropolycyclic ring ; or any above group substituted on at least one available ring atom by an alkyl group; or any above group substituted on at least one available ring nitrogen atom by a benzyl group, a substituted benzyl group, an alkoxybenzyl group, a substituted alkoxybenzyl group, a benzhydryl group or a substituted benzhydryl group; and wherein the connecting point between the -(CH₂)_n- group and the Z group can be any available ring carbon atom or any available ring nitrogen atom; or

R1 is -(CH₂)n-Z; n is an integer from 0 to about 7; and

Z is selected from the group consisting of a 5 member unsaturated ring having 0 to 4 independently selected heteroatoms as ring members, a substituted 5 member unsaturated ring having 0 to 4 independently selected heteroatoms as ring members, a 6 member aromatic ring having 0 to 5 independently selected heteroatoms as ring members or a substituted 6 member aromatic ring having 0 to 5 independently selected heteroatoms; and wherein the connecting point between the -(CH₂)n- group and the Z group can be any available ring carbon atom or any available ring nitrogen atom; or

R1 is -(CH₂)_n-Z; n is an integer from 0 to about 7; and Z is selected from the group consisting of 1-, 2- or 3-pyrrolidinyl, 1-, 2-, 3- or 4- piperidinyl, 2-, 3- or 4-morpholinyl, 2-, 3- or 4-thiomorpholinyl, 1-, 2- or 3-azetidinyl, 1- or 2-piperazinyl, 2- or 3-tetrahydrofuranyl; or any above group substituted on at least one available ring atom by an alkyl group; or any above group substituted on at least one available ring nitrogen atom by a benzyl group, a substituted benzyl group, an alkoxybenzyl group, a substituted alkoxybenzyl group, a benzhydryl group or a substituted benzhydryl group; and wherein the connecting point between the -(CH₂)_n- group and the Z group can be any available ring carbon atom or any available ring nitrogen atom; or

R1 is -(CH₂)n-Z; n is an integer from 0 to about 7; and

Z is selected from the group consisting of

wherein each of X and Y is independently selected from the group consisting of, H, halogen, CF₃, CF₂H, N₃, NCS, CN, NO₂, NXIX₂, OX₃, SX₃, OAc, OSO₂X₃, O-acyl, S- acyl, SO₂-alkyl, SO-alkyl, SC(CH₃)₂COOX₈, OC(CH₃)₂COOX₈ , C(CH₃)₂COOX₈, Si(alkyl)₃, alkyl-CN, O-aroyl, O(CH₂)jOX₃, O(CH₂)jNXiX₂, NH-acyl, NH-aroyl, CHO, C(halogen)₃, COOX₃, SO₃H, SO₂NXIX₂, CONXIX₂, NHC(O)O-alkyl, NHSO2-alkyl, alkoxy, alkyl, alcohol, alkylmercapto, alkylamino, di-alkylamino, alkylsulfinyl or alkylsulfonyl, CX4X5X6, -CH=CHX₈ , and -C^CXs; each of Xi and X₂ is independently H or alkyl, or Xi and X2 together form part of a heterocyclic ring having about 4 to about 7 ring members and optionally one additional heteroatom selected from 0, N and S, or

X3 is selected from the group consisting of H, alkyl, aryl, NO2, (CH2)mCN, hydroxyloweralkyl, and alkyl-NXiX2, each of X4, Xs, and Xe is independently selected from H, alkyl, carbocyclic ring, hydroxyloweralkyl, alkyl-OH, halogen, CN, SNO, S(SO₂)alkyl, NX1X2, COOX3, CONX3, OX7, and O-alkyl-X?, wherein

X₈ is selected from the group consisting of H, alkyl, carbocyclic ring, heterocyclic ring, aromatic ring, heteroaromatic ring, and -CXg=CHXio, wherein each of X9 and X10 is independently H or alkyl, wherein m is an integer from 0 to 7, j is an integer from 0 to about 6, or k is an integer from 0 to about 2

W is H or alkyl; or

R1 is -(CH₂)n-Z; n is an integer from 0 to about 7; and

Z is selected from the group consisting of a carbocyclic ring having 6 ring atoms fused to a heterocyclic ring having from 5 to 7 ring atoms, a carbocyclic ring having 6 ring atoms fused to a heteroaromatic ring having from 5 to 7 ring atoms, a heterocyclic ring having 6 ring atoms fused to a heterocyclic ring having from 5 to 7 ring atoms, an heterocyclic ring having 6 ring atoms fused to a heteroaromatic ring having from 5 to 7 ring atoms, an aromatic ring having 6 ring atoms fused to a heterocyclic ring having from 5 to 7 ring atoms, an aromatic ring having 6 ring atoms fused to a heteroaromatic ring having from 5 to 7 ring atoms, a heteroaromatic ring having 6 ring atoms fused to a heterocyclic ring having from 5 to 7 ring atoms or a heteroaromatic ring having 6 ring atoms fused to a heteroaromatic ring having from 5 to 7 ring atoms; or

R1 is -(CH₂)n-Z; n is an integer from 0 to about 7; and

Z is selected from the group consisting of an unsaturated ring having 5 ring atoms and 0 to 2 independently selected heteroatoms as ring members fused to an unsaturated ring having 5 ring atoms and 0 to 4 independently selected heteroatoms as ring members, an unsaturated ring having 5 ring atoms and 0 to 2 independently selected heteroatoms as ring members fused to an unsaturated ring having 6 or 7 ring atoms and 0 to 3 independently selected heteroatoms as ring members or an unsaturated ring having 6 ring atoms and 0 to 4 independently selected heteroatoms as ring members fused to an unsaturated ring having 6 or 7 ring atoms and 0 to 4 independently selected heteroatoms as ring members; or

R1 is -(CH₂)m -Qi-(CH₂)n-Z;

Qi is selected from the group consisting of NH, 0, S,-CH=CH-, -C=C-, -CO, S0₂ and 0S0₂; m is an integer from 1 to about 7; n is an integer from 0 to about 7; and

wherein Z is selected from the group consisting of H, halogen, CF3, CF2H, N3, NCS, CN, NO2, NX1X2, OX3, SX₃, OAc, OSO2X3, O-acyl, S-acyl, SO₂-alkyl, SO-alkyl, SC(CH₃)2COOX₈, OC(CH₃)₂COOX8 , C(CH₃)₂COOX8, Si(alkyl)₃, alkyl-CN, O-aroyl, O(CH₂)jOX₃, O(CH₂)jNXiX₂, NH-acyl, NH-aroyl, CHO, C(halogen)₃, COOX3, SO3H, SO2NX1X2, CONXIX₂, NHC(O)O-alkyl, NHSO2-alkyl, alkoxy, alkyl, alcohol, alkylmercapto, alkylamino, di-alkylamino, alkylsulfinyl or alkylsulfonyl, CX4X5X6, - CH=CHX₈ , and -C=CX₈ ; each of Xi and X₂ is independently H or alkyl, or

Xi and X₂ together form part of an imide ring having about 5 to about 6 members,

X3 is selected from the group consisting of H, alkyl, aryl, NO₂, (CH₂)_mCN, hydroxyloweralkyl, and alkyl-NXiX₂,

X4, Xs, and Xe is independently selected from the group consisting of H, alkyl, carbocyclic ring, hydroxyloweralkyl, alkyl-OH, halogen, CN, SNO, S(SO₂)alkyl, NX1X2, COOX3, CONX3, OX7, and O-alkyl-X? wherein

X7 is selected from the group consisting of H, alkyl, NO₂, NO, P(O)(OX8)₂, PH(O)(OXs), S(O)kN(alkyl)₂, S(O)kX₈, S(O)_kOX₈, C00X₈, CONXs, SO3H, and C0X₈, wherein

R1 is -Q₂-(CH₂)n-Z;

Q₂ is optionally present and if present is selected from the group consisting of -CH₂-NH, -CH₂-O, -CH₂-S, -CH₂-SO₂ and -CH₂-OSO₂; n is an integer from 0 to about 7; wherein Z is selected from the group consisting of H, halogen, CF3, CF₂H, N3, NCS, CN, NO₂, NX1X2, OX3, SX₃, OAc, OSO2X3, O-acyl, S-acyl, SO₂-alkyl, SO-alkyl, SC(CH₃)₂COOX₈, OC(CH₃)₂COOX₈ , C(CH₃)₂COOX₈, Si(alkyl)₃, alkyl-CN, O-aroyl, O(CH₂)jOX₃, O(CH₂)jNXiX₂, NH-acyl, NH-aroyl, CHO, C(halogen)₃, COOX3, SO3H, SO2NX1X2, CONXIX₂, NHC(O)O-alkyl, NHSO2-alkyl, alkoxy, alkyl, alcohol, alkylmercapto, alkylamino, di-alkylamino, alkylsulfinyl or alkylsulfonyl, CX4X5X6, - CH=CHXs , and -C=CX₈ ; each of Xi and X₂ is independently H or alkyl, or

X3 is selected from the group consisting of H, alkyl, aryl, NO₂, (CH₂)_mCN, hydroxyloweralkyl, and alkyl-NXiX₂, each of X4, X5, and Xe is independently selected from the group consisting of H, alkyl, carbocyclic ring, hydroxyloweralkyl, alkyl-OH, halogen, CN, SNO, S(SO₂)alkyl, NX1X2, COOX3, CONX3, OX7, and O-alkyl-X₇ wherein

X₇ is selected from the group consisting of H, alkyl, NO₂, NO, P(O)(OX₈)₂, PH(O)(OXs), S(O)kN(alkyl)₂, S(O)kX₈, S(O)kOX₈, COOX₈, CONXs, SO3H, and COX₈, wherein

X₈ is selected from the group consisting of H, alkyl, carbocyclic ring, heterocyclic ring, aromatic ring, heteroaromatic ring, and -CXg=CHXio, wherein Xg and X10 is independently H or alkyl, wherein m is an integer from 0 to 7, j is an integer from 0 to about 6, k is an integer from 0 to about 2; or

R1 is -(CH₂)m - Qi -(CH₂)n-Z;

Qi is selected from the group consisting of NH, 0, S, CH=CH, C=C, CO, S0₂ and 0S0₂; m is an integer from 1 to about 7; n is an integer from 0 to about 7;

Z is selected from the group consisting of a bicyclic ring, a heterobicyclic ring, a tricyclic ring, a heterotricyclic ring, a polycyclic ring and a heteropolycyclic ring; or

R1 is -(CH₂)_m-Qi-(CH₂)n-Z;

Qi is selected from the group consisting of NH, 0, S, CH=CH, C=C, CO, SO2 and 0S0₂; m is an integer from 1 to about 7; n is an integer from 0 to about 7;

Z is selected from the group consisting of a carbocyclic ring having about 4 to about 7 ring members, a heterocyclic ring having about 4 to about 7 ring members, an aromatic ring having about 5 to about 7 ring members, a heteroaromatic ring having about 5 to about 7 ring members; a bicyclic ring, a heterobicyclic ring, a tricyclic ring, a heterotricyclic ring, a polycyclic ring, a heteropolycyclic ring or any above group substituted on at least one available ring atom by an alkyl group or any above group substituted on at least one available ring nitrogen atom by a benzyl group, a substituted benzyl group, an alkoxybenzyl group, a substituted alkoxybenzyl group, a benzhydryl group or a substituted benzhydryl group; and wherein the connecting point between the -(CH₂)_n- group and the Z group can be any available ring carbon atom or any available ring nitrogen atom; or

R1 is -(CH₂)m-Qi-(CH2)n-Z;

Qi is selected from the group consisting of NH, 0, S, CH=CH, C=C, CO, SO2 and OSO2; m is an integer from 1 to about 7; n is an integer from 0 to about 7; and

Z is selected from the group consisting of a 5 member unsaturated ring having 0 to 4 independently selected heteroatoms as ring members, a substituted 5 member unsaturated ring having 0 to 4 independently selected heteroatoms as ring members, a 6 member aromatic ring having 0 to 5 independently selected heteroatoms as ring members or a substituted 6 member aromatic ring having 0 to 5 independently selected heteroatoms; and wherein the connecting point between the -(CH2)n- group and the Z group can be any available ring carbon atom or any available ring nitrogen atom; or

R1 is -(CH₂)m-Qi-(CH₂)n-Z;

Qi is selected from the group consisting of NH, 0, S, CH=CH, C=C, CO, SO2 and OSO2; m is an integer from 1 to about 7; n is an integer from 0 to about 7;

Z is selected from the group consisting of 1-, 2- or 3-pyrrolidinyl, 1-, 2-, 3- or 4- piperidinyl, 2-, 3- or 4-morpholinyl, 2-, 3- or 4-thiomorpholinyl, 1-, 2- or 3-azetidinyl, 1- or 2-piperazinyl, 2- or 3-tetrahydrofuranyl; or any above group substituted on at least one available ring atom by an alkyl group; or any above group substituted on at least one available ring nitrogen atom by a benzyl group, a substituted benzyl group, an alkoxybenzyl group, a substituted alkoxybenzyl group, a benzhydryl group or a substituted benzhydryl group; and wherein the connecting point between the -(CH2)n- group and the Z group can be any available ring carbon atom or any available ring nitrogen atom; or

R1 is -(CH₂)m-Qi-(CH2)n-Z;

Z is selected from the group consisting of

wherein each of X and Y is independently selected from the group consisting of H, halogen, CF3, CF₂H, N₃, NCS, CN, NO2, NX1X2, OX₃, SX₃, OAc, OSO₂X₃, O-acyl, S- acyl, SO₂-alkyl, SO-alkyl, SC(CH₃)₂COOX₈, OC(CH₃)₂COOX₈ , C(CH₃)₂COOX₈, Si(alkyl)₃, alkyl-CN, O-aroyl, O(CH₂)jOX₃, O(CH₂)jNXiX2, NH-acyl, NH-aroyl, CHO, C(halogen)₃, C00X₃, SO₃H, SO2NX1X2, CONX1X2, NHC(O)O-alkyl, NHSO2-alkyl, alkoxy, alkyl, alcohol, alkylmercapto, alkylamino, di-alkylamino, alkylsulfinyl or alkylsulfonyl, CX4X5X6, -CH=CHX₈ , and -C=CX₈; each of Xi and X2 is independently H or alkyl, or

Xi and X2 together form part of a heterocyclic ring having about 4 to about 7 ring members and optionally one additional heteroatom selected from 0, N and S, or Xi and X2 together form part of an imide ring having about 5 to about 6 members,

X3 is selected from the group consisting of H, alkyl, aryl, NO2, (CH2)mCN, hydroxyloweralkyl, and alkyl-NXiX2,

X4, Xs, and Xe is independently selected from the group consisting of H, alkyl, carbocyclic ring, hydroxyloweralkyl, alkyl-OH, halogen, CN, SNO, S(SO2)alkyl, NX1X2, COOX3, CONX3, OX7, and O-alkyl-X?, wherein

X7 is selected from the group consisting of H, alkyl, NO2, NO, P(O)(OX₈)2, PH(O)(OX₈), S(O)kN(alkyl)₂, S(O)kX₈, S(O)kOX₈, COOXs, CONXs, SO3H, and COX₈, wherein

X₈ is selected from the group consisting of H, alkyl, carbocyclic ring, heterocyclic ring, aromatic ring, heteroaromatic ring, and -CXg=CHXio, wherein each of X9 and X10 is independently H or alkyl, wherein m is an integer from 0 to 7, j is an integer from 0 to about 6, k is an integer from 0 to about 2,

W comprises H or alkyl; or

R1 is -(CH₂)m - Qi -(CH₂)n-Z;

Z is selected from the group consisting of an unsaturated ring having 5 ring atoms and 0 to 2 independently selected heteroatoms as ring members fused to an unsaturated ring having 5 ring atoms and 0 to 4 independently selected heteroatoms as ring members, an unsaturated ring having 5 ring atoms and 0 to 2 independently selected heteroatoms as ring members fused to an unsaturated ring having 6 or 7 ring atoms and 0 to 4 independently selected heteroatoms as ring members or an unsaturated ring having 6 ring atoms and 0 to 4 independently selected heteroatoms as ring members fused to an unsaturated ring having 6 or 7 ring atoms and 0 to 4 independently selected heteroatoms as ring members; or

R1 is -(CH₂)m - Qi -(CH₂)n-Z;

Qi is selected from the group consisting of NH, 0, S, CH=CH, C=C, CO, SO₂ and OSO₂; m is an integer from 1 to about 7; n is an integer from 0 to about 7; and

Z is selected from the group consisting of

R1 is -T-(CH₂)_n-Z; n is an integer from 0 to about 7;

T is selected from the group consisting of a carbocyclic ring having 3 to about 8 ring members, an unsaturated ring having 3 to about 8 carbon atoms as ring members, an aromatic ring having 5 to about 8 carbon atoms as ring members, a heterocyclic ring having 3 to about 8 ring members, a heteroaromatic ring having 5 to about 8 ring members, a bicyclic ring, a heterobicyclic ring, a tricyclic ring, a heterotricyclic ring, a polycyclic ring and a heteropolycyclic ring; and

Z is selected from the group consisting of, H, halogen, CF3, CF2H, N3, NCS, CN, NO2, NX1X2, OX3, SX3, OAc, OSO2X3, O-acyl, S-acyl, SO₂-alkyl, SO-alkyl, SC(CH₃)2COOX₈, OC(CH₃)₂COOX8 , C(CH₃)2COOX₈, Si(alkyl)₃, alkyl-CN, O-aroyl, O(CH₂)jOX₃, O(CH₂)jNXiX₂, NH-acyl, NH-aroyl, CHO, C(halogen)₃, COOX3, SO3H, SO2NX1X2, CONX1X2, NHC(O)O-alkyl, NHSO2-alkyl, alkoxy, alkyl, alcohol, alkylmercapto, alkylamino, di-alkylamino, alkylsulfinyl or alkylsulfonyl, CX4X5X6, - CH=CHXs , and -C=CX₈ ; each of Xi and X2 is independently H or alkyl, or

X3 is selected from the group consisting of H, alkyl, aryl, NO2, (CH2)mCN, hydroxyloweralkyl, and alkyl-NXiX2, each of X4, X5, and Xe is independently selected from the group consisting of H, alkyl, carbocyclic ring, hydroxyloweralkyl, alkyl-OH, halogen, CN, SNO, S(SC>2)alkyl, NX1X2, COOX3, CONX3, OX7, and O-alkyl-X₇, wherein

X7 is selected from the group consisting of H, alkyl, NO2, NO, P(O)(OXs)2, PH(O)(OX₈), S(O)kN(alkyl)₂, S(O)kX₈, S(O)kOX₈, COOXs, CONXs, SO3H, and C0X₈, wherein

