WO2025024763A2

WO2025024763A2 - Direct desulfurization system and method

Info

Publication number: WO2025024763A2
Application number: PCT/US2024/039742
Authority: WO
Inventors: Strom W. Smith
Original assignee: Individual
Current assignee: Individual
Priority date: 2023-07-26
Filing date: 2024-07-26
Publication date: 2025-01-30
Anticipated expiration: 2026-01-26
Also published as: WO2025024763A3; US20250326979A1

Abstract

Embodiments of a desulfurization system of the present invention generally include a mixing vessel and one or more desulfurization zones, each desulfurization zone including, in sequence, a reheater, a reactor and a condenser, wherein the desulfurization system is operable to react sulfur dioxide with a hydrocarbon gas stream containing hydrogen sulfide to remove the hydrogen sulfide therefrom. In certain embodiments the desulfurization system also includes a back-end system that includes equipment designed to further process the purified hydrocarbon gas stream. Methods of using embodiments of the desulfurization system of the present invention are also provided.

Description

TITLE OF THE INVENTION

Direct Desulfurization System and Method

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

[0001] This application claims the benefit of United States Provisional Application No. 63/528,989 filed on July 26, 2023, which application is incorporated herein by reference as if reproduced in full below.

STATEMENT REGARDING FEDERALLY SPONSORED RESEARCH OR DEVELOPMENT

[0002] Not Applicable.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

[0003] Many hydrocarbon-containing fluids, including naturally occurring gas streams such as sub-surface natural gas, contain sulfur compounds, including hydrogen sulfide (H2S). Governmental regulations limit plant emissions of sulfur-bearing gases. Refineries commonly include sulfur reduction units to decrease emissions of sulfur compounds.

[0004] The use of a Claus catalytic reaction is widely known in the field and commonly used in sulfur recovery units. Many currently practiced Claus processes consists of a thermal stage and a catalytic stage. In the thermal stage, a waste gas containing hydrogen sulfide is injected into a thermal reactor where hydrogen sulfide is partially oxidized with air at high temperatures to form a quantity of sulfur dioxide. The thermal reaction further serves to oxidize ammonia. Combustion gases are cooled in a waste heat boiler in which a portion of the hydrogen sulfide reacts with sulfur dioxide to form water and elemental sulfur. The elemental sulfur is condensed and removed. One such system is described in United States Patents No. 7,250,149 to Smith, which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety to the extent non inconsistent herewith. In another sulfur removal process based on the Claus reactor, sulfur dioxide (SO2) is introduced into the process stream at determined locations during a multiple stage reactor process, as disclosed in United States Patents No. 8,795,625 to Smith, which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety to the extent non inconsistent herewith.

[0005] While there exists utility in these systems, they each possess certain drawbacks and/or undesirable features. A need therefore exists for an improved sulfur removal system for natural gas streams and the like.

BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

[0006] Embodiments of a desulfurization system of the present invention generally include a series of components designed to utilize an input of fluid comprising hydrogen sulfide as an impurity, such as a refinery fuel gas stream, and an input of a gaseous stream comprising sulfur dioxide, whereby the combined streams progress through the individual components such that within one or more such components molecular sulfur (S2) created within the system, in molten form, is removable therefrom. In one aspect, embodiments of a desulfurization system of the present invention function such that the SO2 reacts with the H2S to form the S2 and thereby purify the fluid by diminishing the amount of the H2S present therein.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0007] For a more complete understanding of the present invention, reference is now made to the accompanying drawing, in which:

[0008] Figure l is a depiction of an embodiment of a direct desulfurization system of the present invention. [0009] Figure 2 is a depiction of an embodiment of a direct desulfurization system of the present invention that includes post-desulfurization equipment.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF EXEMPLARY EMBODIMENTS OF THE INVENTION

[0010] The exemplary embodiments are best understood by referring to the drawings, like numerals being used for like and corresponding parts of the various drawings. In the following description of embodiments, orientation indicators such as “top,” “bottom,” “up,’ “down,” “upper,” “lower,” “front,” “back,” etc. are used for illustration purposes only; the invention, however, is not so limited, and other possible orientations are contemplated.

