[go: up one dir, main page]

WO2025023908A1 - Procédé de génération de clé amélioré pour systèmes mimo xl - Google Patents

Procédé de génération de clé amélioré pour systèmes mimo xl Download PDF

Info

Publication number
WO2025023908A1
WO2025023908A1 PCT/TR2023/051470 TR2023051470W WO2025023908A1 WO 2025023908 A1 WO2025023908 A1 WO 2025023908A1 TR 2023051470 W TR2023051470 W TR 2023051470W WO 2025023908 A1 WO2025023908 A1 WO 2025023908A1
Authority
WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
antenna elements
access point
channel
key
user equipment
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Pending
Application number
PCT/TR2023/051470
Other languages
English (en)
Inventor
Abuu Bakari KIHERO
Liza Afeef Omar Shehab EL DIN
Huseyin Arslan
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Ulak Haberlesme AS
Original Assignee
Ulak Haberlesme AS
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Priority claimed from TR2023/008913 external-priority patent/TR2023008913A1/tr
Application filed by Ulak Haberlesme AS filed Critical Ulak Haberlesme AS
Publication of WO2025023908A1 publication Critical patent/WO2025023908A1/fr
Pending legal-status Critical Current
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical

Links

Classifications

    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04W—WIRELESS COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
    • H04W12/00—Security arrangements; Authentication; Protecting privacy or anonymity
    • H04W12/04—Key management, e.g. using generic bootstrapping architecture [GBA]
    • H04W12/041—Key generation or derivation
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L9/00—Cryptographic mechanisms or cryptographic arrangements for secret or secure communications; Network security protocols
    • H04L9/08—Key distribution or management, e.g. generation, sharing or updating, of cryptographic keys or passwords
    • H04L9/0861—Generation of secret information including derivation or calculation of cryptographic keys or passwords
    • H04L9/0875—Generation of secret information including derivation or calculation of cryptographic keys or passwords based on channel impulse response [CIR]
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04W—WIRELESS COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
    • H04W12/00—Security arrangements; Authentication; Protecting privacy or anonymity
    • H04W12/60—Context-dependent security
    • H04W12/69—Identity-dependent
    • H04W12/79—Radio fingerprint
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L2209/00—Additional information or applications relating to cryptographic mechanisms or cryptographic arrangements for secret or secure communication H04L9/00
    • H04L2209/80—Wireless