X₈ is selected from the group consisting of H, alkyl, carbocyclic ring, heterocyclic ring, aromatic ring, heteroaromatic ring, and -CXg=CHXio, wherein each of X9 and X10 is independently H or alkyl, wherein m is an integer from 0 to 7, j is an integer from 0 to about 6, k is an integer from 0 to about 2; or

R1 is -T-(CH₂)n-Z; n is an integer from 0 to about 7;

Z is selected from the group consisting of a carbocyclic ring having about 4 to about 7 ring members, a heterocyclic ring having about 4 to about 7 ring members, an aromatic ring having about 5 to about 7 ring members, a heteroaromatic ring having about 5 to about 7 ring members, a bicyclic ring, a heterobicyclic ring, a tricyclic ring, a heterotricyclic ring, a polycyclic ring, a heteropolycyclic ring; or any above group substituted on at least one available ring atom by an alkyl group; or any above group substituted on at least one available ring nitrogen atom by a benzyl group, a substituted benzyl group, an alkoxybenzyl group, a substituted alkoxybenzyl group, a benzhydryl group or a substituted benzhydryl group; and wherein the connecting point between the -(CH₂)n- group and the Z group can be any available ring carbon atom or any available ring nitrogen atom; or

R1 is -T-(CH₂)n-Z; n is an integer from 0 to about 7;

Z is selected from the group consisting of

wherein X and Y are independently selected from the group consisting of H, halogen, CF₃, CF₂H, N₃, NCS, CN, NO₂, NX1X2, OX₃, SX₃, OAc, OSO₂X₃, O-acyl, S- acyl, SO₂-alkyl, SO-alkyl, SC(CH₃)₂COOX8, OC(CH₃)₂COOX₈ , C(CH₃)₂COOX8, Si(alkyl)₃, alkyl-CN, O-aroyl, O(CH₂)jOX₃, O(CH₂)jNXiX₂, NH-acyl, NH-aroyl, CHO, C(halogen)₃, COOX₃, SO₃H, SO₂NXIX₂, CONXIX₂, NHC(O)O-alkyl, NHSO2-alkyl, alkoxy, alkyl, alcohol, alkylmercapto, alkylamino, di-alkylamino, alkylsulfinyl or alkylsulfonyl, CX₄X₅X₆, -CH=CHX₈, and -C=CX₈ ; each of Xi and X₂ is independently H or alkyl, or

X₃ is selected from the group consisting of H, alkyl, aryl, NO₂, (CH₂)_mCN, hydroxyloweralkyl, and alkyl-NXiX₂, each of X₄, X5, and Xe is independently selected from the group consisting of H, alkyl, carbocyclic ring, hydroxyloweralkyl, alkyl-OH, halogen, CN, SNO, S(SO₂)alkyl, NX1X2, C00X₃, CONX₃, OX7, and O-alkyl-X₇, wherein

X₇ is selected from the group consisting of H, alkyl, NO₂, NO, P(O)(OX₈)₂, PH(O)(OX₈), S(O)kN(alkyl)₂, S(O)kX₈, S(O)_kOX₈, COOXs, CONXs, SO₃H, and C0X₈, wherein

X₈ is selected from the group consisting of H, alkyl, carbocyclic ring, heterocyclic ring, aromatic ring, heteroaromatic ring, and -CXg=CHXw, wherein each of Xg and X10 is independently H or alkyl, wherein m is an integer from 0 to 7, j is an integer from 0 to about 6, k is an integer from 0 to about 2

W is H or alkyl; or

R1 is -T-(CH₂)n-Z; n is an integer from 0 to about 7;

R1 is -T-Q-(CH₂)n-Z, each n is independently an integer from 0 to about 7;

T is selected from the group consisting of a carbocyclic ring having 3 to about 8 ring members, an unsaturated ring having 3 to about 8 carbon atoms as ring members, an aromatic ring having 5 to about 8 carbon atoms as ring members, a heterocyclic ring having 3 to about 8 ring members, a heteroaromatic ring having 5 to about 8 ring members, a bicyclic ring, a heterobicyclic ring, a tricyclic ring, a heterotricyclic ring, a polycyclic ring and a heteropolycyclic ring; Q is CH=CH or C=C;

Z is selected from the group consisting of H, halogen, CF3, CF2H, N3, NCS, CN, NO2, NX1X2, OX3, SX₃, OAc, OSO2X3, O-acyl, S-acyl, SO₂-alkyl, SO-alkyl, SC(CH₃)₂COOX8, OC(CH₃)₂COOX8 , C(CH₃)₂COOX8, Si(alkyl)₃, alkyl-CN, O-aroyl, O(CH₂)jOX₃, O(CH₂)jNXiX2, NH-acyl, NH-aroyl, CHO, C(halogen)₃, COOX3, SO3H, SO2NX1X2, CONX1X2, NHC(O)O-alkyl, NHSO2-alkyl, alkoxy, alkyl, alcohol, alkylmercapto, alkylamino, di-alkylamino, alkylsulfinyl or alkylsulfonyl, CX4X5X6, - CH=CHX₈ , and -C=CX₈; each of Xi and X2 is independently H or alkyl, or

X3 is selected from the group consisting of H, alkyl, NO2, (CH2)mCN, hydroxyloweralkyl, and alkyl-NXiX2, each of X4, X5, and Xe is independently selected from the group consisting of H, alkyl, carbocyclic ring, hydroxyloweralkyl, alkyl-OH, halogen, CN, SNO, S(SO2)alkyl, NX1X2, COOX3, CONX3, OX7, and O-alkyl-X₇, wherein

X7 is selected from the group consisting of H, alkyl, NO2, NO, P(O)(OX₈)2, PH(O)(OXs), S(O)kN(alkyl)₂, S(O)kX₈, S(O)kOX₈, COOXs, CONXs, SO3H, and COX₈, wherein

X₈ is selected from the group consisting of H, alkyl, carbocyclic ring, heterocyclic ring, aromatic ring, heteroaromatic ring, and -CXg=CHXio, wherein each of X9 and X10 is independently H or alkyl, wherein m is an integer from 0 to 7, j is an integer from 0 to about 6, or k is an integer from 0 to about 2; or

R1 is -T-Q-(CH₂)n-Z; each n is independently an integer from 0 to about 7;

Q is CH=CH or C=C; and

R1 is -T-Q-(CH₂)n-Z; each n is independently an integer from 0 to about 7;

Q is CH=CH or C=C; and

R1 is -T-Q-(CH₂)n-Z; each n is independently an integer from 0 to about 7;

Q is CH=CH or C=C; and

Z is selected from the group consisting of

wherein X and Y are independently selected from the group consisting of H, halogen, CF3, CF2H, N3, NCS, CN, NO2, NX1X2, OX3, SX3, OAc, OSO2X3, O-acyl, S- acyl, SO₂-alkyl, SO-alkyl, SC(CH₃)₂COOX₈, OC(CH₃)₂COOX₈ , C(CH₃)₂COOX₈, Si(alkyl)₃, alkyl-CN, O-aroyl, O(CH₂)jOX₃, O(CH₂)jNXiX₂, NH-acyl, NH-aroyl, CHO, C(halogen)₃, COOX3, SO3H, SO2NX1X2, CONX1X2, NHC(O)O-alkyl, NHSO2-alkyl, alkoxy, alkyl, alcohol, alkylmercapto, alkylamino, di-alkylamino, alkylsulfinyl or alkylsulfonyl, CX4X5X6, -CH=CHX₈, and -C=CX₈ ; each of Xi and X2 is independently H or alkyl, or

X3 is selected from the group consisting of H, alkyl, NO2, (CH2)mCN, hydroxyloweralkyl, and alkyl-NXiX2, each of X4, Xs, and Xe is independently selected from the group consisting of H, alkyl, carbocyclic ring, hydroxyloweralkyl, alkyl-OH, halogen, CN, SNO, S(SC>2)alkyl, NX1X2, COOX3, CONX3, OX7, and O-alkyl-X₇, wherein

X7 is selected from the group consisting of H, alkyl, NO2, NO, P(O)(OX₈)2, PH(0)(0X₈), S(O)kN(alkyl)₂, S(O)kX₈, S(O)kOX₈, COOXs, CONXs, SO3H, and C0X₈, wherein Xs is selected from the group consisting of H, alkyl, carbocyclic ring, heterocyclic ring, aromatic ring, heteroaromatic ring, and -CXg=CHXio, wherein each of X9 and X10 is independently H or alkyl, wherein m is an integer from 0 to 7, j is an integer from 0 to about 6, k is an integer from 0 to about 2,

W is H or alkyl; or

R1 is -T-Q-(CH₂)n-Z; each n is independently an integer from 0 to about 7;

Q is CH=CH or C=C; and

R1 is -T-Q-(CH₂)n-Z; T is selected from the group consisting of a carbocyclic ring having 3 to about 8 ring members, an unsaturated ring having 3 to about 8 carbon atoms as ring members, an aromatic ring having 5 to about 8 carbon atoms as ring members, a heterocyclic ring having 3 to about 8 ring members, a heteroaromatic ring having 5 to about 8 ring members, a bicyclic ring, a heterobicyclic ring, a tricyclic ring, a heterotricyclic ring, a polycyclic ring and a heteropolycyclic ring; each n is independently an integer from 0 to about 7;

Q is CH=CH or C^C;

Z is

R1 is -T- Q-(CH₂)n-Z;

T is selected from the group consisting of a carbocyclic ring having 3 to about 8 ring members, an unsaturated ring having 3 to about 8 carbon atoms as ring members, an aromatic ring having 5 to about 8 carbon atoms as ring members, a heterocyclic ring having 3 to about 8 ring members, a heteroaromatic ring having 5 to about 8 ring members, a bicyclic ring, a heterobicyclic ring, a tricyclic ring, a heterotricyclic ring, a polycyclic ring and a heteropolycyclic ring; each n is independently an integer from 0 to about 7;

Q is CH=CH or C=C; and

Z is selected from the group consisting of

k is an integer from 1 to about 5, and each of Ai and A₂ is independently selected from the group consisting of a C1 to about C4 alkyl group, a phenyl group and a substituted phenyl group;

R2 is -(CH₂)n-Z; n is an integer from 0 to about 7; wherein

Z is selected from the group consisting of H, halogen, CF3, CF2H, N3, NCS, CN, NO2, NX1X2, OX3, SX3, OAc, OSO2X3, O-acyl, S-acyl, SO₂-alkyl, SO-alkyl, SC(CH₃)₂COOX8, OC(CH₃)₂COOX8 , C(CH₃)₂COOX8, Si(alkyl)₃, alkyl-CN, O-aroyl, O(CH₂)jOX₃, O(CH₂)jNXiX₂, NH-acyl, NH-aroyl, CHO, C(halogen)₃, COOX3, SO3H, SO2NX1X2, CONX1X2, NHC(O)O-alkyl, NHSO2-alkyl, alkoxy, alkyl, alcohol, alkylmercapto, alkylamino, di-alkylamino, alkylsulfinyl or alkylsulfonyl, CX4X5X6, - CH=CHX₈ , and -C=CX₈ ; each of Xi and X2 is independently H or alkyl, or

Xi and X2 together form part of a heterocyclic ring having about 4 to about 7 ring members and optionally one additional heteroatom selected from O, N and S, or

X3 is selected from the group consisting of H, alkyl, aryl, NO2, (CH2)mCN, hydroxyloweralkyl, and alkyl-NXiX2, each of X4, X5, and Xe is independently selected from the group consisting of H, alkyl, carbocyclic ring, hydroxyloweralkyl, alkyl-OH, halogen, CN, SNO, S(SO2)alkyl, NX1X2, COOX3, CONX3, OX7, and O-alkyl-X₇, wherein X? is selected from the group consisting of H, alkyl, NO2, NO, P(O)(OX₈)2, PH(O)(OX₈), S(O)kN(alkyl)2, S(O)kX₈, S(O)_kOX₈, COOX₈, CONXs, SO3H and COX₈, wherein

X₈ is selected from the group consisting of H, alkyl, carbocyclic ring, heterocyclic ring, aromatic ring, heteroaromatic ring, and -CXg=CHXio, wherein each of Xg and X10 is independently H or alkyl, wherein m is an integer from 0 to 7, j is an integer from 0 to about 6, or k is an integer from 0 to about 2; or

R2 is -(CH₂)n-Z; n is an integer from 0 to about 7; and

Z is selected from the group consisting of a carbocyclic ring having about 4 to about 7 ring members, a heterocyclic ring having about 4 to about 7 ring members, an aromatic ring having about 5 to about 7 ring members, a heteroaromatic ring having about 5 to about 7 ring members, a bicyclic ring, a heterobicyclic ring, a tricyclic ring, a heterotricyclic ring, a polycyclic ring, a heteropolycyclic ring; or any above group substituted on at least one available ring atom by an alkyl group; or any above group substituted on at least one available ring nitrogen atom by a benzyl group, a substituted benzyl group, an alkoxybenzyl group, a substituted alkoxybenzyl group, a benzhydryl group or a substituted benzhydryl group; and wherein the connecting point between the -(CH2)n- group and the Z group can be any available ring carbon atom or any available ring nitrogen atom; or

R2 is -(CH₂)n-Z; n is an integer from 0 to about 7; and

Z is selected from the group consisting of a 5 member unsaturated ring having 0 to 4 independently selected heteroatoms as ring members, a substituted 5 member unsaturated ring having 0 to 4 independently selected heteroatoms as ring members, a 6 member aromatic ring having 0 to 5 independently selected heteroatoms as ring members or a substituted 6 member aromatic ring having 0 to 5 independently selected heteroatoms; and wherein the connecting point between the -(CH₂)_n- group and the Z group can be any available ring carbon atom or any available ring nitrogen atom; or

R2 is -(CH₂)n-Z; n is an integer from 0 to about 7; and

Z is selected from the group consisting of 1-, 2- or 3-pyrrolidinyl, 1-, 2-, 3- or 4- piperidinyl, 2- 3- or 4-morpholinyl, 2-, 3- or 4-thiomorpholinyl, 1-, 2- or 3-azetidinyl, 1- or 2-piperazinyl, 2- or 3-tetrahydrofuranyl; or any above group substituted on at least one available ring atom by an alkyl group; or any above group substituted on at least one available ring nitrogen atom by a benzyl group, a substituted benzyl group, an alkoxybenzyl group, a substituted alkoxybenzyl group, a benzhydryl group or a substituted benzhydryl group; and wherein the connecting point between the -(CH₂)n- group and the Z group can be any available ring carbon atom or any available ring nitrogen atom; or

R2 is -(CH₂)_n-Z; n is an integer from 0 to about 7; and

Z is selected from the group consisting of

wherein each of X and Y is independently selected from the group consisting of H, halogen, CF₃, CF₂H, N₃, NCS, CN, NO₂, NX1X2, OX₃, SX₃, OAc, OSO₂X₃, O-acyl, S- acyl, SO₂-alkyl, SO-alkyl, SC(CH₃)₂COOX8, OC(CH₃)₂COOX₈ , C(CH₃)₂COOX8, Si(alkyl)₃, alkyl-CN, O-aroyl, O(CH₂)jOX₃, O(CH₂)jNXiX₂, NH-acyl, NH-aroyl, CHO, C(halogen)₃, COOX₃, SO₃H, SO₂NXIX₂, CONXIX₂, NHC(O)O-alkyl, NHSO2-alkyl, alkoxy, alkyl, alcohol, alkylmercapto, alkylamino, di-alkylamino, alkylsulfinyl or alkylsulfonyl, CX₄X₅X₆, -CH=CHX₈ , and -C=CX₈; each of Xi and X₂ is independently H or alkyl, or

X₈ is selected from the group consisting of H, alkyl, carbocyclic ring, heterocyclic ring, aromatic ring, heteroaromatic ring, and -CXg=CHXw, wherein each of Xg and X10 is independently H or alkyl, wherein m is an integer from 0 to 7, j is an integer from 0 to about 6, or k is an integer from 0 to about 2,

W comprises H or alkyl; or

R2 is -(CH₂)_n-Z; n is an integer from 0 to about 7; and

R2 is -(CH₂)m -Qi-(CH₂)n-Z; Qi is selected from the group consisting of NH, 0, S,-CH=CH-, -C=C-, -CO, SO2 and OSO2; m is an integer from 1 to about 7; n is an integer from 0 to about 7; and wherein Z is selected from the group consisting of H, halogen, CF3, CF2H, N3, NCS, CN, NO2, NX1X2, OX3, SX₃, OAc, OSO2X3, O-acyl, S-acyl, SO₂-alkyl, SO-alkyl, SC(CH₃)₂COOX8, OC(CH₃)2COOX₈ , C(CH₃)2COOX8, Si(alkyl)₃, alkyl-CN, O-aroyl, O(CH₂)jOX₃, O(CH₂)jNXiX₂, NH-acyl, NH-aroyl, CHO, C(halogen)₃, COOX3, SO3H, SO2NX1X2, CONX1X2, NHC(O)O-alkyl, NHSO2-alkyl, alkoxy, alkyl, alcohol, alkylmercapto, alkylamino, di-alkylamino, alkylsulfinyl or alkylsulfonyl, CX4X5X6, - CH=CHXs , and -C=CX₈; each of Xi and X2 is independently H or alkyl, or

X3 is selected from the group consisting of H, alkyl, aryl, NO2, (CH2)mCN, hydroxyloweralkyl, and alkyl-NXiX2, each of X4, X5, and Xe is independently selected from the group consisting of H, alkyl, carbocyclic ring, hydroxyloweralkyl, alkyl-OH, halogen, CN, SNO, S(SO2)alkyl, NX1X2, COOX3, CONX3, OX7, and O-alkyl-X₇ wherein

X₇ is selected from the group consisting of H, alkyl, NO2, NO, P(O)(OXs)2, PH(O)(OXs), S(O)kN(alkyl)₂, S(O)kX₈, S(O)_kOX₈, COOXs, CONXs, SO3H, and COXs, wherein

X₈ is selected from the group consisting of H, alkyl, carbocyclic ring, heterocyclic ring, aromatic ring, heteroaromatic ring, and -CXg=CHXw, wherein each of Xg and X10 is independently H or alkyl, wherein m is an integer from 0 to 7, j is an integer from 0 to about 6, k is an integer from 0 to about 2; or

R2 is -Q₂-(CH₂)n-Z;