[0011] Referring to Figure 1, therein is depicted an embodiment of a direct desulfurization system 100 of the present invention. In this embodiment, a direct desulfurization system 100 comprises a mixing vessel 2. In one embodiment, a mixing vessel 2 may comprise any useful size, shape, dimensions or internal mixing features for combining a gas stream with a liquid stream, as would be understood by one skilled in the art. In one embodiment, a direct desulfurization system 100 comprises a (first) heating vessel (reheater) 4, a (first) reactor 6 and a (first) condenser 8. In one aspect, the section of an embodiment of a direct desulfurization system 100 comprising a reheater, a reactor and a condenser constitutes a desulfurization zone 22. In the embodiment depicted in Figure 1, direct desulfurization system 100 comprises additional desulfurization zones 22, namely, a second reheater 10, a second reactor 12 and a second condenser 14, as well as a third reheater 16, a third reactor 18 and a third condenser 20, although the invention is not so limited and a direct desulfurization system 100 may comprise a single desulfurization zone 22 or any useful number of desulfurization zones 22. [0012] In one embodiment, a reheater 4, 10 and/or 16 may comprise a vessel adapted and configured to adequately heat the process stream (not separately labeled) flowed thereinto. In one embodiment, a reactor 6, 12 and/or 18 may comprise a vessel adapted and configured to effect the catalyzed reaction between H2S and SO2 whereby S2 and H2O are produced, in accordance with the chemical reaction stoichiometry shown below: 2H₂S + SO2 I.5S2 + 2H2O

In one embodiment, a reactor of the present invention comprises a conventional Claus catalytic reactor, as would be understood by one skilled in the art, although the invention is not so limited and other types of catalytic reactors may be employed. In one embodiment, a condenser 8, 14 and/or 20 may comprise a separation vessel adapted and configured to provide for the condensation of S2 and separation thereof from the remainder of the process stream, as would be understood by one skilled in the art.

[0013] Referring now to Figure 2, in one embodiment a direct desulfurization system 100 may comprise a “back-end” system 24 which may be utilized to further process the fluid stream. In one embodiment, the back-end system 24 may be fluidly connected to the final condenser in the series of components that constitutes the desulfurization system 100, although the invention is not so limited and the back-end system 24 may be otherwise fluidly connected to the desulfurization system 100 and/or fluidly connected to two or more components of the desulfurization system 100.

[0014] In one embodiment, a back-end system 24 comprises a heater (pre-heater) 26, a hydrogenation reactor 28, a cooler 30 and a contacter (/.<?., mixing device providing for physical contact and interaction of fluids) 32. In one embodiment, a pre-heater 26 may comprise a vessel adapted and configured to adequately heat the process stream 40 flowing from the desulfurization system 100. In one embodiment, a hydrogenation reactor 28 may comprise a vessel adapted and configured to mix an input stream comprising hydrogen gas (H2) (not shown) with the heated desulfurization system 100 output stream 40. In one embodiment a hydrogenation reactor 28 may comprise an existing refinery hydrogenation reactor, although the invention is not so limited and other types and/or purposed hydrogenation reactors may be employed. In one embodiment a cooler 30 may comprise a vessel adapted and configured to cool the fluid stream exiting the hydrogenation reactor 28. In one embodiment (not shown), a back-end system 24 may comprise a quench tank, in additional to, or in lieu of, a cooler 30, as would be understood by one skilled in the art. In one embodiment, a contacter 32 comprises a vessel adapted and configured to separate the fluid gas stream into an overhead gas stream 34 and a bottoms liquid stream 36. In one embodiment, a back-end system 24 comprises a contacter inlet line 38 that directs liquid from an external source (now shown) into the contacter 32.