Definitions

  • Invention relates to a key generation method for securing communication between at least an access point comprising at least a large scale antenna array and at least a user equipment.
  • Cryptographic keys have been widely used to secure the message bits being communicated.
  • Traditional cryptograph-based security approaches are mainly based on the Diffie-Hellman key exchange mechanisms which provides security by relying on the hardness of the key-computation problem at the adversaries’ node.
  • PLS Physical layer security
  • a typical physical layer based key generation process involves 5 steps:
  • Channel probing the communicating nodes exchange channel sounding signals with each other during channel coherence time to measure correlated bidirectional channel responses.
  • the measurement can be in terms of channel envelope, channel state information (CSI) (i.e., channel impulse response (CIR), channel frequency response (CFR), etc.), phase, directions of arrivals, etc.
  • CSI channel state information
  • CIR channel impulse response
  • CFR channel frequency response
  • Randomness extraction pre-processing of the measured channel samples to remove the deterministic aspects of the channel that can be inferred by the adversaries. Deterministic parts of the channel can be the slowly varying large scale fading effects (path loss and shadowing), etc.
  • Quantization transforming the extracted random channel samples into binary bits.
  • channel randomness, reciprocity, and coherence time are critical factors that determine efficiency and successfulness of the key generation process.
  • Coherence time generally determines the channel probing rate in the first step.
  • it is necessary to perform the bidirectional channel probing once in each coherence window.
  • coherence times tend to be very long which dictates low channel probing rate, leading to high latency and low key generation rate. This problem is usually tackled by resorting to exploiting channel randomness in other domains, such as spatial domain.
  • a straightforward channel-based key generation approach using mMIMO is by generating the key from the NxN CSI matrix observed by each of the legitimate transceiver nodes. This approach can generate a high entropy security key. However, this requires equal number of antenna arrays in both nodes which is not feasible for most user equipment (UE). Furthermore, although the antenna elements across the array may observe spatially uncorrelated channel responses, the channel observed by each element can remain the same over long period of time (i.e., long coherence time) in the absence of mobility in the scenario.
  • Beam-space channel parameters are also robust against channel mobility which makes them vary very slowly. This can result in low key generation rates in case of very sparse (with only a few principal components) and static propagation environment.
  • Beam forming provides two parameters that can be used to control channel randomness and correlation for high entropy key generation. These include beam width and beam direction. Different beam patterns (beam width and direction) effectuate different multipath components and thus different fading coefficients. Therefore, some studies such as “L. Jiao et al., “Physical layer key generation in 5G wireless networks,” IEEE Wireless Commun. Mag., vol. 26, no. 5, pp. 48-54, 2019.” dynamically change the beam pattern during channel probing to induce temporal decorrelation between successive probing in order to improve entropy of the key. The main drawback of this approach is that a full knowledge of the scatter locations within the propagation environment is required by at least of the node in order to optimize directions of the probing beams.
  • the present invention relates to a method and a system to eliminate the above-mentioned disadvantages and bring new advantages to the relevant technical field.
  • An object of the invention is to generate a high entropy key even under static or slowly timevarying channels.
  • Another object of the invention is to realize a method in order to generate secret key with increased randomness and suitable to be realized with access point and user equipment that are having unequal antenna sizes.
  • the present invention relates to a key generation method for securing communication between at least an access point comprising at least a large scale antenna array having N number of AP antenna elements and at least a user equipment comprising at least one UE antenna element. Accordingly, it is characterized by comprising a probing step, where said probing step is repeated predetermined number of times, having steps of;
  • a high-entropy keys can be generated even under static or slowly time-varying channel. Further, the temporal randomness is achieved by activating different sets of antennas. It also solves the problem of the unequal array sizes at the access point and the user equipment sides without resorting to beamforming or beam-space channel representation and their associated drawbacks as explained in prior art section.
  • a possible embodiment of the invention is characterized in that wherein said AP antenna elements are selected randomly.
  • Another possible embodiment of the invention is characterized in that determining visibility regions between access point and user equipment; selecting AP antenna elements in such way at least two of the selected AP antenna elements belongs to different visibility regions.