Q₂ is optionally present and if present is selected from the group consisting of -CH₂-NH, -CH₂-O, -CH₂-S, -CH₂-SO₂ and -CH₂-OSO₂; n is an integer from 0 to about 7; wherein Z is selected from the group consisting of H, halogen, CF3, CF₂H, N3, NCS, CN, NO₂, NX1X2, OX3, SX₃, OAc, OSO2X3, O-acyl, S-acyl, SO₂-alkyl, SO-alkyl, SC(CH₃)₂COOX₈, OC(CH₃)₂COOX₈ , C(CH₃)₂COOX₈, Si(alkyl)₃, alkyl-CN, O-aroyl, O(CH₂)jOX₃, O(CH₂)jNXiX₂, NH-acyl, NH-aroyl, CHO, C(halogen)₃, COOX3, SO3H, SO2NX1X2, CONXIX₂, NHC(O)O-alkyl, NHSO2-alkyl, alkoxy, alkyl, alcohol, alkylmercapto, alkylamino, di-alkylamino, alkylsulfinyl or alkylsulfonyl, CX4X5X6, - CH=CHXs , and -C=CX₈; each of Xi and X₂ is independently H or alkyl, or

X3 is selected from the group consisting of H, alkyl, aryl, NO₂, (CH₂)_mCN, hydroxyloweralkyl, and alkyl-NXiX₂, each of X4, X5, and Xe is independently selected from the group consisting of H, alkyl, carbocyclic ring, hydroxyloweralkyl, alkyl-OH, halogen, CN, SNO, S(SO₂)alkyl, NX1X2, COOX3, CONX3, OX7, and O-alkyl-X₇, wherein X? is selected from the group consisting of H, alkyl, NO2, NO, P(O)(OX₈)2, PH(O)(OX₈), S(O)kN(alkyl)2, S(O)kX₈, S(O)_kOX₈, COOX₈, CONX₈, SO3H, and COX₈, wherein

X₈ is selected from the group consisting of H, alkyl, carbocyclic ring, heterocyclic ring, aromatic ring, heteroaromatic ring, and -CXg=CHXio, wherein each of Xg and X10 is independently H or alkyl, wherein m is an integer from 0 to 7, j is an integer from 0 to about 6, k is an integer from 0 to about 2; or

R2 is -(CH2)m-Qi-(CH₂)n-Z;

R2 is -(CH₂)m-Qi-(CH₂)n-Z;

Z is selected from the group consisting of a carbocyclic ring having about 4 to about 7 ring members, a heterocyclic ring having about 4 to about 7 ring members, an aromatic ring having about 5 to about 7 ring members, a heteroaromatic ring having about 5 to about 7 ring members; a bicyclic ring, a heterobicyclic ring, a tricyclic ring, a heterotricyclic ring, a polycyclic ring, a heteropolycyclic ring or any above group substituted on at least one available ring atom by an alkyl group or any above group substituted on at least one available ring nitrogen atom by a benzyl group, a substituted benzyl group, an alkoxybenzyl group, a substituted alkoxybenzyl group, a benzhydryl group or a substituted benzhydryl group; and wherein the connecting point between the -(CH2)n- group and the Z group can be any available ring carbon atom or any available ring nitrogen atom; or

R2 is -(CH₂)m-Qi-(CH2)n-Z;

R2 is -(CH2)m-Qi-(CH₂)n-Z;

Qi is selected from the group consisting of NH, 0, S, CH=CH, C=C, CO, SO₂ and OSO2; m is an integer from 1 to about 7; n is an integer from 0 to about 7; Z is selected from the group consisting of 1-, 2- or 3-pyrrolidinyl, 1-, 2-, 3- or 4- piperidinyl, 2-, 3- or 4-morpholinyl, 2-, 3- or 4-thiomorpholinyl, 1-, 2- or 3-azetidinyl, 1- or 2-piperazinyl, 2- or 3-tetrahydrofuranyl; or any above group substituted on at least one available ring atom by an alkyl group; or any above group substituted on at least one available ring nitrogen atom by a benzyl group, a substituted benzyl group, an alkoxybenzyl group, a substituted alkoxybenzyl group, a benzhydryl group or a substituted benzhydryl group; and wherein the connecting point between the -(CH₂)_n- group and the Z group can be any available ring carbon atom or any available ring nitrogen atom; or

R2 is -(CH₂)m-Qi-(CH₂)n-Z;

Z is selected from the group consisting of

wherein each of X and Y is independently selected from the group consisting of H, halogen, CF₃, CF₂H, N₃, NCS, CN, NO₂, NX1X2, OX₃, SX₃, OAc, OSO₂X₃, O-acyl, S- acyl, SO₂-alkyl, SO-alkyl, SC(CH₃)₂COOX₈, OC(CH₃)₂COOX₈ , C(CH₃)₂COOX₈, Si(alkyl)₃, alkyl-CN, O-aroyl, O(CH₂)jOX₃, O(CH₂)jNXiX₂, NH-acyl, NH-aroyl, CHO, C(halogen)₃, COOX₃, SO₃H, SO₂NXIX₂, CONXIX₂, NHC(O)O-alkyl, NHSO2-alkyl, alkoxy, alkyl, alcohol, alkylmercapto, alkylamino, di-alkylamino, alkylsulfinyl or alkylsulfonyl, CX₄X₅X₆, -CH=CHX₈ , and -C=CX₈; each of Xi and X₂ is independently H or alkyl, or

X₃ is selected from the group consisting of H, alkyl, aryl, NO₂, (CH₂)_mCN, hydroxyloweralkyl, and alkyl-NXiX₂, each of X₄, X5, and Xe is independently selected from the group consisting of H, alkyl, carbocyclic ring, hydroxyloweralkyl, alkyl-OH, halogen, CN, SNO, S(SO₂)alkyl, NX1X2, C00X₃, CONX₃, OX7, and O-alkyl-X₇ wherein

X₇ is selected from the group consisting of H, alkyl, NO₂, NO, P(O)(OX₈)₂, PH(O)(OXs), S(O)kN(alkyl)₂, S(O)kX₈, S(O)_kOX₈, C00X₈, CONXs, SO₃H, and C0X₈, wherein

W is H or alkyl; or

R2 is -(CH2)m-Qi-(CH₂)n-Z;

R2 is -(CH₂)_m - Qi -(CH₂)n-Z;

Qi is selected from the group consisting of NH, 0, S, CH=CH, C=C, CO, S0₂ and 0S0₂; m is an integer from 1 to about 7; n is an integer from 0 to about 7; and

Z is selected from the group consisting of

R2 is -T-(CH₂)n-Z; n is an integer from 0 to about 7;

Z is selected from the group consisting of, H, halogen, CF3, CF2H, N3, NCS, CN, NO2, NX1X2, OX3, SX₃, OAc, OSO2X3, O-acyl, S-acyl, SO₂-alkyl, SO-alkyl, SC(CH₃)₂COOX8, OC(CH₃)₂COOX8 , C(CH₃)₂COOX8, Si(alkyl)₃, alkyl-CN, O-aroyl, O(CH₂)jOX₃, O(CH₂)jNXiX₂, NH-acyl, NH-aroyl, CHO, C(halogen)₃, COOX3, SO3H, SO2NX1X2, CONX1X2, NHC(O)O-alkyl, NHSO2-alkyl, alkoxy, alkyl, alcohol, alkylmercapto, alkylamino, di-alkylamino, alkylsulfinyl or alkylsulfonyl, CX4X5X6, - CH=CHX₈ , and -C=CX₈; each of Xi and X2 is independently H or alkyl, or

X3 is selected from the group consisting of H, alkyl, aryl, NO2, (CH2)mCN, hydroxyloweralkyl, or alkyl-NXiX2, each of X4, X5, and Xe is independently selected from the group consisting of H, alkyl, carbocyclic ring, hydroxyloweralkyl, alkyl-OH, halogen, CN, SNO, S(SO2)alkyl, NX1X2, COOX3, CONX3, OX7, and O-alkyl-X₇, wherein

X₇ is selected from the group consisting of H, alkyl, NO2, NO, P(O)(OX₈)2, PH(O)(OX₈), S(O)kN(alkyl)₂, S(O)kX₈, S(O)kOX₈, COOXs, CONXs, SO3H, and COX₈, wherein

R2 is -T-(CH₂)n-Z; n is an integer from 0 to about 7;

R2 is -T-(CH₂)n-Z; n is an integer from 0 to about 7; T is selected from the group consisting of a carbocyclic ring having 3 to about 8 ring members, an unsaturated ring having 3 to about 8 carbon atoms as ring members, an aromatic ring having 5 to about 8 carbon atoms as ring members, a heterocyclic ring having 3 to about 8 ring members, a heteroaromatic ring having 5 to about 8 ring members, a bicyclic ring, a heterobicyclic ring, a tricyclic ring, a heterotricyclic ring, a polycyclic ring and a heteropolycyclic ring; and

Z is selected from the group consisting of

wherein each of X and Y is independently selected from the group consisting of H, halogen, CF₃, CF₂H, N₃, NCS, CN, NO2, NX1X2, OX₃, SX₃, OAc, OSO₂X₃, O-acyl, S- acyl, SO₂-alkyl, SO-alkyl, SC(CH₃)₂COOX₈, OC(CH₃)₂COOX₈ , C(CH₃)₂COOX₈, Si(alkyl)₃, alkyl-CN, O-aroyl, O(CH₂)jOX₃, O(CH₂)jNXiX₂, NH-acyl, NH-aroyl, CHO, C(halogen)₃, COOX₃, SO₃H, SO2NX1X2, CONX1X2, NHC(O)O-alkyl, NHSO2-alkyl, alkoxy, alkyl, alcohol, alkylmercapto, alkylamino, di-alkylamino, alkylsulfinyl or alkylsulfonyl, CX4X5X6, -CH=CHX₈ , and -C=CX₈; each of Xi and X₂ is independently H or alkyl, or

X₃ is selected from the group consisting of H, alkyl, aryl, NO2, (CH₂)mCN, hydroxyloweralkyl, and alkyl-NXiX2, each of X4, X5, and Xe is independently selected from the group consisting of H, alkyl, carbocyclic ring, hydroxyloweralkyl, alkyl-OH, halogen, CN, SNO, S(SC>2)alkyl, NX1X2, COOX3, CONX3, OX7, and O-alkyl-X₇, wherein

X7 is selected from the group consisting of H, alkyl, NO2, NO, P(O)(OX₈)2, PH(O)(OXs), S(O)kN(alkyl)₂, S(O)kX₈, S(O)kOX₈, COOX₈, CONXs, SO3H and COX₈, wherein

W comprises H or alkyl; or

R2 is -T-(CH₂)n-Z; n is an integer from 0 to about 7;

R2 is -T-(CH₂)m-Qi-(CH2)n-Z; each of m and n is independently an integer from 0 to about 7;

Qi is selected from the group consisting of NH, 0, S, CH=CH, C=C, CO, SO2 and OSO2; and

Z is selected from the group consisting of H, halogen, CF3, CF2H, N3, NCS, CN, NO2, NX1X2, OX3, SX₃, OAc, OSO2X3, O-acyl, S-acyl, SO₂-alkyl, SO-alkyl, SC(CH₃)₂COOX8, OC(CH₃)₂COOX8, C(CH₃)₂COOX8, Si(alkyl)₃, alkyl-CN, O-aroyl, O(CH₂)jOX₃, O(CH₂)jNXiX₂, NH-acyl, NH-aroyl, CHO, C(halogen)₃, COOX3, SO3H, SO2NX1X2, CONX1X2, NHC(O)O-alkyl, NHSO2-alkyl, alkoxy, alkyl, alcohol, alkylmercapto, alkylamino, di-alkylamino, alkylsulfinyl or alkylsulfonyl, CX4X5X6, - CH=CHX₈ , and -C=CX₈; each of Xi and X2 is independently H or alkyl, or

X3 is selected from the group consisting of H, alkyl, aryl, NO2, (CH₂)mCN, hydroxyloweralkyl, and alkyl-NXiX2, each of X4, X5, and Xe is independently selected from the group consisting of H, alkyl, carbocyclic ring, hydroxyloweralkyl, alkyl-OH, halogen, CN, SNO, S(SC>2)alkyl, NX1X2, COOX3, CONX3, OX7, and O-alkyl-X₇, wherein

X₇ comprises H, alkyl, NO2, NO, P(O)(OX₈)₂, PH(O)(OXs), S(O)_kN(alkyl)₂, S(O)_kX₈, S(O)_kOX₈, COOXs, CONXs, SO3H, and COXs, wherein

X₈ is selected from the group consisting of a H, alkyl, carbocyclic ring, heterocyclic ring, aromatic ring, heteroaromatic ring, and -CX9=CHXw, wherein each of Xg and X10 is independently H or alkyl, wherein m is an integer from 0 to 7, j is an integer from 0 to about 6, k is an integer from 0 to about 2; or

R2 is _T-(CH2)m-Qi-(CH₂)n-Z; each of m and n is independently an integer from 0 to about 7;

Z is selected from the group consisting of a carbocyclic ring having about 4 to about 7 ring members, a heterocyclic ring having about 4 to about 7 ring members, an aromatic ring having about 5 to about 7 ring members, a heteroaromatic ring having about 5 to about 7 ring members, a bicyclic ring, a heterobicyclic ring, a polycyclic ring, a heteropolycyclic ring; or any above group substituted on at least one available ring atom by an alkyl group; or any above group substituted on at least one available ring nitrogen atom by a benzyl group, a substituted benzyl group, an alkoxybenzyl group, a substituted alkoxybenzyl group, a benzhydryl group or a substituted benzhydryl group; and wherein the connecting point between the -(CH2)n- group and the Z group can be any available ring carbon atom or any available ring nitrogen atom; or

R2 is -T-(CH2)m-Qi-(CH₂)n-Z; each of m and n is independently an integer from 0 to about 7;

Qi is selected from the group consisting of NH, 0, S, CH=CH, C=C, CO, SO₂ and OSO2; and

Z is selected from the group consisting of 1-, 2- or 3-pyrrolidinyl, 1-, 2-, 3- or 4- piperidinyl, 2-, 3- or 4-morpholinyl, 2-, 3- or 4-thiomorpholinyl, 1-, 2- or 3-azetidinyl, 1- or 2-piperazinyl, 2- or 3-tetrahydrofuranyl; or any above group substituted on at least one available ring atom by an alkyl group; or any above group substituted on at least one available ring nitrogen atom by a benzyl group, a substituted benzyl group, an alkoxybenzyl group, a substituted alkoxybenzyl group, a benzhydryl group or a substituted benzhydryl group; and wherein the connecting point between the -(CH₂)n- group and the Z group can be any available ring carbon atom or any available ring nitrogen atom; or R2 is -T-(CH2)m-Qi-(CH₂)n-Z; each of m and n is independently an integer from 0 to about 7;

Qi is selected from the group consisting of N, 0, S, CH=CH, C=C, CO, SO2 and

OSO2; and

Z is selected from the group consisting of

wherein each of X and Y is independently selected from the group consisting of H, halogen, CF₃, CF2H, N₃, NCS, CN, NO2, NX1X2, OX3, SX3, OAc, OSO2X3, O-acyl, S- acyl, SO₂-alkyl, SO-alkyl, SC(CH₃)₂COOX8, OC(CH₃)₂COOX8 , C(CH₃)₂COOX₈, Si(alkyl)₃, alkyl-CN, O-aroyl, O(CH₂)jOX₃, O(CH₂)jNXiX2, NH-acyl, NH-aroyl, CHO, C(halogen)₃, COOX3, SO3H, SO2NX1X2, CONX1X2, NHC(O)O-alkyl, NHSO2-alkyl, alkoxy, alkyl, alcohol, alkylmercapto, alkylamino, di-alkylamino, alkylsulfinyl or alkylsulfonyl, CX₄X₅X₆, -CH=CHX₈ , and -C=CX₈; each of Xi and X2 is independently H or alkyl, or Xi and X2 together form part of a heterocyclic ring having about 4 to about 7 ring members and optionally one additional heteroatom selected from 0, N and S, or

X3 is selected from the group consisting of H, alkyl, aryl, NO2, (CH2)mCN, hydroxyloweralkyl, and alkyl-NXiX2, each of X4, Xs, and Xe is independently selected from the group consisting of H, alkyl, carbocyclic ring, hydroxyloweralkyl, alkyl-OH, halogen, CN, SNO, S(SO2)alkyl, NX1X2, COOX3, CONX3, OX7, and O-alkyl-X₇, wherein

X₇ is selected from the group consisting of H, alkyl, NO2, NO, P(O)(OX₈)2, PH(O)(OX₈), S(O)kN(alkyl)₂, S(O)kX₈, S(O)kOX₈, COOXs, CONXs, SO3H, and C0X₈, wherein

W is H or alkyl; or

R2 is -T-(CH₂)m- Qi -(CH₂)n-Z; each of m and n is independently an integer from 0 to about 7; T is selected from the group consisting of a carbocyclic ring having 3 to about 8 ring members, an unsaturated ring having 3 to about 8 carbon atoms as ring members, an aromatic ring having 5 to about 8 carbon atoms as ring members, a heterocyclic ring having 3 to about 8 ring members, a heteroaromatic ring having 5 to about 8 ring members, a bicyclic ring, a heterobicyclic ring, a tricyclic ring, a heterotricyclic ring, a polycyclic ring and a heteropolycyclic ring;

Z is selected from the group consisting of an unsaturated ring having 5 ring atoms and 0 to 2 independently selected heteroatoms as ring members fused to an unsaturated ring having 5 ring atoms and 0 to 2 independently selected heteroatoms as ring members, an unsaturated ring having 5 ring atoms and 0 to 2 independently selected heteroatoms as ring members fused to an unsaturated ring having 6 or 7 ring atoms and 0 to 4 independently selected heteroatoms as ring members or an unsaturated ring having 6 ring atoms and 0 to 3 independently selected heteroatoms as ring members fused to an unsaturated ring having 6 or 7 ring atoms and 0 to 4 independently selected heteroatoms as ring members, or

R2 is -T-(CH2)m-Qi-(CH₂)n-Z;

wherein E is selected from the group consisting of a C1 to about C4, linear or branched alkyl group, a phenyl group, a substituted phenyl group, a benzyl group and a substituted benzyl group; or

R2 is -T-(CH2)m-Qi-(CH₂)n-Z;

Qi is selected from the group consisting of NH, 0, S, CH=CH, C=C, CO, SO2 and OSO2;

Z is selected from the group consisting of

k is an integer from 1 to about 5, each of Ai and A2 is independently selected from the group consisting of a C1 to about C4 alkyl group, a phenyl group and a substituted phenyl group;

wherein G is selected from the group consisting of CH, C(CH3), C(CN) and

N, each of L, K and J is independently selected from the group consisting of (CH₂)n, (CH₃)₂, C=O, 0, -CHOH, C(CH₃)0Mi, C(CH₂)n(X)Y, NMi, SO and S, n is an integer from 0 to about 7;