[0015] In another embodiment, depicted in Figure 3, a back-end system 24A comprises one or more cold bed absorbers 48. In the embodiment shown in Figure 3, two cold bed absorbers 48A and 48B are utilized. In one embodiment, fluid output stream 40 is first only directed to cold bed absorber 48A, wherein that cold bed absorber is operated below the dew point of sulfur (~250°F to ~300°F), and sulfur contained in fluid output stream 40 is deposited as S2 therein. In one embodiment, during this operational step, the fluid contained within fluid output stream 40 that makes it past the cold bed absorber (without being deposited as S2) flows through cold bed absorber 48A drain piping 49A and enters cold bed absorber fluid output stream 50. In one embodiment, the S2 may be deposited in pores within a catalyst contained within the cold bed absorber 48A, z.e., the “bed,” as would be understood by one skilled in the art. This process continues until a desired amount of S2 has been deposited. In one aspect, such determination can be made through monitoring of deactivation of the catalyst. At this time, the fluid output stream 40 is diverted to cold bed absorber 48B to undergo similar processing. In one embodiment (not shown), a vessel may be provided between one or more of the cold bed absorbers 48 and the cold bed absorber fluid output stream 50, i.e., along drain piping 49A and/or 49B, to collect fluid from one cold bed absorber 48 while S2 is being collected from the other cold bed absorber 48.

[0016] In one embodiment, once the flow of fluid output stream 40 is diverted to cold bed absorber 48B, a hot gas is passed through the cold bed absorber 48A, thereby vaporizing the S2 contained there within and flowing it into cold bed absorber fluid output stream 50. Therein, the fluid is introduced to a cold bed absorber condenser 52 in fluid communication with cold bed absorber fluid output stream 50, and liquid S2 is diverted therefrom as another S2 output stream 46. In one embodiment, the cold bed absorbers 48A, 48B are operated alternatively in this fashion to continuously process fluid output stream 40, as would be understood by one skilled in the art.

[0017] Any fluid contained within cold bed absorber fluid output stream 50 that does not condense within cold bed absorber condenser 52 (and therefore exit via the accompanying S2 output stream 46) flows into one or more crystallizers 54. In the embodiment shown in Figure 3, crystallizers 54A and 54B are utilized. In one embodiment, a crystallizer 54 may comprise an exchanger whereby, similar to the process that occurs with the cold bed absorbers 48, the crystallizer 54 is operated alternatively in a “cold” mode (z.e., below the dew point of sulfur) and “hot” mode. In one embodiment, temperature control of a crystallizer 54 may be maintained via introduction of a hot fluid (e.g., steam) and a cold fluid (e. ., chilled water), (neither shown in Figure 3). When the crystallizer 54 is being operated in the cold mode, any sulfur entering the crystallizer 54 is deposited therein as S2. In the hot mode, any solid S2 in the crystallizer is liquidized and flows though crystallizer drain piping 55A or 55B into crystallizer fluid output stream 56. Thereupon, the liquidized S2 is introduced to a crystallizer condenser 58 in fluid communication with crystallizer fluid output stream 56, and S2 is diverted therefrom as another S2 output stream 46. In one embodiment, the crystallizers 54A, 54B are operated alternatively in this fashion to continuously process cold be absorber fluid output stream 56, as would be understood by one skilled in the art. In one embodiment (not shown), a vessel may be provided between one or more of the crystallizers 54 and the crystallizer fluid output stream 56, i.e., along drain piping 55A and/or 55B, to collect fluid from one crystallizer 54 while S2 is being collected from the other crystallizer 54.

[0018] Although the embodiment of back-end system 24A includes both one or more cold bed absorbers and one or more crystallizers, the embodiment is not so limited an in other embodiments (not shown), a back-end system 24A may comprise only one or more cold bed absorbers or one or more crystallizers. In addition, in an embodiment of a back-end system 24A (not shown), the sequence of the cold bed absorber(s) operationally preceding the crystallizer(s) can be reversed.

[0019] Still referring to Figure 3, in one embodiment back-end system 24A comprises a quench tower 60. In one embodiment, a quench tower 60 may be provided to remove any remaining SO2 in the gas stream by circulating a slightly basic stream therethrough. In one embodiment NaOH may be employed therefor. In this manner, the SO2 can be removed without removing CO2 or H2S, as would be understood by one skilled in the art. In one embodiment shown in Figure 3, this quench system (not separately numbered) comprises a quench tower 60, a circulating pump 62, a heat exchanger 64 and a filter 66. In one embodiment, the circulation loop comprises a waste output line 68, an overhead output line 70 and a base input line 72, as would be understood by one skilled in the art. In one aspect, the total dissolved solids may be controlled by purging some of the circulating solution and making up with fresh water. To maintain a pH >7 of the circulating water, a base such as NaOH may be added. A filter 66 on the circulating water stream can remove the remaining sulfur vapor that will be solidified when it is contacted with the water stream. In one embodiment, fluid flowing out of waste output line 68 can be treated as waste and fluid flowing out of overhead output line 70 may be further processed (not shown).