  • Another possible embodiment of the invention is characterized in that wherein at least consecutive subarrays where subarray defines the selected probing AP antenna elements, are different than each other on each repeat.
  • Another possible embodiment of the invention is characterized in that wherein selected antenna number Ms is changed in each repetition.
  • Another possible embodiment of the invention is characterized in that wherein selected antenna number Ms is randomly changed.
  • the invention is also a key generation system comprising at least an access point comprising at least a large scale antenna array having N number of AP antenna elements; a baseband processing unit and plurality of AP RF chains for selectively connecting baseband processing unit with AP antenna elements; and at least a user equipment having at least a UE antenna element; at least a UE baseband processing unit and plurality of UE RF chains connected between baseband unit and UE antenna elements characterized in that said access point comprising switching unit for selectively connecting AP RF chains at with AP antenna elements; access point is configured to realize steps of:
  • user equipment is configured to realize steps of:
  • Figure 1 is a drawing illustrating top schematic view of the system.
  • Figure 2 is a drawing illustrating visibility windows having scatter entities between access point and user equipment.
  • UE User equipment
  • gNB gNodeB I Next Generation Node B
  • Radio Frequency mMIMO massive Multiple-Input Multiple-Output
  • present invention is a system that realizes an improved channel probing step of key generation in XL-MIMO systems.
  • System activates different sets of antennas in each probing session and generates key bits. Generated key bits then utilized in order to generate a key on each side.
  • Access point (100) and a user equipment (200) realizes channel probing in order to generate keys for communication.
  • Access point (100) comprises a large scale antenna array (110) having plurality of AP antenna elements (1 11 ).
  • Large scale antenna array (1 10) is suitable for XL-MIMO communication.
  • AP Antenna elements (1 11 ) may be provided in number of N.
  • Access point (100) in this description refers to a device or system that has high cost and/or large scale antenna elements in order to realize telecommunication.
  • access point (100) may be a Node B, g Node B, radio head, a New Radio, a 5G node B etc.
  • Access point (100) comprises a switching unit (150) and plurality of RF chains.
  • Switching unit (150) is connected AP antenna elements (111 ) in large scale antenna array (110).
  • Access point (100) further comprises an AP baseband processing unit (120) connected to RF chains.
  • Switching unit (150) switches connections between RF chains and AP antenna elements (1 11 ). In other words, switching controls which RF chains connects to which AP antenna elements (11 1 ).
  • RF chains are well known in the art.
  • RF chains may comprise, amplifiers, mixers, filters etc.
  • AP baseband processing unit (120) is also well known in the art, so further details is not disclosed herein.
  • RF chains may be provided in number of (100) NRF where NRF « N.
  • Switching unit (150) may be implemented by using multiple pole multiple throw switches or any other switching mechanism capable of multiple inputs and multiple outputs (100).
  • Access point (100) comprises an AP control unit (140) for controlling switching unit (150) and AP baseband processing unit (120).
  • AP control unit (140) may be a microprocessor or any other suitable processing unit (100).
  • User equipment (200) comprises UE antenna elements (210). UE antenna elements (210) may be in number of M.
  • User equipment (200) comprises UE RF chains (220) connected to UE antenna elements (210).
  • User equipment (200) comprises a UE baseband processing unit (240).
  • UE RF chains (220) are connected between UE baseband processing unit (240) and UE antenna elements (210).
  • User equipment (200) may comprise UE control unit (230) in order to control components of user equipment (200).
  • Scattering entities (300) are present between user equipment (200) and AP (100) With large scale antenna array (110) architecture, most of the user equipment (200) and scattering entities (300) fall within the near-field of the AP antenna elements (1 11 ).
  • the near-field of an antenna array is defined as the region where the signal propagates in a distance smaller than the Fraunhofer distance of the array.
  • the Fraunhofer distance is defined (100) as , 2D d F - ⁇ 2 where D is the array aperture size and A is the wavelength of the signal.
  • a non-stationary channel is observed across the array, in the technical area it is referred to as array non-stationarity.
  • the array non-stationarity is a by-product of two fundamental phenomena.
  • the first one is the spherical-wavefront (SW) propagation.
  • SW spherical-wavefront
  • the curvature of the SW induces an extra phase shift to each AP antenna element (11 1 ) (as a function of the element’s index) across large scale antenna array (1 10). It also induces different angle of arrivals (AoA) to each element which makes the received signal at each element experience different effective aperture areas and polarization mismatch losses.
  • the second is the cluster visibility region (310) (VR) across the array.
  • Selected set of AP antenna elements are defined as subarrays.
  • Access point (100) and user equipment (200) are configured to realize below steps in order to realize subject matter key generation method:
  • a channel probing step is realized where, said probing step is repeated in a predetermined number of times.
  • Said channel probing step comprises below sub-steps:
  • - Access point (100) selects Ms number of AP antenna elements (11 1 ) where Ms is lower than N.
  • - Access point (100) activates selected AP antenna elements (1 11 ). Activation may be realized by connecting AP RF chains (130) to selected AP antenna elements (1 11 ) by switching unit (150).
  • - Access point (100) transmits channel sounding signal from activated AP antenna elements
  • Channel sounding signal may be generated by baseband processing unit.
  • - User equipment receives channel sounding signals and measures at least one channel parameter from the received sounding signals.
  • Access point (100) receives channel probing signals using activated AP antenna elements (1 11 ) and measures said channel parameter.
  • the method further comprises a key generation step where key bits are used to generate a key in order to secure communication between user equipment (200) and access point (100).
  • access point (100) may select AP antenna elements (11 1 ) in a random manner in each repetition.
  • Number of repetitions may be predetermined, based on key’s requirements.
  • Key’s requirements may be based on a known standard.
  • the selection can be based on correlation between the channel coefficients. In specific, by measuring the correlation amount between the channel coefficients, the coefficients which has the lowest correlation are selected.
  • visibility regions (310) between user equipment (200) and access point (100) are determined.
  • AP antenna elements (11 1 ) are selected in such way at least two of the selected AP antenna elements (1 1 1 ) belongs to different visibility region (310).
  • visibility regions can be learned by long-term observation of the channel across the array (110). This can be done by observing, for example, the received power distribution across the array.
  • At least consecutive selected antenna groups are different than each other on each repeat.
  • channel parameter may be any suitable parameter that can be extracted during channel probing known in the art.
  • Channel parameters may be received signal strength (RSS), channel impulse response (CIR), channel frequency response (CFR), angle-of-arrival/departure (AoA/AoD), path gain and/or phase, path delay, Doppler characteristics, channel sparsity level, etc.
  • all subarray elements transmit the same channel sounding signal simultaneously which are superposed at the UE antenna elements (210) such that the user equipment (200) observe similar effective channel due to all selected AP antenna elements (11 1 ). In this way, the reciprocity of the channels measured by both nodes is preserved.
  • a different set of subarrays where subarray is defined by selected AP antenna elements (1 1 1 ), are activated ELAA during each channel probing window.
  • the subarray elements transmit orthogonal pilot symbols as the probing signal and the UE uses these pilots to estimate the desired channel parameter for each individual channel links between AP and UE.
  • the uplink probing For the uplink probing.
  • the above description of the invention considers poor scattering environment and exploits array non-stationarity due to ELAA.
  • the method is not restricted to this setup alone. It can easily work with the standard mMIMO setup and rich-scattering propagation environment as well.
  • rich scattering environment channel is assumed to de-correlate at half wavelength distance in space and thus all antenna elements in mMIMO are assumed to observe completely different/independent/uncorrelated channels which can be considered as the special case of VR. Since it is possible to have rich scattering but static or slowly varying propagation condition, the proposed channel probing method can be used in such scenarios to enhance key generation rate (independent of the channel’s coherence time) improve temporal randomness of the generated key bit stream.
  • all subarray elements are connected to the same RF-chain through the switching mechanism. In this way, only an effective channel due to all subarray elements (summation of their channel responses) is observed in the baseband domain during uplink channel measurement/probing.
  • all subarray elements transmit the same channel sounding signal simultaneously which are superposed at the UE’s antenna such that the UE observe similar effective channel due to all subarray elements.
  • the subarray size can be changed in every probing instant which can increase the number of random sets of subarrays and thus number of ways of effectuating channel randomness in each probing.
  • the above description of the invention considers poor scattering environment and exploits array non-stationarity due to ELAA.
  • the method is not restricted to this setup alone. It can easily work with the standard mMIMO setup and rich-scattering propagation environment as well.
  • rich scattering environment channel is assumed to de-correlate at half wavelength distance in space and thus all antenna elements in mMIMO are assumed to observe completely different/independent/uncorrelated channels which can be considered as the special case of VR. Since it possible to have rich scattering but static or slowly varying propagation condition, the proposed channel probing method can be used in such scenarios to enhance key generation rate (independent of the channel’s coherence time) improve temporal randomness of the generated key bit stream.