Mi is selected from the group consisting of H, alkyl, and C(0)M2, wherein

M₂ is selected from the group consisting of H, alkyl, NM₃M4, and OMs, and each of M₃, / and Ms is independently H, OH or alkyl, and each of X and Y is independently selected from the group consisting of H, halogen, CF₃, CF₂H, N₃, NCS, CN, N0₂, NX1X2, 0X₃, SX₃, OAc, OSO₂X₃, 0-acyl, S-acyl, SO₂-alkyl, SO-alkyl, SC(CH₃)₂COOX₈, OC(CH₃)₂COOX₈ , C(CH₃)₂COOX₈, Si(alkyl)₃, alkyl-CN, O-aroyl, O(CH₂)jOX₃, O(CH₂)jNXiX₂, NH-acyl, NH-aroyl, CHO, C(halogen)₃, C00X₃, SO₃H, SO₂NXIX₂, CONX1X2, NHC(O)O-alkyl, NHS02-alkyl, alkoxy, alkyl, alcohol, alkylmercapto, alkylamino, di-alkylamino, alkylsulfinyl or alkylsulfonyl, CX4X5X6, -CH=CHX₈ , and -C=CX₈; each of Xi and X₂ is independently H or alkyl, or

X₃ is selected from the group consisting of H, alkyl, NO2, (CH₂)_mCN, hydroxyloweralkyl, and alkyl-NXiX₂, each of X4, Xs, and Xs is independently selected from the group consisting of H, alkyl, carbocyclic ring, hydroxyloweralkyl, alkyl-OH, halogen, CN, SNO, S(SO₂)alkyl, NXIX₂, C00X₃, C0NX₃, 0X7, and O-alkyl-X₇, wherein X? is selected from the group consisting of H, alkyl, NO2, NO, P(O)(OX₈)2, PH(O)(OX₈), S(O)kN(alkyl)2, S(O)kX₈, S(O)_kOX₈, COOX₈, CONX₈, SO3H, and COX₈, wherein

R4 is selected from the group consisting of H, halogen, CF3, CF2H, N3, NCS, CN, NO2, NX1X2, OH, ONO2, SX₃, OAc, OSO2X3, O-acyl, S-acyl, SO₂-alkyl, SO-alkyl, SC(CH₃)2COOX₈, OC(CH₃)2COOX₈ , C(CH₃)2COOX8, Si(alkyl)₃, alkyl-CN, O-aroyl, O(CH₂)jOX₃, O(CH₂)jNXiX₂, NH-acyl, NH-aroyl, CHO, C(halogen)₃, COOX3, SO3H, SO2NX1X2, CONX1X2, NHC(O)O-alkyl, NHSO2-alkyl, alkoxy, alkyl, alcohol, alkylmercapto, alkylamino, di-alkylamino, alkylsulfinyl or alkylsulfonyl, CX4X5X6, - CH=CHX₈ , and -C=CX₈; each of Xi and X2 is independently H or alkyl, or

X3 is selected from the group consisting of H, alkyl, NO2, (CH2)mCN, hydroxyloweralkyl, and alkyl-NXiX2, each of X4, X5, and Xe is independently selected from the group consisting of H, alkyl, carbocyclic ring, hydroxyloweralkyl, alkyl-OH, halogen, CN, SNO, S(SO2)alkyl, NX1X2, COOX3, CONX3, OX7, and O-alkyl-X₇, wherein X? is selected from the group consisting of H, alkyl, NO2, NO, P(O)(OX₈)2, PH(O)(OX₈), S(O)kN(alkyl)₂, S(O)kX₈, S(O)_kOX₈, COOX₈, CONXs, SO3H and COX₈, wherein

R4 is selected from the group consisting of a carbocyclic ring having about 4 to about 7 ring members, a heterocyclic ring having about 4 to about 7 ring members, an aromatic ring having about 5 to about 7 ring members, a heteroaromatic ring having about 5 to about 7 ring members, a bicyclic ring, a heterobicyclic ring, a tricyclic ring, a heterotricyclic ring, a polycyclic ring and a heteropolycyclic ring; or

R4 is selected from the group consisting of

R4 is -(CH₂)d-Z; d is an integer from 1 to about 6; Z is selected from the group consisting of H, halogen, CF3, CF2H, N3, NCS, CN, NO2, NX1X2, OX3, SX₃, OAc, OSO2X3, O-acyl, S-acyl, SO₂-alkyl, SO-alkyl, SC(CH₃)2COOX₈, OC(CH₃)2COOX₈ , C(CH₃)2COOX8, Si(alkyl)₃, alkyl-CN, O-aroyl, O(CH₂)jOX₃, O(CH₂)jNXiX₂, NH-acyl, NH-aroyl, CHO, C(halogen)₃, COOX3, SO3H, SO2NX1X2, CONX1X2, NHC(O)O-alkyl, NHSO2-alkyl, alkoxy, alkyl, alcohol, alkylmercapto, alkylamino, di-alkylamino, alkylsulfinyl or alkylsulfonyl, CX4X5X6, - CH=CHX₈ , and -C=CX₈; each of Xi and X2 is independently H or alkyl, or

X7 is selected from the group consisting of H, alkyl, NO2, NO, P(O)(OX₈)2, PH(O)(OX₈), S(O)kN(alkyl)₂, S(O)kX₈, S(O)_kOX₈, COOXs, CONXs, SO3H, and C0X₈, wherein

R4 is -(CH₂)d-Z; d is an integer from 1 to about 6; and

Z is selected from the group consisting of a carbocyclic ring having about 4 to about 7 ring members, a heterocyclic ring having about 4 to about 7 ring members, an aromatic ring having about 5 to about 7 ring members, a heteroaromatic ring having about 5 to about 7 ring members, a bicyclic ring, a heterobicyclic ring, a tricyclic ring, a heterotricyclic ring, a polycyclic ring, a heteropolycyclic ring; or any above group substituted on at least one available ring atom by an alkyl group; or any above group substituted on at least one available ring nitrogen atom by a benzyl group, a substituted benzyl group, an alkoxybenzyl group, a substituted alkoxybenzyl group, a benzhydryl group or a substituted benzhydryl group; and wherein the_connecting point between the -(CH₂)d- group and the Z group can be any available ring carbon atom or any available ring nitrogen atom; or

R4 is -(CH₂)d-Z; d is an integer from 1 to about 6; and

Z is selected from the group consisting of 1-, 2- or 3-pyrrolidinyl, 1-, 2-, 3- or 4- piperidinyl, 2-, 3- or 4-morpholinyl, 2-, 3- or 4-thiomorpholinyl, 1-, 2- or 3-azetidinyl, 1- or 2-piperazinyl, 2- or 3-tetrahydrofuranyl; or any above group substituted on at least one ring atom by an alkyl group; or any above group substituted on at least one available ring nitrogen atom by a benzyl group, a substituted benzyl group, an alkoxybenzyl group, a substituted alkoxybenzyl group, a benzhydryl group or a substituted benzhydryl group; and wherein the connecting point between the -(CH₂)d- group and the Z group can be any available ring carbon atom or any available ring nitrogen atom; or

R4 is -(CH₂ )m -Qi-(CH₂)_n-Z;

Qi is selected from the group consisting of NH, 0, S, CH=CH, C=C, CO, SO₂ and

0S0₂; m is an integer from 1 to about 7; n is an integer from 0 to about 7; and

Z is selected from the group consisting of H, halogen, CF3, CF2H, N3, NCS, CN, NO2, NX1X2, OX3, SX₃, OAc, OSO2X3, O-acyl, S-acyl, SO₂-alkyl, SO-alkyl, SC(CH₃)2COOX₈, OC(CH3)₂COOX8 , C(CH3)2COOX₈, Si(alkyl)₃, alkyl-CN, O-aroyl, O(CH₂)jOX₃, O(CH₂)jNXiX₂, NH-acyl, NH-aroyl, CHO, C(halogen)₃, COOX3, SO3H, SO2NX1X2, CONX1X2, NHC(O)O-alkyl, NHSO2-alkyl, alkoxy, alkyl, alcohol, alkylmercapto, alkylamino, di-alkylamino, alkylsulfinyl or alkylsulfonyl, CX4X5X6, - CH=CHX₈ , and -C=CX₈; each of Xi and X2 is independently H or alkyl, or

X₇ is selected from the group consisting of H, alkyl, NO2, NO, P(O)(OX₈)2, PH(O)(OXs), S(O)kN(alkyl)₂, S(O)kX₈, S(O)_kOX₈, C00X₈, CONXs, SO3H, and C0X₈, wherein

R4 is -(CH₂)m -Qi-(CH₂)n-Z;

Z is selected from the group consisting of a carbocyclic ring having about 4 to about 7 ring members, a heterocyclic ring having about 4 to about 7 ring members, an aromatic ring having about 5 to about 7 ring members, a heteroaromatic ring having about 5 to about 7 ring members; a bicyclic ring, a heterobicyclic ring, a tricyclic ring, a heterotricyclic ring, a polycyclic ring, a heteropolycyclic ring; or any above group substituted on at least one available ring atom by an alkyl group; or any above group substituted on at least one available ring nitrogen atom by a benzyl group, _a substituted benzyl group, an alkoxybenzyl group, a substituted alkoxybenzyl group, a benzhydryl group or a substituted benzhydryl group; and wherein the connecting point between the -(CH₂)_n- group and the Z group can be any available ring carbon atom or any available ring nitrogen atom; or

R4 is -(CH₂)m-Qi-(CH₂)_n-Z;

Z is selected from the group consisting of 1-, 2- or 3-pyrrolidinyl, 1-, 2-, 3- or 4- piperidinyl, 2-, 3- or 4-morpholinyl, 2-, 3- or 4-thiomorpholinyl, 1-, 2- or 3-azetidinyl, 1- or 2-piperazinyl, 2- or 3-tetrahydrofuranyl; or any above group substituted on at least one available ring atom by an alkyl; or any above group substituted on at least one available ring nitrogen atom by a benzyl group, a substituted benzyl group, an alkoxybenzyl group, a substituted alkoxybenzyl group, a benzhydryl group or a substituted benzhydryl group; and wherein the connecting point between the -(CH2)n- group and the Z group can be any available ring carbon atom or any available ring nitrogen atom; or

R4 is -(CH₂)m-Qi-(CH2)n-Z;

Z is selected from the group consisting of

wherein each of X and Y is independently selected from the group consisting of H, halogen, CF₃, CF2H, N₃, NCS, CN, NO2, NX1X2, OX₃, SX₃, OAc, OSO₂X₃, O-acyl, S-acyl, SO₂-alkyl, SO-alkyl, SC(CH₃)₂COOX₈, OC(CH₃)₂COOX₈ , C(CH₃)₂COOX₈, Si(alkyl)₃, alkyl-CN, O-aroyl, O(CH₂)jOX₃, O(CH₂)jNXiX2, NH-acyl, NH-aroyl, CHO, C(halogen)₃, C00X₃, SO₃H, SO2NX1X2, CONX1X2, NHC(O)O-alkyl, NHSO2-alkyl, alkoxy, alkyl, alcohol, alkylmercapto, alkylamino, di-alkylamino, alkylsulfinyl or alkylsulfonyl, CX4X5X6, -CH=CHXs , and -C=CX₈ ; each of Xi and X2 is independently H or alkyl, or Xi and X2 together form part of a heterocyclic ring having about 4 to about 7 ring members and optionally one additional heteroatom selected from 0, N and S, or

X3 is selected from the group consisting of H, alkyl, NO2, (CH2)mCN, hydroxyloweralkyl, and alkyl-NXiX2, each of X4, Xs, and Xe is independently selected from the group consisting of H, alkyl, carbocyclic ring, hydroxyloweralkyl, alkyl-OH, halogen, CN, SNO, S(S02)alkyl, NX1X2, COOX3, CONX3, OX7, and O-alkyl-X₇, wherein

X7 is selected from the group consisting of H, alkyl, NO2, NO, P(O)(OX₈)2, PH(0)(0X₈), S(O)kN(alkyl)₂, S(O)kX₈, S(O)kOX₈, COOXs, CONXs, SO3H and C0X₈, wherein

X₈ is selected from the group consisting of H, alkyl, carbocyclic ring, heterocyclic ring, aromatic ring, heteroaromatic ring, and -CXg=CHXio, wherein each of X9 and X10 is independently H or alkyl, m is an integer from 0 to 7, j is an integer from 0 to about 6, k is an integer from 0 to about 2, and

W is H or alkyl.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Figure 1 shows the structure of Compound 1 as referenced herein;

Figure 2 shows the structure of Compound 2 as referenced herein;

Figure 3 shows the structure of Compound 3 as referenced herein; Figure 4 shows solubility results for Compound 1 (API) alone and a formulation of Compound 1 with polymer matrices at 20% API load;

Figure 5 shows solubility results for Compound 1 (API) alone and in formulations of Compound 1 with polymer matrices at 25% API load;

Figure 6 shows solubility results for Compound 1 (API) alone and in formulations of Compound 1 with polymer matrices mixed with surfactant at 20 or 25% API load;

Figure 7 shows X-ray diffraction patterns of Compound 1 (API) alone displaying peaks correlating with high crystallinity;

Figure 8 shows X-ray diffraction patterns of Compound 1 (API) in combination with HPMC HP55 and Poloxamer 407 (25:65:10) displaying peaks correlating with amorphous state;

Figure 9 shows differential scanning calorimetry patterns of Compound 1 (API) alone;

Figure 10 shows differential scanning calorimetry patterns of Compound 1 (API) in combination with HPMC HP55 and Poloxamer 407 (25:65:10);

Figure 11 shows differential scanning calorimetry patterns of Compound 1 (API) in combination with HPMCAS-L and Poloxamer 407 (20:70: 10);

Figure 12 shows mouse PK study results for Compound 1 (API) alone and in combination with polymer and surfactant at 20% API load;

Figure 13 shows mouse PK study results for Compound 1 (API) alone and in combination with polymer and surfactant at 25% API load; and

Figure 14 includes Table 1 presenting pharmacokinetic parameters for Compound 1 (API) alone and in combination with polymer and surfactant.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

As used herein a "therapeutically effective amount" of a pharmaceutical composition or formulation in the present invention, is the quantity of a pharmaceutical composition or formulation which, when administered to an individual or animal, results in a sufficiently high level of that pharmaceutical composition or formulation in the individual or animal to cause a physiological response. The inventive pharmaceutical compositions or formulations described herein have pharmacological properties when administered in therapeutically effective amounts individually or in combination for providing a physiological response useful to treat cannabinoid use disorders and cannabinoid overdose including toxicity caused by delta-8 tetrahydrocannabinol, delta-9 tetrahydrocannabinol and synthetic psychoactive cannabinoids selected from the group consisting of aminoalkylindoles, cyclohexylphenols, naphtholylindoles, tetramethylcyclopropyls, indole carboxamides, and indozole carboxamides.

In another embodiment, the technology would be advantageous for formulating and developing cannabinoid-based medications for treating alcohol use disorders.

Typically, a "therapeutically effective amount" of the inventive pharmaceutical composition or formulation is believed to range from about 0.01 mg/day to about 1 ,000 mg/day.

As used herein an “active pharmaceutical ingredient” is the main ingredient in the pharmaceutical composition or formulation disclosed in the invention that causes the desired effect of the medicine in an individual or an animal.

As used herein, an "individual" disclosed in the invention refers to a human. An "animal" disclosed in the invention refers to, for example nonhuman-primates such as squirrel monkeys, rhesus monkeys, marmosets, baboons, veterinary animals, such as rodents, dogs, cats, horses and the like, and farm animals, such as cows, pigs and the like. In certain embodiments, the compound of Formula I or Formula II present in the pharmaceutical compositions or formulations disclosed in the invention could exist as pharmaceutically acceptable salts, solvates, hydrates, polymorphs, enantiomers, diastereomers, geometric isomers, racemates, tautomers, rotamers, atropisomers, isotopic variations, or N-oxides thereof,

Unless otherwise specifically defined, “acyl” refers to the general formula -C(O)alkyl.

Unless otherwise specifically defined, “acyloxy” refers to the general formula -O-acyl.

Unless otherwise specifically defined, “alcohol” refers to the general formula alkyl-OH and includes primary, secondary and tertiary variations.

Unless otherwise specifically defined, “alkyl” or “lower alkyl” refers to a linear, branched or cyclic alkyl group having from 1 to about 10 carbon atoms, and advantageously 1 to about 7 carbon atoms including, for example, methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, hexyl, octyl, isopropyl, isobutyl, tert-butyl, cyclopropyl, cyclohexyl, cyclooctyl, vinyl and allyl. The alkyl group can be saturated or unsaturated. The alkyl group can be unsubstituted, singly substituted or, if possible, multiply substituted, with substituent groups in any possible position. Unless otherwise specifically limited, a cyclic alkyl group includes monocyclic, bicyclic, tricyclic, tetracyclic and polycyclic rings, for example norbornyl, adamantyl and related terpenes.

Unless otherwise specifically defined, “alkoxy” refers to the general formula -O-alkyl.

Unless otherwise specifically defined, “alkylmercapto” refers to the general formula —S— alkyl.

Unless otherwise specifically defined, “alkylamino” refers to the general formula (NH) alkyl.

Unless otherwise specifically defined, “di-alkylamino” refers to the general formula -N-(alkyl)2. Unless otherwise specifically limited di-alkylamino includes cyclic amine compounds such as piperidine and morpholine. Unless otherwise specifically defined, an aromatic ring is an unsaturated ring structure having about 5 to about 7 ring members and including only carbon as ring atoms. The aromatic ring structure can be unsubstituted, singly substituted or, if possible, multiply substituted, with substituent groups in any possible position.

Unless otherwise specifically defined, “aryl” refers to an aromatic ring system that includes only carbon as ring atoms, for example phenyl, biphenyl or naphthyl. The aryl group can be unsubstituted, singly substituted or, if possible, multiply substituted, with substituent groups in any possible position.

Unless otherwise specifically defined, “aroyl” refers to the general formula C(=O) aryl.

Unless otherwise specifically defined, a bicyclic ring structure comprises 2 fused or bridged rings that include only carbon as ring atoms. The bicyclic ring structure can be saturated or unsaturated. The bicyclic ring structure can be unsubstituted, singly substituted or, if possible, multiply substituted, with substituent groups in any possible position. The individual rings may or may not be of the same type. Examples of bicyclic ring structures include naphthalene and bicyclooctane.

Unless otherwise specifically defined, a carbocyclic ring is a non-aromatic ring structure, saturated or unsaturated, having about 3 to about 8 ring members that includes only carbon as ring atoms, for example, cyclohexadiene or cyclohexane. The carbocyclic ring can be unsubstituted, singly substituted or, if possible, multiply substituted, with substituent groups in any possible position.

Unless otherwise specifically defined, “halogen” refers to an atom selected from fluorine, chlorine, bromine and iodine.