Operation

[0020] In operation, an embodiment of a desulfurization system 100, two fluid streams are combined in a mixing vessel 2. In one aspect, a mixing vessel 2 may comprise any useful mixing component(s) and/or mixing technology that can be configured and adapted to thoroughly mix the tow fluid streams, as would be understood by one skilled in the art. In one embodiment, a first stream 42 comprises a hydrocarbon and, as an impurity, hydrogen sulfide. In one embodiment, the first fluid stream 42 consists substantially of a gas, such as, but not limited to, natural gas. In one embodiment, the gas comprises a refinery fuel gas stream, although the invention is not so limited and other gas streams may be employed. In one embodiment, the first gas stream is supplied to the mixing vessel 2 under a pressure of about 60-100 psig, although other gas supply pressures may be employed. In one embodiment, the first gas stream 42 is supplied to the mixing vessel 2 at a temperature of about 75-150°F, although the invention is not so limited and other first stream 42 temperatures may be employed. In one embodiment, the first gas stream 42 may comprise about five percent hydrogen sulfide, although the invention is not so limited and the first stream 42 may comprise other concentrations of hydrogen sulfide.

[0021] In one embodiment, a second stream 44 comprises gaseous sulfur dioxide. In one embodiment, the sulfur dioxide stream 44 may originate in an SO2 production unit, although any sulfur dioxide source(s) may be utilized. In one embodiment, the second gas stream is supplied to the mixing vessel 2 under a pressure of about 60-100 psig, although other gas supply pressures may be employed. In one embodiment, the second gas stream 44 is supplied to the mixing vessel 2 at a temperature of about 120-300°F, although the invention is not so limited and other second stream 44 temperatures may be employed.

[0022] In one embodiment, the combined streams 42 and 44 are mixed within mixing vessel 2 and then the mixed fluid stream is flowed therefrom into a first desulfurization zone 22 which comprises a first reheater 4, a first reactor 6 and a first condenser 8. In one embodiment, this entails flow of the mixed fluid stream output of mixing vessel 2 being directed to the first reheater 4. In one embodiment, the reheater 4 heats the mixed fluid stream to about 550°F, although other reheating temperature profiles may be employed.

In one embodiment, the fluid stream output of the first reheater 4 is directed to the first

Claus catalytic reactor (converter) 6. In one aspect, the reheater 4 is operated such that the temperature in the converter 6 is maintained about 30°F above the sulfur dew point to prevent temporary deactivation of the Claus reactor catalyst.

[0023] In one embodiment, the output fluid stream of the first converter 6 is maintained at about 600°F as it is flowed into the first condenser 8, although other converter temperature profiles may be employed. In one embodiment, the fluid stream is cooled within the condenser 8 to about 300-310°F, although other condenser temperature profiles may be employed. In one embodiment, a liquid (molten) sulfur output stream 46 flows from the first condenser 8 and the S2 thus obtained may be handled as desired, as would be understood by one skilled in the art.

[0024] In one embodiment, as depicted in Figure 1 and described below, a desulfurization system 100 may comprise a series of three desulfurization zones 22, but the invention is not so limited and in other embodiments (not shown) a desulfurization system 100 may comprise any configuration employing one or more desulfurization zones 22. Factors which may influence the number of desulfurization zones 22 employed include, but are not limited to, the composition of the hydrocarbon input stream 42, purity of the SO2 input stream 44 and the desired removal efficiency of the desulfurization system 100, as would be understood by one skilled in the art.

[0025] In one embodiment the fluid stream exiting the first condenser 4 is directed to a second reheater 10 wherein it is heated to about 460°F, although other reheating temperature profiles may be employed. In one embodiment, the fluid stream exiting the second reheater 10 is directed to a second converter 12, wherefrom it exits at about 470°F, (although other converter temperature profiles may be employed) and is directed to a second condenser 14. In one embodiment, the fluid stream is cooled to about 300-310°F by the second condenser 14, although other condenser temperature profiles may be employed. In one embodiment, a liquid (molten) sulfur output stream 46 flows from the second condenser 14 and the S2 as described above with regard to the first condenser 8.