Landscapes

  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Computer Security & Cryptography (AREA)
  • Computer Networks & Wireless Communication (AREA)
  • Signal Processing (AREA)
  • Mobile Radio Communication Systems (AREA)

Abstract

Un procédé de génération de clé pour sécuriser une communication entre au moins un point d'accès (100) comprenant au moins un réseau d'antennes à grande échelle (110) ayant un nombre N d'éléments d'antenne AP (111) et au moins un équipement utilisateur (200) comprenant au moins un élément d'antenne d'UE (210). Le procédé comprend une étape de sondage dans laquelle certains des éléments d'antenne AP sont sondés dans chaque répétition de l'étape de sondage afin de générer des bits de clé pour générer une clé à l'aide desdits bits de clé.
PCT/TR2023/051470 2023-07-27 2023-12-05 Procédé de génération de clé amélioré pour systèmes mimo xl Pending WO2025023908A1 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
TR2023008913 2023-07-27
TR2023/008913 TR2023008913A1 (tr) 2023-07-27 Xl-mimo si̇stemleri̇ i̇çi̇n geli̇şmi̇ş anahtar üreti̇m yöntemi̇

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
WO2025023908A1 true WO2025023908A1 (fr) 2025-01-30

Family

ID=94375443

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
PCT/TR2023/051470 Pending WO2025023908A1 (fr) 2023-07-27 2023-12-05 Procédé de génération de clé amélioré pour systèmes mimo xl

Country Status (1)

Country Link
WO (1) WO2025023908A1 (fr)

Citations (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN107196920A (zh) * 2017-04-28 2017-09-22 中国人民解放军信息工程大学 一种面向无线通信系统的密钥产生分配方法
CN114390519A (zh) * 2022-02-18 2022-04-22 网络通信与安全紫金山实验室 一种无线信道密钥生成方法、装置、设备及存储介质
CN114745715A (zh) * 2022-05-13 2022-07-12 中国电信股份有限公司 基于通信系统的密钥生成方法、装置、系统、设备及介质

Patent Citations (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN107196920A (zh) * 2017-04-28 2017-09-22 中国人民解放军信息工程大学 一种面向无线通信系统的密钥产生分配方法
CN114390519A (zh) * 2022-02-18 2022-04-22 网络通信与安全紫金山实验室 一种无线信道密钥生成方法、装置、设备及存储介质
CN114745715A (zh) * 2022-05-13 2022-07-12 中国电信股份有限公司 基于通信系统的密钥生成方法、装置、系统、设备及介质

Similar Documents

Publication Publication Date Title
US7020490B2 (en) Radio communication system
Chen et al. Ergodic rate analysis and phase design of STAR-RIS aided NOMA with statistical CSI
Wang et al. Fast beam training and alignment for IRS-assisted millimeter wave/terahertz systems
CN101669298B (zh) 预处理多输入通信系统待传输的数据的方法和设备
Bolcskei et al. Performance of spatial multiplexing in the presence of polarization diversity
Noh et al. Multi-resolution codebook based beamforming sequence design in millimeter-wave systems
US20210143871A1 (en) Controlling polarization division multiplex in mimo wireless communication
CN106470064A (zh) 发送分集方法及设备
Khordad et al. Compressive sensing-based beam alignment schemes for time-varying millimeter-wave channels
Shi et al. Physical layer security techniques for data transmission for future wireless networks
Chen et al. Achievable spectral efficiency of hybrid beamforming massive MIMO systems with quantized phase shifters, channel non-reciprocity and estimation errors
Shah et al. Optimizing QoS in secure RIS-assisted mmWave network with channel aging
Zhang et al. Enhancing performance of integrated sensing and communication via joint optimization of hybrid and passive reconfigurable intelligent surfaces
Li et al. Programmable metasurface hybrid MIMO beamforming: Channel estimation, data transmission, and system implementations at 28 GHz
Kilfoyle et al. Spatial modulation over partially coherent multiple-input/multiple-output channels
Aljumaily Hybrid beamforming in massive-MIMO mmWave systems using LU decomposition
Zhang et al. Realizing Uplink MU-MIMO Communication in mmWave WLANs: Bayesian Optimization and Asynchronous Transmission
Eisenbeis et al. Hybrid beamforming analysis based on MIMO channel measurements at 28 GHz
WO2025023908A1 (fr) Procédé de génération de clé amélioré pour systèmes mimo xl
Zhuo et al. Simultaneous multi-beam training for millimeter-wave communication system
Challita et al. Hybrid virtual polarimetric massive MIMO measurements at 1.35 GHz
Yang et al. On the uplink transmission of multi-user extra-large scale massive MIMO systems
Eisenbeis et al. Channel estimation method for subarray based hybrid beamforming systems employing sparse arrays
Kim et al. Hybrid precoding based on monopulse ratio for millimeter wave systems with limited feedback
TR2023008913A1 (tr) Xl-mimo si̇stemleri̇ i̇çi̇n geli̇şmi̇ş anahtar üreti̇m yöntemi̇

Legal Events

Date Code Title Description
121 Ep: the epo has been informed by wipo that ep was designated in this application

Ref document number: 23946846

Country of ref document: EP

Kind code of ref document: A1