Unless otherwise specifically defined, a heteroaromatic ring is an unsaturated ring structure having about 5 to about 8 ring members independently selected from carbon atoms and one or more heteroatoms, including oxygen, nitrogen and/or sulfur, for example, pyridine, furan, quinoline, and their derivatives. The heteroaromatic ring can be unsubstituted, singly substituted or, if possible, multiply substituted, with substituent groups in any possible position. Unless otherwise specifically defined, a heterobicyclic ring structure comprises 2 fused or bridged rings having ring members independently selected from carbon and one or more heteroatoms, including oxygen, nitrogen and/or sulfur. The heterobicyclic ring structure can be saturated or unsaturated. The heterobicyclic ring can be unsubstituted, singly substituted or, if possible, multiply substituted, with substituent groups in any possible position. The individual rings may or may not be of the same type. Examples of heterobicyclic ring structures include isobenzofuran and indole.

Unless otherwise specifically defined, a heterocyclic ring is a saturated or unsaturated ring structure having about 3 to about 8 ring members independently selected from carbon atoms and one or more heteroatoms, including oxygen, nitrogen and/or sulfur; for example, piperidine, morpholine, piperazine, pyrrolidine, thiomorpholine, 1 ,1 - dioxothiomorpholine and their derivatives. The heterocyclic ring can be unsubstituted, singly substituted or, if possible, multiply substituted, with substituent groups in any possible position.

Unless otherwise specifically defined, a heterotricyclic ring structure comprises 3 fused, bridged, or both fused and bridged rings having ring members independently selected from carbon and one or more heteroatoms, including oxygen, nitrogen and/or sulfur. The heterotricyclic ring structure may be saturated or unsaturated. The heterotricyclic ring structure can be unsubstituted, singly substituted or, if possible, multiply substituted, with substituent groups in any possible position. The individual rings may or may not be of the same type. Examples of heterotricyclic ring structures include carbazole, phenanthroline, phenazine, 2,4,10-trioxaadamantane and tetradecahydrophenanthroline.

Unless otherwise specifically defined, a heteropolycyclic ring structure comprises more than 3 rings that may be fused, bridged or both fused and bridged and that have ring members independently selected from carbon and one or more heteroatoms, including oxygen, nitrogen and/or sulfur. The heteropolycyclic ring structure can be saturated or unsaturated. The heteropolycyclic ring structure can be unsubstituted, singly substituted or, if possible, multiply substituted, with substituent groups in any possible position. The individual rings may or may not be of the same type. Examples of heteropolycyclic ring structures include azaadamantine, tropane, homotropane and 5- norbornene-2,3-dicarboximide.

Unless otherwise specifically defined, the term “phenacyl” refers to the general formula phenyl acyl.

Unless otherwise specifically defined, a polycyclic ring structure comprises more than 3 rings that may be fused, bridged or both fused and bridged, and that includes carbon as ring atoms. The polycyclic ring structure can be saturated or unsaturated. The polycyclic ring structure can be unsubstituted, singly substituted or, if possible, multiply substituted, with substituent groups in any possible position. The individual rings may or may not be of the same type. Examples of polycyclic ring structures include adamantine, bicyclooctane, norbornane and bicyclononanes.

Unless otherwise specifically defined, a spirocycle refers to a ring system wherein a single atom is the only common member of two rings. A spirocycle can comprise a saturated carbocyclic ring comprising about 3 to about 8 ring members, a heterocyclic ring comprising about 3 to about 8 ring atoms wherein up to about 3 ring atoms may be N, S, or 0 or a combination thereof.

Unless otherwise specifically defined, a tricyclic ring structure comprises 3 rings that may be fused, bridged or both fused and bridged, and that includes carbon as ring atoms. The tricyclic ring structure can be saturated or unsaturated. The tricyclic ring structure can be unsubstituted, singly substituted or, if possible, multiply substituted, with substituent groups in any possible position, and may be substituted or unsubstituted. The individual rings may or may not be of the same type. Examples of tricyclic ring structures include fluorene and anthracene.

Unless otherwise specifically limited the term substituted means substituted by a below- described substituent group in any possible position. Substituent groups for the above moieties useful in the invention are those groups that do not significantly diminish the biological activity of the inventive compound. Substituent groups that do not significantly diminish the biological activity of the inventive compound include, for example, H, halogen, N3, NCS, CN, NO2, NX1X2, OX3, C(Xs)3, OAc, O-acyl, O-aroyl, NH-acyl, NH-aroyl, NHCOalkyl, CHO, C(halogen)₃, COOX₃, SO3H, PO3H2, SO2NX1X2, CONX1X2, alkyl, alcohol, alkoxy, alkylmercapto, alkylamino, di-alkylamino, sulfonamide, thioalkoxy or methylene dioxy when the substituted structure has two adjacent carbon atoms, wherein Xi and X2 each independently comprise H or alkyl, or Xi and X2 together comprise part of a heterocyclic ring having about 4 to about 7 ring members and optionally one additional heteroatom selected from 0, N or S, or Xi and X2 together comprise part of an imide ring having about 5 to about 6 members and X3 comprises H, alkyl, hydroxyloweralkyl, or alkyl-NXiX2, wherein Xi- Xs are as defined previously.. Unless otherwise specifically limited a substituent group may be in any possible position.

In one embodiment, the polymer is a concentration enhancing polymer that increases bioavailability of the compound of claim 1 , and is water soluble or dispersible in water.

In one embodiment, the polymer is selected from the group consisting of ionizable cellulosic polymers, non-ionizable cellulosic polymers, and vinyl polymers and copolymers having substituents selected from the group consisting of hydroxy, alkyl, acyloxy, and cyclic amide.

In one embodiment, the polymer is selected from the group consisting of hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose acetate succinate (HPMCAS), hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose phthalate (HPMCP), cellulose acetate phthalate (CAP), cellulose acetate trimellitate (CAT), methyl cellulose acetate phthalate, hydroxypropyl cellulose acetate phthalate, cellulose acetate terephthalate, cellulose acetate isophthalate, polyvinylpyrrolidinone, and polyvinylpyrrolidinone-polyvinylacetate copolymers.

In one embodiment, the polymer is an enteric polymer selected from the group consisting of cellulose derivatives including cellulose acetate phthalate (CAP), hydropropyl methylcellulose phthalate including HPMCP-50 or HPMCP-55, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose acetate succinate (HPMCAS), alkali-soluble acrylic copolymers inclusing Eudragit® L series and Eudragit® S series, polyvinyl acetate phthalate (PVAP), alginates, Carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), and any combinations thereof. In one embodiment, the polymer is a gastric-soluble polymer selected from the group consisting of methacrylic acid copolymers (such as Eudragit E®, Eudragit E100®), Eudragit E100 (also referred to as butylmethacylat-(2-dimethylaminoethyl)- methacrylat- methylmethacylat-copolymer (1 :2: 1 ), is a copolymer based on (2- dimethylaminoethyl) methacryalate, butyl methacrylate and methyl methacrylate having a mean molecular weight of about 150,000), chitosan and its derivatives (linear polysaccharide composed of randomly distributed -(l-4)-linked D-glucosamine (deacetylated unit) and N-acetyl-D- glucosamine (acetylated unit)), or other high molecular weight polymer with cationic function group, and any combinations thereof.

In one embodiment, the polymer is a pH-sensitive polymer selected from the group consisting of methacrylic acid copolymers including Eudragit E®, Eudragit E100®, Eudragit E100 (butylmethacylat-(2-dimethylaminoethyl)-methacrylat-methylmethacylat- copolymer (1 :2: 1 ), a copolymer based on (2-dimethyl- aminoethyl)methacryalate, butyl methacrylate and methyl methacrylate having a mean molecular weight of about 150,000), chitosan and its deritives (linear polysaccharide composed of randomly distributed -(l-4)-linked D-glucosamine (deacetylated unit) and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine (acetylated unit)), or other high molecule weigh polymer with cationic function group, cellulose derivatives such as cellulose acetate phthalate (CAP), hydropropyl methylcellulose phthalate including HPMCP-50 or HPMCP-55, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose acetate succinate (HPMCAS), alkali- soluble acrylic copolymers (Eudragit® L series and Eudragit® S series), polyvinyl acetate phthalate (PVAP), alginates, Carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), and mixtures of one or more thereof.

In one embodiment, the polymer is a water soluble polymer selected from the group consisting homopolymers and copolymers of N- vinyl lactams, including polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), copolymers of N-vinyl pyrrolidone and vinyl acetate or vinyl propionate, polyvinyl caprolactam-polyvinyl acetate-polyethylene glycol graft copolymer, block copolymers of ethylene oxide and propylene oxide, , lauroyl polyoxylglycerides cellulose esters and cellulose ethers including methylcellulose, hydroxyalkylcelluloses including hydroxypropylcellulose, hydroxyalkylalkylcelluloses including hydroxypropylmethylcellulose, high molecular poly alkylene oxides such as polyethylene oxide and polypropylene oxide and copolymers of ethylene oxide and propylene oxide, vinyl acetate polymers including copolymers of vinyl acetate and crotonic acid, partially saponified polyvinyl alcohol including partially hydrolyzed polyvinyl acetate , polyvinyl alcohol, oligo- and polysaccharides including carrageenans, galactomannans and xanthan gum, and mixtures thereof.

In one embodiment, the water-soluble polymer has a glass-transition temperature of at least 50° C.,

In one embodiment, the polymer is an ionic or nonionic polymer selected from the group consisting from polymethylmethacrylates, polyvinylpyrrolidone, hydroxyethyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, ethylcellulose, polyvinylpyrrolidone-polyvinylalcohol, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, acetate succinate (HPMC-AS), hydroxypropyl methylcellulose phthalate, cellulose acetate phthalate, hydroxypropyl cellulose acetate phthalate, methylcellulose acetate phthalate, polyoxyethylene-polyoxypropylene block copolymers, poloxamers, cyclodextrins, polyethylene glycol (PEG), polypropylene glycol (PPG), cellulose ethers and dextran.

In one embodiment, the polymer is selected from the group consisting of vinyl polymers and copolymers having substituents selected from the group consisting of hydroxy, alkyl, acyloxy, and cyclic amide.

In one embodiment, the polymer is selected from the group consisting of hypromellose phthalate and ethyl acrylate-methyl methacrylate-trimethylammonioethyl methacrylate chloride copolymer or hypromellose phthalate, and Eudragit.

In one embodiment, the polymer is selected from polyethylene glycol, polyvinylpyrrolidone, poly (2-ethyl-2-oxazaline) , polyvinyl alcohol, hydroxypropyl cellulose and hydroxypropyl-methyl cellulose and alginate.

In one embodiment, the polymer is selected from the group consisting of polyvinylpyrrolidinone and polyvinylpyrrolidinone-polyvinylacetate copolymers.

In one embodiment, the polymer is a copovidone copolymer. In one embodiment, the polymer is selected from HPMCP HP 55, HPMC E15, HPMC 100Cp, HPMC E4M, HPC Klucel, HPMC E5, Affinisol HPMCAS 716 (L), Affinisol HPMCAS 912 (M), Affinisol HPMCAS 126 (H), Kollidon VA64, PVP K30, Eudragit S100, Eudragit L100, Eudragit L100-55, Soluplus, ethyl cellulose, PEG 6000, PEG 1500, Poloxamer 188, Poloxamer 407, HPMCAS-L, HPMCAS-H, HPC-SSL, HPC-SL, Kollidon VA64, Kollidon K30, HPMCAS MMP, Gelucire 50/13, Compritol 888 ATO, Eudragit E PO, Ethocel Standard 10, Eudragit E PP, Eudragit E PO and combinations thereof.

In one embodiment, the surfactant or surfactant-like material is selected from the group consisting of anionic surfactants and nonionic surfactants.

In one embodiment, the surfactant or surfactant-like material is a homogeneous, amorphous or semi-crystalline powder.

In one embodiment, the surfactant or surfactant-like material is selected from the group consisting of polyoxyethylene alkyl ethers, polyoxyethylene alkylaryl ethers, polyethylene glycol fatty acid esters, alkylene glycol fatty acid mono esters, sucrose fatty acid esters, sorbitan fatty acid mono esters lauroyl polyoxylglycerides, polyvinyl caprolactam-polyvinyl acetate-polyethylene glycol graft copolymer marketed such as Soluplus®, sodium docusate, polyethylene glycol-26 glycerin marketed as Renex G26®, polyoxyehthylene monostearate, d-a-Tocopheryl polyethylene glycol 1000 succinate (vitamin E TPGS), polyoxyethylene alkyl ethers, polyethylene glycol fatty acid esters, alkylene glycol fatty acid mono esters, sucrose fatty acid esters, sorbitan fatty acid mono esters, sorbitan stearate, polyoxyethylene castor oil derivatives, or polyoxyethyleneglycerol oxystearate or block copolymers of ethylene oxide and propylene oxide, also known as polyoxyethylene polyoxypropylene block copolymers or polyoxyethylene polypropyleneglycol, such as Poloxamer or a mono fatty acid ester of polyoxyethylene sorbitan, e.g. polyoxyethylene sorbitan monooleate (Tween® 80), and mixtures thereof.

In one embodiment, the surfactant or surfactant-like material is non-ionic, is water soluble and is selected from sorbitan fatty acid esters, polyoxyethylene sorbitan fatty acid esters, polyoxyethylene castor oils, polyoxyethylene hydrogenated castor oils, vitamin E TPGS, Gelucires, and mixtures thereof.

In one embodiment, the surfactant or surfactant-like material is selected from the group consisting of fatty acid esters of saccharose, fatty alcohol ethers of oligoglucosides, fatty acid esters of glycerol, fatty acid esters of sorbitan, polyethoxylated fatty acid esters of sorbitan, fatty acid esters of poly(ethylene oxide), fatty alcohol ethers of polyethylene oxide), alkylphenol ethers of poly(ethylene oxide), polyoxyethylene-polyoxypropylene block copolymers, ethoxylated fats and oils.

In one embodiment, the surfactant or surfactant-like material is anionic.

In one embodiment, the surfactant or surfactant-like material is selected from polysorbates, poloxamines, carboxylates, alkyl sulfonates, alkylaryl sulfonates, alkyl sulfates, quaternary ammonium salts, phospholipids, medium-chain triglycerides, and long-chain triglycerides.

In one embodiment, the surfactant or surfactant-like material is present and is selected from Maisine ® CC, Labrafac ® Lipophile, castor oil, corn oil, Transcutol ® HP, and PEG400.

In one embodiment, the surfactant or surfactant-like material is selected from the group consisting of polyethylene glycol-glyceryl triricinoleate (PEG-GTR), Labrasol ® ALF, Gelucire ® 44/14, Labrafil ® M1944, Capryol ® 90, Kolliphor RH40, Poloxamer P407, SLS, D-a-Tocopheryl polyethylene glycol 1000 succinate, and Tween 80.

In one embodiment, a carrier includes at least one of alkoxylated non-ionic surfactant, ether sulphate surfactant, cationic surfactant and ester surfactant.

In one embodiment, the excipient is selected from the group consisting of lactose monohydrate, microcrystalline cellulose, croscarmellose sodium, colloidal silicon dioxide, magnesium stearate, and combinations thereof.

In one embodiment, the excipient is selected from the group consisting polymer based excipients, surfactant based excipients and lipid based excipients. In one embodiment, the excipient is a tonicity-adjusting agent listed by LISP-NF selected from the group consisting of dextrose, glycerin, mannitol, potassium chloride and sodium chloride.

In one embodiment, the solvent is protic or aprotic.

In one embodiment, the solvent is selected from acetone, ethyl acetate, methyl ethyl ketone, 2-propanol, water, acetone, ethanol, methanol, caustic water, chloroform, tetrahydrofuran, methylacetate, dichloromethane, and mixtures thereof.

By “physiologically acceptable salts” is meant, salts typically useful for pharmaceutical applications including acid addition salts and basic salts. Examples of acid addition salts are hydrochloride salts, hydrobromide salts, methane sulfonate salts etc. Examples of basic salts are salts where the cation is selected from alkali metals, such as sodium and potassium, alkaline earth metals, such as calcium, and ammonium ions. Other examples of physiologically acceptable salts can be found in "Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences" 17. Ed. Alfonso R. Gennaro (Ed.), Mark Publishing Company, Easton, Pa., U.S.A., 1985 and more recent editions, and in Encyclopedia of Pharmaceutical Technology.

Polymorphic forms show improved physiochemical properties and stability. In one embodiment, the compounds present in the pharmaceutical compositions or formulations disclosed in the invention could exist in various solid forms. The solid forms can be crystalline and amorphous forms, but not limited to, solvates, hydrates, hydrolyzable esters and N-oxides of the compounds defined in the specification. These solid forms can be obtained by treating either the free base or their salts at a certain adjusted pH and certain temperature with an solvent or a combination of solvents. The solvents can be and not limited to a hydrocarbon solvent such as toluene, xylene, hexanes, heptane, or petroleum ether, alcohol such as methanol, ethanol, n-butanol, n- propanol and 2-propanol, di-isopropyl ether, ethyl-acetate, dichloromethane, acetic acid, acetone, tetrahydrofuran, dichloromethane, and water.

In certain embodiments, the application discloses a novel process of manufacturing pharmaceutical compositions or formulations of formula l-ll. In one embodiment, in order to improve the dehepaticability of the pharmaceutical compositions or formulations disclosed in the present invention for the required physiological effect, a “pro-drug” of the compound of Formula I or Formula II present in the pharmaceutical compositions or formulations can be made available. For example, the pro-drug can be a obtained by conjugation of the parent drug with polyethylene glycol(PEG).

In some embodiments, the compounds of Formula I or Formula II present in the pharmaceutical compositions or formulations disclosed in the invention have at least one fluorine atom incorporated at or adjacent to a site that is susceptible to metabolism. The fluorine atom can be part or adjacent to a substituent group as defined.

In another embodiment, the compounds of formula l-ll present in the pharmaceutical compositions or formulations disclosed in the invention can also comprise isotopes at one or more of their atoms. For example, the compounds can be radiolabeled with isotopes, such as deuterium.

In some embodiments, the compounds of formula l-ll present in the pharmaceutical compositions or formulations disclosed in the invention have at least one deuterium atom incorporated at or adjacent to a site that is susceptible to metabolism. The deuterium atom can be part or adjacent to a substituent group as defined.

In one embodiment, the compound of Formula I or Formula II present in the pharmaceutical compositions or formulations disclosed in the invention can be a “neutral antagonist”. These agents are said to have no effect on intrinsic receptor activity at least in certain test systems. However, these agents may be able to block receptor binding and activation, usually by a competitive agonist.

In some embodiments, the compound of Formula I or Formula II present in the pharmaceutical compositions or formulations disclosed in the invention exhibit essentially no CB1 receptor intrinsic activity and block or significantly reduce receptor activation by a suitable agonist. It would be further desirable to have pharmaceutical compositions or formulations disclosed in the invention that can be used to prevent, treat, or reduce the severity of symptoms of certain medical conditions. It would be especially desirable to have the pharmaceutical compositions or formulations that exhibit no or minimal side-effects in vivo.