[0026] In one embodiment, the fluid stream exiting the second condenser 14 is directed to a third reheater 16 wherein it is heated to about 400°F, although other reheating temperature profiles may be employed. In one embodiment, the fluid stream exiting the third reheater 16 is directed to a third converter 18, wherefrom it exits at about 410°F, (although other converter temperature profiles may be employed) and is directed to a third condenser 20. In one embodiment, the fluid stream is cooled to about 270°F by the third condenser 20, although other condenser temperature profiles may be employed. In one embodiment, a liquid (molten) sulfur output stream 46 flows from the third condenser 14 and the S2 as described above with regard to the first condenser 8 and second condenser 14. In one embodiment, a substantially desulfurized fluid stream 40 exits from the third condenser 20, which, as described below regarding Figure 2, may be further manipulated. In embodiment, the desulfurization system 100 can remove about 98% of the H2S introduced thereto.

[0027] In one embodiment, a desulfurization system 100 comprising a back-end system 24 may be operated such that the fluid stream 40 exiting the third condenser 20 is directed to a pre-heater 26, wherein it is heated to about 450°F, although other pre-heating temperature profiles may be employed. In one embodiment, the fluid stream exiting the pre-heater 26 is directed to a hydrogenation reactor 28. In one embodiment, a hydrogen source (not shown) flows hydrogen gas (H2) into the hydrogenation reactor 28 wherein any residual SO2 and/or sulfur vapor is hydrogenated and thereby converted to hydrogen sulfide. In one aspect, the hydrogen source may be a refinery gas stream, although any useful hydrogen source may be employed.

[0028] In one embodiment, the hydrogenated fluid stream exits the hydrogenation reactor 28 at about 400-500°F although other hydrogenation temperature profiles may be employed. In one embodiment, the fluid stream exiting the hydrogenation reactor 28 is directed to a cooler 30, wherein the fluid stream is cooled to about 300°F. In one aspect, the cooler 30 may be employed to produce steam, as would be understood by one skilled in the art. In one embodiment, the fluid stream exiting the cooler 30 is flowed directly to a contacter 32, although the invention is not so limited, and in other embodiments (not shown) additional equipment may be employed between the cooler 30 and the contacter 32 to further cool the fluid stream.

[0029] In one embodiment (not shown), when a quench tank is employed, a water source (not shown) may be utilized to introduce water into the quench tank. In one aspect, water within the quench tank serves to ensure that substantially all SO2 is removed from the vapor therewithin. In one embodiment, (also not shown) a small amount of caustic (NaOH) may be introduced into the quench tank to control the pH of the liquid therewithin. In one embodiment, a fluid stream 38 comprising an amine, such as, but not limited to, diethylamine (DEA), is introduced into the contacter 32. In one embodiment, the amine-containing fluid stream 38 may originate in an industrial amine unit, although any source of amine may be employed. In one embodiment, the contacter 32 bottoms effluent 36 may be further manipulated, as would be understood by one skilled in the art. In one aspect, the liquid bottoms effluent 36 may be directed back to the same amine unit from which the fluid stream 38 originates. In one embodiment, an overhead gaseous stream 34 exits the contacter 32 which may be further manipulated, as would be understood by one skilled in the art. In one aspect, the overhead gaseous effluent 34 may be directed back to the same refinery fuel gas stream 42.

[0030] In other embodiments, a desulfurization system 100 comprising a back-end system 24A may be operated as described above therefor. In one embodiment, in an “absorption mode,” a cold bed absorber 48 is operated below the sulfur dew point, at about 250°F to about 300°F. In one aspect, this greatly increases the Claus conversion which is favored by low temperature. Since the bed is operated below the sulfur dew point, sulfur is deposited in the converter bed which temporarily deactivates the catalyst. In a subsequent “regeneration mode,” a hot gas (in one embodiment, ~600°F) is introduced to the cold bed absorber 48 and the S2 is vaporized. The thus vaporized S2 flows as described above into cold bed absorber condenser 52 and is collected therefrom.

[0031] In one embodiment, fluid that is provided to a crystallizer 54 experiences a first cold mode (typically 200°F to 230°F) wherein sulfur vapor solidifies, and then a hot mode (typically about 275°F to about 300°F), whereby the solid S2 liquifies and flows as described above into crystallizer condenser 58 and is collected therefrom. In one embodiment, gas exiting the crystallizer(s) 54 is routed to the quench tower 60 and processed as described above to remove residual SO2 contained therein.