In another embodiment, the compound of Formula I or Formula II present in the pharmaceutical compositions or formulations disclosed in the invention may act preferentially at the CB1 or CB2 receptors located in the periphery. In certain embodiments, the compounds do not penetrate the blood-brain-barrier, have restricted penetration or have slow penetration. In certain embodiments, peripherally acting compounds that are excluded from the CNS may have advantages over centrally acting compounds, for example, reduced psychotropic adverse effects.

In another embodiment, the compound of Formula I or Formula II present in the pharmaceutical compositions or formulations disclosed in the invention acts on the CB1 or CB2 receptors located in the periphery and could be behave either as a neutral antagonist, an inverse agonist or a partial antagonist.

In another embodiment, the compound of Formula I or Formula II present in the pharmaceutical compositions or formulations disclosed in the invention on the CB1 receptors located centrally, and could behave as a neutral antagonist, an inverse agonist or a partial antagonist.

In another embodiment, the compound of Formula I or Formula II present in the pharmaceutical compositions or formulations disclosed in the invention could act either as inverse agonists with no or reduced side effects.

In another embodiment, the compound of Formula I or Formula II present in the pharmaceutical compositions or formulations disclosed in the invention could act as partial agonists with no or reduced side effects.

The CB1 cannabinoid receptor binding affinities (Ki) for the compounds of Formula I or Formula II present in the pharmaceutical compositions or formulations disclosed in the invention range between 0.1 nM and less than 100 nM. For example, in one embodiment, human and rodent CB1 cannabinoid receptor binding affinities (Ki) are 1 -5 nM and the human and rodent CB2 cannabinoid receptor binding affinity (Ki) are greater than 1000 nM. In another embodiment, human and rodent CB1 cannabinoid receptor binding affinities (Ki) are 1 -5 nM and the human and rodent CB2 cannabinoid receptor binding affinity (Ki) are 1 -5 nM, or human and rodent CB1 cannabinoid receptor binding affinities (Ki) are greater than 1000 nM and the human and rodent CB2 cannabinoid receptor binding affinity (Ki) are 1-5 nM.

In one embodiment, the pharmaceutical compositions or formulations disclosed in the invention could in itself act as a drug with a combination effect. For example, pharmaceutical compositions or formulations disclosed in the invention could dually or exclusively act as a CB1 antagonist and a CB2 antagonist, CB2 agonist or 11 p-hydroxy steroid dehydrogenase-1 inhibitor. In certain embodiments, the compound could act dually as a CB1 antagonist, CB2 antagonist or CB2 agonist and a nitric oxide donor or a nitric oxide synthase inhibitor.

The pharmaceutical compositions or formulations of the present invention can be administered by a variety of known methods, including orally. The specific dosage level of active ingredient will depend upon a number of factors, including, for example, biological activity of the particular preparation, age, body weight, sex and general health of the individual being treated.

The disclosure also provides a method of treating a subject suffering from alcohol use disorders, opioid use disorders, nicotine use disorders, cannabinoid use disorders and cannabinoid overdose and toxicity.

Several embodiments of the invention are further described in the Specification. It will be recognized that one or more features of any embodiments disclosed herein may be combined and/or rearranged within the scope of the invention to produce further embodiments that are also within the scope of the invention.

Still other objects and advantages of the invention will become apparent by those of skill in the art from the disclosure herein, which are simply illustrative and not restrictive. Thus, other embodiments will be recognized by the ordinarily skilled artisan without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. The disclosure is further illustrated by the following examples, which are not to be construed as limiting this disclosure in scope or spirit to the specific procedures described in this disclosure. It is to be understood that the examples are provided to illustrate certain embodiments and that no limitation to the scope of the disclosure is intended thereby. It is to be further understood that resort may be had to various other embodiments, modifications, and equivalents thereof which may suggest themselves to those skilled in the art without departing from the spirit of the present disclosure and/or scope of the appended claims.

The inventive embodiments are disclosed herein with reference to the following Examples and related description.

• Example 1

Micro-evaporation, X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) were used to understand and determine amorphous and crystalline dispersion formulations for the API and for feasibility towards Spray Dried Dispersions (SDD) and/or extrudates (Hot melt Extrusion). Micro-evaporation studies were performed to identify the polymer and polymer/surfactant matrix that best enhanced solubility. Micro- evaporative dispersion method allowed for the parallel evaluation of multiple approaches, including different carriers, excipients, and solvents in various proportions, and concentrations. The results from micro-evaporation studies were leveraged into downstream development of the most suitable formulation to put on a spray dryer. API- polymer mixtures were prepared in an organic solvent and micro evaporation was performed in a speedvac concentrator. The dried films were re-suspended in pH 6.8 phosphate buffer by vortexing and transferring test samples to 96-well plates followed by dissolution analysis at pH 6.8 by UV absorbance. Re-dissolution behavior was measured to determine performance of matrix system. Concentrations were adjusted to 100-250 pg/mL for drug loads ranging between 10-25% for API formulations with either polymer alone, a mixture of polymers, or a combination of polymer and surfactant. Spray drying of the selected formulation was performed on a Buchi-B290 spray dryer. The solid content of the solution was fixed at an optimal weight percent in an organic solvent of choice. For example, using a formulation comprising Compound 1 (API) and a suitable polymer or a mixture of polymers, or a formulation comprising Compound 1 (API) with a mixture of polymer and surfactant, the solid content of the solution was fixed at 7 w/v (%) in DCM : methanol (70:30 v/v% or 1 :1 v/v%).

In a specific embodiment, using a formulation comprising Compound 1 (API): HPMCAS- L (20:80) matrix, or Compound 1 : HPMCAS-L: P-407 (20:70:10) matrix or Compound 1 (API): HPMCAS-L: TPGS (20:70:10), the solid content of the solution was fixed at 7 w/v (%) in DCM : methanol (70:30 v/v%) with total solids of 3 grams. The initial solubility assessment showed greater than ~1 OOmg/mL solubility of Compound 1 (API) in the solvent mixture.

The spray drying conditions are shown below:

Variable Inlet Outlet Aspirator Gas Feed %Yield

Temp. Temp. (%) flow rate

The powder sample was collected from the collection vessel and cyclone and was dried in an oven overnight at 40 °C to provide a final yield of 70%.

As shown in Figures 4-6, pharmaceutical compositions or formulations of Compound 1 (API) with polymer, a combination of polymers, or a combination of polymer and surfactant showed substantially improved re-dissolution behavior and a significant improvement in supersaturation concentration for the API.

As shown in Figures 4-5, the dissolution and microevaporation analysis at 20% and 25% Compound 1 (API) load respectively, with HPMCAS-L showing the highest redissolution concentration of 64 mcg/mL and HPMCAS-L showing 9x fold increase in supersaturation concentrations compared to pure API.

As shown in Figure 6, the dissolution and microevaporation analysis at 25% Compound 1 (API) load, with combinations of HPMCAS-L and P-407 displaying a high redissolution concentration of 123 mcg/mL and was comparable to the dissolution and microevaporation analysis at 20% API (compound 1 ) load.

The micro-evaporation study was performed using a formulation of Compound 1 (API): HPMC HP55 + Poloxamer 407 (25:65:10) matrix in DCM: methanol (1 :1 v/v%) at API nominal concentrations of 250 pg/mL for 25% drug load. The SDD analysis for residual crystallinity was performed using Rigaku Miniflex II X-ray diffractometer. Figures 7-8 show the pXRD analysis of Compound 1 (API) alone and in combination with a polymer and surfactant. The data clearly confirm the amorphous nature of the SDD when compared to the crystalline nature of the API alone.

The DSC thermogram for Compound 1 (API) on its own shows a melting endotherm at 205°C (Figure 9). DSC thermograms (figures 10-11 ) for Compound 1 (API) formulations in HPMC HP55 and Poloxamer 407 (25:65:10) thin film and in HPMCAS-L and Poloxamer 407 (20:70: 10) thin film display the feasibility of the novel formulation towards Hot melt extrusion (HME).

• Example 2

Mice (CD-1 , weighing 25-30 g, n=8) were dosed using reconstitution vehicles intravenously (10%DMSC/70%PEG400/20%Water) or by oral gavage (1 % Tween80 in 50 mM PBS (pH = 6.8) alone or as a formulations comprising of Compound 1 (API), polymer and surfactant) with 30 mg/kg of the compound dissolved using the appropriate vehicle (concentration of 1 mg/mL with dosing volume of 30 ml/kg (PO) or 1 -2 ml/kg (IV). Drug load in the spray drying dispersion was maintained at ~20% by weight for selected formulations. Time points include: 0.083 (IV only), 0.25, 0.5, 1 , 2, 4, 8 and 24 hr; LLOQ is 1 ng/mL. Plasma was extracted and analyzed using a Thermo-Finnigan Quantum Ultra triple quadrupole mass spectrometer with an Agilent 1100 HPLC frontend (Figures 12-13). Chromatographic separation is achieved using a Phenomenex Gemini column (2x50 mm, 5p). The hardware utilized was a Finnigan TSQ Quantum Ultra triple quad mass spectrometer with both an APCI and ESI source and an Agilent 1100 front end, with the gradient mobile phase of 0.1 % formic acid in water and 0.1 % formic acid in methanol. The pharmaceutical composition or formulation comprising Compound 1 (API) +HPMCAS-L+P-407 (20:70:10) displayed an increase in oral bioavailability by approximately 12-fold (Figure 14, Table 1 ).

The pharmaceutical composition or formulation comprising Compound 1 API+HPMCAS- L+TPGS (20:70:10) displayed an increase in oral bioavailability by approximately 10- fold (Figure 14, Table 1 ).

The pharmaceutical composition or formulation comprising Compound 1 (API) +HPMCAS-L+P-407 (25:65:10) displayed an increase in oral bioavailability by approximately 5.5-fold (Figure 14, Table 1 ).

The pharmaceutical composition or formulation comprising Compound 1 (API) +HPMCAS-L+TPGS (25:65:10) displayed an increase in oral bioavailability by approximately 5.6-fold (Figure 14, Table 1 ).

The examples and data included herein clearly establishes the efficacy of formulations represented by Compound 1 (API) and all its variations in combination with a suitable polymer or a mixture of polymers, or a formulation comprising Compound 1 (API) and all its variations in combination with a polymer and surfactant, in varying component concentrations for drug delivery. Those skilled in the art would readily understand that the inventive embodiments are not limited to the exact formulations disclosed herein. The specific formulations of the Experiments and accompanying data are merely exemplary working examples and themselves prophetic of the broader inventive scope of the formulations and methods described.

Claims

CLAIMS What is claimed is:

1 . A pharmaceutical composition or formulation, comprising:

(i) a compound of Formula I or Formula II:

II

(ii) one or more pharmaceutically acceptable polymers;

(iii) optionally one or more pharmaceutically acceptable surfactants and/or one or more pharmaceutically acceptable surfactant- 1 ike materials;

(iv) optionally one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers and/or one or more pharmaceutically acceptable excipients; and

(v) optionally one or more solvents, in varying ratios, wherein

A is a direct bond,

B is N(H),

R1 is -T-(CH₂)m- Q — (CH₂)_n— Z, each of m and n is independently an integer from 0 to about 7;

Q is CH=CH or C=C;

Z is selected from the group consisting of H, halogen, CF3, CF2H, N3, NCS, CN, NO2, NX1X2, OX3, SX₃, OAc, OSO2X3, O-acyl, S-acyl, SO₂-alkyl, SO-alkyl, SC(CH₃)₂COOX8, OC(CH₃)₂COOX8 , C(CH₃)₂COOX8, Si(alkyl)₃, alkyl-CN, O-aroyl, O(CH₂)jOX₃, O(CH₂)jNXiX₂, NH-acyl, NH-aroyl, CHO, C(halogen)₃, COOX3, SO3H, SO2NX1X2, CONX1X2, NHC(O)O-alkyl, NHSO2-alkyl, alkoxy, alkyl, alcohol, alkylmercapto, alkylamino, di-alkylamino, alkylsulfinyl, alkylsulfonyl, CX4X5X6, - CH=CHX₈, and -C=CX₈ ; each of Xi and X2 is independently H or alkyl, or

X3 is selected from the group consisting of H, alkyl, NO2, (CH₂)mCN, hydroxyloweralkyl, and alkyl-NXiX2, each of X4, X5, and Xe is independently selected from the group consisting of H, alkyl, carbocyclic ring, hydroxyloweralkyl, alkyl-OH, halogen, CN, SNO, S(SO2)alkyl, NX1X2, COOX3, CONX3, OX7, and O-alkyl-X₇, wherein X? is selected from the group consisting of H, alkyl, NO2, NO, P(O)(OX₈)2, PH(O)(OX₈), S(O)kN(alkyl)₂, S(O)kX₈, S(O)_kOX₈, COOX₈, CONXs, SO3H and COX₈, wherein

X₈ is selected from the group consisting of H, alkyl, carbocyclic ring, heterocyclic ring, aromatic ring, heteroaromatic ring and -CXg=CHXio, each of Xg and X10 is independently H or alkyl, m is an integer from 0 to 7, j is an integer from 0 to about 6, and k is an integer from 0 to about 2;

Q is CH=CH or C=C; and

R1 is T (CH₂)m Q (CH₂)n Z; each of m and n is independently an integer from 0 to about 7;

Q is CH=CH or C=C; and

Z is selected from the group consisting of 1-, 2- or 3-pyrrolidinyl, 1-, 2-, 3- or 4- piperidinyl, 2-, 3- or 4-morpholinyl, 2-, 3- or 4-thiomorpholinyl, 1-, 2- or 3-azetidinyl, 1- or 2-piperazinyl, 2- or 3-tetrahydrofuranyl; or any above group substituted on at least one available ring atom by an alkyl group; or any above group substituted on at least one available ring nitrogen atom by a benzyl group, a substituted benzyl group, an alkoxybenzyl group, a substituted alkoxybenzyl group, a benzhydryl group or a substituted benzhydryl group; and wherein the connecting point between the -(CH₂)_n- group and the Z group can be any available ring carbon atom or any available ring nitrogen atom; or

Q is CH=CH or C=C; and

Z is selected from the group consisting of

wherein each of X and Y is independently selected from the group consisting of H, halogen, CF₃, CF₂H, N₃, NCS, CN, NO₂, NXIX₂, OX₃, SX₃, OAc, OSO₂X₃, O-acyl, S- acyl, SO₂-alkyl, SO-alkyl, SC(CH₃)₂COOX₈, OC(CH₃)₂COOX₈ , C(CH₃)₂COOX₈, Si(alkyl)₃, alkyl-CN, O-aroyl, O(CH₂)jOX₃, O(CH₂)jNXiX₂, NH-acyl, NH-aroyl, CHO, C(halogen)₃, COOX₃, SO₃H, SO₂NXIX₂, CONXIX₂, NHC(O)O-alkyl, NHSO2-alkyl, alkoxy, alkyl, alcohol, alkylmercapto, alkylamino, di-alkylamino, alkylsulfinyl or alkylsulfonyl, CX4X5X6, -CH=CHX₈ , and -C=CX₈ ; each of Xi and X₂ is independently H or alkyl, or Xi and X2 together form part of a heterocyclic ring having about 4 to about 7 ring members and optionally one additional heteroatom selected from 0, N and S, or

X7 is selected from the group consisting of H, alkyl, NO2, NO, P(O)(OX₈)2, PH(0)(0X₈), S(O)kN(alkyl)₂, S(O)kX₈, S(O)kOX₈, C00X₈, CONXs, SO3H, and C0X₈, wherein

W is H or alkyl; or

Q is CH=CH or C=C; and

R1 is -T-(CH₂)_m- Q -(CH₂)_n-Z;

Q is CH=CH or C=C;

R1 is -T-(CH₂)m- Q -(CH₂)n-Z;

Q is CH=CH or C=C; and

Z is selected from the group consisting of

X3 is selected from the group consisting of H, alkyl, aryl, NO2, (CH2)mCN, hydroxyloweralkyl, and alkyl-NXiX2, each of X4, X5, and Xe is independently selected from the group consisting of H, alkyl, carbocyclic ring, hydroxyloweralkyl, alkyl-OH, halogen, CN, SNO, S(S02)alkyl, NX1X2, COOX3, CONX3, OX7, and O-alkyl-X₇, wherein

X₇ is selected from the group consisting of H, alkyl, NO2, NO, P(0)(0Xs)2, PH(0)(0X₈), S(O)kN(alkyl)₂, S(O)kX₈, S(O)kOX₈, COOXs, CONXs, SO3H, and C0X₈, wherein

R1 is -(CH₂)n-Z; n is an integer from 0 to about 7; and

R1 is -(CH₂)_n-Z; n is an integer from 0 to about 7; and Z is selected from the group consisting of 1-, 2- or 3-pyrrolidinyl, 1-, 2-, 3- or 4- piperidinyl, 2-, 3- or 4-morpholinyl, 2-, 3- or 4-thiomorpholinyl, 1-, 2- or 3-azetidinyl, 1- or 2-piperazinyl, 2- or 3-tetrahydrofuranyl; or any above group substituted on at least one available ring atom by an alkyl group; or any above group substituted on at least one available ring nitrogen atom by a benzyl group, a substituted benzyl group, an alkoxybenzyl group, a substituted alkoxybenzyl group, a benzhydryl group or a substituted benzhydryl group; and wherein the connecting point between the -(CH2)n- group and the Z group can be any available ring carbon atom or any available ring nitrogen atom; or

R1 is -(CH₂)n-Z; n is an integer from 0 to about 7; and

Z is selected from the group consisting of

wherein each of X and Y is independently selected from the group consisting of, H, halogen, CF₃, CF2H, N₃, NCS, CN, NO2, NX1X2, OX₃, SX₃, OAc, OSO₂X₃, O-acyl, S- acyl, SO₂-alkyl, SO-alkyl, SC(CH₃)₂COOX₈, OC(CH₃)₂COOX₈ , C(CH₃)₂COOX₈, Si(alkyl)₃, alkyl-CN, O-aroyl, O(CH₂)jOX₃, O(CH₂)jNXiX2, NH-acyl, NH-aroyl, CHO, C(halogen)₃, COOX₃, SO₃H, SO2NX1X2, CONX1X2, NHC(O)O-alkyl, NHSO2-alkyl, alkoxy, alkyl, alcohol, alkylmercapto, alkylamino, di-alkylamino, alkylsulfinyl or alkylsulfonyl, CX4X5X6, -CH=CHX₈ , and -C^CXs; each of Xi and X2 is independently H or alkyl, or Xi and X2 together form part of a heterocyclic ring having about 4 to about 7 ring members and optionally one additional heteroatom selected from 0, N and S, or

W is H or alkyl; or

R1 is -(CH₂)n-Z; n is an integer from 0 to about 7; and

R1 is -(CH₂)m -Qi-(CH₂)n-Z;

X3 is selected from the group consisting of H, alkyl, aryl, N0₂, (CH₂)_mCN, hydroxyloweralkyl, and alkyl-NXiX₂,

X7 is selected from the group consisting of H, alkyl, N0₂, NO, P(O)(OX8)₂, PH(O)(OXs), S(O)kN(alkyl)₂, S(O)kX₈, S(0)_k0X₈, C00X₈, CONXs, SO3H, and C0X₈, wherein

R1 is -Q₂-(CH₂)n-Z;

X3 is selected from the group consisting of H, alkyl, aryl, N0₂, (CH₂)_mCN, hydroxyloweralkyl, and alkyl-NXiX₂, each of X4, X5, and Xe is independently selected from the group consisting of H, alkyl, carbocyclic ring, hydroxyloweralkyl, alkyl-OH, halogen, CN, SNO, S(SO₂)alkyl, NX1X2, COOX3, CONX3, OX7, and O-alkyl-X₇ wherein

X₇ is selected from the group consisting of H, alkyl, N0₂, NO, P(O)(OX₈)₂, PH(O)(OXs), S(O)kN(alkyl)₂, S(O)kX₈, S(O)kOX₈, C00X₈, CONXs, SO3H, and C0X₈, wherein

R1 is -(CH₂)m - Qi -(CH₂)n-Z;

R1 is -(CH₂)_m-Qi-(CH₂)n-Z;

R1 is -(CH₂)m-Qi-(CH2)n-Z;

R1 is -(CH₂)m-Qi-(CH₂)n-Z;

R1 is -(CH₂)m-Qi-(CH2)n-Z;

Z is selected from the group consisting of

Xi and X₂ together form part of a heterocyclic ring having about 4 to about 7 ring members and optionally one additional heteroatom selected from 0, N and S, or Xi and X2 together form part of an imide ring having about 5 to about 6 members,

W comprises H or alkyl; or

R1 is -(CH₂)m - Qi -(CH₂)n-Z;

Z is selected from the group consisting of

R1 is -T-(CH₂)_n-Z; n is an integer from 0 to about 7;

X7 is selected from the group consisting of H, alkyl, NO2, NO, P(0)(0Xs)2, PH(0)(0X₈), S(O)kN(alkyl)₂, S(O)kX₈, S(O)kOX₈, COOXs, CONXs, SO3H, and C0X₈, wherein

R1 is -T-(CH₂)n-Z; n is an integer from 0 to about 7;

Z is selected from the group consisting of

wherein X and Y are independently selected from the group consisting of H, halogen, CF₃, CF2H, N₃, NCS, CN, NO2, NX1X2, OX₃, SX₃, OAc, OSO₂X₃, O-acyl, S- acyl, SO₂-alkyl, SO-alkyl, SC(CH₃)₂COOX8, OC(CH₃)₂COOX₈ , C(CH₃)₂COOX8, Si(alkyl)₃, alkyl-CN, O-aroyl, O(CH₂)jOX₃, O(CH₂)jNXiX₂, NH-acyl, NH-aroyl, CHO, C(halogen)₃, COOX₃, SO₃H, SO₂NXIX₂, CONXIX₂, NHC(O)O-alkyl, NHSO2-alkyl, alkoxy, alkyl, alcohol, alkylmercapto, alkylamino, di-alkylamino, alkylsulfinyl or alkylsulfonyl, CX₄X₅X₆, -CH=CHX₈, and -C=CX₈ ; each of Xi and X₂ is independently H or alkyl, or

X₃ is selected from the group consisting of H, alkyl, aryl, N0₂, (CH₂)_mCN, hydroxyloweralkyl, and alkyl-NXiX₂, each of X₄, X5, and Xe is independently selected from the group consisting of H, alkyl, carbocyclic ring, hydroxyloweralkyl, alkyl-OH, halogen, CN, SNO, S(SO₂)alkyl, NX1X2, C00X₃, C0NX₃, OX7, and O-alkyl-X₇, wherein

X₇ is selected from the group consisting of H, alkyl, N0₂, NO, P(O)(OX₈)₂, PH(O)(OX₈), S(O)kN(alkyl)₂, S(O)kX₈, S(0)_k0X₈, COOXs, CONXs, SO₃H, and C0X₈, wherein

W is H or alkyl; or

R1 is -T-(CH₂)n-Z; n is an integer from 0 to about 7;

R1 is -T-Q-(CH₂)n-Z, each n is independently an integer from 0 to about 7;

X3 is selected from the group consisting of H, alkyl, NO2, (CH2)mCN, hydroxyloweralkyl, and alkyl-NXiX2, each of X4, X5, and Xe is independently selected from the group consisting of H, alkyl, carbocyclic ring, hydroxyloweralkyl, alkyl-OH, halogen, CN, SNO, S(S02)alkyl, NX1X2, COOX3, CONX3, OX7, and O-alkyl-X₇, wherein

X7 is selected from the group consisting of H, alkyl, NO2, NO, P(O)(OX₈)2, PH(O)(OXs), S(O)kN(alkyl)₂, S(O)kX₈, S(O)kOX₈, COOXs, CONXs, SO3H, and C0X₈, wherein

R1 is -T-Q-(CH₂)n-Z; each n is independently an integer from 0 to about 7;

Q is CH=CH or C=C; and

R1 is -T-Q-(CH₂)n-Z; each n is independently an integer from 0 to about 7;

Q is CH=CH or C=C; and

R1 is -T-Q-(CH₂)n-Z; each n is independently an integer from 0 to about 7;

Q is CH=CH or C=C; and

Z is selected from the group consisting of

wherein X and Y are independently selected from the group consisting of H, halogen, CF3, CF2H, N3, NCS, CN, NO2, NX1X2, OX3, SX3, OAc, OSO2X3, O-acyl, S- acyl, SO₂-alkyl, SO-alkyl, SC(CH₃)₂COOX₈, OC(CH₃)₂COOX₈ , C(CH₃)₂COOX₈, Si(alkyl)₃, alkyl-CN, O-aroyl, O(CH₂)jOX₃, O(CH₂)jNXiX₂, NH-acyl, NH-aroyl, CHO, C(halogen)₃, COOX3, SO3H, SO2NX1X2, CONX1X2, NHC(O)O-alkyl, NHS02-alkyl, alkoxy, alkyl, alcohol, alkylmercapto, alkylamino, di-alkylamino, alkylsulfinyl or alkylsulfonyl, CX4X5X6, -CH=CHX₈, and -C=CX₈ ; each of Xi and X2 is independently H or alkyl, or

W is H or alkyl; or

R1 is -T-Q-(CH₂)n-Z; each n is independently an integer from 0 to about 7;

Q is CH=CH or C=C; and

Q is CH=CH or C^C;

Z is

R1 is -T- Q-(CH₂)n-Z;

Q is CH=CH or C=C; and

Z is selected from the group consisting of

R2 is -(CH₂)n-Z; n is an integer from 0 to about 7; wherein

X3 is selected from the group consisting of H, alkyl, aryl, NO2, (CH2)mCN, hydroxyloweralkyl, and alkyl-NXiX2, each of X4, X5, and Xe is independently selected from the group consisting of H, alkyl, carbocyclic ring, hydroxyloweralkyl, alkyl-OH, halogen, CN, SNO, S(SO2)alkyl, NX1X2, COOX3, CONX3, OX7, and O-alkyl-X₇, wherein X? is selected from the group consisting of H, alkyl, NO2, NO, P(O)(OX₈)2, PH(O)(OX₈), S(O)kN(alkyl)₂, S(O)kX₈, S(O)_kOX₈, COOX₈, CONXs, SO3H and COX₈, wherein

R2 is -(CH₂)n-Z; n is an integer from 0 to about 7; and

Z is selected from the group consisting of 1-, 2- or 3-pyrrolidinyl, 1-, 2-, 3- or 4- piperidinyl, 2- 3- or 4-morpholinyl, 2-, 3- or 4-thiomorpholinyl, 1-, 2- or 3-azetidinyl, 1- or 2-piperazinyl, 2- or 3-tetrahydrofuranyl; or any above group substituted on at least one available ring atom by an alkyl group; or any above group substituted on at least one available ring nitrogen atom by a benzyl group, a substituted benzyl group, an alkoxybenzyl group, a substituted alkoxybenzyl group, a benzhydryl group or a substituted benzhydryl group; and wherein the connecting point between the -(CH₂)_n- group and the Z group can be any available ring carbon atom or any available ring nitrogen atom; or

R2 is -(CH₂)n-Z; n is an integer from 0 to about 7; and

Z is selected from the group consisting of

wherein each of X and Y is independently selected from the group consisting of H, halogen, CF₃, CF2H, N₃, NCS, CN, NO2, NX1X2, OX₃, SX₃, OAc, OSO₂X₃, O-acyl, S- acyl, SO₂-alkyl, SO-alkyl, SC(CH₃)₂COOX8, OC(CH₃)₂COOX₈ , C(CH₃)₂COOX8, Si(alkyl)₃, alkyl-CN, O-aroyl, O(CH₂)jOX₃, O(CH₂)jNXiX₂, NH-acyl, NH-aroyl, CHO, C(halogen)₃, COOX₃, SO₃H, SO₂NXIX₂, CONXIX₂, NHC(O)O-alkyl, NHSO2-alkyl, alkoxy, alkyl, alcohol, alkylmercapto, alkylamino, di-alkylamino, alkylsulfinyl or alkylsulfonyl, CX₄X₅X₆, -CH=CHX₈ , and -C=CX₈; each of Xi and X₂ is independently H or alkyl, or

W comprises H or alkyl; or

R2 is -(CH₂)n-Z; n is an integer from 0 to about 7; and

R2 is -(CH₂)_m -Qi-(CH₂)_n-Z; Qi is selected from the group consisting of NH, 0, S,-CH=CH-, -C=C-, -CO, SO2 and OSO2; m is an integer from 1 to about 7; n is an integer from 0 to about 7; and wherein Z is selected from the group consisting of H, halogen, CF3, CF2H, N3, NCS, CN, NO2, NX1X2, OX3, SX₃, OAc, OSO2X3, 0-acyl, S-acyl, SO₂-alkyl, SO-alkyl, SC(CH₃)₂COOX8, OC(CH₃)2COOX₈ , C(CH₃)2COOX8, Si(alkyl)₃, alkyl-CN, O-aroyl, O(CH₂)jOX₃, O(CH₂)jNXiX₂, NH-acyl, NH-aroyl, CHO, C(halogen)₃, COOX3, SO3H, SO2NX1X2, CONX1X2, NHC(O)O-alkyl, NHS02-alkyl, alkoxy, alkyl, alcohol, alkylmercapto, alkylamino, di-alkylamino, alkylsulfinyl or alkylsulfonyl, CX4X5X6, - CH=CHXs , and -C=CX₈; each of Xi and X2 is independently H or alkyl, or

X3 is selected from the group consisting of H, alkyl, aryl, NO2, (CH2)mCN, hydroxyloweralkyl, and alkyl-NXiX2, each of X4, X5, and Xe is independently selected from the group consisting of H, alkyl, carbocyclic ring, hydroxyloweralkyl, alkyl-OH, halogen, CN, SNO, S(S02)alkyl, NX1X2, COOX3, CONX3, OX7, and O-alkyl-X₇ wherein

X₇ is selected from the group consisting of H, alkyl, NO2, NO, P(0)(0Xs)2, PH(O)(OXs), S(O)kN(alkyl)₂, S(O)kX₈, S(0)_k0X₈, COOXs, CONXs, SO3H, and COXs, wherein

R2 is -Q₂-(CH₂)n-Z;

X3 is selected from the group consisting of H, alkyl, aryl, N0₂, (CH₂)_mCN, hydroxyloweralkyl, and alkyl-NXiX₂, each of X4, X5, and Xe is independently selected from the group consisting of H, alkyl, carbocyclic ring, hydroxyloweralkyl, alkyl-OH, halogen, CN, SNO, S(SO₂)alkyl, NX1X2, COOX3, CONX3, OX7, and O-alkyl-X₇, wherein X? is selected from the group consisting of H, alkyl, NO2, NO, P(O)(OX₈)2, PH(O)(OX₈), S(O)kN(alkyl)₂, S(O)kX₈, S(O)_kOX₈, COOX₈, CONX₈, SO3H, and COX₈, wherein

R2 is -(CH2)m-Qi-(CH₂)n-Z;

R2 is -(CH₂)m-Qi-(CH₂)n-Z;

R2 is -(CH₂)m-Qi-(CH2)n-Z;

R2 is -(CH2)m-Qi-(CH₂)n-Z;

Qi is selected from the group consisting of NH, 0, S, CH=CH, C=C, CO, S0₂ and OSO2; m is an integer from 1 to about 7; n is an integer from 0 to about 7; Z is selected from the group consisting of 1-, 2- or 3-pyrrolidinyl, 1-, 2-, 3- or 4- piperidinyl, 2-, 3- or 4-morpholinyl, 2-, 3- or 4-thiomorpholinyl, 1-, 2- or 3-azetidinyl, 1- or 2-piperazinyl, 2- or 3-tetrahydrofuranyl; or any above group substituted on at least one available ring atom by an alkyl group; or any above group substituted on at least one available ring nitrogen atom by a benzyl group, a substituted benzyl group, an alkoxybenzyl group, a substituted alkoxybenzyl group, a benzhydryl group or a substituted benzhydryl group; and wherein the connecting point between the -(CH2)n- group and the Z group can be any available ring carbon atom or any available ring nitrogen atom; or

R2 is -(CH₂)m-Qi-(CH₂)n-Z;

Z is selected from the group consisting of

wherein each of X and Y is independently selected from the group consisting of H, halogen, CF₃, CF2H, N₃, NCS, CN, NO2, NX1X2, OX₃, SX₃, OAc, OSO₂X₃, O-acyl, S- acyl, SO₂-alkyl, SO-alkyl, SC(CH₃)₂COOX₈, OC(CH₃)₂COOX₈ , C(CH₃)₂COOX₈, Si(alkyl)₃, alkyl-CN, O-aroyl, O(CH₂)jOX₃, O(CH₂)jNXiX₂, NH-acyl, NH-aroyl, CHO, C(halogen)₃, COOX₃, SO₃H, SO₂NXIX₂, CONXIX₂, NHC(O)O-alkyl, NHSO2-alkyl, alkoxy, alkyl, alcohol, alkylmercapto, alkylamino, di-alkylamino, alkylsulfinyl or alkylsulfonyl, CX₄X₅X₆, -CH=CHX₈ , and -C=CX₈; each of Xi and X₂ is independently H or alkyl, or

X₃ is selected from the group consisting of H, alkyl, aryl, N0₂, (CH₂)_mCN, hydroxyloweralkyl, and alkyl-NXiX₂, each of X₄, X5, and Xe is independently selected from the group consisting of H, alkyl, carbocyclic ring, hydroxyloweralkyl, alkyl-OH, halogen, CN, SNO, S(SO₂)alkyl, NX1X2, C00X₃, C0NX₃, OX7, and O-alkyl-X₇ wherein

X₇ is selected from the group consisting of H, alkyl, N0₂, NO, P(O)(OX₈)₂, PH(O)(OXs), S(O)kN(alkyl)₂, S(O)kX₈, S(0)_k0X₈, C00X₈, CONXs, SO₃H, and C0X₈, wherein

W is H or alkyl; or

R2 is -(CH2)m-Qi-(CH₂)n-Z;

R2 is -(CH₂)_m - Qi -(CH₂)n-Z;

Z is selected from the group consisting of

R2 is -T-(CH₂)n-Z; n is an integer from 0 to about 7;

Z is selected from the group consisting of, H, halogen, CF3, CF2H, N3, NCS, CN, NO2, NX1X2, OX3, SX₃, OAc, OSO2X3, 0-acyl, S-acyl, SO₂-alkyl, SO-alkyl, SC(CH₃)₂COOX8, OC(CH₃)₂COOX8 , C(CH₃)₂COOX8, Si(alkyl)₃, alkyl-CN, O-aroyl, O(CH₂)jOX₃, O(CH₂)jNXiX₂, NH-acyl, NH-aroyl, CHO, C(halogen)₃, COOX3, SO3H, SO2NX1X2, CONX1X2, NHC(O)O-alkyl, NHS02-alkyl, alkoxy, alkyl, alcohol, alkylmercapto, alkylamino, di-alkylamino, alkylsulfinyl or alkylsulfonyl, CX4X5X6, - CH=CHX₈ , and -C=CX₈; each of Xi and X2 is independently H or alkyl, or

R2 is -T-(CH₂)n-Z; n is an integer from 0 to about 7;

Z is selected from the group consisting of

W comprises H or alkyl; or

R2 is -T-(CH₂)n-Z; n is an integer from 0 to about 7;

Z is selected from the group consisting of H, halogen, CF3, CF2H, N3, NCS, CN, NO2, NX1X2, OX3, SX₃, OAc, OSO2X3, 0-acyl, S-acyl, SO₂-alkyl, SO-alkyl, SC(CH₃)₂COOX8, OC(CH₃)₂COOX8, C(CH₃)₂COOX8, Si(alkyl)₃, alkyl-CN, O-aroyl, O(CH₂)jOX₃, O(CH₂)jNXiX₂, NH-acyl, NH-aroyl, CHO, C(halogen)₃, COOX3, SO3H, SO2NX1X2, CONX1X2, NHC(O)O-alkyl, NHS02-alkyl, alkoxy, alkyl, alcohol, alkylmercapto, alkylamino, di-alkylamino, alkylsulfinyl or alkylsulfonyl, CX4X5X6, - CH=CHX₈ , and -C=CX₈; each of Xi and X2 is independently H or alkyl, or

X₈ is selected from the group consisting ofa H, alkyl, carbocyclic ring, heterocyclic ring, aromatic ring, heteroaromatic ring, and -CX9=CHXw, wherein each of Xg and X10 is independently H or alkyl, wherein m is an integer from 0 to 7, j is an integer from 0 to about 6, k is an integer from 0 to about 2; or

Qi is selected from the group consisting of NH, 0, S, CH=CH, C=C, CO, S0₂ and OSO2; and

Z is selected from the group consisting of 1-, 2- or 3-pyrrolidinyl, 1-, 2-, 3- or 4- piperidinyl, 2-, 3- or 4-morpholinyl, 2-, 3- or 4-thiomorpholinyl, 1-, 2- or 3-azetidinyl, 1- or 2-piperazinyl, 2- or 3-tetrahydrofuranyl; or any above group substituted on at least one available ring atom by an alkyl group; or any above group substituted on at least one available ring nitrogen atom by a benzyl group, a substituted benzyl group, an alkoxybenzyl group, a substituted alkoxybenzyl group, a benzhydryl group or a substituted benzhydryl group; and wherein the connecting point between the -(CH₂)n- group and the Z group can be any available ring carbon atom or any available ring nitrogen atom; or R2 is -T-(CH₂)m-Qi-(CH₂)_n-Z; each of m and n is independently an integer from 0 to about 7;