[0032] In various embodiments (not shown), partially and/or substantially desulfurized fluid streams may be obtained from any or all condensers within any or all desulfurization zones 22 of a desulfurization system 100. Similarly, back-end systems 24 and/or 24A may be employed with any or all desulfurization zones 22 of a desulfurization system

100. Method

[0033] An exemplary method utilizing an embodiment of a desulfurization system of the present invention comprises:

[0034] A Desulfurization System Provision Step, comprising providing a desulfurization system, such as desulfurization system 100, comprising a mixing vessel, such as mixing vessel 2, and one or more desulfurization zones, such as desulfurization zones 22, each comprising, in sequence, a reheater, such as reheater 4, a reactor, such as reactor 6, and a condenser, such as condenser 8;

[0035] A Fluid Mixing Step, comprising mixing a hydrocarbon fluid stream, such as hydrocarbon input stream 42, with a sulfur dioxide stream, such as SO2 input stream 44, in the mixing vessel;

[0036] A Desulfurization Step, comprising flowing the mixed stream output from the mixing vessel though at least one desulfurization zone; and

[0037] A Sulfur Removal Step, comprising removing sulfur at least one desulfurization zone condenser.

[0038] Optionally, one or more of the following steps may be performed:

[0039] . A Hydrogenation Step; comprising flowing a fluid output stream, such as fluid output stream 40, into a hydrogenation reactor, such as hydrogenation reactor 28, wherein hydrogen is reacted therewith;

[0040] A Cold Bed Absorption Step, comprising flowing a fluid output stream, such as fluid output stream 40, into a cold be absorber, such as cold bed absorber 48, and first depositing S2 therein and then flow liquified S2 therefrom; [0041 ] A Crystallization Step, comprising flowing a fluid output stream, such as fluid output stream 50, into a crystallizer, such as crystallizer 54, and first depositing S2 therein and then flow liquified S2 therefrom;

[0042] A Sulfur Dioxide Removal Step, comprising flowing the hydrogenated fluid stream exiting the hydrogenation reactor into a contacter, such as contacter 32, wherein the fluid stream is combined with water and/or an amine-containing fluid, such that SO2 is substantially nonexistent in a gaseous overhead stream exiting the contacter.

[0043] A Sulfur Dioxide Removal Step, comprising flowing the stream exiting either a cold be absorber, such as cold bed absorber 48, or a crystallizer, such as crystallizer 54, into a circulating loop comprising a quench tower, such as quench tower 60, such that SO2 is substantially nonexistent in a gaseous overhead stream exiting the quench tower.

[0044] The foregoing methods are merely exemplary, and additional embodiments of utilizing a floating oil absorption apparatus of the present invention consistent with the teachings herein may be employed. In addition, in other embodiments, one or more of these steps may be performed concurrently, combined, repeated, re-ordered, or deleted, and/or additional steps may be added.

[0045] The foregoing description of the invention illustrates exemplary embodiments thereof. Various changes may be made in the details of the illustrated construction and process within the scope of the appended claims by one skilled in the art without departing from the teachings of the invention. The present invention should only be limited by the claims and their equivalents.

Claims

Claims I claim:

1. A desulfurization system, comprising: a mixing vessel; and one or more desulfurization zones; wherein: said mixing vessel is configured and adapted to proving a mixing function for a hydrocarbon fluid stream containing hydrogen sulfide and a fluid sulfur dioxide stream; each said desulfurization zone comprises, in sequence: a reheater; reactor; and a condenser; each said desulfurization zone is operable such that a fluid stream comprising said hydrocarbon fluid stream and said fluid sulfur dioxide stream that exits said mixing vessel and flows through said desulfurization system provides for reaction of at least a portion of hydrogen sulfide contained in said hydrocarbon gas stream with said sulfur dioxide to produce molecular sulfur; and said molecular sulfur is separable from said hydrocarbon gas stream.

2. The desulfurization system of claim 1, wherein at least one said reheater is configured and adapted to heat said mixed fluid stream to about 55O°F.