Qi is selected from the group consisting of N, 0, S, CH=CH, C=C, CO, SO2 and

OSO2; and

Z is selected from the group consisting of

wherein each of X and Y is independently selected from the group consisting of H, halogen, CF₃, CF2H, N₃, NCS, CN, NO2, NX1X2, OX3, SX3, OAc, OSO2X3, O-acyl, S- acyl, SO₂-alkyl, SO-alkyl, SC(CH₃)₂COOX8, OC(CH₃)₂COOX8 , C(CH₃)₂COOX₈, Si(alkyl)₃, alkyl-CN, O-aroyl, O(CH₂)jOX₃, O(CH₂)jNXiX₂, NH-acyl, NH-aroyl, CHO, C(halogen)₃, COOX3, SO3H, SO₂NXIX₂, C0NXIX₂, NHC(O)O-alkyl, NHS02-alkyl, alkoxy, alkyl, alcohol, alkylmercapto, alkylamino, di-alkylamino, alkylsulfinyl or alkylsulfonyl, CX₄X₅X₆, -CH=CHX₈ , and -C=CX₈; each of Xi and X₂ is independently H or alkyl, or Xi and X2 together form part of a heterocyclic ring having about 4 to about 7 ring members and optionally one additional heteroatom selected from 0, N and S, or

X3 is selected from the group consisting of H, alkyl, aryl, NO2, (CH2)mCN, hydroxyloweralkyl, and alkyl-NXiX2, each of X4, Xs, and Xe is independently selected from the group consisting of H, alkyl, carbocyclic ring, hydroxyloweralkyl, alkyl-OH, halogen, CN, SNO, S(S02)alkyl, NX1X2, COOX3, CONX3, OX7, and O-alkyl-X₇, wherein

X₇ is selected from the group consisting of H, alkyl, NO2, NO, P(O)(OX₈)2, PH(0)(0X₈), S(O)kN(alkyl)₂, S(O)kX₈, S(O)kOX₈, C00X₈, CONXs, SO3H, and C0X₈, wherein

W is H or alkyl; or

R2 is -T-(CH2)m-Qi-(CH₂)n-Z;

Qi is selected from the group consisting of NH, 0, S, CH=CH, C=C, CO, SO2 and 0S0₂;

Z is selected from the group consisting of

k is an integer from 1 to about 5, each of A1 and A₂ is independently selected from the group consisting of a C1 to about C4 alkyl group, a phenyl group and a substituted phenyl group;

wherein G is selected from the group consisting of CH, C(CH3), C(CN) and N, each of L, K and J is independently selected from the group consisting of (CH₂)n, (CH₃)₂, C=O, 0, -CHOH, C(CH₃)0Mi, C(CH₂)n(X)Y, NMi, SO and S, n is an integer from 0 to about 7;

Mi is selected from the group consisting of H, alkyl, and C(0)M2, wherein

M₂ is selected from the group consisting of H, alkyl, NM₃M4, and OMs, and each of M₃, / and Ms is independently H, OH or alkyl, and each of X and Y is independently selected from the group consisting of H, halogen, CF₃, CF₂H, N₃, NCS, CN, N0₂, NX1X2, 0X₃, SX₃, OAc, OSO₂X₃, 0-acyl, S-acyl, SO₂-alkyl, SO-alkyl, SC(CH₃)₂COOX₈, OC(CH₃)₂COOX₈ , C(CH₃)₂COOX₈, Si(alkyl)₃, alkyl-CN, O-aroyl, O(CH₂)jOX₃, O(CH₂)jNXiX₂, NH-acyl, NH-aroyl, CHO, C(halogen)₃, C00X₃, SO₃H, SO₂NXIX₂, CONX1X2, NHC(O)O-alkyl, NHSO₂-alkyl, alkoxy, alkyl, alcohol, alkylmercapto, alkylamino, di-alkylamino, alkylsulfinyl or alkylsulfonyl, CX4X5X6, -CH=CHX₈ , and -C=CX₈; each of Xi and X₂ is independently H or alkyl, or

X₃ is selected from the group consisting of H, alkyl, NO2, (CH₂)_mCN, hydroxyloweralkyl, and alkyl-NXiX₂, each of X4, Xs, and Xs is independently selected from the group consisting of H, alkyl, carbocyclic ring, hydroxyloweralkyl, alkyl-OH, halogen, CN, SNO, S(SO₂)alkyl, NXIX₂, C00X₃, C0NX₃, 0X7, and O-alkyl-X₇, wherein X? is selected from the group consisting of H, alkyl, NO2, NO, P(O)(OX₈)2, PH(O)(OX₈), S(O)kN(alkyl)₂, S(O)kX₈, S(O)_kOX₈, COOX₈, CONX₈, SO3H, and COX₈, wherein

X3 is selected from the group consisting of H, alkyl, NO2, (CH2)mCN, hydroxyloweralkyl, and alkyl-NXiX2, each of X4, X5, and Xe is independently selected from the group consisting of H, alkyl, carbocyclic ring, hydroxyloweralkyl, alkyl-OH, halogen, CN, SNO, S(S02)alkyl, NX1X2, COOX3, CONX3, OX7, and O-alkyl-X₇, wherein X? is selected from the group consisting of H, alkyl, NO2, NO, P(O)(OX₈)2, PH(O)(OX₈), S(O)kN(alkyl)₂, S(O)kX₈, S(O)_kOX₈, COOX₈, CONXs, SO3H and COX₈, wherein

R4 is selected from the group consisting of

X7 is selected from the group consisting of H, alkyl, NO2, NO, P(O)(OX₈)2, PH(O)(OX₈), S(O)kN(alkyl)₂, S(O)kX₈, S(0)_k0X₈, COOXs, CONXs, SO3H, and C0X₈, wherein

R4 is -(CH₂)d-Z; d is an integer from 1 to about 6; and

R4 is -(CH₂ )m -Qi-(CH₂)_n-Z;

Qi is selected from the group consisting of NH, 0, S, CH=CH, C=C, CO, S0₂ and

X₇ is selected from the group consisting of H, alkyl, NO2, NO, P(O)(OX₈)2, PH(O)(OXs), S(O)kN(alkyl)₂, S(O)kX₈, S(0)_k0X₈, C00X₈, CONXs, SO3H, and C0X₈, wherein

R4 is -(CH₂)m -Qi-(CH₂)n-Z;

R4 is -(CH₂)m-Qi-(CH₂)_n-Z;

R4 is -(CH₂)m-Qi-(CH2)n-Z;

Qi is selected from the group consisting of NH, 0, S, CH=CH, C=C, CO, S0₂ and OSO2; m is an integer from 1 to about 7; n is an integer from 0 to about 7; and

Z is selected from the group consisting of

wherein each of X and Y is independently selected from the group consisting of H, halogen, CF₃, CF2H, N₃, NCS, CN, NO2, NX1X2, 0X₃, SX₃, OAc, OSO₂X₃, O-acyl, S-acyl, SO₂-alkyl, SO-alkyl, SC(CH₃)₂COOX₈, OC(CH₃)₂COOX₈ , C(CH₃)₂COOX₈, Si(alkyl)₃, alkyl-CN, O-aroyl, O(CH₂)jOX₃, O(CH₂)jNXiX₂, NH-acyl, NH-aroyl, CHO, C(halogen)₃, C00X₃, SO₃H, SO2NX1X2, CONX1X2, NHC(O)O-alkyl, NHS02-alkyl, alkoxy, alkyl, alcohol, alkylmercapto, alkylamino, di-alkylamino, alkylsulfinyl or alkylsulfonyl, CX4X5X6, -CH=CHXs , and -C=CX₈ ; each of Xi and X₂ is independently H or alkyl, or Xi and X2 together form part of a heterocyclic ring having about 4 to about 7 ring members and optionally one additional heteroatom selected from 0, N and S, or

W is H or alkyl.

2. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 1 , wherein the polymer is selected from the group consisting of ionizable cellulosic polymers, non-ionizable cellulosic polymers, and vinyl polymers and copolymers.

3. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 1 wherein the polymer is a water-soluble polymer or an enteric polymer or both.

4. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 1 , wherein the polymer is a gastric- soluble polymer.

5. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 1 , wherein the polymer is a pH-sensitive polymer

6. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 1 , wherein the polymer is a water soluble polymer

7. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 1 , wherein the polymer is an ionic or nonionic polymer.

8. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 1 , wherein the polymer is selected from HPMCP HP 55, HPMC E15, HPMC 100Cp, HPMC E4M, HPC Klucel, HPMC E5, Affinisol HPMCAS 716 (L), Affinisol HPMCAS 912 (M), Affinisol HPMCAS 126 (H), Kollidon VA64, PVP K30, Eudragit S100, Eudragit L100, Eudragit L100-55, Soluplus, ethyl cellulose, PEG 6000, PEG 1500, Poloxamer 188, Poloxamer 407, HPMCAS-L, HPMCAS-H, HPC- SSL, HPC-SL, Kollidon VA64, Kollidon K30, HPMCAS MMP, Gelucire 50/13, Compritol 888 ATO, Eudragit E PO, Ethocel Standard 10, Eudragit E PP, Eudragit E PO and combinations thereof.

9. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 1 , wherein a surfactant is present and is selected from the group consisting of anionic surfactants and nonionic surfactants.

10. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 1 , wherein a surfactant or surfactant-like material is present and is a homogeneous, amorphous or semi-crystalline powder.

11 . The pharmaceutical composition of claim 1 , wherein a surfactant or surfactant-like material is present and is non-ionic and is water soluble.

12. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 1 , wherein a surfactant or surfactant-like material is present and is anionic.

13. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 1 , wherein a carrier is present and includes at least one of alkoxylated non-ionic surfactant, ether sulphate surfactant, cationic surfactant and ester surfactant.

14. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 1 , wherein an excipient is present and is selected from the group consisting of lactose monohydrate, microcrystalline cellulose, croscarmellose sodium, colloidal silicon dioxide, magnesium stearate, and combinations thereof.

15. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 1 , wherein an excipient is present and is selected from the group consisting polymer based excipients, surfactant based excipients and lipid based excipients.

16. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 1 , wherein an excipient is present and is a tonicity-adjusting agent listed by LISP-NF selected from the group consisting of dextrose, glycerin, mannitol, potassium chloride and sodium chloride.

17. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 1 , wherein a solvent is present and is protic or aprotic.

18. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 1 , wherein the compound is selected from

.

19. A process of making the composition of claim 1 , comprising spray drying a mixture comprising the compound, the one or more polymers, the one or more surfactants or surfactant-like materials, if present, the one or more carriers, if present, the one or more excipients, if present, and the one or more solvents, if present.

20. A process of making the composition of claim 1 , comprising performing hot melt extrusion of a mixture comprising the compound, the one or more polymers, the one or more surfactants or surfactant-like materials, if present, the one or more carriers, if present, the one or more excipients, if present, and the one or more solvents, if present.

21. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 1 , wherein the composition is a pharmaceutically compatible solid dispersion or a nano dispersion.

22. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 21 , wherein the solid dispersion is crystalline or amorphous in nature and is physically stable.

23. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 1 , wherein the composition is in the form of a tablet or capsule having a predetermined dosage.

24. The composition of claim 21 , wherein the solid dispersion is prepared by coprecipitation or hot melt extrusion or spray drying.

25. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 1 , wherein the polymer is selected from one of HPMCP HP 55, HPMC E15, HPMC 100Cp, HPMC E4M, HPC Klucel, HPMC E5, Affinisol HPMCAS 716 (L), Affinisol HPMCAS 912 (M), Affinisol HPMCAS 126 (H), Kollidon VA64, PVP K30, Eudragit S100, Eudragit L100, Eudragit L100-55, Soluplus, ethyl cellulose, PEG 6000, PEG 1500, Poloxamer 188, Poloxamer 407, HPMCAS-L, HPMCAS-H, HPC-SSL, HPC-SL, Kollidon VA64, Kollidon K30, HPMCAS MMP, Gelucire 50/13, Compritol 888 ATO, Eudragit E PO, Ethocel Standard 10, Eudragit E PP, and Eudragit E PO.

26. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 25, wherein a surfactant is present and is selected from one of polyethylene glycol-glyceryl triricinoleate (PEG-GTR), Labrasol ® ALF, Gelucire ® 44/14, Labrafil ® M1944, Capryol ® 90, Kolliphor RH40, Poloxamer P407, SLS, D-a-Tocopheryl polyethylene glycol 1000 succinate, and Tween 80.

. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 1 , wherein a surfactant is present and is selected from one of polyethylene glycol-glyceryl triricinoleate (PEG-GTR), Labrasol ® ALF, Gelucire ® 44/14, Labrafil ® M1944, Capryol ® 90, Kolliphor RH40, Poloxamer P407, SLS, D-a-Tocopheryl polyethylene glycol 1000 succinate, and Tween 80.

28. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 1 , wherein the compound is

(Compound 1 ); the polymer is selected from one of HPMCP HP 55, HPMC E15, HPMC 10OCp, HPMC E4M, HPC Klucel, HPMC E5, Affinisol HPMCAS 716 (L), Affinisol HPMCAS 912 (M), Affinisol HPMCAS 126 (H), Kollidon VA64, PVP K30, Eudragit S100, Eudragit L100, Eudragit L100-55, Soluplus, ethyl cellulose, PEG 6000, PEG 1500, Poloxamer 188, Poloxamer 407, HPMCAS-L, HPMCAS-H, HPC-SSL, HPC-SL, Kollidon VA64, Kollidon K30, HPMCAS MMP, Gelucire 50/13, Compritol 888 ATO, Eudragit E PO, Ethocel Standard 10, Eudragit E PP, and Eudragit E PO; and a surfactant is present and is selected from one of polyethylene glycol-glyceryl triricinoleate (PEG-GTR), Labrasol ® ALF, Gelucire ® 44/14, Labrafil ® M1944, Capryol ® 90, Kolliphor RH40, Poloxamer P407, SLS, D-a-Tocopheryl polyethylene glycol 1000 succinate, and Tween 80.

29. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 1 , wherein the compound is

(Compound 2); the polymer is selected from one of HPMCP HP 55, HPMC E15, HPMC 100Cp, HPMC E4M, HPC Klucel, HPMC E5, Affinisol HPMCAS 716 (L), Affinisol HPMCAS 912 (M), Affinisol HPMCAS 126 (H), Kollidon VA64, PVP K30, Eudragit S100, Eudragit L100, Eudragit L100-55, Soluplus, ethyl cellulose, PEG 6000, PEG 1500, Poloxamer 188, Poloxamer 407, HPMCAS-L, HPMCAS-H, HPC-SSL, HPC-SL, Kollidon VA64, Kollidon K30, HPMCAS MMP, Gelucire 50/13, Compritol 888 ATO, Eudragit E PO, Ethocel Standard 10, Eudragit E PP, and Eudragit E PO; and a surfactant is present and is selected from one pf polyethylene glycol-glyceryl triricinoleate (PEG-GTR), Labrasol ® ALF, Gelucire ® 44/14, Labrafil ® M1944, Capryol ® 90, Kolliphor RH40, Poloxamer P407, SLS, D-a-Tocopheryl polyethylene glycol 1000 succinate, and Tween 80.

30. A method of increasing, enhancing and/or improving the solubility of the compound of Formula I or Formula II as each is defined in claim 1 , comprising mixing the compound with one or more polymers, optionally one or more surfactants or surfactant-like materials, optionally one or more carriers, optionally one or more excipients, and optionally one or more solvents.

31. A method of increasing, enhancing or improving the bioavailability of the compound of Formula I or Formula II as each is defined in claim 1 , comprising mixing the compound with one or more polymers, optionally one or more surfactants or surfactantlike materials, optionally one or more carriers, optionally one or more excipients, and optionally one or more solvents.

32. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 1 , wherein the polymer is biodegradable.

33. A process of making the composition of claim 25, comprising preparing the solid dispersion by co-precipitation or holt melt extrusion.

34. The use of a pharmaceutical composition of claim 1 to treat, prevent or reverse cannabinoid use disorders and cannabinoid overdose, including toxicity caused by delta- 8 tetrahydrocannabinol, delta-9 tetrahydrocannabinol and synthetic psychoactive cannabinoids selected from the group consisting of aminoalkylindoles, cyclohexylphenols, naphtholylindoles, tetramethylcyclopropyls, indole carboxamides, and indozole carboxamides; alcohol use disorders; opioid use disorders; and nicotine use disorders, in an individual, comprising administering to the individual a pharmaceutical composition of claim 1 .

35. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 1 , wherein the compound is an active pharmaceutical ingredient.

36. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 1 , wherein the compound is present in a concentration of 10% or more by weight.

37. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 1 , wherein a surfactant or surfactant-like material is present and the composition has a relative concentration of polymer that is greater than the concentration of each of the compound and surfactant by weight.

38. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 1 , wherein the compound is Compound 1 in a relative concentration of 10% or more by weight.

39. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 1 , wherein a surfactant or surfactant-like material is present and the concentration of the compound is greater than the concentration of surfactant or surfactant-like material, and the concentration of compound is 10% or greater by weight.

40. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 1 , wherein the isotopic variations include at least one deuterium atom.

41 . The pharmaceutical composition of claim 1 , wherein the compound is

(Compound 3).

42. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 1 , wherein the compound is

(Compound 3); the polymer is selected from one of HPMCP HP 55, HPMC E15, HPMC 100Cp, HPMC E4M, HPC Klucel, HPMC E5, Affinisol HPMCAS 716 (L), Affinisol HPMCAS 912 (M), Affinisol HPMCAS 126 (H), Kollidon VA64, PVP K30, Eudragit S100, Eudragit L100, Eudragit L100-55, Soluplus, ethyl cellulose, PEG 6000, PEG 1500, Poloxamer 188, Poloxamer 407, HPMCAS-L, HPMCAS-H, HPC-SSL, HPC-SL, Kollidon VA64, Kollidon K30, HPMCAS MMP, Gelucire 50/13, Compritol 888 ATO, Eudragit E PO, Ethocel Standard 10, Eudragit E PP, and Eudragit E PO; and a surfactant is present and is selected from one pf polyethylene glycol-glyceryl triricinoleate (PEG-GTR), Labrasol ® ALF, Gelucire ® 44/14, Labrafil ® M1944, Capryol ® 90, Kolliphor RH40, Poloxamer P407, SLS, D-a-Tocopheryl polyethylene glycol 1000 succinate, and Tween 80.

43. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 1 , wherein the compound is selected from