3. The desulfurization system of claim 1, wherein at least one said reactor contains a catalyst that facilitates the formation of molecular sulfur.

4. The desulfurization system of claim 1 , wherein at least one said reactor is configured and adapted to maintain said mixed fluid stream at a temperature of at least about 30°F above the sulfur dew point.

5. The desulfurization system of claim 4, wherein at least one said reactor is configured and adapted to maintain said mixed fluid stream at a temperature of about 600°F.

6. The desulfurization system of claim 1, wherein at least one said condenser is configured and adapted to cool said mixed fluid stream to a temperature of about 300°F to about 310°F.

7. The desulfurization system of claim 1, comprising a back-end system that is configured and adapted to process the mixed fluid stream exiting at least on said condenser such that residual molecular sulfur is removed from said mixed fluid stream.

8. The desulfurization system of claim 7, wherein said back-end system comprises: one or more pre-heaters; and/or one or more hydrogenation reactors; and/or one or more coolers; and/or one or more contacters.

9. The desulfurization system of claim 7, wherein said back-end system comprises: one or more cold bed absorbers; and/or one or more condensers; and/or one or more crystallizers; and/or one or more quench towers.

10. A method of operating the desulfurization system of claim 1, comprising: providing said desulfurization system; mixing said fluid hydrocarbon stream containing hydrogen sulfide with said fluid sulfur dioxide stream in said mixing vessel; flowing said mixed stream from said mixing vessel through one or more series of vessels, each series comprising, sequentially, a reheater, a reactor and a condenser; operating said desulfurization system such that at least a portion of said hydrogen sulfide is reacted with said sulfur dioxide to produce molecular sulfur; and separating said molecular sulfur from said gaseous hydrocarbon stream.

11. The method of operating the desulfurization system of claim 10, wherein at least one said reheater heats said mixed fluid stream to about 550°F.

12. The method of operating the desulfurization system of claim 10, wherein one said reactor contains a catalyst that facilitates the formation of molecular sulfur.

13. The method of operating the desulfurization system of claim 10, wherein at least one said reactor maintains said mixed fluid stream at a temperature of at least about 30°F above the sulfur dew point.

14. The method of operating the desulfurization system of claim 13, wherein at least one said reactor maintains said mixed fluid stream at a temperature of at least about 600°F.

15. The method of operating the desulfurization system of claim 10, wherein at least one said condenser cools said mixed fluid stream to a temperature of about 300°F to about 310°F.

16. The method of operating the desulfurization system of claim 10, wherein said desulfurization system comprises a back-end system, said back-end system comprising: one or more pre-heaters; and/or one or more hydrogenation reactors; and/or one or more coolers; and/or one or more contacters; wherein, said back-end system is operated such that residual molecular sulfur is removed from a fluid stream flowed thereto.

17. The method of operating the desulfurization system of claim 16, wherein: at least one said pre-heater heats a fluid stream provided thereto to about 450°F; and/or at least one said hydrogenation reactor is operated such that a fluid stream exiting therefrom has a temperature of about 400°F 500°F; and/or at one said cooler cools a fluid stream provided thereto to about 300°F.

18. The method of operating the desulfurization system of claim 10, wherein said desulfurization system comprises a back-end system, said back-end system comprising: one or more cold bed absorbers; and/or one or more condensers; and/or one or more crystallizers; and/or one or more quench towers; wherein, said back-end system is operated such that residual molecular sulfur is removed from a fluid stream flowed thereto.

19. The method of operating the desulfurization system of claim 18, wherein: at least one said cold bed absorber is operated in a first mode, wherein from a stream provided thereto molecular sulfur is solidified, and a second mode; wherein said solidified molecular sulfur is vaporized; and/or at least one said crystallizer is operated in a first mode, wherein from a stream provided thereto molecular sulfur is solidified, and a second mode; wherein said solidified molecular sulfur is liquified; and/or at least one said quench tower is operated such that from a stream provided thereto residual sulfur dioxide is removed.

20. The method of operating the desulfurization system of claim 19, wherein: at least one said cold bed absorber is operated in said first mode at about 250°F to about 300°F, and in said second mode at about 600°F; and/or at least one said crystallizer in said first mode at about 200°F to about 230°F, and in said second mode at about 275°F to about 300°F.